Zoology (from Greek ζῴον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, "logos", "knowledge") is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. Anthrozoology is the study of human - Animal interaction ("animal" referring to all non-human animals also described as the science focusing on Arachnology (from Greek grc ἀράχνη arachnē, "spider" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Cetology (from Greek grc κῆτος kētos, "whale" and grc -λογία -logia) is the branch of Marine mammal Conchology is the scientific, semi-scientific or Amateur study of mollusk shells (in the UK spelled mollusc shells Entomology (from Greek grc ἔντομος entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented" hence "insect" and grc -λογία Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal Herpetology (from Greek: ἑρπετόν herpeton, "creeping animal" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Zoology Ichthyology (from Greek ἰχθυ ikhthu, "fish" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Zoology devoted to the study Malacology is the branch of Invertebrate Zoology which deals with the study of Mollusks the second-largest Phylum of animals in terms of described In Zoology, mammalogy is the study of Mammals – a class of Vertebrates with characteristics such as Homeothermic Metabolism Myrmecology (from Greek μύρμεξ myrmex, "ant" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the scientific study of Ants Neuroethology ("neuro" Greek related to Nerve cells, "ethos" Greek habit or custom is an evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behavior Ornithology (from Greek ὄρνις ὄρνιθος ornis, ornithos, "bird" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Planktology is the study of Plankton, various Microorganisms that inhabit bodies of Water. Paleozoology, also spelled as palaeozoology ( Greek: παλαιον paleon = old and ζωον zoon = animal is the branch of Paleontology Primatology is the study of Primates It is a diverse Discipline and primatologists can be found in departments of Biology, Anthropology Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier ( August 23 1769 &ndash May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life William Kirby ( September 19, 1759 &ndash July 4, 1850) was an English Entomologist, an original member of the Linnean Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Konrad Zacharias Lorenz ( November 7, 1903 in Vienna &ndash February 27, 1989 in Vienna) was an Austrian Thomas Say ( June 27, 1787 &ndash October 10, 1834) was an American naturalist, Entomologist, Malacologist Alfred Russel Wallace OM, FRS (8 January 1823 &ndash 7 November 1913 was an British naturalist, Explorer, Geographer This is a list of Zoologists by their surnames with abbreviated given names Timeline of zoology This article considers the history of Zoology before the theory of Evolution proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859 This article considers the history of Zoology in the years up to 1912 since the theory of Evolution by Natural selection proposed by Charles Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level

Name

The pronunciation of "zoology" is /zoʊˈɑləʤɪ/; however, an alternative pronunciation is /zuˈɑləʤɪ/. ^[1] Traditionally (and more properly), the word was pronounced with the first syllable rhyming with "toe", followed by "-ology". A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds Recently, it has become more common to pronounce the first syllable as "zoo". The word zoology originates from the Greek zōon, meaning animal, and logos, meaning study. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion

Subfields of zoology

The study of animal life is, of course, ancient: but as 'zoology' it is relatively modern, for what we call biology was known as 'natural history' at the start of the nineteenth century. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods During the lifetime of Charles Darwin, natural history turned from a gentlemanly pursuit to a modern scientific activity. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Zoology as we know it was first established in German and British universities. The institution of zoology training in British universities was mainly established by Thomas Henry Huxley. Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals: he was himself the greatest comparative anatomist of the second half of the nineteenth century. The term morphology in Biology refers to the outward appearance ( Shape, Structure, Colour, Pattern) of an Organism His courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes; and his system became widely spread.

There was much left out by Huxley, especially the study of animals in their environment, which had been the main stimulus for both Darwin and Alfred Wallace (who both came up with the idea of natural selection). Alfred Russel Wallace OM, FRS (8 January 1823 &ndash 7 November 1913 was an British naturalist, Explorer, Geographer Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of The fact that neither Darwin nor Wallace ever held a university teaching post may have contributed to this rather startling omission. Gradually Huxley's comparative anatomy was supplemented by other much-needed methods. Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the Anatomy of Organisms It is closely related to Evolutionary biology and Phylogeny The field of zoology in the twentieth century mainly comprised these approaches:

1. Comparative anatomy studies the structure of animals. Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the Anatomy of Organisms It is closely related to Evolutionary biology and Phylogeny
2. The physiology of animals is studied under various fields including anatomy and embryology
3. The common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants is studied in molecular biology, molecular genetics and developmental biology
4. Ethology is the study of animal behavior. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level Molecular genetics is the field of Biology which studies the structure and function of Genes at a molecular level Developmental Biology is the official journal of the Society for Developmental Biology. Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal
5. The ecology of animals is covered under behavioral ecology and other fields
6. Evolutionary biology of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on evolution, population genetics, heredity, variation, Mendelism, reproduction. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Behavioral ecology is the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for Animal behavior, and the roles of behavior in enabling an animal to adapt to Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of Biology concerned with the origin of Species from a Common descent, and Descent of species eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Population genetics is the study of the Allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary forces Natural selection, Genetic Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced
7. Systematics, cladistics, phylogenetics, phylogeography, biogeography and taxonomy classify and group species via common descent and regional associations. Biological systematics is the study of the diversity of Life on the planet Earth both past and present and the relationships among living things through time Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of individuals Biogeography is the study of the distribution of Biodiversity over Space and Time. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos
8. The various taxonomically-oriented disciplines such as mammalogy, herpetology, ornithology identify and classify species, and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups. In Zoology, mammalogy is the study of Mammals – a class of Vertebrates with characteristics such as Homeothermic Metabolism Herpetology (from Greek: ἑρπετόν herpeton, "creeping animal" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Zoology Ornithology (from Greek ὄρνις ὄρνιθος ornis, ornithos, "bird" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Entomology is the study of insects, by far the largest group of animals. Entomology (from Greek grc ἔντομος entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented" hence "insect" and grc -λογία Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described
9. Palaeontology, including all that may be learnt of ancient environments. Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal.

Systems of classification

Main article: Scientific classification

Morphography includes the systematic exploration and tabulation of the facts involved in the recognition of all the recent and extinct kinds of animals and their distribution in space and time. (1) The museum-makers of old days and their modern representatives the curators and describers of zoological collections, (2) early explorers and modern naturalist travelers and writers on zoo-geography, and (3) collectors of fossils and palaeontologists are the chief varieties of zoological workers coming under this heading. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the The Hobby of collecting includes seeking locating acquiring organizing cataloging displaying storing and maintaining whatever items are of interest to the individual collector FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Gradually, since the time of Hunter and Cuvier, anatomical study has associated itself with the more superficial morphography until today no one considers a study of animal form of any value which does not include internal structure, histology and embryology in its scope. John Hunter ( February 13, 1728 - October 16, 1793) was a Scottish surgeon regarded as one of the most distinguished scientists Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier ( August 23 1769 &ndash May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development

The real dawn of zoology after the legendary period of the Middle Ages is connected with the name of an Englishman, Edward Edward Wotton, born at Oxford in 1492, who practised as a physician in London and died in 1555. Edward Edward Wotton (1492-1552 was an English Physician credited with starting the modern study of Zoology, by separating out much of the fanciful and Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He published a treatise De differentiis animalium at Paris in 1552. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city In many respects Wotton was simply an exponent of Aristotle, whose teaching, - with various fanciful additions, constituted the real basis of zoological knowledge throughout the Middle Ages. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. It was Wotton's merit that he rejected the legendary and fantastic accretions, and returned to Aristotle and the observation of nature.

The most ready means of noting the progress of zoology during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries is to compare Aristotle's classificatory conceptions of successive.

Notable zoologists

Main article: List of zoologists

In alphabetical order by surname:

See also

Sources and external links

• A Study Guide to Invertebrate Zoology ~ at Wikibooks
• Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology
• An online dissection pictures of animals
• Dictionary.com's discussion of pronunciation
• Bizarre zoology news

References

1. ^ Zoology. Zoogeography is the branch of the science of Biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of Animal Species and their attributes Zootomy is a contraction of Zoological and Anatomy. It refers to the dissection of Animals as opposed to that of plants ( phytotomy) Cryptozoology (from Greek κρυπτός kruptos, "hidden" + Zoology; literally "study of hidden animals" is the study of and search Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or Entomology (from Greek grc ἔντομος entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented" hence "insect" and grc -λογία Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A microtome is a mechanical instrument used to cut biological specimens into transparent thin sections for microscopic examination This is a list of Zoologists by their surnames with abbreviated given names Anatomy Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon Anthrozoology is the study of human - Animal interaction ("animal" referring to all non-human animals also described as the science focusing on The position and treatment of animals in Buddhism is important for the light it sheds on Buddhists' perception of their own relation to the natural world on Buddhist humanitarian concerns This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards A preliminary timeline of the history of zoology before the 1859 publication of Darwin's ''Origin of Species''. Dictionary.com. Referencecom is an online information source that provides Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Thesaurus, and other content Retrieved on 26 April, 2007.

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone