Citizendia

For the tea from this region, see Yunnan tea. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Dian hong (simplified 滇[[wiktionary 红|红]] traditional 滇[[wiktionary 紅|紅]] Pinyin: Diānhóng is a Chinese Black tea which
"Yunan" redirects here. If you intended an alternative spelling of the historic Greek cultural region in western Anatolia, see Ionia. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this

Yunnan Province
Chinese :云南省
Yúnnán Shěng
Abbreviations: 滇 or 云  (pinyin: Diān or Yún)
Yunnan is highlighted on this map
Origin of name云 yún - Yunling Mountains
南 nán - south
"South of the Yunling Mountains"
Administration typeProvince
CapitalKunming
Largest cityKunming
CPC Ctte SecretaryBai Enpei
GovernorQin Guangrong
Area394,100 km² (152,200 sq mi) (8th)
Population (2004)
 - Density		44,150,000 (12th)
112 /km² (290 /sq mi) (24th)
GDP (2006)
 - per capita		CNY 400. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Yunling or Yung-Ling ( Chinese: 云岭 Pinyin: Yúnlǐng literally meaning "mountains of the clouds" is a Mountain range in A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended Bai Enpei ( Chinese: 白恩培 Pinyin: Bái Ēnpéi born 1946 is a Chinese politician Qin Guangrong ( Chinese: 秦光荣 Pinyin: Qí Guāngróng born 1950 is a Chinese Politician. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC including all provinces autonomous regions special administrative In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC including all provinces autonomous regions municipalities This articles lists of the first-level administrative divisions of People's Republic of China (P Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 2 billion (23rd)
CNY 8,961 (29th)
HDI (2005)0. This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China (including all provinces autonomous regions and municipalities in order of their total Gross This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC including all provinces autonomous regions and municipalities in order of The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 657 (medium) (29th)
Major nationalitiesHan - 67%
Yi - 11%
Bai - 3. The following is a list of ethnic groups in China where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Yi people (own name in the Liangshan dialect ꆈꌠ official transcription Nuosu, nɔ̄sū; the older name " Lolo " or " Luoluo " The Bai ( Endonym pɛ̀tsī are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. 6%
Hani - 3. The Hani people ( Hani: Haqniq;; Vietnamese: Người Hà Nhì) are an ethnic group 4%
Zhuang - 2. 7%
Dai - 2. The Dai peoples of China ( Tai Lü: tai51 lɯ11) is the officially recognized name of several Ethnic groups living in the Sipsongpanna Tai Autonomous Prefecture 7%
Miao - 2. The Miao ( Vietnamese: Mèo or H'Mông Thai: แม้ว (Maew or ม้ง (Mong Burmese: mun lu-myo) are a linguistically and culturally 5%
Hui - 1. The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. 5%
Prefecture-level16 divisions
County-level129 divisions
Township-level†1565 divisions
ISO 3166-2CN-53
Official website
http://www.yn.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese)
Source for population and GDP data:
《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005
ISBN 7503747382
Source for nationalities data:
《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China
ISBN 7105054255
† As at December 31, 2004

Yunnan (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 云南; traditional Chinese: 雲南; pinyin: Yúnnán; literally "south of the clouds") is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far south of the country spanning approximately 394,000 square kilometers (152,000 square miles). Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 ( xiàn) Township ( is the basic level of political divisions in China. ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The capital of the province is Kunming. Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. The name of Yunnan means south of Yunling Mountains. Yunling or Yung-Ling ( Chinese: 云岭 Pinyin: Yúnlǐng literally meaning "mountains of the clouds" is a Mountain range in [1]

Contents

Emblem

Camellia reticulata, a plant native to Yunnan Province, is the emblem of this province. Camellia reticulata (syn C heterophylla) is a species of Camellia native to southwestern China, in Yunnan Province An emblem is a pictorial Image, abstract or representational that epitomizes a Concept — e

Administrative divisions

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Yunnan

Yunnan consists of sixteen prefecture-level divisions:

The prefecture-level cities:

The autonomous prefectures:

Of those 16 prefecture-level divisions, Yunnan has 129 county-level divisions, and 1455 township-level divisions. Yunnan, a province of the People's Republic of China, is made up of the following administrative divisions: 16 prefecture-level See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. For the river in Guangxi Province see Lijiang River. Other uses see Lijiang Lijiang City ( is a Prefecture-level city Lincang ( Simplified Chinese: 临沧 Pinyin: Líncāng is a Prefecture-level city located in the southwestern part of China 's southwestern Pu'er ( Chinese: 普[[wikt 洱|洱]] 市; Pinyin: Pǔ'ěr Shì is a city in the Yunnan province of Southwest China. Qujing ( Chinese: 曲[[wikt 靖|靖]] Pinyin: Qǔjìng is a Prefecture-level city in Yunnan province of the People's Republic Yuxi (玉溪 Pinyin: Yùxī is a Prefecture-level city in the Yunnan province of the People's Republic of China. Zhaotong ( Chinese: 昭[[wikt 通|通]] 市; Pinyin: Zhāotōng Shì is a Prefecture-level city in the northeast of Yunnan Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 楚雄彝族自治州 Pinyin: Chǔxióng Yízú Zìzhìzhōu is an Autonomous prefecture in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 大理白族自治州 Pinyin: Dàlǐ Báizú Zìzhìzhōu Bai: Darl•lit Baif•cuf zirl•zirl•zox The Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (德宏傣族景颇族自治州 Pinyin: Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú zìzhìzhōu) is located in the west of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 红河哈尼族彝族自治州 Pinyin: Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu is an Autonomous Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 怒江傈僳族自治州 Pinyin: Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu is an Autonomous prefecture Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 文山壮族苗族自治州 Pinyin: Wenshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu is an Administrative subdivisions Xishuangbanna governs 1 County-level city and 2 counties.

History

Main article: History of Yunnan

The Yuanmou Man, a Homo erectus fossil unearthed by railway engineers in the 1960s, has been determined to be the oldest known hominid fossil in China. The history of Yunnan, province in the People's Republic of China, can date back to Yuanmou Man, a Homo erectus fossil unearthed by railway engineers Yuanmou Man ( Homo erectus yuanmouensis, refers to an ancestral human whose remnants two Incisors, were discovered near Danawu Village in Yuanmou Homo erectus ( Latin: "upright man" is an extinct species of the genus Homo, believed to have been the first hominin By the Neolithic period, there were human settlements in the area of Lake Dian. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Lake Dian ( or Kunming Lake ( is a large inter-land Lake located close to Kunming, Yunnan, China. These people used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures.

Around the third century BC, the central area of Yunnan around present day Kunming was known as Dian. The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC History Zhuan Qiao, once a Chu (state general attack Yunan in about 279 BCE. The Chu general Zhuang Qiao (庄跤) entered the region from the upper Yangtze River and set himself up as "King of Dian". Chǔ ( 楚) was a kingdom in what is now central and southern China during the Spring and Autumn period ( 722 - 481 BC) and He and his followers brought into Yunnan an influx of Chinese influence, the start of a long history of migration and cultural expansion.

Bronze sculpture of the Dian Kingdom, 3rd century BCE.
Bronze sculpture of the Dian Kingdom, 3rd century BCE. History Zhuan Qiao, once a Chu (state general attack Yunan in about 279 BCE.

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified China and extended his authority south. Qin Shi Huang ( (259 BC – September 10 210 BC personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the Commanderies and counties were established in Yunnan. An existing road in Sichuan – the "Five Foot Way" – was extended south to around present day Qujing (曲靖), in eastern Yunnan. Qujing ( Chinese: 曲[[wikt 靖|靖]] Pinyin: Qǔjìng is a Prefecture-level city in Yunnan province of the People's Republic In 109 BC, Emperor Wu sent General Guo Chang (郭昌) south to Yunnan, establishing Yizhou commandery and 24 subordinate counties. Background birth and years as crown prince Emperor Wu was the tenth child of Emperor Jing, and was born to one of Emperor Jing's favorite Concubines, The commandery seat was at Dianchi county (present day Jinning 晋宁). Another county was called "Yunnan", probably the first use of the name. To expand the burgeoning trade with Burma and India, Emperor Wu also sent Tang Meng (唐蒙) to maintain and expand the Five Foot Way, renaming it "Southwest Barbarian Way" (西南夷道). Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The term Greater India has several related meanings In medieval literature and geography: the term "Greater India" ( P By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had improved markedly. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Anthropologists have determined that these people were related to the people now known as the Tai. "Thai peoples" redirects here For the subgroup of the Tai see Thai people The Tai or Tai-Kadai ethnicity refers collectively to the Ethnic They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exile Chinese.

In the Records of the Grand Historian, Zhang Qian (d. The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name 史記 or Shiji, written from 109 BC to 91 BC Zhang Qian ( 張[[wikt 騫|騫]] Wade-Giles Chang Ch'ien was an imperial envoy to the outside world in the 2nd century BC during the time of the Han Dynasty 113 BC) and Sima Qian (145-90 BC) make references to "Shendu", which may have been referring to the Indus Valley (the Sindh province in modern Pakistan), originally known as "Sindhu" in Sanskrit. Early life and education Sima Qian was born and grew up in Longmen, near present-day Hancheng Shaanxi. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical When Yunnan was annexed by the Han Dynasty, Chinese authorities reported an Indian "Shendu" community living there. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. [2]

During the Three Kingdoms, the territory of present day Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan was collectively called Nanzhong. The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of ( also spelled Kweichow) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country Nanzhong (南中 was an ancient region consisting of modern-day Yunnan, Guizhou, and southern Sichuan in southern China. The disollution of Chinese central authority led to increased autonomy for Yunnan and more power for the local tribal structures. In AD 225, the famed statesman Zhuge Liang led three columns into Yunnan to pacify the tribes. Zhuge Liang (181–234 was Chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China His seven captures of Meng Huo, a local magnate, is much celebrated in Chinese folklore. Meng Huo (孟獲 was aristocrat in the Nanzhong region south of Shu Han, during the Three Kingdoms era of China.

In the fourth century, northern China was largely overrun by nomadic tribes from the north. In the 320s, the Cuan (爨) clan migrated into Yunnan. Cuan Chen (爨琛) named himself king and held authority from Lake Dian (then called Kunchuan [昆川]). Lake Dian ( or Kunming Lake ( is a large inter-land Lake located close to Kunming, Yunnan, China. Henceforth the Cuan clan ruled Yunnan for over four hundred years. In 738, the kingdom of Nanzhao was established in Yunnan by Piluoge (皮罗阁), who was confirmed by the imperial court of the Tang Dynasty as king of Yunnan. Nanzhao, alternate spellings Nanchao and Nan Chao ( Traditional Chinese: 南詔 Simplified Chinese: 南诏 Pinyin: Nánzhāo The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Wang (King and Huangdi (Emperor The King or Wang (Chinese 王 or 國王 wáng was the title of the Chinese Head of state until the Qin dynasty Ruling from Dali, the thirteen kings of Nanzhao ruled over more than two centuries and played a part in the dynamic relationship between China and Tibet. In 937, Duan Siping (段思平) overthrew the Nanzhao and established the Kingdom of Dali. Dali (大理國 Pinyin: Dàlǐguó was a Bai kingdom centred in what is now Yunnan Province of China. The kingdom was conquered by the Mongol and Chinese armies of Kublai Khan. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it

In 1894, George Ernest Morrison, an Australian correspondent for The Times, travelled from Beijing to British-occupied Burma via Yunnan. George Ernest Morrison ( 4 February 1862 – 30 May 1920) also known as Chinese Morrison, was an Australian Adventurer For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. His book, An Australian in China, details his experiences.

From 1916 to 1917, Roy Chapman Andrews and Yvette Borup Andrews led the Asiatic Zoological Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History through much of western and southern Yunnan, as well as other provinces of China. The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most The book, Camps and Trails in China, records their experiences.

Geography

See also: Maotianshan shales
Snowy mountains in Diqing, north-west Yunnan.
Snowy mountains in Diqing, north-west Yunnan. In the Maotianshan shales is a lower Cambrian Konservat Lagerstätte named for Maotianshan Hill ( in Chengjiang County Yunnan Province
Erhai lake (洱海湖), Dali, Yunnan.
Erhai lake (洱海湖), Dali, Yunnan. Erhai Lake (etymologically Ear-shaped Sea because of its effective shape is an Alpine lake in the southwestern Chinese province of Yunnan. Dali City ( Bai: Darl•lit; Hani: Dafli) is a County-level city in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan province
Lugu Lake, northern Yunnan.
Lugu Lake, northern Yunnan.

Yunnan is the most southwestern province in China, with the Tropic of Cancer running through its southern part. The province has an area of 394,000 square km, 4. 1% of the nation's total. The northern part of the province forms part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau or Yungui Plateau covers southwestern China. The province borders Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guizhou Province in the east, Sichuan Province in the north, and Tibet Autonomous Region in the northwest. It shares a border of 4,060 km with Burma in the west, Laos in the south, and Vietnam in the southeast.

The highest point in the north is the Kawagebo Peak in Deqin County on the Diqing Plateau, which is about 6,740 meters high; and the lowest is in the Honghe River Valley in Hekou County, with an elevation of 76. Kawagebo (or Moirigkawagarbo, Kawakarpo, Kawa Karpo, Ka-Kar-Po) is the highest mountain in Yunnan, China. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International 4 meters.

Borders

Bordering provinces are Tibet, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi. The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR also called Xizang Autonomous Region (བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས་ Wylie: Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. ( also spelled Kweichow) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Bordering countries are Vietnam (the main border crossing by road and rail is at Hekou-Lao Cai, the only land border crossing open to non-Chinese/non-Vietnamese), Laos (at Boten) and Burma (with the main border crossing at Ruili, the only land border open to non-Chinese/non-Burmese). In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Ruili ( simp: 瑞丽市 trad: 瑞麗市 Pinyin: Ruìlì Shì is a County-level city in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture

Rivers

The province is drained by six major river systems:

Geology

The eastern half of the province is a limestone plateau with karst scenery and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges; the western half is characterized by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble Bedrock, usually Carbonate rock such as Limestone These include the Thanlwin and the Mekong River. The Mekong is one of the world’s major Rivers It is the 11th-longest river in the world and 7th longest in Asia The rugged, vertical terrain produces a wide range of flora and fauna, and the province has been called a natural zoological and botanical garden.

Yunnan's has vast mineral resources that are its chief source of wealth. It is China's leading tin producer and has large deposits of iron, coal, lead, copper, zinc, gold, mercury, silver, antimony, and sulfur. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16

Biodiversity

Yunnan is China's most diverse province, biologically as well as culturally. The province contains snow-capped mountains and true tropical environments, thus supporting an unusually full spectrum of species and vegetation types. During summer, the Great Plateau of Tibet acts as a barrier to monsoon winds, trapping moisture in the province. This gives the alpine flora in particular what one source has call a "lushness found nowhere else. "

This topographic range combined with a tropical moisture sustains extremely high biodiversity and high degrees of endemism, probably the richest botanically in the world's temperate regions. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere Over 15,000 species of higher plants, of which perhaps 2,500 are endemic, can be found in the province. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The fauna is nearly as diverse. Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time Yunnan Province has less than 4% of the land of China, yet contains about half of China's birds and mammals.

Yunnan has been designated:

Natural resources

Rice cultivation in Yunnan.
Rice cultivation in Yunnan.

Yunnan not only has more plant species of tropical, subtropical, temperate, and frozen zones than any other province in the country, but also has many ancient, endemic plants, as well as species introduced from foreign countries. Among the 30,000 species of plants in China, 18,000 can be found in Yunnan. Yunnan is also home to a variety of animal species, most notably the southeast Asian gaur, a giant forest-dwelling ox, the tiger, and the Asian elephant. The gaur (ˈɡaʊɚ ( Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large dark-coated bovine animal of South Asia and Southeast Asia. The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus

More than 150 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the province. The potential value of the proven deposits in Yunnan is 3 trillion yuan, 40 % of which come from fuel minerals, 7. 3 % from metallic minerals, and 52. 7 % from nonmetallic minerals.

Yunnan has proved deposits of 86 kinds of minerals in 2,700 places. Some 13% of the proved deposits of minerals are the largest of their kind in China, and two-thirds of the deposits are among the largest of their kind in the Yangtze River valley and in south China. Yunnan ranks first in the country in deposits of zinc, lead, tin, cadmium, indium, thallium, and crocidolite.

Yunnan has sufficient rainfall and many rivers and lakes. The annual water flow originating in the province is 200 cubic kilometers, three times that of the Yellow River. The rivers flowing into the province from outside add 160 cubic kilometers, which means there are more than ten thousand cubic meters of water for each person in the province. This is four times the average in the country. The rich water resources offer abundant hydro-energy.

Demographics

Total population  
43. 33 million (2002)
Population growth rate  
10. 6
Average life expectancy 
65. 1 years (male), 67. 7 years (female) (1995)

Ethnicity

Sumtselin Gompa Monastery in Zhongdian.
Sumtselin Gompa Monastery in Zhongdian. Shangri-La County ( is a primarily Tibetan county in northwestern Yunnan Province in southwest China and the capital of Diqing Tibetan

Yunnan is noted for a very high level of ethnic diversity. It has the highest number of ethnic groups among all provinces and autonomous regions in China. Among the country's fifty-six recognised ethnic groups, twenty-five are found in Yunnan. Some 38% of the province's population are members of minorities, including the Yi, Bai, Hani, Tai, Dai, Miao, Lisu, Hui, Lahu, Va, Nakhi, Yao, Tibetan, Jingpo, Blang, Pumi, Nu, Achang, Jinuo, Mongolian, Derung, Manchu, Shui, and Buyei. The Yi people (own name in the Liangshan dialect ꆈꌠ official transcription Nuosu, nɔ̄sū; the older name " Lolo " or " Luoluo " The Bai ( Endonym pɛ̀tsī are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The Hani people ( Hani: Haqniq;; Vietnamese: Người Hà Nhì) are an ethnic group The Dai peoples of China ( Tai Lü: tai51 lɯ11) is the officially recognized name of several Ethnic groups living in the Sipsongpanna Tai Autonomous Prefecture The Miao ( Vietnamese: Mèo or H'Mông Thai: แม้ว (Maew or ม้ง (Mong Burmese: mun lu-myo) are a linguistically and culturally The Lisu people (Chinese 傈[[wiktionary 僳|僳]] 族: lìsù zú are a Tibeto-Burman Ethnic group who inhabit the mountainous regions of The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. The Lahu people ( own names Ladhulsi or Kawzhawd; Vietnamese La Hủ are an Ethnic group of Southeast Asia and China. The Va nationality ( ဝလူမျိုး wa̰ lùmjóʊ lives mainly in compact communities in the Ximeng (in Va Mēng Ka or Si Moung) The Nakhi ( endonym ¹na²khi) are an ethnic group inhabiting the foothills of the Himalayas in the northwestern part of Yunnan Province The Yao nationality ( Traditional Chinese: 瑤族 Simplified Chinese: 瑶族 Pinyin: Yáo zú; Vietnamese: người Dao The Tibetan people are indigenous to Tibet and surrounding areas stretching from Central Asia in the North and West to Myanmar and China Proper The Jingpo or Kachin people (; endonyms Jingpo Jinghpaw Tsaiva Lechi are an Ethnic group who largely inhabit northern Burma ( Kachin State The Blang (布朗族: Bùlǎng Zú (also spelled Bulong) people are an Ethnic group. Pumi is also a breed of Hungarian sheepdog see Pumi (dog The Pumi (also Primi) people ( own name /phʐẽmi/ The Nu people ( are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The Achang (Traditional/simplified Chinese 阿昌族 Pinyin Āchāng zú also known as the Ngac'ang (their own name or Maingtha (Burmese name are an Ethnic The Jino (also spelled Jinuo) people ( endonym tɕyno or kyno are a Tibeto-Burman Ethnic group. The Derung (alsp spelt Drung or Dulong) people ( endonym tɯɹɯŋ are an Ethnic group. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in The Shui people ( are an Ethnic group living in the Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan areas of southwestern China. The Buyei (also spelled Puyi, Bouyei and Buyi; self called Buxqyaix, puʔjai or "Puzhong" "Burao" "Puman" Several other groups are represented, but they live neither in compact settlements nor do they reach the required threshold of five thousand to be awarded the official status of being present in the province. Some groups, such as the Mosuo, who are officially recognised as part of the Naxi, have in the past claimed official status as a national minority, and are now recognised with the status of Mosuo people. The Mosuo ( also spelled Moso or Musuo) are a small Ethnic group living in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces in China, close The Nakhi ( endonym ¹na²khi) are an ethnic group inhabiting the foothills of the Himalayas in the northwestern part of Yunnan Province

A Tai woman in Yunnan, belonging to one of the many ethnic minorities of the province.
A Tai woman in Yunnan, belonging to one of the many ethnic minorities of the province.

Ethnic groups are widely distributed in the province. Some twenty-five minorities live in compact communities, each of which has a population of more than five thousand. Ten ethnic minorities living in border areas and river valleys include the Hui, Manchu (the Manchu, remnants of the Qing administration, do not live in compact settlements and are in all respects indistinguishable from the Han), Bai, Naxi, Mongolian, Zhuang, Dai, Achang, Buyei and Shui, with a combined population of 4. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Bai ( Endonym pɛ̀tsī are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The Nakhi ( endonym ¹na²khi) are an ethnic group inhabiting the foothills of the Himalayas in the northwestern part of Yunnan Province The Dai peoples of China ( Tai Lü: tai51 lɯ11) is the officially recognized name of several Ethnic groups living in the Sipsongpanna Tai Autonomous Prefecture The Achang (Traditional/simplified Chinese 阿昌族 Pinyin Āchāng zú also known as the Ngac'ang (their own name or Maingtha (Burmese name are an Ethnic The Buyei (also spelled Puyi, Bouyei and Buyi; self called Buxqyaix, puʔjai or "Puzhong" "Burao" "Puman" The Shui people ( are an Ethnic group living in the Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan areas of southwestern China. 5 million; those in low mountainous areas are the Hani, Yao, Lahu, Va, Jingpo, Blang and Jino, with a combined population of 5 million; and those in high mountainous areas are Miao, Lisu, Tibetan, Pumi and Drung, with a total population of four million. The Hani people ( Hani: Haqniq;; Vietnamese: Người Hà Nhì) are an ethnic group The Yao nationality ( Traditional Chinese: 瑤族 Simplified Chinese: 瑶族 Pinyin: Yáo zú; Vietnamese: người Dao The Lahu people ( own names Ladhulsi or Kawzhawd; Vietnamese La Hủ are an Ethnic group of Southeast Asia and China. The Va nationality ( ဝလူမျိုး wa̰ lùmjóʊ lives mainly in compact communities in the Ximeng (in Va Mēng Ka or Si Moung) The Jingpo or Kachin people (; endonyms Jingpo Jinghpaw Tsaiva Lechi are an Ethnic group who largely inhabit northern Burma ( Kachin State The Blang (布朗族: Bùlǎng Zú (also spelled Bulong) people are an Ethnic group. The Jino (also spelled Jinuo) people ( endonym tɕyno or kyno are a Tibeto-Burman Ethnic group. The Lisu people (Chinese 傈[[wiktionary 僳|僳]] 族: lìsù zú are a Tibeto-Burman Ethnic group who inhabit the mountainous regions of The Tibetan people are indigenous to Tibet and surrounding areas stretching from Central Asia in the North and West to Myanmar and China Proper Pumi is also a breed of Hungarian sheepdog see Pumi (dog The Pumi (also Primi) people ( own name /phʐẽmi/ The Derung (alsp spelt Drung or Dulong) people ( endonym tɯɹɯŋ are an Ethnic group.

An oft-repeated proverb tells the story of three brothers who were born speaking different languages: Tibetan, Naxi, and Bai. Tibetan refers to a group of languages spoken primarily by Tibetan peoples who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia as well as by overseas Naxi (also known as Nakhi, Nasi, Lomi, Moso, or Mo-su) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by some 300000 people mostly The Baip/Bai language (Baip Baip‧ngvp‧zix) is a language spoken in China, primarily in Yunnan province by the Bai, one of the 56 ethnic Each settled in different areas of Yunnan and Tibet, respectively, the high area, the middle area, and the low area.

Languages

Most dialects of the Chinese language spoken in Yunnan belong to the southwestern subdivision of the Mandarin group, and are therefore very similar to the dialects of neighbouring Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. Southwestern Mandarin ( also known as Huguang (湖广 is a Dialect of Mandarin Chinese widely spoken south of the Yangtze River, and ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. ( also spelled Kweichow) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country Notable features found in many Yunnan dialects include the partial or complete loss of distinction between finals /n/ and /ŋ/, as well as the lack of /y/. In addition to the local dialects, most people also speak Standard Chinese (Putonghua, commonly called "Mandarin"), which is used in the media, by the government, and as the language of instruction in education. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan

Yunnan's ethnic diversity is reflected in its linguistic diversity. Languages spoken in Yunnan include Tibeto-Burman languages such as Bai, Yi, Tibetan, Hani, Jingpo, Lisu, Lahu, Naxi; Tai languages like Zhuang, Bouyei, Dong, Shui, Tai Lü and Tai Nüa or northern lao dialect; as well as Hmong-Mien languages. The Tibeto-Burman family of languages (often considered a sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan Language family) is spoken in various central and south Asian countries including The Baip/Bai language (Baip Baip‧ngvp‧zix) is a language spoken in China, primarily in Yunnan province by the Bai, one of the 56 ethnic Yi (also Moso Lolo Noso etc) is a family of closely related tonal Tibeto-Burman languages spoken by the Yi people. Tibetan refers to a group of languages spoken primarily by Tibetan peoples who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia as well as by overseas The Hani language (Hani Haqniqdoq;; Tiếng Hà Nhì is a language of the Loloish (Yi branch of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group spoken in China English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Lahu language is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Lahu people of China, Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos. Naxi (also known as Nakhi, Nasi, Lomi, Moso, or Mo-su) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by some 300000 people mostly The Tai languages (ภาษาไต are a subgroup of the Tai-Kadai Language family. The Zhuang language ( autonym: Cuengh or Cueŋь) is used by the Zhuang people in the People's Republic of China. The Buyei (also spelled Puyi, Bouyei and Buyi; self called Buxqyaix, puʔjai or "Puzhong" "Burao" "Puman" The Dong language (own name leec Gaeml) is a Tai-Kadai (or Zhuang-Dong language spoken by the Dong people of China. Tai Lü (or Tai Lue, Tai Le tai51 lɯ11 Xishuangbanna Dai Chinese 傣仂语 Dǎilèyǔ Vietnamese Lự or Lữ is a language spoken by Tai Nüa (also called Dehong Dai or Chinese Shan; own name lə which means "upper Tai" or "northern Tai" or ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ The Hmong-Mien or Miao-Yao languages are a small Language family of southern China and Southeast Asia.

The Naxi, in particular, use the Dongba script, which is the only ideographic writing system in use in the world today. The Dongba, Tomba or Tompa script is a pictographic writing system used by the ²dto¹mba (Bon priests of the Naxi people. An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea The Dongba script was mainly used to provide the Dongba priests with instructions on how to carry out their rituals: today the Dongba script features more as a tourist attraction. The most famous western Dongba scholar was Joseph Rock. Joseph Francis Charles Rock (1884 – 1962 was an Austrian American explorer, Geographer, linguist and Botanist.

Literacy

By the end of 1998, among the province's population, 419,800 had received college education or above, 2. 11 million, senior middle school education, 8. 3 million, junior middle school education, 18. 25 million, primary school education, and 8. 25 million aged 15 or above, illiterate or semi-literate.

Politics

Secretaries of the CPC Yuanan Committee: The Secretary of the CPC is the highest ranking and most important position in Yunnan. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the [3]

  1. Song Renqiong (宋任穷): 1950-1952
  2. Xie Fuzhi (谢富治): July 1952-August 1959
  3. Yan Hongyan (阎红彦): August 1959-January 1967
  4. Zhou Xing (周兴): June 1971-October 1975
  5. Jia Qiyun (贾启允): October 1975-February 1977
  6. An Pingsheng (安平生): February 1977-July 1985
  7. Pu Chaozhu (普朝柱): July 1985-June 1995
  8. Gao Yan (高严): June 1995-August 1997
  9. Linghu An (令狐安): August 1997-October 2001
  10. Bai Enpei (白恩培): October 2001 - incumbent [3]

Governors of Yunnan: The Governor is the second highest office in Yunnan, after the Secretary of the CPC Yunnan Committee. Song Renqiong ( Chinese: 宋任穷 or 宋韵琴 1909 January 8, 2005) was a general in the People's Liberation Army of the People's Xie Fuzhi ( Chinese: 谢富治 Pinyin: Xiè Fùzhì Wade-Giles: Hsieh Fu-chih was born in 1909 in Huang’an County Hubei and died in Beijing Yan Hongyan ( Chinese: 阎红彦 Pinyin: Yán Hóngyán 13 September 1909 - 8 January 1967) was a general of the Bai Enpei ( Chinese: 白恩培 Pinyin: Bái Ēnpéi born 1946 is a Chinese politician [3] The Governor, who is elected by the Yunnan Provincial People's Congress, is responsible for all economic, environmental, political, personnel and foreign affairs issues concerning Yunnan. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Environmental policy is any (course of action deliberately taken (or not taken to manage human activities with a view to prevent reduce or mitigate harmful effects on nature and natural Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions [3]

  1. Chen Geng (陈赓): March 1950-February 1955
  2. Guo Yingqiu (郭影秋): February 1955-November 1958
  3. Ding Yichuan (丁一川): November 1958-January 1965
  4. Zhou Xing (周兴): January 1965-1966
  5. Tan Furen (谭甫仁): August 1968-October 1970
  6. Zhou Xing: October 1970-October 1975
  7. Jia Qiyun (贾启允): October 1975-February 1977
  8. An Pingsheng (安平生): February 1977-December 1979
  9. Liu Minghui (刘明辉): December 1979-April 1983
  10. Pu Chaozhu (普朝柱): April 1983-August 1985
  11. He Zhiqiang (和志强): August 1985-January 1998
  12. Li Jiating (李嘉廷): January 1998-June 2001
  13. Xu Rongkai (徐荣凯): June 2001- November 2006
  14. Qin Guangrong (秦光荣): January 2007 [3] -incumbent

Economy

Local traders in Lijiang.
Local traders in Lijiang. Chen Geng ( Chinese: 陈赓 Pinyin: Chén Gēng ( February 27, 1903 - March 16, 1961) was a Chinese Communist military leader Guo Yingqiu (郭影秋 1909 - 1985 was a Chinese politician and educationist Qin Guangrong ( Chinese: 秦光荣 Pinyin: Qí Guāngróng born 1950 is a Chinese Politician. For the river in Guangxi Province see Lijiang River. Other uses see Lijiang Lijiang City ( is a Prefecture-level city

Yunnan is one of China's relatively undeveloped provinces with more poverty-stricken counties than the other provinces. In 1994, about 7 million people lived below the poverty line of less than an annual average income of 300 yuan per capita. They were distributed in the province's 73 counties mainly and financially supported by the central government. With an input of 3. 15 billion yuan in 2002, the absolutely poor rural population in the province has been reduced from 4. 05 million in 2000 to 2. 86 million. The poverty alleviation plan includes five large projects aimed at improving infrastructure facilities. They involve planned attempts at soil improvement, water conservation, electric power, roads, and "green belt" building. Upon the completion of the projects, the province hopes this will alleviate the shortages of grain, water, electric power and roads.

Yunnan's four pillar industries include tobacco, biology, mining, and tourism. Yunnan has trade contacts with more than seventy countries and regions in the world. Yunnan will also establish the Muse border trade zone (located in Ruili) along its border with Myanmar [1]. Ruili ( simp: 瑞丽市 trad: 瑞麗市 Pinyin: Ruìlì Shì is a County-level city in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture Yunnan mainly exports tobacco, machinery and electrical equipment, chemical and agricultural products, and non-ferrous metals. In 2002, its total two-way trade (imports and exports) reached US$2. 23 billion. In 2002, the province signed foreign direct investment contracts involving US$333 million, of which US$112 million were actually utilized during the year. Yunnan's unemployment rate in 2002 was 4%.

Yunnan's nominal GDP in 2006 was 400. 2 billion yuan (US$51. 7 billion), an annual growth rate of 11. 9%. Its per capita GDP was 8,961 yuan (US$1,160). The share of GDP of Yunnan's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were 21. 1%, 42. 8%, and 36. 1% respectively.

Yunnan is one of the major production bases of copper, lead, zinc, tin and aluminum in China. Gejiu city is well known as "the Kingdom of Zinc" with the reserves ranked first in the country. The Yunxi brand refined tin is one of the main products in Gejiu, which is registered on the London Nonferrous Metal Exchange. Besides, reserves of germanium, indium, zirconium, platinum, rock salt, sylvite, nickel, phosphate, mirabilite, arsenic and blue asbestos are also high.

The electricity industry is another important economic pillar of Yunnan, which plays a key role in the "West-East Electricity Transmission Project". The electricity produced in Yunnan is hereby mainly transported to Guangdong Province.

Agriculture

The region maintains a strong agricultural focus. Tobacco is the main (export) product and makes up a big part of the provincial GDP. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Furthermore, Yunnan has a strong competitive potential in the fruit and vegetable industries, especially in low value-added commodities such as fresh and dried vegetables and fresh apples.

Yunnan is one of the regions in the world with the most abundant resources of wild edible mushrooms. A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source In China, there are 938 kinds of edible mushrooms, and over 800 varieties can be found in Yunnan. In 2004, around 7,744 tons of wild edible mushrooms were exported, making up for 70% of the total export of this product in China. The so-called 'pine mushroom' is the main product in Yunnan and is exported to Japan in large quantities. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

Another interesting industry with a clear growth potential is the coffee sector. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Yunnan is currently China's most important producer of Arabica coffee. Coffea arabica (əˈræbɪkə is a species of Coffee indigenous to Ethiopia and Yemen. Besides the export of roasted coffee, coffee-related products such as extracts, essences and substitutes may be promising products. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Yunnan's the birthplace of tea. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Still, ancient tea trees can be found in Yunnan of which tealeaves are processed. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Tea is becoming an important export product. Especially in the US and Japan the demand is growing.

Due to China's growing consumption of dairy products (a trend heavily supported by the national government), Yunnan's dairy industry is also developing more rapidly and receiving large subsidies from the government develop a competitive edge in Southwest China, but is also aiming to export to its ASEAN neighbors. Southwest China ( Chinese: 西南 Pinyin: Xīnán) is a region of China defined by governmental bureaus that includes the municipality The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language

Then last but not least, a growing sector, heavily supported by the local government is the horticultural sector. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation The flower industry in Yunnan province started to develop towards the end of the 1980s. Currently, Yunnan is the most important province nationwide in the field of flower growing. Yunnan province accounts for 50% of China's total cut flower production. The size of the planting area for cut flowers in Yunnan province amounts to 4000 hectares. In 2003, the output totaled 2. 3 billion stems. In 2002 the flower industry in Yunnan had a total output of RMB 3. 4 billion. Export amounted to USD 18 million. Apart from sales on the domestic market, Yunnan also exports to a number of foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore.

The rapid developments in this field soon attracted the attention of Dutch horticultural companies and Dutch investments in flower related projects and businesses are steadily growing.

Education

Universities and Colleges

Transportation

One of Jinghong's many palm-lined streets.
One of Jinghong's many palm-lined streets. Kunming University of Science and Technology (KUST is located in Kunming, the capital city of Yunnan Province Southwestern China. Yunnan University (云南大学 is one of the largest and most prestigious universities in Yunnan, China The Yunnan University of Finance and Economics ( YUFE) is located on Longquan Lu in Northwest Kunming, Yunnan Yunnan Normal University is located in Kunming, the capital city of Yunnan Province Jinghong ( Dai / Tai Lü, tsêŋhuŋ เชียงรุ่ง also (formerly romanised as chiang rung, chiang hung, chengrung,

Railways

Yunnan was first connected by railway not to the rest of China, but to the port of Haiphong by a French engineered narrow gauge railway completed in 1910. It took another fifty years for the province to be connected by rail to the rest of China with the completion of the Chengdu-Kunming line. ( located in southwest People's Republic of China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a Sub-provincial city. Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. Later a line connecting Kunming to Guiyang followed. Guiyang ( is the capital of Guizhou Province the People's Republic of China. Two further lines have been added recently: a southern line connecting to Nanning and a north-eastern line connecting to Sichuan. Nanning ( Zhuang: Namzningz, meaning 'South Prosperity' is the capital of Guangxi autonomous region in southern China. ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu.

An extension now also links Kunming to Dali, with the stretch to Lijiang nearing completion. Dali City ( Bai: Darl•lit; Hani: Dafli) is a County-level city in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan province For the river in Guangxi Province see Lijiang River. Other uses see Lijiang Lijiang City ( is a Prefecture-level city Plans are underway on extending the old line to Vietnam, while a new and very ambitious plan to link from Dali to Ruili has been announced in 2006. Ruili ( simp: 瑞丽市 trad: 瑞麗市 Pinyin: Ruìlì Shì is a County-level city in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture Another plan to extend the railway line from Kunming all the way to Singapore, with connections to the other South East Asian countries, will be opened in 2017. Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. Singapore

Road and railroad traffic has been recently improved, and Kunming is now a transportation center; an important railroad runs from Kunming to Hanoi, Vietnam, while transportation to Myanmar is maintained by the Burma Road .

Highways

Road construction in Yunnan continues unabated: over the last years the province has added more new roads than any other province. Today expressways link Kunming through Dali to Baoshan, Kunming to Mojiang (on the way to Jinghong), Kunming to Qujing, Kunming to Shilin (Stone Forest). The official plan is to connect all major towns and neighbouring capitals with expressways by 2010, and to complete a high-speed road network by 2020.

All county towns are now accessible by paved, all-weather roads from Kunming, all townships have a road connection (the last to be connected was Yangla, in the far north, but Dulongjiang remains cut off for about six months every year), and about half of all villages have road access.

Second-level national highways stretch 958 km, third-level highways, 7,571 km and fourth-level highways, 52,248 km. The province has formed a network of communication lines radiating from Kunming to Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi and Tibet autonomous regions, and further on to Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand.

Luofu Expressway

After the opening of the Suolongsi to Pingyuanjie expressway, Luofu expressway, the first between Yunnan and Guangxi Province, opened on October 2007. Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It has made material and passenger transportation between the two provinces much more convenient. Moreover, Luofu Expressway has also become the main road from Yunnan to Guangxi and the coastal ports. Luofu Expressway begins from the crossroads of Luo Village between Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces and ends at Funing County of Wenshan State. Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture ( Simplified Chinese: 文山壮族苗族自治州 Pinyin: Wenshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu is an The total length of the expressway is 79. 3 kilometers which has shortened the commute between Yunnan and Guangxi from the previous 3 and half hours to just 50 minutes.

Waterways

Generally, rivers are obstacles to transport in Yunnan. Only very small parts of Yunnan's river systems are navigable. However, China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993.

In 1995, the province put an investment of 171 million yuan to add another 807 km of navigation lines. It built two wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 300,000 to 400,000 tons each and four wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 100,000 tons each. The annual volume of goods transported was two million tons and that of passengers transported, two million.

Airports

The province has twenty domestic air routes from Kunming to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Haikou, Chongqing, Shenyang, Harbin, Wuhan, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Nanning, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Changsha, Guilin, Lhasa and Hong Kong; eight provincial air routes from Kunming to Jinghong, Mangshi, Lijiang, Dali, Zhongdian (Shangri-la), Zhaotong, Baoshan and Simao; and nine international air routes from Kunming to Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Yangon, Singapore, Seoul, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Kuala Lumpur and Vientiane. Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city ( located in southwest People's Republic of China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a Sub-provincial city. Haikou ( Pinyin: Hǎikǒu situated at the north of Hainan island is the Capital of Hainan Province of the People's Republic of China Chongqing ( Postal map spelling: Chungking; Wade-Giles: Ch'ung-ch'ing) is the largest and most populous of the People's Republic of China Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. ( is the capital of Hubei province and is the most populous city in central People's Republic of China. UserEl_C --> Xi'an ( Postal map spelling: Sian is the Capital of the Shaanxi province in the Lanzhou ( Postal map spelling: Lanchow is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Gansu province in northwestern China. ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, Nanning ( Zhuang: Namzningz, meaning 'South Prosperity' is the capital of Guangxi autonomous region in southern China. Shenzhen is a city of sub-provincial administrative status in southern China's Guangdong province situated immediately Guiyang ( is the capital of Guizhou Province the People's Republic of China. Changsha ( is the Capital city of Hunan, a province of south-central China, located on the lower reaches of Xiang river a branch of the Guilin ( Pinyin: Guìlín) is a city in China, situated in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region on the west bank of the Lhasa, ( in English l̥ʰásə or in Tibetan; Chinese: 拉萨 Pinyin: Lāsà sometimes spelled Lasa, is the administrative capital of the Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. Jinghong ( Dai / Tai Lü, tsêŋhuŋ เชียงรุ่ง also (formerly romanised as chiang rung, chiang hung, chengrung, For the river in Guangxi Province see Lijiang River. Other uses see Lijiang Lijiang City ( is a Prefecture-level city Dali City ( Bai: Darl•lit; Hani: Dafli) is a County-level city in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan province Shangri-La County ( is a primarily Tibetan county in northwestern Yunnan Province in southwest China and the capital of Diqing Tibetan Zhaotong ( Chinese: 昭[[wikt 通|通]] 市; Pinyin: Zhāotōng Shì is a Prefecture-level city in the northeast of Yunnan Pu'er ( Chinese: 普[[wikt 洱|洱]] 市; Pinyin: Pǔ'ěr Shì is a city in the Yunnan province of Southwest China. Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest Chiang Mai (in Thai; locally (Kham Muang Jiang Mai also sometimes written as "Chiengmai" is the largest and most culturally significant Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. Singapore Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K Vientiane (vjɛnˈtjɑːn Lao ວຽງຈັນ Viang-chan) is the Capital city of Laos

The Wujiaba Airport in Kunming is a national first-class airport and the other airports are second-class terminals. Kunming ( kʊn'mɪŋ UN/LOCODE: CNKMG is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. A new airport for Kunming, build east of the city, at Dabanqiao began construction in 2006, but is not expected to be completed until 2015.

Culture

See also: Yunnan cuisine and Music of Yunnan
Hand-painted Chinese New Year's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people's homes, Old Town, Lijiang.
Hand-painted Chinese New Year's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people's homes, Old Town, Lijiang. Yunnan cuisine ( 滇[[wikt 菜|菜]] Pinyin: Diāncài or 云南[[wikt 菜|菜]] pinyin Yúnnán cài is an amalgam of Han Chinese and The Music of Yunnan, a province in southwestern China, includes the tradition music of many Ethnic groups including the For the river in Guangxi Province see Lijiang River. Other uses see Lijiang Lijiang City ( is a Prefecture-level city

One of Yunnan's famous products is Pu-erh tea, named after the old tea trading town of Pu-erh, as well as the Yunnan Golden Needle tea. Pu-erh, Pu'er tea, Puer tea or Bolay tea is a type of Tea made from a " large leaf " variety of the tea plant Camellia Golden needle tea is a black Tea composed of pure buds from ancient tea trees in Yunnan, China.

Tourism

Yunnan Province, due to its beautiful landscapes, mild climate and colorful ethnic minorities, is one of China's major tourist destinations. Most visitors are Chinese tourists, although trips to Yunnan are organized by an increasing number of foreign travel agencies as well. Mainland tourists travel by the masses; 2. 75 million Chinese visited Yunnan last October during National Holiday. Also a different trend is slowly developing; small scale and environmentally friendly ecotourism. Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of Tourism that appeals to ecologically and socially conscious individuals At the moment projects in this field are often being set up with help of NGO's.

In 2004, tourism revenues amounted to 37 billion RMB, and thus accounting for 12, 6% of the provincial GDP. Another fact indicating the importance of tourism in Yunnan Province is capital Kunming hosting the China International Travel Mart every two years. This tourism trade fair is the largest of its kind in Asia and serves as an important platform for professionals in the sector. More than 80 countries and regions were present during the 2005 edition.

Tourist centres in Yunnan include:

Sporting teams

Professional sporting teams in Yunnan include:

See also

References

  1. ^ (Chinese) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces, People's Daily Online. Yunnan Honghe Bulls (云南红河奔牛 or Yunnan Honghe or Yunnan Bulls are a Basketball team in the South Division of the Chinese Basketball Association The Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA; Chinese 中国男子篮球职业联赛 is the premier professional Basketball league in China. The 1996 Lijiang earthquake, which occurred at 714 PM on 3 February, 1996 near Lijiang City, Yunnan in southwestern China, measured Eighteen Oddities in Yunnan ( Chinese: 云南十八怪; pinyin Yúnnán Shíbā Guài sometimes called Eighteen Wonders of Yunnan) are eighteen unique China 's first AIDS case was identified in 1985 in a dying tourist The HIV/AIDS pandemic scene in East Asia is largely dominated by China. This is a list of Laojiaos within Yunnan province of the People's Republic of China. The People's Daily ( a daily Newspaper, is the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, published worldwide with a circulation
  2. ^ Tan Chung (1998). A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Qin Guangrong re-elected governor of Yunnan Province", Xinhua, 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Retrieved on 2008-02-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable  

External links

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Dictionary

Yunnan

-proper noun

  1. A province in southwest China, bordering Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.
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