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"WHO" redirects here. For other uses, see Who.
World Health Organization Acronym: WHO

Flag of the World Health Organization
Flag of the World Health Organization

Formation7 April 1948
TypeSpecialized agency of the United Nations
HeadquartersGeneva, Switzerland
Membership193 member states
Official languagesArabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
Director-GeneralDr. Margaret Chan
Websitehttp://www.who.int/

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. The following is a partial list of acronyms commonly used in health care. The flag of the United Nations was adopted on October 20, 1947, and consists of the official emblem of the United Nations in white on a blue background The date of establishment or date of founding of an Institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun, OBE A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Established on 7 April 1948, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the League of Nations. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920

Contents

Mission

The WHO's constitution states that its objective "is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health. "[1] Its major task is to combat disease, especially key infectious diseases, and to promote the general health of the people of the world.

Establishment

The World Health Organization is one of the original agencies of the United Nations, its constitution formally coming into force on the first World Health Day, (7 April 1948), when it was ratified by the 26th member state. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security World Health Day is celebrated every year on 7 April, under the sponsorship of the World Health Organization ( WHO) Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [2] Prior to this its operations, as well as the remaining activities of the League of Nations Health Organization, were under the control of an Interim Commission following an International Health Conference in the summer of 1946. [3] The transfer was authorized by a Resolution of the General Assembly. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members [4]

Summary of activities

As well as coordinating international efforts to monitor outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as SARS, malaria, and AIDS, the WHO also sponsors programs to prevent and treat such diseases. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including The WHO supports the development and distribution of safe and effective vaccines, pharmaceutical diagnostics, and drugs. After over 2 decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO declared in 1980 that the disease had been eradicated - the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor.

The WHO is nearing success in developing vaccines against malaria and schistosomiasis and aims to eradicate polio within the next few years. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a Parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via The organization has already endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe (from October 3, 2006), making it an international standard. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [5]

In addition to its work in eradicating disease, the WHO also carries out various health-related campaigns — for example, to boost the consumption of fruits and vegetables worldwide and to discourage tobacco use. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana.

Experts met at the WHO headquarters in Geneva in February, 2007, and reported that their work on pandemic influenza vaccine development had achieved encouraging progress. A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease More than 40 clinical trials have been completed or are ongoing. In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices Most have focused on healthy adults. Some companies, after completing safety analyses in adults, have initiated clinical trials in the elderly and in children. All vaccines so far appear to be safe and well-tolerated in all age groups tested. [6]

The WHO also conducts research, on, for instance, whether the electromagnetic field surrounding cell phones has a negative influence on health. The electromagnetic field is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects. Some of this work can be controversial, as illustrated by the April, 2003, joint WHO/FAO report, which recommended that sugar should form no more than 10% of a healthy diet. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. This report led to lobbying by the sugar industry against the recommendation[7], to which the WHO/FAO responded by including in the report the statement "The Consultation recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10% of total energy is controversial", but also stood by its recommendation based upon its own analysis of scientific studies. [8].

Additional Responsibilities

In addition to the WHO's stated mission, international treaties assign the Organization a variety of responsibilities. For instance, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances call on the WHO to issue binding scientific and medical assessments of psychoactive drugs and to recommend how they should be regulated. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international Treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally Narcotic) Drugs and of drugs The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is a United Nations Treaty designed to control Psychoactive drugs such as Amphetamines Barbiturates In this way, the WHO acts as a check on the national drug policy-making Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Commission on Narcotic Drugs is the central drug policy-making body within the United Nations system

The WHO also compiles the widely-followed International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The tenth revision of the ICD, also known as ICD-10, was released in 1992 and a searchable version is available online on the WHO website. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings Later revisions are indexed and available in hard-copy versions. The WHO does not permit simultaneous classification in two separate areas.

The WHO also maintains a model list of essential medicines that all countries' health-care systems should make available and affordable to the general population. Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health Organization are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population they should therefore

Structure

WHO Headquarters in Geneva
WHO Headquarters in Geneva

WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, WHO's supreme decision-making body. The World Health Assembly is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO is governed by its 193 member states All UN member states are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO web site, “Other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly. ” The WHO has 193 member states.

The Republic of China (Taiwan) was one of the founding members of the WHO, but was compelled to leave after the People’s Republic of China was admitted to the UN in 1972 and Taiwan left the UN. Taiwan has applied for participation in the WHO as a 'health entity' each year since 1997 but is denied each year because of pressure from China. China claims sovereignty over Taiwan, and its position is that Taiwan is represented in the WHO system by China. In practice, Taiwanese doctors and hospitals are denied access to WHO information, and Taiwanese journalists are denied accreditation for participation in WHO activities.

The WHO Assembly generally meets in May each year. In addition to appointing the Director-General every five years, the Assembly considers the financial policies of the Organization and reviews and approves the proposed programme budget. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the Executive Board for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to facilitate its work in general.

Membership

The WHO has 193 Member States, including all UN Member States except Liechtenstein , and 2 non-UN members, Niue and the Cook Islands. This article lists the member states of the United Nations (UN. The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Niue (niːˈʔuːeɪ/ /ˈnjuːeɪ in English is an Island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. Territories that are not UN Member States may join as Associate Members (with full information but limited participation and voting rights) if approved by an Assembly vote: Puerto Rico and Tokelau are Associate Members. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Tokelau (ˈtoʊkəlaʊ is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral Atolls in the South Pacific Ocean. Entities may also be granted observer status: examples include the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Holy See (Vatican City). Observer status is defined in the World Health Organization (WHO Constitution as a status which the World Health Assembly (WHA may grant to "any organization The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory

Funding

The WHO is financed by contributions from member states and from donors. In recent years, the WHO's work has involved more collaboration; there are currently around 80 such partnerships with NGOs and the pharmaceutical industry, as well as with foundations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (B&MGF is the largest transparently operated Private foundation in the world founded by Bill and Melinda The Rockefeller Foundation (RF is a prominent Philanthropic organization and Private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue New York City. Voluntary contributions to the WHO from national and local governments, foundations and NGOs, other UN organizations, and the private sector, now exceed that of assessed contributions (dues) from the 193 member nations. [9]PDF (30. 1 KiB)


Regional Offices

Regional offices and regions of the WHO:      Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Congo      Americas; HQ: Washington, D.C., USA      Eastern Med.; HQ: Cairo, Egypt      Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark      South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India      Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines
Regional offices and regions of the WHO:      Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Congo      Americas; HQ: Washington, D.C., USA      Eastern Med.; HQ: Cairo, Egypt      Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark      South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India      Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines

Uncharacteristically for a UN Agency, the six Regional Offices of the WHO enjoy remarkable autonomy. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International ||-||} Brazzaville is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo and is located on the Congo River. The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó) also known as Congo-Brazzaville The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO is an international Public health agency with over 100 years of experience working to improve health and living standards of the people Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The City of Manila The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Each Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director (RD), who is elected by the Regional Committee for a once-renewable five-year term. The name of the RD-elect is transmitted to the WHO Executive Board in Geneva, which proceeds to confirm the appointment. It is rare that an elected Regional Director is not confirmed.

Each Regional Committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region. Aside from electing the Regional Director, the Regional Committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the Health and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly. The World Health Assembly is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO is governed by its 193 member states The Regional Committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of the WHO within the Region.

The Regional Director is effectively the head of the WHO for his or her Region. The RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional headquarters and in specialised centres. The RD is also the direct supervising authority — concomitantly with the WHO Director General — of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the Region.

The Regional Offices are:

Country Offices

The World Health Organization operates 147 country and liaison offices in all its regions. The presence of a country office is generally motivated by a need, stated by the member country. There will generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question.

The country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR), who is a trained physician, not a national of that country, who holds diplomatic rank and is due privileges and immunities similar to those of a Head of Diplomatic Mission or a diplomatic Ambassador. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country In most countries, the WR (like Representatives of other UN agencies) is de facto and/or de jure treated like an Ambassador - the distinction here being that instead of being an Ambassador of one sovereign country to another, the WR is a senior UN civil servant, who serves as the "Ambassador" of the WHO to the country to which he or she is accredited. Hence, the slightly less glamorous title of Representative, or Resident Representative.

The country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff. The main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies.

International liaison offices serve largely the same purpose as country offices, but generally on a smaller scale. These are often found in countries that want WHO presence and cooperation, but do not have the major health system flaws that require the presence of a full-blown country office. Liaison offices are headed by a liaison officer, who is a national from that particular country, without diplomatic immunity.

Some WHO-private sector partnerships

Directors-General of WHO

Margaret Chan, incumbent Director-General of the World Health Organization
Margaret Chan, incumbent Director-General of the World Health Organization
NameCountry/RegionTerm of Office
Brock ChisholmCanada1948–1953
Marcolino Gomes CandauBrazil1953–1973
Halfdan T. MahlerDenmark1973–1988
Hiroshi NakajimaJapan1988–1998
Gro Harlem BrundtlandNorway1998–2003
Lee Jong-wookSouth Korea2003–2006 (died on May 22)
Anders NordströmSweden2006
Margaret ChanHong Kong,ChinaJanuary 4, 2007–

Other notable persons associated with WHO

Personnel policy

The World Health Organization is an agency of the United Nations and as such shares a core of common personnel policy with other agencies. Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun, OBE The term director-general is used worldwide to signify the highest executive officer within a Governmental statutory NGO, third sector or Not-for-profit George Brock Chisholm CC Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Marcolino Gomes Candau |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Halfdan T Mahler of The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe is a Japanese doctor. He was For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. (ɡru hɑɭɛm brʉntlɑn (born Gro Harlem 20 April 1939 Oslo) is a Norwegian politician diplomat and Physician, and an international leader Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Lee Jong-wook (1945–2006 was the South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Anders Nordström is a Swedish "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun, OBE Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Manuel Carballo is an epidemiologist and is currently Executive Director of the International Centre for Migration and Health and Professor of Clinical Public Health at Kevin M De Cock, MD is a Belgian-born scientist who is a citizen of the United States is a Japanese Physician and Public health expert who is the director of the World Health Organization 's Malaria program Dr Jonathan Mann ( July 30, 1947 - September 2, 1998) was a former head of the World Health Organization 's global AIDS Dr David Nabarro (born in 1949 works as the Senior UN System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza at United Nations Headquarters in New York Peter Baron Piot (born 1949 in Leuven, Belgium) is Under Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of the UN specialized Andrija Štampar ( September 1, 1888 &ndash June 26, 1958) was a distinguished scholar in the field of Social medicine from Croatia Carlo Urbani ( Castelplanio, Italy October 19, 1956 – Bangkok, Thailand March 29, 2003) was an David L Heymann, MD (born 1946 in Pennsylvania USA was appointed the Assistant Director-General Communicable Diseases of the World Health Organization (WHO in February The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

Smokers

The World Health Organization has recently banned the recruitment of cigarette smokers, to promote the principle of a tobacco-free work environment.

World Health Report

The annual World Health Report, first published in 1995, is the WHO's leading publication. Each year the report combines an expert assessment of global health, including statistics relating to all countries, with a focus on a specific subject. The World Health Report 2007 - A safer future: global public health security in the 21st centurywas published on August 23, 2006.

Statistics

The WHO website A guide to statistical information at WHO has an online version of the most recent WHO health statistics.
According to The WHO Programme on Health Statistics:

The production and dissemination of health statistics for health action at country, regional and global levels is a core WHO activity mandated to WHO by its Member States in its Constitution. WHO produced figures carry great weight in national and international resource allocation, policy making and programming, based on its reputation as "unbiased" (impartial and fair), global (not belonging to any camp), and technically competent (consulting leading research and policy institutions and individuals).

Controversies

Ionizing radiation

Dr. Michel Fernex, Wladimir Tchertkoff, and Dr. Christopher Busby, on June 27, 2007, in front of the WHO building in Geneva
Dr. Michel Fernex, Wladimir Tchertkoff, and Dr. Michel Fernex is a Swiss medical doctor from the Medical Faculty University of Basel. Wladimir Tchertkoff is a Swiss journalist who released with Emanuela Andreoli in 2003 the film The Sacrifice, a documentary on the Liquidators of Chernobyl Christopher Busby, on June 27, 2007, in front of the WHO building in Geneva

There is pending controversy on the relation between the WHO and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Christopher Busby (born 1945 is an activist from United Kingdom. The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its Since May 28, 1959, there has been an agreement between these organizations, confirmed by World Health Assembly resolution WHA12. 40. Numerous people, including Michel Fernex (a retired medical doctor from the WHO), have criticized this agreement as preventing the WHO from properly conducting its activities relating to health effects of ionizing radiation. Michel Fernex is a Swiss medical doctor from the Medical Faculty University of Basel. Notably it is argued that the consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe are significantly played down by the WHO because of this agreement. The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Soviet Union. The WHO has concluded on 50 near-immediate deaths and potentially 4,000 cancers in the longer term, but other accounts quote between 50,000 and 150,000 people [10] already died, and several hundreds of thousands people are ill, handicapped, etc. [11] Former Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that seven million people are affected by the catastrophe. The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations [12]

Particularly, the proceedings of the 1995 Geneva conference and the report of the Kiev 2001 conference on the effects of the Chernobyl disaster were never published, which is very unusual. Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, former WHO Director-General, admitted in a Swiss television interview that these documents had been censored based on the agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency. is a Japanese doctor. He was The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its [13] Since April 27, 2007, a permanent presence opposite the main driveway to WHO premises is maintained in protest against the agreement between WHO and IAEA. [14]

See also

References

Henrik Karl Nielsen: The World Health Organisation - Implementing the right to health, 2. World Health Day is celebrated every year on 7 April, under the sponsorship of the World Health Organization ( WHO) The International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC, or CIRC in its French Acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The WHO Centre for Health Development ( WKC) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations. is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture and a prominent port city in Japan with a population of about 1 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Open Learning for Development is an effort to provide free learning with the ultimate goal of helping developing countries around the world The honors men and women "with outstanding achievements in the fields of medical research and medical services to combat infectious and other diseases in Africa thus contributing to the health edition, Copenhagen 2001

  1. ^ Constitution of the World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, - For a easier to read version see Constitution of the World Health Organization (English only version). World Health Organization. Retrieved on 2008-02-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
  2. ^ Chronicle of the World Health Organization, April 1948. World Health Organization. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls,
  3. ^ Chronicle of the World Health Organization, 1947. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls,
  4. ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 61 session 1 Establishment of the World Health Organization on 14 December 1946
  5. ^ Xinhua - English
  6. ^ WHO | WHO reports some promising results on avian influenza vaccines
  7. ^ Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO | Society | The Guardian
  8. ^ Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of the joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Geneva, 2003. See section 1. 3 A summary of population nutrient intake goals of Chapter 5, Population nutrient intake goals for preventing diet-related chronic diseases
  9. ^ http://ftp.who.int/gb/pdf_files/EB105/ee17a1.pdf
  10. ^ Ukrainian Ministry of Public Health, April 1995.
  11. ^ Chernobyl consequences
  12. ^ "Chernobyl is a word we would all like to erase from our memory. It [opened] a Pandora's box of invisible enemies and nameless anxieties in people's minds, but which most of us probably now think of as safely relegated to the past. Yet there are two compelling reasons why this tragedy must not be forgotten. . . First, if we forget Chernobyl, we increase the risk of more such technological and environmental disasters in the future. Second, more than seven million of our fellow human beings do not have the luxury of forgetting. They are still suffering, every day, as a result of what happened 14 years ago. Indeed, the legacy of Chernobyl will be with us, and with our descendants, for generations to come. " Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary General, http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/action/urgent-actions/chernobyl/
  13. ^ Interview of Dr. Nakajima by Dr. Michel Fernex, in the movie of Wladimir Tchertkoff, Nuclear Controversies. Michel Fernex is a Swiss medical doctor from the Medical Faculty University of Basel. Wladimir Tchertkoff is a Swiss journalist who released with Emanuela Andreoli in 2003 the film The Sacrifice, a documentary on the Liquidators of Chernobyl
  14. ^ For an Independent WHO

External links

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