A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that is on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 state parties[1] which are elected by the United Nations General Assembly for a four-year term. A logo ( Greek el λογότυπος = el-Latn logotypos is a graphical element ( Ideogram, Symbol, Emblem, Icon, Sign) United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. A monument is a structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun [2]
The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. Cultural heritage ("national heritage" or just "heritage" is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or Society Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Humanity or mankind is the Human species Human nature (eg Compassion, Altruism) and the Human condition (the totality Under certain conditions, listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The programme was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (http://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf), which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on November 16, 1972. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Since then, 185 states have ratified the convention.
As of 2008, 851 sites are listed: 660 cultural, 166 natural, and 25 mixed properties[3], in 141 states. Italy is home to the greatest number of world heritage sites (41) to date. UNESCO references each World Heritage Site with a identification number; but new inscriptions often include previous sites now listed as part of larger descriptions. As a result, the identification numbers exceed 1200 even though there are fewer on the list.
Each World Heritage Site is the property of the state on whose territory the site is located, but it is considered in the interest of the international community to preserve each site.
Contents |
History
Pre-convention
In 1959, the government of Egypt decided to build the Aswan Dam (Aswan High Dam), an event that would flood a valley containing treasures of ancient Egypt such as the Abu Simbel temples. Aswan (Assuan is a city on the first cataract of the Nile in Egypt. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is Treasure (from Greek θησαυρος Thesaurus, meaning "a treasure of the chest" is a Cognate) is a concentration of riches often one Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Abu Simbel ( أبو سنبل or ar '''أبو سمبل''' is an Archaeological site comprising two massive rock Temples in southern Egypt UNESCO then launched a worldwide safeguarding campaign, despite appeals from the governments of Egypt and Sudan. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. The Abu Simbel and Philae temples were taken apart, moved to a higher location, and put back together piece by piece. Philae ( Greek:) or Pilak or P'aaleq ( Egyptian: remote place or the end or the angle island) or Arabic A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites
The cost of the project was US$80 million, about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The project was regarded as a success, and led to other safeguarding campaigns, saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the A lagoon is a body of comparatively shallow salt or Brackish water separated from the deeper Sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Borobudur is a ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. UNESCO then initiated, with the International Council on Monuments and Sites, a draft convention to protect the common cultural heritage of humanity. The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS ( fr: Conseil international des monuments et des sites) is a professional association that works for the conservation
Convention and background
The United States initiated the idea of combining cultural conservation with nature conservation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A White House conference in 1965 called for a World Heritage Trust to preserve "the world's superb natural and scenic areas and historic sites for the present and the future of the entire world citizenry. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence " The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, and they were presented in 1972 to the United Nations conference on Human Environment in Stockholm. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the
A single text was agreed on by all parties, and the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Nominating process
A country must first take an inventory of its significant cultural and natural properties. This is called the Tentative List, and is important because a country may not nominate properties that have not already been included on the Tentative List. Next, it can select a property from this list to place into a Nomination File. The World Heritage Centre offers advice and help in preparing this file.
At this point, the file is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and the World Conservation Union. The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS ( fr: Conseil international des monuments et des sites) is a professional association that works for the conservation These bodies then make their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee. The Committee meets once per year to determine whether or not to inscribe each nominated property on the World Heritage List, and sometimes defers the decision to request more information from the states. There are ten selection criteria - a site must meet at least one of them to be included on the list.
Selection criteria
Until the end of 2004, there were six criteria for cultural heritage and four criteria for natural heritage. In 2005, this was modified so that there is only one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of "outstanding universal value" and meet at least one of the ten criteria. [4]
Cultural criteria
- I. "to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius";
- II. A genius is a person of great Intelligence or remarkable abilities in a specific subject who shows an exceptional natural capacity of intellect and/or ability especially "to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design";
- III. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt A monument is a structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past Landscape design is similar to Landscape architecture. Landscape Design focuses more on the artistic merits of design while Landscape Architecture encompasses the artistic "to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared";
- IV. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements "to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history";
- V. In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made Prehistory See also Prehistory Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens "to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change";
- VI. A settlement is a general term used in Archeology, Landscape history and other subjects for a permanent or temporary community in which people live which avoids being Land use' is also often used to refer to the distinct land use types in Zoning. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic "to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of An idea is a form (such as a Thought) formed by Consciousness (including Mind) through the Process of ideation. Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria)";
Natural criteria
- VII. "to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance";
- VIII. "to be outstanding examples representing major stages of Earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features";
- IX. The history of Earth covers approximately 46 billion years (4567000000 years from Earth ’s formation out of the Solar nebula to the present Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the three major subfields of Geography. "to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals";
- X. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. "to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-site conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. Threatened species are any species (including Animals Plants fungi, etc Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding "
Statistics
There are 851 World Heritage Sites located in 141 State Parties. As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Of these, 660 are cultural, 166 are natural and 25 are mixed properties. Further site classification includes the classification of the State Parties among five geographic zones: Africa, Arab States (composed of North Africa and the Middle East), Asia-Pacific (includes Australia and Oceania), Europe and most of North America (specifically, the USA and Canada), and Latin America and the Caribbean. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Asia-Pacific or APAC is the area generally regarded as encompassing Littoral East Asia, Southeast Asia and Australasia near the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Russia and the Caucasus states are classified as European. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East
The UNESCO geographic zones also give greater emphasis on administrative, rather than geographic associations. Hence, Gough Island, located in the South Atlantic, is part of the Europe & North America region since it was the government of the United Kingdom which nominated the site. Gough Island (rhymes with cough; also known historically as Diego Alvarez) is a Volcanic island rising from the South Atlantic Ocean to Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at
The table below includes a breakdown of the sites according to these zones and their classification:
| Zone | Natural | Cultural | Mixed | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | 33 | 38 | 3 | 74 | 9% |
| Arab States | 3 | 58 | 1 | 62 | 7% |
| Asia-Pacific | 45 | 126 | 11 | 182[5] | 21% |
| Europe & North America | 51 | 358 | 7 | 416 | 49% |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 34 | 80 | 3 | 117 | 14% |
Lists of World Heritage Sites
- List of World Heritage Sites in Africa
- List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas
- List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia
- List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States
- List of World Heritage Sites in Europe
- List of World Heritage Sites in danger
World Heritage Committee Session
The World Heritage Committee meets several times a year to discuss the management of existing World Heritage Sites, and accept the nominations from countries. Asia-Pacific or APAC is the area generally regarded as encompassing Littoral East Asia, Southeast Asia and Australasia near the The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is a list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Asia, Australia and the Pacific ( Australia) This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Arab States. This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries These are thirty sites which the UNESCO World Heritage Committee has decided to include on a list of World Heritage Sites in danger; this list also shows the year A session, known as the World Heritage Committee Session, takes place annually where sites are inscribed on the World Heritage List, after presentations made by the IUCN and/or ICOMOS, and deliberations made among the state parties.
The annual session takes place in cities all over the world. With the exception of those held in Paris, where the UNESCO headquarter office is located, only state parties who are members of the World Heritage Committee have the right to host a future Session, pending approval by the Committee, as well as provided that the concerned State Party’s term will not expire before it hosts the Session. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city
External links
- UNESCO World Heritage portal — Official website in English and French
- The World Heritage List — Official searchable list of all Inscribed Properties
- KML file of the World Heritage List — Official KML version of the list for Google Earth and NASA Worldwind
- Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage — Official 1972 Convention Text in 7 languages
- Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage at Law-Ref.org — Fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents
- Organization of World Heritage Cities — Dealing with urban sites only
- WHTour.org — World Heritage sites in panographies - 360 degree imaging
- UK Government's list of UK World Heritage Sites
- US National Park Service's list of US World Heritage Sites
- Parks Canada's list of Canadian World Heritage Sites
- World Heritage Site — Private website about World Heritage
- thesalmons.org's world heritage list — Unofficial list with links and map of sites
- VRheritage.org — Documentation of World Heritage Sites
- WorldHeritageProject.org — Photography, film, music and other artistic expressions. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Luxor (in Arabic: الأقصر al-Uqṣur) is a city in Upper (southern Egypt and the capital of Luxor This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Brasília (bɾaˈziliɐ is the Capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country along a Plateau |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Banff is the largest town in Banff National Park, in Alberta's Rockies, Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Santa Fe ( Navajo: Yootó is the Capital of the state of New Mexico. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Cartagena de Indias (kaɾtaˈhena ð̞e ˈin̪d̪jas in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is ˌkɑrtəˈheɪnə deɪ ˈɪndiəs is a large city Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Phuket (ภูเก็ต pʰuːkɛt formerly known as Tha-Laang or Talang, or Junk Ceylon in Western sources a distortion of the Malay Tanjung The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Mérida ( Tiho' in Modern Maya) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Yucatán and the Yucatan Peninsula. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Marrakesh or Marrakech ( Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrakush) known as the "Red City" Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Suzhou ( ancient name 吳) is a City on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Taihu in the province of Jiangsu Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
- Natural Heritage Protection Fund — Russian non-governmental organization which supports natural World Heritage sites both in Russia and the CIS.
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