The White League was a white paramilitary group which was established in 1874 in Louisiana and operated during Reconstruction. Harper's Weekly ( A Journal of Civilization) was an American political Magazine based in New York City. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America It was described as "the military arm of the Democratic Party" and contributed to its taking over control of the Louisiana Legislature. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The Louisiana State Legislature is the state legislature of the U [1] After white Democrats regained power, White Leagues were absorbed into state militias and the National Guard. [2]
Although sometimes linked to the secret vigilante groups of the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camellia, the White League and other paramilitary groups marked a significant difference. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are The Knights of the White Camellia was a secret white-supremacist group in the U They operated openly, solicited coverage from newspapers, and the men's identities were generally known. Similar groups were the Red Shirts, started in Mississippi in 1875 and active in South Carolina. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. They had specific political goals to overthrow the Reconstruction government. They directed their activities toward intimidation and removal of carpetbagger and black Republican candidates and officeholders. In United States history carpetbaggers was the term southerners gave to northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction, between 1865 and 1877 Made up of well-armed Confederate veterans, they worked to turn Republicans out of office, disrupt their organizing, and use force to intimidate and terrorize freedmen to keep them from the polls. Backers helped finance purchases of up-to-date arms: Winchester rifles, Colt revolvers and Prussian needle guns. [3]
Although some sources attribute the White League with responsibility for the Colfax Massacre of 1873, the organization was not established under this name until March 1874. The Colfax Massacre or Colfax Riot (as the events are termed on the official state historic marker occurred on April 13, 1873, in Colfax Louisiana Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Confederate veteran and former Grant Parish sheriff Christopher Columbus Nash did lead companies of Grant Parish and neighboring white militias at Colfax. The first unit of the White League was comprised of members of Nash's force and thus most individuals had participated in the Colfax Massacre. [4]
In the Coushatta Massacre, the White League forced six Republican officeholders to resign, then assassinated them before they left the parish, together with five freedmen who were witnesses. The Coushatta Massacre (1874 was the result of an attack by the White League, a Paramilitary organization on Republican officeholders and freedmen in Coushatta Generally in remote areas, their show of force always overcame opposition. [5]
Later in 1874 the Metropolitan Police of New Orleans, established as a state militia by the Republican governor, attempted to intercept a shipment of arms to the League. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana In the subsequent Battle of Liberty Place, 5000 members of the White League routed 3500 police and state militia. They demanded the resignation of Governor William Pitt Kellogg in favor of McEnery, who had been the Democratic candidate in the disputed 1872 election. Kellogg refused and the White League briefly took over the State House and City Hall, until withdrawing ahead of Federal troops and ships arriving to reinforce the government. President Grant responded with troops in three days and Kellogg resumed office. Additional troops arrived within a month to try to pacify the Red River valley. [6]
See also
Citations
- ^ George C. The history of New Orleans, Louisiana traces its development from its founding by the French, through its period under Spanish control then Disfranchisement after the Civil War Redemption, in the history of the United States, was a term used by white Southerners to refer to the reversion of the U The Coushatta Massacre (1874 was the result of an attack by the White League, a Paramilitary organization on Republican officeholders and freedmen in Coushatta Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132
- ^ James K. Hogue, "The Battle of Colfax: Paramilitarism and Counterrevolution in Louisiana," Jun 2006, p. 21
- ^ Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 2007, pp. 70-76
- ^ James K. Hogue,"The Battle of Colfax: Paramilitarism and Counterrevolution in Louisiana", Jun 2006, p. 21
- ^ James K. Hogue,"The Battle of Colfax: Paramilitarism and Counterrevolution in Louisiana", Jun 2006, pp. 21-22
- ^ Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York, Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 2006, p. 77.
References
Wall, Bennett H. ; et al. (2002). Louisiana: A History, pp. 208-210. ISBN 0-88295-964-6.
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