William McKinley
25th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901
Vice President	Garret A. Hobart (1897-1899), none (1899-1901), Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
Preceded by	Grover Cleveland
Succeeded by	Theodore Roosevelt
39th Governor of Ohio
In office January 11, 1892 – January 13, 1896
Lieutenant	Andrew Lintner Harris
Preceded by	James E. Campbell
Succeeded by	Asa S. Bushnell
Born	January 29, 1843(1843-01-29) Niles, Ohio
Died	September 14, 1901 (aged 58) Buffalo, New York
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Ida Saxton McKinley
Occupation	Lawyer
Religion	Methodist
Signature

William McKinley, Jr. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3 1844 &ndash November 21 1899 was the twenty-fourth Vice President of the United States. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18 1837 June 24 1908 was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Governors Initially after the American Revolution, parts of the area now known as Ohio were claimed by New York, Virginia, and Connecticut Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Andrew Lintner Harris (also known as The Farmer-Statesman) (November 17 1835 September 13 1915 was one of the heroes of the Battle of Gettysburg and the last James Edwin Campbell ( July 7, 1843 - December 18, 1924) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. Asa Smith Bushnell ( September 16, 1834 - January 15, 1904) was a Republican politician from Ohio. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Niles is a city in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Located in the nation's former industrial belt the city's economy focused initially on iron manufacturing Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States Ida Saxton McKinley ( June 8, 1847 &ndash May 26, 1907) wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

By the 1880s, this Ohio native was a nationally known Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his McKinley Tariff of 1890. The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States The McKinley Tariff of 1890 was what set the average ad valorem Tariff rate for imports to the United States at 48 As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups. The United States presidential election of November 3 1896 saw Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by His campaign, designed by Mark Hanna, introduced new advertising-style campaign techniques that revolutionized campaign practices and beat back the crusading of his arch-rival, William Jennings Bryan. Marcus Alonzo Hanna ( September 24, 1837 &ndash February 15, 1904) best known as Mark Hanna, was an American Industrialist For other persons of the same name see William Bryan and William Jennings. The 1896 election is often considered a realigning election that marked the beginning of the Progressive Era. The United States presidential election of November 3 1896 saw Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by Realigning election or political realignment are terms from Political science and Political history describing a dramatic change in the Political The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s

McKinley presided over a return to prosperity after the Panic of 1893 and was reelected in 1900 after another intense campaign against Bryan, this one focused on foreign policy. The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 The United States presidential election of 1900 was held on November 6 1900 As president, he fought the Spanish-American War. McKinley for months resisted the public demand for war, which was based on news of Spanish atrocities in Cuba, but was unable to get Spain to agree to implement reforms immediately. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Later he annexed the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, as well as Hawaii, and set up a protectorate over Cuba. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the He was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, and succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt. Leon Frank Czolgosz (Zol-gash (May 1873 Czolgosz was born in Alpena Michigan She later wrote a piece in defense of Czolgosz Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T

Early life

McKinley at 19, in 1862

Born in Niles, Ohio, on January 29, 1843, William McKinley was the seventh of nine children. Niles is a city in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Located in the nation's former industrial belt the city's economy focused initially on iron manufacturing Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common When Mckinley was 9 years old he moved to Poland, Ohio. Poland is a village in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. The population of the village was 2866 at the 2000 census. He attended the Poland academy there because of its excellent education. In 1869, he made Canton, Ohio his permanent residence and remained there until he died. Canton is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Stark County. Most of his siblings lived within Stark County. Stark County is a County located in the US state of Ohio. As of the 2000 census, the population was 378098 His parents, William and Nancy (Allison) McKinley, were of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English ^[1] He graduated from Poland Academy and attended Allegheny College for one term in 1860, where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. Allegheny College is a private liberal arts college located in northwestern Pennsylvania which prides itself as being one of the oldest colleges in the Sigma Alpha Epsilon (also known as SΑΕ) is a secret letter social college fraternity Fraternities and sororities (from the Latin words la frater and la soror, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively are fraternal

In June 1861, at the start of the American Civil War, he enlisted in the Union Army, as a private in the Twenty-third Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. The regiment was sent to western Virginia where it spent a year fighting small Confederate units. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 His superior officer, another future U. S. President, Rutherford B. Hayes, promoted McKinley to commissary sergeant for his bravery in battle. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth A commissary is someone Delegated by a Superior to execute a duty or an office in a formal legal context one who has received power from a legitimate superior authority Sergeant is a rank used in some form by most militaries police forces and other uniformed organizations around the world For driving a mule team delivering rations under enemy fire at Antietam, Hayes promoted him to Second Lieutenant. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. This pattern repeated several times during the war, and McKinley eventually mustered out as Captain and brevet Major of the same regiment in September 1865. See " Captain " for other versions of this rank In the uniformed services of the United States, captain is a federal In the UK and US military brevet referred to a warrant authorizing a Commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily but usually without receiving Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country In 1869, the year he entered politics, McKinley met and began courting his future wife, Ida Saxton, marrying her two years later when she was 23 and he was 27. Ida Saxton McKinley ( June 8, 1847 &ndash May 26, 1907) wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States

Legal and early political career

Following the war, McKinley attended Albany Law School in Albany, New York and was admitted to the bar in 1867. Albany Law School is an ABA accredited Law school based in Albany New York. Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction He practiced law in Canton, and served as prosecuting attorney of Stark County from 1869 to 1871. He first became active in the Republican party when he made "speeches in the Canton area for his old commander, Rutherford Hayes, then running for governor" in the state of Ohio. ^[2]

Rep. William McKinley.

United States House of Representatives

With the help of Rutherford B. Hayes, McKinley was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives and first served from 1877 to 1882, and second from 1885 to 1891. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. He was chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws from 1881 to 1883. He presented his credentials as a member-elect to the 48th Congress and served from March 4, 1883, until May 27, 1884, when he was succeeded by Jonathan H. Wallace, who successfully contested his election. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Jonathan Hasson Wallace ( October 31, 1824 - October 28, 1892) was a United States Congressman from Ohio. McKinley was again elected to the House of Representatives and served from March 4, 1885 to March 4, 1891. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means from 1889 to 1891. Committee of Ways and Means is the chief Tax -writing committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1890, he authored the McKinley Tariff, which raised rates to the highest in history, devastating his party in the off-year Democratic landslide of 1890. The McKinley Tariff of 1890 was what set the average ad valorem Tariff rate for imports to the United States at 48 The US House election 1890 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1890 which occurred in the middle of President Benjamin Harrison He lost his seat by the narrow margin of 300 votes, partly due to the unpopular tariff bill and partly due to gerrymandering. Gerrymandering is a form of redistribution in which electoral district or Constituency boundaries are manipulated for electoral advantage

Governor of Ohio

After leaving Congress, McKinley won the governorship of Ohio in 1891, defeating Democrat James E. Governors Initially after the American Revolution, parts of the area now known as Ohio were claimed by New York, Virginia, and Connecticut Campbell; he was reelected in 1893 over Lawrence T. Neal. He was an unsuccessful presidential hopeful in 1892 but campaigned for the reelection of President Benjamin Harrison. Benjamin Harrison (August 20 1833 &ndash March 13 1901 was the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893 As governor, he imposed an excise tax on corporations, secured safety legislation for transportation workers and restricted anti-union practices of employers. Excise or Excise tax (sometimes called an excise duty) is a type of Tax charged on goods produced within the country (as opposed to Customs duties A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business

The 1896 election

The McKinley House.

Governor McKinley left office in early 1896 and, at the instigation of his friend Marcus Hanna began actively campaigning for the Republican party's presidential nomination. Marcus Alonzo Hanna ( September 24, 1837 &ndash February 15, 1904) best known as Mark Hanna, was an American Industrialist After sweeping the 1894 congressional elections, Republican prospects appeared bright at the start of 1896. The Democratic Party was split on the issue of silver and many voters blamed the nation's economic woes on incumbent Grover Cleveland. Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18 1837 June 24 1908 was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. McKinley's well-known expertise on the tariff issue, successful record as governor, and genial personality appealed to many Republican voters. His major opponent for the nomination, House Speaker Thomas B. Reed of Maine, had acquired too many enemies within the party over his political career, and his supporters could not compete with Hanna's organization. Thomas B Reed may refer to Thomas Brackett Reed (1839–1902 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from Maine Thomas Buck The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean After winning the nomination, he went home and conducted his famous "front porch campaign. A front porch campaign is low-key electoral campaign used in American politics in which the candidate remains close to or at home to make speeches to supporters who " Hanna, a wealthy industrialist, headed the McKinley campaign. His opponent was William Jennings Bryan, who ran on a single issue of "free silver" and money. For other persons of the same name see William Bryan and William Jennings. Free Silver was an important political issue in the late 19th century United States. McKinley was against silver because it was a debased currency and overseas markets used gold, so it would harm foreign trade. McKinley promised that he would promote industry and banking and guarantee prosperity for every group in a pluralistic nation. A Democratic cartoon ridiculed the promise, saying it would rock the boat. McKinley replied that the protective tariff would bring prosperity to all groups, city and country alike, while Bryan's free silver would create inflation but no new jobs, would bankrupt railroads, and would permanently damage the economy. McKinley was able to succeed in getting votes from the urban areas and ethnic labor groups. Campaign manager Hanna raised $3. 5 million from big business, and adopted newly invented advertising techniques to spread McKinley's message. ^[3] Although Bryan had been ahead in August, McKinley's counter-crusade put him on the defensive and gigantic parades for McKinley in every major city a few days before the election undercut Bryan's allegations that workers were coerced to vote for McKinley. He defeated Bryan by a large margin. His appeal to all classes marked a realignment of American politics. His success in industrial cities gave the Republican party a grip on the north comparable to that of the Democrats in the south.

Presidency 1897-1901

Chief Justice Melville Fuller administering the oath to McKinley as president in 1897. The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U Melville Weston Fuller ( February 11 1833 &ndash July 4 1910) was the Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910 The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Out-going president, Grover Cleveland, stands to the right. Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18 1837 June 24 1908 was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States.

Domestic policies

McKinley validated his claim as the "advance agent of prosperity" when the year 1897 brought a revival of business, agriculture and general prosperity. A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to This was due in part to the end, at least for the time, of political suspense and agitation, in part to the confidence which capitalists felt in the new Administration.

On June 16, 1897, a treaty was signed annexing the Republic of Hawaii to the United States. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Republic of Hawaii was the formal name of the government that controlled Hawai{{okina}}i from 1894 to 1898 when it was run as a Republic The Government of Hawaii speedily ratified this, but it lacked the necessary 2/3 vote in the U. S. Senate. The solution was to annex Hawaii by joint resolution, which required only a simple majority of both houses of Congress. The resolution provided for the assumption by the United States of the Hawaiian debt up to $4,000,000. The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) was extended to the islands, and Chinese immigration from Hawaii to the mainland was prohibited. The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law passed on May 6 1882 following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong The joint resolution passed on July 6, 1898, a majority of the Democrats and several Republicans, among these Speaker Reed, opposing. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thomas Brackett Reed, ( October 18, 1839 &ndash December 7, 1902) occasionally ridiculed as Czar Reed, was a U Shelby M. Cullom, John T. Morgan, Robert R. Hitt, Sanford B. Dole, and Walter F. Frear, made commissioners by its authority, drafted a territorial form of government, which became law April 30, 1900. Shelby Moore Cullom ( November 22, 1829 - January 28, 1914) was a U John Tyler Morgan ( June 20 1824 – June 11 1907) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Robert Roberts Hitt ( January 16, 1834 &ndash September 20, 1906) was born in Urbana Ohio to Reverend Thomas Smith Hitt and Emily Sanford Ballard Dole ( April 23 1844 June 9 1926) was a Politician and Jurist of Hawai{{okina}}i as a kingdom Walter Francis Frear ( October 29, 1863 - January 22, 1948) was the third Territorial Governor of Hawai{{okina}}i from 1907 to 1913 Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar

In Civil Service administration, McKinley reformed the system in order to make it more flexible in critical areas. See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis The Republican platform, adopted after President Cleveland's extension of the merit system, emphatically endorsed this, as did McKinley himself. Against extreme pressure, particularly in the Department of War, the President resisted until May 29, 1899. The United States Department of War, sometimes also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government 's executive branch Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His order of that date withdrew from the classified service 4,000 or more positions, removed 3,500 from the class theretofore filled through competitive examination or an orderly practice of promotion, and placed 6,416 more under a system drafted by the Secretary of War. The order declared regular a large number of temporary appointments made without examination, besides rendering eligible, as emergency appointees, without examination, thousands who had served during the Spanish War.

Republicans pointed to the deficit under the Wilson Law with much the same concern manifested by President Cleveland in 1888 over the surplus. The Revenue Act or Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 (ch 349 §73, August 27, 1894) slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18 1837 June 24 1908 was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. A new tariff law must be passed, and, if possible, before a new Congressional election. An extra session of Congress was therefore summoned for March 15, 1897. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Ways and Means Committee, which had been at work for three months, forthwith reported through Chairman Nelson Dingley the bill which bore his name. Committee of Ways and Means is the chief Tax -writing committee of the United States House of Representatives. Nelson Dingley Jr, also known as Edward Nelson Dingley Jr, ( February 15, 1832 &ndash January 13, 1899) was a Journalist With equal promptness the Committee on Rules brought in a rule, at once adopted by the House, whereby the new bill, in spite of Democratic pleas for time to examine, discuss, and propose amendments, reached the Senate the last day of March. The Committee on Rules, or (more commonly Rules Committee, is a committee of the United States House of Representatives. More deliberation marked procedure in the Senate. This body passed the bill after toning up its schedules with some 870 amendments, most of which pleased the Conference Committee and became law. A conference committee is a committee of the Congress appointed by the House of Representatives and Senate to resolve disagreements on a particular The act was signed by the President July 24, 1897. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Dingley Act was estimated by its author to advance the average rate from the 40 percent of the Wilson Bill to approximately 50 percent, or a shade higher than the McKinley rate. The Dingley Act of 1897 (ch 11, July 24, 1897) introduced by U As proportioned to consumption the tax imposed by it was probably heavier than that under either of its predecessors.

Reciprocity, a feature of the McKinley Tariff, was suspended by the Wilson Act. In International relations and treaties, the principle of reciprocity states that favours benefits or penalties that are granted by one state to the The McKinley Tariff of 1890 was what set the average ad valorem Tariff rate for imports to the United States at 48 The Republican platform of 1896 declared protection and reciprocity twin measures of Republican policy. Clauses graced the Dingley Act allowing reciprocity treaties to be made, "duly ratified" by the Senate and "approved" by Congress. Under the third section of the Act some concessions were given and received, but the treaties negotiated under the fourth section, which involved lowering of strictly protective duties, met summary defeat when submitted to the Senate.

Foreign policies

McKinley campaigns on gold coin (gold standard) with support from soldiers, businessmen, farmers and professionals, claiming to restore prosperity at home and victory abroad.

McKinley hoped to make American producers supreme in world markets, and so his administration had a push for those foreign markets, which included the annexation of Hawaii and interests in China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National While serving as a Congressman, McKinley had been an advocate for the annexation of Hawaii because he wanted to Americanize it and establish a naval base, but he was unable to get the two-thirds vote. Americanization (verb form Americanize,) is the term used for the influence the United States of America has on the Culture of other countries resulting One notable observer of the time, Henry Adams, declared that the nation at this time was ruled by "McKinleyism," a "system of combinations, consolidations, and trusts realized at home and abroad. Henry Adams may refer to Henry Adams (mechanical engineer (1858-1929 American engineer Henry Adams (pastor (1802-1872 American " This reflects the policies President McKinley pursued. Many of his diplomatic appointments went to political friends such as former Carnegie Steel president John George Alexander Leishman (minister to Switzerland and Turkey). Carnegie Steel Company was a steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his Steel mills in the Pittsburgh Pennsylvania John George Alexander Leishman (1857-1924 was an American businessman and diplomat Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

During this time there were some overseas conflicts, mainly with Spain. The U. S. had interests in Cuba, the Philippines, Hawaii and China. McKinley did not want to fully annex Cuba, just control it. In the Philippines, he wanted a base there to deal with China that would give the U. S. a voice in Asian affairs. Stories began to emerge of horrible atrocities committed in Cuba and of Spain's use of concentration camps and brutal military force to quash the Cubans' rebellion. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Spain began to show it was no longer in control as rebellions within the rebellion broke out. The Spanish repeatedly promised new reforms, then repeatedly postponed them. American public opinion against Spain became heated, and created a demand for war coming mostly from Democrats and the sensationalist yellow journalism of William Randolph Hearst's newspapers. Yellow journalism is Journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers For other people named William Randolph Hearst see William Randolph Hearst (disambiguation William Randolph Hearst I (April 29 1863 &ndash McKinley and the business community opposed the growing public demand for war, aided by House Speaker Reed.

As a matter of protection for U. S. interests around Havana, a new warship, the U.S.S. Maine, was dispatched to Havana harbor. "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading On February 15, 1898, it mysteriously exploded and sank, causing the deaths of 260 men. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common (In 1950, the Navy ruled that "the Maine had been sunk by a faulty boiler" and not by attack as was assumed at the time). ^[4] Public opinion heated up and a greater demand for war ensued. McKinley turned the matter over to Congress, which voted for war, and gave Spain an ultimatum for an armistice and a permanent peace. Although the Army was poorly prepared, militia and national guard units rushed to the colors, most notably Theodore Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The Rough Riders was the name bestowed by the American press on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment during the Spanish-American War " The naval war in Cuba and the Philippines was a success, the easiest and most profitable war in U. S. history, and after 113 days, Spain agreed to peace terms at the Treaty of Paris in July. The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. Secretary of state John Hay called it a "splendid little war. John Milton Hay ( October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman diplomat author journalist and private secretary " The United States gained ownership of Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, and temporary control over Cuba. Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} McKinley had said, "we need Hawaii just as much as we did California," and Hawaii was annexed (see above). McKinley had begun by wanting only a naval base in the Philippines at Manila; in the end, he decided to take all of the Philippines. The City of Manila

Throughout these ordeals, McKinley controlled American policy and news with an "iron hand". McKinley was the first president to have the use of telephones and telegraphs giving him access to battlefield commanders and reporters in mere minutes, and he used this to his full advantage. He censored the news at home about the war abroad. These ordeals also gave life to an Anti-Imperialist League movement at home. Anti-imperialism, strictly speaking is a term that may be applied to or movement opposed to some form of Imperialism.

Election of 1900

McKinley was re-elected in 1900, this time with foreign policy paramount. The United States presidential election of 1900 was held on November 6 1900 Bryan had demanded war with Spain (and volunteered as a soldier), but strongly opposed annexation of the Philippines. He was also running on the same issue of free silver as he did before, but since the silver debate was ended with the passage of the Gold Standard Act of 1900, McKinley easily won reelection.

Significant events during presidency

• Dingley Tariff (1897)
• Maximum Freight Case (1897)
• Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
• Spanish-American War (1898)
• Philippine-American War (1899-1913)
• Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• Gold Standard Act (1900)

Administration and cabinet

President McKinley and his cabinet. The Dingley Act of 1897 (ch 11, July 24, 1897) introduced by U The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence The Gold Standard Act of the United States was passed in 1900 (ratified on March 14) and established Gold as the only standard for redeeming Paper

Supreme Court appointment

McKinley appointed the following Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States:

• Joseph McKenna – 1898

Assassination

McKinley on steps of Temple of Music. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3 1844 &ndash November 21 1899 was the twenty-fourth Vice President of the United States. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs John Sherman nicknamed "The Ohio Icicle" ( May 10, 1823 &ndash October 22, 1900) was a U William Rufus Day ( April 17, 1849 &ndash July 9, 1923) was an American diplomat and jurist who served for nineteen years as John Milton Hay ( October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman diplomat author journalist and private secretary The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Lyman Judson Gage ( June 28, 1836 &ndash January 26, 1927) was an American financier and Presidential Cabinet officer The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Russell Alexander Alger ( February 27, 1836 January 24, 1907) was a Governor and U Elihu Root ( February 15, 1845 &ndash February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman and the 1912 recipient of the The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement For Joseph McKenna the member (Volunteer in the Irish Republican Army, see List of members of the Irish Republican Army. John William Griggs ( July 10, 1849 November 28, 1927) was an American Republican Party Politician, who served Philander Chase Knox ( May 6, 1853 &ndash October 12, 1921) was an American Lawyer and Politician who served The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. James Albert Gary (1833 - 1920 was a US Political figure. He served as the Postmaster General between 1897 and 1898 Charles Emory Smith ( February 18, 1842 &ndash January 19, 1908) was an American Journalist and political leader The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. John Davis Long ( October 27, 1838 August 28, 1915) was a US Political figure. The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. Cornelius Newton Bliss ( January 26, 1833 &ndash October 9, 1911) was an American Merchant and Politician Ethan Allen Hitchcock ( September 19, 1835 &ndash April 9, 1909) served under Presidents William McKinley and The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. James Wilson ( August 16, 1835 &ndash August 26, 1920) was a Scotland -born United States politician who served as The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. For Joseph McKenna the member (Volunteer in the Irish Republican Army, see List of members of the Irish Republican Army.

Leon Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver.

Main article: William McKinley assassination

President and Mrs. The William McKinley Assassination occurred on September 6, 1901, at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York. McKinley attended the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. The Pan-American Exposition was a World's Fair held in Buffalo New York, United States, from May 1 through November 2, 1901 Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. He delivered a speech about his positions on tariffs and foreign trade on September 5, 1901. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting On the second day, McKinley was at the Temple of Music, greeting the public. Leon Frank Czolgosz waited in line with a pistol in his right hand concealed by a handkerchief. Leon Frank Czolgosz (Zol-gash (May 1873 Czolgosz was born in Alpena Michigan She later wrote a piece in defense of Czolgosz At 4:07 P. M. Czolgosz fired twice at the president. The first bullet grazed the president's shoulder. The second, however, went through McKinley's stomach, colon, and kidney, and finally lodged in the muscles of his back. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following The colon is a storage tube for solid wastes The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of Water and salts from Feces. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles

One bullet was easily found and extracted, but doctors were unable to locate the second bullet. It was feared that the search for the bullet, using the medical techniques of the time, might cause more harm than good. In addition, McKinley appeared to be recovering, so doctors decided to leave the bullet where it was. ^[5]

The newly-developed X-ray machine was displayed at the fair, but doctors were reluctant to use it on McKinley to search for the bullet because they did not know what side effects it might have on him. An X-ray machine is a device used by Radiographers to acquire an X-ray image The operating room at the exposition's emergency hospital did not have any electric lighting, even though the exteriors of many of the buildings at the extravagant exposition were covered with thousands of light bulbs. The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general The surgeons were unable to operate by candlelight because of the danger created by the flammable ether used to keep the president unconscious. So the doctors were forced to use pans instead to reflect sunlight onto the operating table while they treated McKinley's wounds.

McKinley casket at Capitol.

McKinley's remains passing Treasury building.

McKinley's doctors believed he would recover, and the President convalesced for more than a week in Buffalo at the home of the exposition's director. On the morning of 12 September, he felt strong enough to receive his first food orally since the shooting — toast and a small cup of coffee. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the ^[6] However, by afternoon he began to experience discomfort and his condition rapidly worsened. McKinley began to go into shock. At 2:15 A. M. on September 14, 1901, eight days after he was shot, he died from gangrene surrounding his wounds. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Please do not add warnings to this page about the pictures Wikipedia is not censored for taste and has a guideline preventing such warnings - WikipediaNo disclaimers in articles His last words were "It is God's way; His will be done, not ours. "^[7] and he was buried in Canton, Ohio.

Czolgosz was later found guilty of murder, and was executed by electric chair at Auburn Prison on October 29, 1901. Execution by electrocution (usually referred to after its method of implementation as the Electric Chair) is an execution method originating in the United States in which the Auburn Correctional Facility is a state Prison located on State Street in Auburn New York. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Monuments and memorials

A funeral was held at the Milburn Mansion in Buffalo, after which the body was removed to Buffalo City Hall where it lay in-state for a public viewing. It was taken later to the United States Capitol and finally to the late president's home in Canton for a memorial. Memorials for the president were held in London, England at Westminster Abbey and St Paul's Cathedral. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. ^[8][9]

• The statue of McKinley in Muskegon, Michigan is believed to be the first raised in his honor in the country, put in place on May 23, 1902. Muskegon (mus-kēg'n is a city in the US state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 40105 Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[10] It was sculpted by Charles Henry Niehaus. Charles Henry Niehaus ( January 24, 1855 &ndash June 19, 1935) was an American sculptor born in Cincinnati Ohio.
• McKinley Presidential Library & Museum, Canton, Ohio
• McKinley Memorial Mausoleum, Canton, Ohio, his final resting place
• McKinley Memorial, Niles, Ohio, commemorates McKinley's birthplace
• McKinley Classical Junior Academy, middle school in St. Louis, Missouri
• McKinley Monument, Buffalo, New York
• McKinley Monument, Springfield, Massachusetts
• McKinley Monument, Scranton, Pennsylvania
• McKinley Statue, Adams, Massachusetts
• McKinley County, New Mexico is named in his honor. The McKinley National Memorial, a landmark in Canton Ohio, United States is the final resting place for the 25th President of the United States, William Canton is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Stark County. Niles is a city in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Located in the nation's former industrial belt the city's economy focused initially on iron manufacturing For the McKinley Monument in Canton, Ohio, see McKinley National Memorial. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. Springfield is a City in and the County seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Adams is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. McKinley County is a County located in the US state of New Mexico.
• Mount McKinley, Alaska is named after him. "Denali" redirects here For other meanings see Denali (disambiguation. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent
• McKinley Statue, Arcata, California
• McKinleyville, California
• McKinley Statue, Dayton-Montgomery County Public Library, Dayton, Ohio
• McKinley Statue, Walden, New York
• McKinley Memorial, Redlands, California commemorates visit by the President. Arcata is a small city adjacent to the Arcata Bay (northern portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County, California, United States. McKinleyville is a Census-designated place (CDP in Humboldt County, California, United States. Dayton is a city in southwestern Ohio, United States. It is the County seat and largest city of Montgomery County. Walden is the largest of three villages of the Town of Montgomery in Orange County, New York, USA. Redlands is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States.
• McKinley Monument, Antietam Battlefield, Maryland
• McKinley Statue, Lucas County Courthouse Toledo, Ohio
• McKinley Monument, Columbus, Ohio on the grounds of the Statehouse McKinley worked in as Ohio's Governor. This article is about the city in Ohio, USA. For Toledo Spain, see that article Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio.
• McKinley Statue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania outside Philadelphia City Hall. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Philadelphia City Hall is the seat of government for the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Calle McKinley (McKinley Street), Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. Mayagüez redirects here For the US ship of the same name see ''SS'' Mayagüez.
• McKinley Vocational High School, Buffalo, New York
• McKinley Parkway, part of the Frederick Law Olmsted Park System of Buffalo, New York
• McKinley Mall, Blasdell, New York (Southtown of Erie County, New York)
• William McKinley Junior High School, Fort Hamilton, Bay Ridge, New York. Frederick Law Olmsted ( April 25, 1822 &ndash August 28, 1903) was an American landscape designer and father of American Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. McKinley Mall which opened in 1985 is a Shopping mall south of Buffalo New York, USA. Blasdell is a Village in Erie County, New York, United States. County of Erie, commonly referred to as Erie County, is a county located in the U Historic Fort Hamilton is located in the southwestern corner of the New York City borough of Brooklyn surrounded by the communities of Bay Ridge Bay Ridge is a neighborhood in the southwest corner of the New York City borough of
• McKinley Elementary School, Toledo, Ohio, Marion, Ohio, Lakewood, Ohio, Fort Gratiot, Port Huron, Michigan, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan, Casper, Wyoming, Bakersfield, California, Redlands, California, Beaverton, Oregon, Arlington, VA, Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, Parkersburg, West Virginia,York, Pennsylvania
• McKinley High School, Washington, D.C., Honolulu, Hawaii, Canton, Ohio, Niles, Ohio, Sebring, Ohio, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Saint Louis, Missouri (now McKinley Middle Claasical Leadership Academy),
• McKinley Middle School in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
• McKinley Street, Dearborn, MI
• McKinley's, a cafeteria in the Campus Center building at Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania, where President McKinley briefly attended as an undergraduate student. This article is about the city in Ohio, USA. For Toledo Spain, see that article Marion is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Marion County. Lakewood is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is part of the Greater Cleveland Metropolitan Area and borders the city of Cleveland Fort Gratiot Township is a Charter township of St Clair County in the U Port Huron is a city in the US state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census the city had a population of 32338 with a 2006 estimate of 31302 Sault Ste Marie (ˌsuːseɪntməˈriː is the oldest city in both the state of Michigan and in the entire Casper is the only City in and the County seat of Natrona County, Wyoming, United States, although the county is home to a number Redlands is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Abington Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. York, known as the White Rose City (after the Wars of the Roses) is a city located in South Central Pennsylvania. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Honolulu is the Capital and most populous Census-designated place (CDP in the U Canton is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Stark County. Niles is a city in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. Located in the nation's former industrial belt the city's economy focused initially on iron manufacturing Sebring is a village in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. Baton Rouge (French Bâton-Rouge ˌbætən ˈruːdʒ in English, and in French) is the capital city of Louisiana. Baton Rouge (French Bâton-Rouge ˌbætən ˈruːdʒ in English, and in French) is the capital city of Louisiana. Cedar Rapids (ˌciːdɪrˈræpɨds is the second largest City in the U Dearborn is a city in the US state of Michigan. It is located in the Detroit metropolitan area and Wayne County, and is the tenth largest Allegheny College is a private liberal arts college located in northwestern Pennsylvania which prides itself as being one of the oldest colleges in the Meadville is the County seat of Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States.
• The $500 bill featured a portrait of William McKinley

The $500 Bill with McKinley's portrait. Today the Currency of the United States, the US dollar, is printed in bills in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10

• McKinley Park in Soudan, Minnesota - a state park and campground named in his honor
• Obelisk that was created to honor a visit from McKinley in Tower, Minnesota
• McKinley Mezzanine, Albany Law School of Union University, Albany, NY

Media

Disputed quotation

In 1903, an elderly supporter named James F. Rusling recalled that in 1899, McKinley had said to a religious delegation:

"The truth is I didn't want the Philippines, and when they came to us as a gift from the gods, I did not know what to do with them. . . . I sought counsel from all sides - Democrats as well as Republicans - but got little help. I thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon; then other islands, perhaps, also. I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night. " "And one night late it came to me this way - I don't know how it was, but it came: (1) That we could not give them back to Spain - that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany - our commercial rivals in the Orient - that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves - they were unfit for self-government - and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and "Christianize them, and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow men for whom Christ also died. " And then I went to bed and went to sleep and slept soundly. "

The question is whether McKinley said any such thing as is italicized in point #4, especially regarding "Christianize" the natives, or whether Rusling added it. McKinley was a religious person but never said God told him to do anything. McKinley never used the term Christianize (and indeed it was rare in 1898). McKinley operated a highly effective publicity bureau in the White House and he gave hundreds of interviews to reporters, and hundreds of public speeches to promote his Philippines policy. Yet no authentic speech or newspaper report contains anything like the purported words or sentiment. The man who remembered it—an American Civil War veteran—had written a book on the war that was full of exaggeration. The supposed highly specific quote from memory years after the event is unlikely enough—especially when the quote uses words like "Christianize" that were never used by McKinley. The conclusion of historians such as Lewis Gould is that, although it is possible this quote is legitimate (certainly McKinley expressed most of these sentiments generally), it is unlikely that he spoke these specific words, or that he said the last part at all. ^[11]

See also

• U.S. presidential election, 1896
• U.S. presidential election, 1900
• History of the United States (1865-1918)
• List of assassinated American politicians

Notes

References

Secondary sources

• Andrews, E. Benjamin (1912). Elisha Benjamin Andrews ( January 10, 1844 &ndash October 30, 1917) was an American economist and educator born in Hinsdale History of the United States. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.  
• Harold U. Faulkner, Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890-1900 (1959). general history of decade
• Paul W. Glad, McKinley, Bryan, and the People (1964) brief history of 1896 election
• Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley (Kansas UP, 1980), standard history of his term
• Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896 (U Chicago Press, 1971) analysis of McKinley's campaigns in Ohio and 1896
• Stanley L. Jones. The Presidential Election of 1896' (U Wisconsin Press. , 1964).
• Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Cornell University Press, 1963) an influential, though controversial, examination of the causes of the Spanish-American War and William McKinley's foreign policy
• Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley (1959)
• H. Walter LaFeber (born 1933 in Walkerton, Indiana) was a Marie Underhill Noll Professor and a Steven Weisse Presidential Teaching Fellow of History in the Wayne Morgan, William McKinley and His America (Syracuse UP, 1963), the standard biography
• John L. Offner, An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895-1898 (U of North Carolina Press, 1992).

Primary sources

• McKinley, William. Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley: from his election to Congress to the present time (1893)
• McKinley, William. Abraham Lincoln. An Address by William McKinley of Ohio. Before the Marquette Club. Chicago. Feb. 12, 1896 (PDF) (1896)
• McKinley, William. Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley: From March 1, 1897, to May 30, 1900 (1900)
• McKinley, William. The Tariff; a Review of the Tariff Legislation of the United States from 1812 to 1896 (1904)

External links

• William McKinley at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Extensive essay on William McKinley and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
• Works by William McKinley at Project Gutenberg
• Audio clips of McKinley's speeches
• First Inaugural Address
• Second Inaugural Address
• IPL POTUS -- William McKinley
• Biography of William McKinley
• Presidential Biography by Stanley L. Klos
• Encyclopedia Americana: William McKinley
• William McKinley Presidential Library and Memorial
• First State of the Union Address
• Second State of the Union Address
• Third State of the Union Address
• Fourth State of the Union Address
• White House biography
• The Assassination of President William McKinley, 1901 - an account of the killing. The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a Biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress as Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• Assassination Site
• Library of Congress films of McKinley