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A Yakshagana artist wearing pagaDe or kedage mandala, one type of headwear. Among the headwears, pagaDe and kireeTa are worn by male characters and only small pagaDe by female ones. Exceptionally different headwears are also used by comedians and some side roles.
A Yakshagana artist wearing pagaDe or kedage mandala, one type of headwear. Among the headwears, pagaDe and kireeTa are worn by male characters and only small pagaDe by female ones. Exceptionally different headwears are also used by comedians and some side roles.

Yakshagana (Kannada:ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ, pronounced as yaksha-gaana) is a classical folk art form of the state of Karnataka in India mostly popular in the districts of Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Udupi, Dakshina Kannada and Kasaragod district of Kerala. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Folk art describes a wide range of objects that reflect the Craft traditions and traditional social values of various social groups Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Uttara Kannada ( Kannada ಉತ್ತರ ಕನ್ನಡ) is a district in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. Shivamogga District ( Kannada: ಶಿವಮೊಗ್ಗ is a district in the Karnataka state of India. Udupi ( Kannada, Tulu: ಉಡುಪಿ Odipu, Konkani - उडुपी) is a city and the headquarters of the Udupi District in Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal Kasaragod ( Malayalam:കാസര്‍ഗോഡ് ജില്ല is one of the districts of the Indian state of Kerala. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; [1] This would be considered to be a form of opera in western eyes. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Actors wear costumes and enact the various roles. Traditionally, Yakshaganas would go on all night. It is sometimes simply called as Aataā in both Kannada and Tulu (meaning play). [1] Yaksha-gana literally means the song (gana) of a Yaksha. Yaksha ( Sanskrit यक्ष yakṣa, yakkha in Pāli) is the name of a broad class of nature-spirits usually benevolent who are Yakshas were an exotic tribe mentioned in the Sanskrit literature of ancient India. The classic Indian epics such as the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and the Puranas refer to many exotic tribes, describing them as Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical [2]

Yakshagana consists of a Himmela (background musicians) and a Mummela (dance group). Himmela consisting of Bhagawata who is also the facilitator (singer), Maddale, Hormonium for drone and Chande (loud drums). The mridangam (மிருதங்கம் is a Percussion instrument from India, especially South India. The chande is a Drum used in the traditional music of South India. The music is based on the Karnataka Sangeetha but with a heavy folk influence. Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India A Yakshagana performance begins at the twilight hours with the beating of several fixed compositions on drums called Abbara or Peetike, for up to an hour before the 'actors' get on the stage. The actors wear resplendent costumes, head-dresses, and painted faces which they paint themselves. A performance usually depicts a story from the Hindu epics and puranas. It consists of a narrator(Baghawatha) who either narrates the story by singing or sings precomposed dialogs of a character, backed by musicians playing on traditional musical instruments as the actors dance to the music, with actions that portray the story as it is being narrated. All the components of Yakshagana, music, dance and dialog are improvised. Depending on the ability and scholarship of the actors variation in dance and amount of dialog may change. It is not uncommon for actors to get into philosophical debates or arguments without going out of the framework of the character being enacted.

Contents

The Word and the World

Yakshagana is a traditional theater form combining dance, music, spoken word, costume-makeup, and stage technique with a distinct style and form. ≠ Both the word Yakshagana and its world are interesting and intriguing. It is a theater form mainly prevalent in the coastal districts and adjacent areas, in Karnataka. It is closely connected with other forms prevailing in other parts of Karnataka, and its neighboring states of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamilnadu and Maharastra. [3]

Yakshagana, like many other forms, defies neat classification into categories like folk, classical, rural. It can be included into each of these, or all of them together, depending upon our line of approach. Being a theater form, unlike a dance form, it is more plural and dynamic. And hence it exhibits many types and varieties inside itself. However, Yakshagana can be rightly called a traditional form. Primarily it is a name given to the one prevailing in Coastal and Malnad areas of Karnataka, though in fringe forms like Doddata are also called by the same name often, especially recently. The traditional theater form Mudalpaya of Southern Karnataka, the Doddata of Northern Karnataka, the Kelike in the borders of Andhra Pradesh, the Ghattadakore of Kollegal in Chamarajnagar district – are such forms. Among them, the Ghattadakore is a direct branch of Coastal Yakshagana, while Mudalapaya is the most closely connected form. There is a form called Yakshaganamu in Andhra Pradesh also which exhibits resemblance to the forms of Karnataka plateau region. [4]

The Genesis

The origin of any art form is in a way difficult to fix and the time and process of formation conceived is often arbitrary. As art forms grow over a period, and they include various elements from time to time and undergo many changes until they appear as we see them today. Theater forms become solo performances (for example, Kathak) and may be vice versa.

The Origin

Basically Yakshagana is the product of the Vaishnava Bhakthi movement. [5] Vaishnavism as a school of thought and religion is quite old. The Bhakthi movement proper, spread with vigor after the 10th Century. It took religion to the common man, to the lower strata of society, those classes to whom the highly formalized and Vedic religion was beyond reach. Hence Bhakthi movement was a social movement also.

Stree Vesha or Female Role is also performed by male actors in Yakshagana
Stree Vesha or Female Role is also performed by male actors in Yakshagana
Rakshasa or the demon as depicted in Yakshagana
Rakshasa or the demon as depicted in Yakshagana

In order to propagate and spread the message of devotion, it adopted and adapted the existing folk as well as classical literary forms and performances. It created its own forms. Most of the traditional theater forms are the result of this phenomenon. Hence there are clear resemblance among the members of the 'Traditional Theater Family' like Ankhia Nata (Assam), Jathra (Bengal), Chau (Bihar, Bengal), Prahlada Nata (Orissa), Veedhinatakam & Chindu (Andhra), Terukoothu Bhagawathamela (Tamil Nadu), Kathakkali (Kerala). Yet there are major differences also. Yakshagana is a member of this group and so its origin is connected with a wider historical situation. [6]

Experts have placed the origin of Yakshagana from the 11th Century to the 16th Century. [6] Earliest limit is fixed by a finding by Vidwan Bannanje Govindacharya who says a legend goes to show that Sage Narahari Thirtha (c, 1300) started a Dasavathara Ata performance and a troupe in Udupi and later this spread to other places and grew into what we call Yakshagana today. Shri Bannanje Govindacharya ( Kannada:ಬನ್ನಂಜೆ ಗೋವಿಂದಾಚಾರ್ಯ) is one of the foremost vedic scholars in the world today.

Anyway, Yakshagana must have been an established form by the time of famous Yakshagana poet Parthisubba (1600) who wrote the Ramayana in Yakshagana. Because he is said to be a Bhagawatha (singer) himself and is believed to have founded a troupe, and probably he is the formulator of the Tenkuthittu (Southern style) of the art. Troupe centers like Koodlu and Kumbla in Kasaragod District, and Amritheshwari, Kota near Kundapur claim having a troupe three to four centuries ago. Kumbla ( Malayalam:കുന്പള /കുംബള) locally spelt as Kumble or Kumbala, is a small town located 14 km north of Kasaragod Kasaragod ( Malayalam:കാസര്‍ഗോഡ് ജില്ല is one of the districts of the Indian state of Kerala. So we can safely assume that this art form had taken shape by about 1500. However, what we see today as Yakshagana, must have been the result of a slow evolution, drawing its elements from ritual theater, temple arts, secular arts like Bahurupi, royal courts of the time and artists imaginations – all interwoven over period. [6]

Growth and Changes

Yakshagana performance in progress
Yakshagana performance in progress

With the socio-economic changes of the 19th Century, arts like Yakshagana also changed. The 19th Century produced a big number of compositions. Around 1800, a troupe from Dharmastala visited the court of the king of Mysore and established a troupe there. In the 1840s, a troupe from Uttara Kannada (North Kanara) visited Maharastra, and inspired the first modern age mythological drama by Vishudas Bhave. A number of troupes arose all over the Coastal Karnataka and probably in other parts of Karnataka too. By the early decades of this Century the structure of Yakshagana reached a definite shape and form.

Being a theater form, unlike a dance form Yakshagana is more plural and dynamic
Being a theater form, unlike a dance form Yakshagana is more plural and dynamic

1930s saw some changes in compositions, organizations and presentation. Dance and the spoken word was further developed and refined. But in costume, a type of degeneration started setting in due to the use of 'modern' clothing and stone jewellery, in place of hand loom clothing and wooden ornaments.

The year 1950 saw the birth of 'tent' troupes, giving performances to audience by tickets, with 'tent theaters' and furniture for seating. These troupes brought in commercialization of Yakshagana, with both merits and demerits. Yakshagana saw major changes in form and organisation, electrical lights replaced the 'gas lights' or 'petromax' lamps. Seating arrangements improved. Major changes came in the themes, with the inclusion of folk epics, Sanskrit dramas and created (imaginary) stories forming the thematic base. Popular entertainment became the criterion in place of 'classical' presentation. Tulu, the language of the Southern part of the D. K. district was introduced on the stage, where hitherto only Kannada was used. This gained great popularity. All these trends continued with added vigor after 1970s, with a new element of influence. Noted writer, Late Dr. Kota Shivaram Karanth experimented with the dance form by introducing Western musical instruments. He also reduced the time of a Yakshagana performance from 12 hours to two and half hours, for the convenience of city dwellers. Another trend that has emerged in modern Yakshagana is the incorporation of movie stories.

Yakshagana has undergone innovation in dance and theatre, which includes performances of Shakespeare. [7]

The Variations

There are two variants of Yakshagana. In this fierce competition, the two styles differentiate from one another through the instruments played, but also through the costumes displayed.

The Badagutittū style of Yakshagana
The Badagutittū style of Yakshagana
The Tenkutittū style of Yakshagana
The Tenkutittū style of Yakshagana

Badagutittū

The Badagutittū style, as its name indicates, is prevalent in Northern parts of South Canara, that is, from Padubidri to Byndoor and North Kanara District. Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal It makes use of a typical Karnataka chande. The chande is a Drum used in the traditional music of South India. [8] The Badagutittu style was popularized by Shivram Karanth's Yakshagana Mandira at Saligrama village in Dakshina Kannada as a shorter, more modern form of Yakshagana. Kota Shivaram Karanth ( Kannada:ಕೋಟಾ ಶಿವರಾಮ ಕಾರಂತ) ( October 10, 1902 - December 9, 1997 Sila, (also spelt as Shila or Sheela) refers to a Vaishnava ( Hindu) Murti in the form of a spherical usually black-coloured stone Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal [8] Keremane Shivarama Heggade, the founder of the Yakshagana troupe, Idagunji Mahaganapathi Yakshagana Mandali is an exponent of this style of Yakshagana. Keremane Shivarama Hegde is an exponent of Yakshagana, a dance form mostly performed in the state of Karnataka, India. Idagunji Mahaganapathi Yakshagana Mandali ( Kannada:ಇಡಗುಂಜಿ ಮಹಾಗಣಪತಿ ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ ಮಂಡಳಿ is a Yakshagana troupe based He is also the first Yakshagana artist to receive the Rashtrapati Award. Rashtrapati Awards are given by the President of India. They are given to award excellence in various fields

Tenkutittū

The second variation, the Tenkutittū style, is prevalent in Southern areas of South Canara, that is, from Mulki to Kasargod. Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal It is accompanied by a Kerala maddalam. The maddalam or madhalam is a Drum made out of the wood of the Jackfruit tree Another aspects that sets it closer to Kathakali than its northern counterpart is the less exuberant costumes, notable the demon ones. Kathakali (കഥകളി kat̪ʰəkaɭi is a form of highly stylised classical Indian Dance - Drama that is noted for its attractive make-up of characters [8] One notable practitioner of Tenkutittu style Yakshagana was the late Sheni Gopalakrishna Bhat. [8]

The Troupes

Yakshagana performers doing makeup
Yakshagana performers doing makeup

There are about 30 full fledged professional troupes, and about 200 amateur troupes in Yakshagana. Professional troupes go on tour between November to May, giving about 180-200 shows. There are about one thousand professional artists and many more amateurs. Further there are off season shows during the wet season, the anniversary shows, school and college students Yakshagana and of course the Talamaddale performances. Yakshagana commercial shows witness 12,000 performances per year in Karnataka generating a turnover of Rs. Six crore. [9][10]

Yakshagana Puppetry

Another interesting facet of Yakshagana is the its use in puppetry. Evidence shows that there were more than 30 string puppet troupes in the undivided Dakshina Kannada district during the period 1910 – 1915 in places like Basrur, Barkur, Kokkarne, Mudabidri etc. Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal

A typical Yakshagana Puppet
A typical Yakshagana Puppet

The puppetry in Yakshagana style is interesting as the presentation is highly stylized and adheres strictly to the norms and standards of Yakshagana. The puppets used are generally 18 inches high and the costumes are similar to those worn by the characters from Yakshagana with the same elaborate make-up, colorful head gear and heavy jewellery. The person who infuses life into the puppet and makes it come alive, by dexterous manipulation is known as the Suthradhara. The content in the Yakshagana puppetry, is drawn heavily from the ancient epics.

Background of Yakshagana Puppetry

Though Yakshagana puppetry had existed since a long time, it was moulded by Laxman, Narasimha and Manjappa Kamath, hailing from Uppinakudru village in Kundapur taluk. Uppinakudru, or Salt Island is located at 6Km towards north of Kundapura Udupi District ( Karnataka, India) Kundapura ( Kannada -ಕುಂದಾಪುರ is a town in Udupi district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Devanna Padmanabha Kamath, the grandson of Laxman Kamath infused new life into it and performed shows all over India. Currently, his son Kogga Kamath is at the forefront, performing shows and training youngsters in Yakshagana puppetry. [11]

Training and Research

Children's Yakshagana, although not as popular as the adult counterpart, is increasingly gaining momentum
Children's Yakshagana, although not as popular as the adult counterpart, is increasingly gaining momentum

Training schools for Yaskhagana are very few in Coastal Karnataka. As most troupes are associated with temples, the training has been confined to the temple premises. However, the Govinda Pai Research Institute, located at MGM College, Udupi, runs a Yakshagana Kalakendra in Udupi that trains youngsters in this ancient dance form. The Govinda Pai Research Institute does research work on language, rituals and dance art forms of Tulu Nadu. [12]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Enduring art. Online webpage of The Hindu. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  2. ^ yaksha. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  3. ^ The Hindu-Growing with tradition
  4. ^ 3-day festival to celebrate Karanth's birth centenary. The Times of India. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  5. ^ The Hindu-A broad sweep at the art form
  6. ^ a b c The Hindu- Focus on rural art. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  7. ^ Hapgood, Robert. 1983. "Macbeth distilled: A Yakshagana production in Delhi," Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3. (Autumn, 1980), pp. 439-440.
  8. ^ a b c d Narthaki.com, classical indian dance directory
  9. ^ Open study-chairs for research on Yakshagana. Online webpage of The Hindu. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  10. ^ Traditional touch in theatre. Online webpage of The Telegraph. The Telegraph. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  11. ^ Award for achievement. Online webpage of The Hindu. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
  12. ^ The Hindu-Yakshagana Kendra has effectively popularised the art form

References

External links


Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
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