Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Type	Cultural
Criteria	I, II, IV
Reference	426
Region†	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1987  (11th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, (it served as a cathedral from 1546 - 1556), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. The Anglican church of St Margaret Westminster is situated in the grounds of Westminster Abbey on Parliament Square, and is the Parish church A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. A church building is a Building or Structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate the meeting of a church. Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. It is the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English monarchs. The Coronation of the British Monarch is a Ceremony (specifically Initiation rite) in which the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other This list of cemeteries compiles notable cemeteries, Mausoleums and other places people are buried, worldwide. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during

History

According to tradition a shrine was first founded in 616 on the present site, then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island); its tradition of miraculous consecration after a fisherman on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter justifying the presents of salmon from the Thames fishermen that the Abbey received. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Thorney Island was the Eyot on the Thames, upstream of mediæval London, where Westminster Abbey and the Palace of Westminster (commonly The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. In the 960s or early 970s Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, planted a community of Benedictine monks here. Dunstan (c909&ndash 19 May 988) was an Abbot of Glastonbury, a Bishop of Worcester, a Bishop of London, and an Edgar I the Peaceful or the Peaceable (c 7 August 943&ndash8 July 975 1 Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective The stone Abbey was built around 1045–1050 by King Edward the Confessor and was later rebuilt again by Henry III in 1245, who had selected the site for his burial: it was consecrated on December 28, 1065,^[1] only a week before the Confessor's death and subsequent funeral. King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of It was the site of the last coronation prior to the Norman Invasion, that of his successor King Harold. Harold Godwinson, (c 1022 &ndash 14 October 1066 also known as Harold II, is widely regarded as the last Anglo-Saxon King of England before the

A layout plan dated 1894.

The only extant depiction of the original Abbey, in the Romanesque style that is called Norman in England, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which For other buildings in Normandy see Architecture of Normandy. The Bayeux Tapestry (Tapisserie de Bayeux is a 50 cm by 70 m (20 in by 230 ft long embroidered cloth which explains the events leading up to the 1066 Norman invasion of Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, to about eighty monks. ^[2]

The Abbot and learned monks, in close proximity to the Royal Palace of Westminster, the seat of government from the later twelfth century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest: the Abbot was often employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-tenth century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concluded, to the extent that her depiction of daily life^[3] provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages. The Abbey of Cluny (or Cluni, or Clugny, pronunciation klyˈni is an abbey in France. The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The title of Lord of the Manor arose in the English mediaeval system of Manorialism following the Norman Conquest. ^[4] The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.

The Abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings, but none were buried there until Henry III, intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the Abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to honour Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last For the New York prison see The Tombs. A Tomb is a repository for the remains of the dead. The Confessor's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonisation. A shrine, from the Latin scrinium (‘box’ also used as a desk like the French bureau) was originally a container usually made of precious materials used The work continued between 1245-1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of King Richard II. Henry Yevele (c1320-1400 was the most prolific and successful master mason active in late medieval England Richard II (6 January 1367 &ndash ca 14 February 1400 was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399 Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel). English Gothic is the name of the Architectural style that flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520 The Henry VII Lady Chapel, now more often known just as the Henry VII Chapel is a large Lady chapel at the far eastern end of Westminster Abbey built Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone). Caen (kɑ̃ is a commune in northwestern France. It is the Prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Caen stone or Pierre de Caen, is a light creamy-yellow Jurassic Limestone quarried in northwestern France near the city of Caen The Isle of Portland ( is a limestone tied island long by wide in the English Channel. Portland stone is a Limestone from the Jurassic period quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset. Loire Valley (Vallée de la Loire is known as the Garden of France and the Cradle of the French Language. Tuffeau is a marine Sedimentary rock, found in the Loire Valley of France.

Flag of Westminster Abbey, featuring the Tudor Arms between Tudor Roses above the supposed arms of Edward the Confessor

In 1535, the Abbey's annual income of £2400-2800 during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey. The Tudor rose (sometimes called the English Rose is a traditional heraldic emblem of England and takes its name and origins from the Tudor dynasty WikipediaCITE#Citation_styles --> Attributed arms are Coats of arms given King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded Glastonbury Abbey, founded in the seventh century was a rich and powerful monastery in Glastonbury, Somerset, England. Henry VIII had assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the Abbey cathedral status by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right The Diocese of Westminster was a short-lived diocese of the Church of England, extant from 1540 - 1550 By granting the Abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period. Westminster was a cathedral only until 1550. The expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may arise from this period when money meant for the Abbey, which was dedicated to St Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral. St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London.

The Abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Queen Mary, but they were again ejected under Queen Elizabeth I in 1559. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death In 1579, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "Royal Peculiar" — a church responsible directly to the sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop — and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter, (that is a church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean). A Royal Peculiar (or Royal Peculier) is a place of worship that falls directly under the jurisdiction of the British monarch, rather than a Diocese A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος 'relating to a rule' is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the The last Abbot was made the first Dean. It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, Iconoclasm, Greek for "image-breaking" is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious Icons and other symbols or monuments The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a nearby gibbet. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known

The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Nicholas Hawksmoor (probably 1661 - 25 March 1736) was a British Architect born to a humble family in Nottinghamshire Portland stone is a Limestone from the Jurassic period quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset. The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott. Sir George Gilbert Scott ( 13 July 1811 &ndash 27 March, 1878) was an English Architect of the Victorian Age A narthex for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid C20 but was not executed. The narthex of a church is the entrance or lobby area located at the end of the Nave, at the far end from the church's main Altar. Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, OM, KCIE, PRA, FRIBA, LLD ( 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944

Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. The New English Bible (NEB was a fresh translation of the Bible into modern English directly from the original Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic

Coronations

King Edward's Chair

Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, all English and British monarchs (except Edward V and Edward VIII, who did not have coronations) have been crowned in the Abbey. Harold Godwinson, (c 1022 &ndash 14 October 1066 also known as Harold II, is widely regarded as the last Anglo-Saxon King of England before the William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages Edward V ( 4 November 1470 &ndash 1483? was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later ^[1] Henry III, was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne because Prince Louis of France had taken control of the city and so was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral, but this coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the Abbey on 17 May 1220. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Louis VIII the Lion ( 5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226 Gloucester Cathedral, or the Cathedral Church of St Peter and the Holy and Undivided Trinity, in Gloucester, England, stands in the north of the city Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. ^[5] Lady Jane Grey, whose reign lasted just nine days, and was of doubtful legality was also never crowned. Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537&ndash 12 February 1554) also referred to as Queen Jane, a greatniece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which British sovereigns are seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the Abbey; from 1296 to 1996 the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scotland are crowned, but pending another coronation the Stone is now kept in Scotland. King Edward's Chair, sometimes known as St Edward's Chair or The Coronation Chair, is the throne on which the British monarch sits for the coronation The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Stone of Scone (ˈskuːn also commonly known as the Stone of Destiny or the Coronation Stone is an oblong block of red Sandstone, about by by in

Burials and memorials

Henry III rebuilt the Abbey in honour of the Royal Saint Edward the Confessor whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary and now lie in a burial vault beneath the 1268 Cosmati mosaic pavement, in front of the High Altar. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last A shrine, from the Latin scrinium (‘box’ also used as a desk like the French bureau) was originally a container usually made of precious materials used For a protective coffin enclosure see Burial vault (enclosure. This article is about the Cosmati family. For details of the style see Cosmatesque. Henry III was interred nearby in a superb chest tomb with effigial monument, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. For the New York prison see The Tombs. A Tomb is a repository for the remains of the dead. A church monument is an architectural or sculptural Memorial to a dead person or persons located within a Christian church The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble Subsequently, most Kings and Queens of England were buried here, although Henry VIII and Charles I are buried in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, as are all monarchs and royals after George II. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (

Aristocrats were buried inside chapels and monks and people associated with the Abbey were buried in the Cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the Abbey where he was employed as master of the Kings Works. Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. Other poets were buried around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Poets’ Corner is the name traditionally given to a section of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey due to the number of Poets Playwrights and Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work. Henry Purcell (ˈpɜrsəl 10 September 1659 (? – 21 November 1695 was an English Baroque Composer. Subsequently it became an honour to be buried or memorialised here. The practice spread from aristocrats and poets to generals, admirals, politicians, scientists, doctors, etc. . These include:

Buried

Westminster Abbey with a procession of Knights of the Bath, by Canaletto, 1749

The cloister

• See also: Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey

Monarchs and their consorts

The following English and British Monarchs and their consorts are buried in the Abbey:

• Edward the Confessor and wife Edith of Wessex
• Henry III of England
• Edward I of England and wife Eleanor of Castile
• Edward III of England and wife Philippa of Hainault
• Richard II of England and wife Anne of Bohemia
• Henry V of England and wife Catherine of Valois
• Edward V of England
• Henry VII of England and wife Elizabeth of York
• Edward VI of England
• Mary I of England
• Elizabeth I of England
• James I of England and wife Anne of Denmark
• Charles II of England
• Mary II of England
• William III of England
• Anne of Great Britain and husband Prince George of Denmark
• George II of Great Britain and wife Caroline of Ansbach

Other monarchs and consorts

• Anne Neville
• Anne of Cleves
• Mary Queen of Scots
• Elizabeth of Bohemia

Nave

The following are buried in the Nave

• Clement Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee
• Ernest Bevin
• Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts
• Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
• Charles Darwin
• King St. Edward the Confessor
• George Graham
• Ben Jonson
• David Livingstone
• Charles Lyell
• James Clerk Maxwell
• Sir Isaac Newton
• Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford
• Robert Stephenson
• Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox
• George Edmund Street
• J.J. Thomson
• William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
• Thomas Tompion
• The Unknown Warrior
• George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
• Beatrice Webb
• Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield
• Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon

North Transept

• William Ewart Gladstone
• William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham
• William Pitt the Younger
• William Wilberforce
• Sir John Malcolm

South Transept

Poets' Corner

• Maj. John André
• Dame Peggy Ashcroft
• Robert Adam
• Robert Browning
• William Camden
• Thomas Campbell
• Geoffrey Chaucer
• William Congreve
• Abraham Cowley
• William Davenant
• John Denham
• Charles Dickens
• John Dryden
• Adam Fox
• David Garrick
• John Gay
• George Frederick Handel
• Thomas Hardy
• Sir Henry Irving
• Dr. Samuel Johnson
• Rudyard Kipling
• Thomas Macaulay
• John Masefield
• Lord Laurence Olivier
• Thomas Parr
• Richard Brinsley Sheridan
• Edmund Spenser
• Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson

Cloisters

• Aphra Behn
• Gen. John Burgoyne
• Muzio Clementi
• Percy Dearmer
• Lord Fraser of Lonsdale
• William Shield

North Choir Aisle

• Joseph R. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George This is about the first and better known artist "Canaletto" for his nephew and pupil sometimes also called "Canaletto" especially in Poland and Germany see The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during See also List of British consorts. This is a list of the monarchs of Great Britain and the United Kingdom. See also List of British monarchs. For the royal consorts of the predecessor realms of Scotland and England, see List of Scottish King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last Edith of Wessex, (c 1029 &ndash December 19 1075) married King Edward the Confessor of England in 1045 Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost For others known sometimes by same name see Leonora of Castile For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Philippa of Hainault ( June 24 1311 &ndash August 15 1369) was the Queen consort of Edward III of England. Richard II (6 January 1367 &ndash ca 14 February 1400 was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399 For other Anna's of Bohemia see Anne of Bohemia (disambiguation Anne of Bohemia (May 11 1366 &ndash June 7 1394 also known as Good Henry V (16 September 1386 &ndash 31 August 1422 was one of the most significant English warrior kings of the 15th century Catherine of Valois (27 October 1401 &ndash 3 January 1437 was the Queen consort of England from 1420 until 1422 Edward V ( 4 November 1470 &ndash 1483? was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619 was Queen consort of James VI of Scots I of England and Ireland. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Mary II (30 April 1662 &ndash 28 December 1694 reigned as Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until her death William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of Prince George of Denmark and Norway Duke of Cumberland ( Danish: Prins Jørgen hertug af Cumberland 2 April 1653 &ndash 28 October 1708 was the Prince consort George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Anne Neville (11 June 1456 &ndash 16 March 1485 was Queen consort of King Richard III of England 1483-1485 Anne of Cleves Queen of England (22 September 1515&ndash16 July 1557 ( German: Anna von Jülich-Kleve-Berg) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 In Romanesque and Gothic Christian Abbey, Cathedral Basilica and church Architecture, the nave is the Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 Ernest Bevin ( 9 March 1881 - 14 April 1951) was a British labour leader politician and statesman best known for his time as Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts ( 24 April 1814 &ndash 30 December 1906) born Angela Georgina Burdett Admiral Lord Sir Thomas Alexander Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Marquês do Maranhão GCB, RN (14 December Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last George Graham (1674?-1751 was an English clockmaker and Inventor and a member of the Royal Society. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist Dr David Livingstone (19 March 1813 &ndash 1 May 1873 was a British Congregationalist pioneer medical Missionary with the London Missionary Society Sir Charles Lyell 1st Baronet, KT, FRS (14 November 1797 &ndash 22 February 1875 was a Scottish Lawyer, Geologist, and protagonist James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Ernest Rutherford 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937 was a New Zealand Physicist Robert Stephenson FRS (16 October 1803 &ndash 12 October 1859 was an English Civil engineer. Ludovic Stewart 2nd Duke of Lennox 1st Duke of Richmond ( September 29 1574 &ndash February 16 1624) was a Scottish nobleman George Edmund Street ( 20 June 1824 &ndash 18 December 1881) was an English Architect, born at Woodford in Essex Sir Joseph John “JJ” Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 &ndash 30 August 1940 was a British Physicist and Nobel laureate William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin (or Lord Kelvin) OM, GCVO, PC, PRS, FRSE, (26 June 1824 &ndash 17 December 1907 Thomas Tompion (1639&ndash1713 was an English master clockmaker and watchmaker known today as the father of English watchmaking. The British tomb of The Unknown Warrior holds an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during World War I. George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite This article is about the socialist politician For the children's author see Beatrix Potter. Sidney James Webb 1st Baron Passfield PC ( 13 July, 1859 &ndash 13 October, 1947) was a British socialist economist and reformer Freeman Freeman-Thomas 1st Marquess of Willingdon GCSI GCMG GCIE GBE PC ( 12 September 1866 &ndash Full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are found at the entry Cathedral diagram. William Pitt 1st Earl of Chatham PC (15 November 1708 &ndash 11 May 1778 was a British Whig Statesman who achieved his greatest fame as William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 &ndash 23 January 1806 was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833 was a British Politician, a Philanthropist For the American Revolution figure see John Malcolm (Loyalist. Poets’ Corner is the name traditionally given to a section of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey due to the number of Poets Playwrights and For other uses see John André (disambiguation. Major John André ( May 2, 1750 &ndash October 2 Dame Peggy Ashcroft DBE ( 22 December, 1907 &ndash 14 June, 1991) was an acclaimed Academy Award -winning English Robert Adam ( 3 July 1728 &ndash 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical Architect, Interior designer Robert Browning (7 May 1812 - 12 December 1889 was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of Dramatic verse, especially Dramatic monologues made him one of William Camden ( 2 May 1551 &ndash 9 November 1623) was an English Antiquarian and historian Thomas Campbell ( July 27, 1777 - June 15, 1844) was a Scottish Poet chiefly remembered for his sentimental poetry dealing Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. William Congreve ( 24 January 1670 &ndash 19 January 1729) was an English Playwright and Poet. Abraham Cowley (1618 &ndash 28 July 1667 English Poet, was born in the City of London late in 1618 Sir William Davenant (baptised 3 March, 1606 &ndash April 7, 1668) also spelled D'Avenant, was an English Poet John Denham may refer to John Denham (politician (born 1953 British Member of Parliament for Southampton Itchen John Denham (poet (1615&ndash1669 John Dryden (– was an influential English poet Literary critic, Translator and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England Canon Adam Fox (1883 &ndash 1977 was the Dean of Divinity at C David Garrick (born 19 February 1717 in Hereford &ndash 20 January 1779) was an English Actor, Playwright, John Gay ( 30 June, 1685 - 4 December, 1732) was an English Poet and Dramatist. Thomas Hardy OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928 was an English novelist Short story writer and poet of the naturalist movement though he saw Sir Henry Irving ( February 6 1838 &ndash October 13 1905) born John Henry Brodribb was an English stage actor in the Victorian era Samuel Johnson (often referred to as Dr Johnson) (18 September Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet John Edward Masefield, OM, ( 1 June 1878 &ndash 12 May 1967) was an English poet and writer and Poet Laureate Laurence Kerr Olivier Baron Thomas Parr may refer to Old Tom Parr Sir Thomas Parr, 16th century English courtier and father of Queen Katherine Parr sixth wife of Henry Richard Brinsley Sheridan (30 October 1751 &ndash 7 July 1816 was an Irish playwright and Whig Statesman. Edmund Spenser (c 1552 &ndash 13 January, 1599) was an important English Poet and Poet Laureate best known for The Alfred Tennyson 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892 was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets A cloister (from Latin claustrum) is a part of Cathedral, Monastic and Abbey architecture General John Burgoyne ( February 24, 1722 &ndash August 4, 1792) was a British army officer Politician Muzio Clementi (23 January 1752 &ndash 10 March 1832 was a classical Composer, and acknowledged as the first to write specifically for the Piano. The Reverend Percy Dearmer MA (Oxon DD, ( February 27, 1867 &ndash May 29, 1936) was an English priest and liturgist William Jocelyn Ian Fraser Baron Fraser of Lonsdale CH CBE, ( 30 August 1897 &ndash 19 December 1974) known as Ian William Shield ( March 5, 1748 &ndash January 25, 1829) was an English Composer, Violinist and violist Bray
• Henry Purcell
• Ralph Vaughan Williams

Chapel of St Paul

• Sir Rowland Hill

Henry VII Chapel

• Maj. Gen. Charles Worsley, though no memorial remains. Henry Purcell (ˈpɜrsəl 10 September 1659 (? – 21 November 1695 was an English Baroque Composer. Ralph (reɪf Vaughan Williams OM (12 October 1872 &ndash 26 August 1958 was an English Composer of symphonies, Chamber music Sir Rowland Hill KCB FRS ( December 3, 1795 - August 27, 1879) was a British teacher and social reformer Charles Worsley, 1622-56 was a Major-General during the English Civil War.

Commemorated

• Lord Byron
• Jane Austen, buried in Winchester Cathedral
• Robert, Lord Baden-Powell, buried in Nyeri, Kenya
• Charlotte Brontë, Emily Jane Brontë, Anne Brontë
• Sir Winston Churchill, buried at Bladon, Oxfordshire
• John Clare, buried in St. Jane Austen (16 Winchester Cathedral at Winchester in Hampshire is one of the largest Cathedrals in England, with the longest nave and overall length of Nyeri is a town in Kenya, about 180 km north of the capital Nairobi. Charlotte Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 was a British Novelist, the eldest of the three famous Brontë sisters whose Novels Emily Jane Brontë (ˈbrɒnti ( July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British Novelist and Poet, now best Anne Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (17 January 1820 &ndash 28 May 1849 was a British Novelist and Poet, the youngest member of the Brontë literary family Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Bladon is a village and Civil parish in the West Oxfordshire district of Oxfordshire, England. History See also History of Oxfordshire The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century and is broadly situated in the John Clare ( 13 July 1793 – 20 May 1864) was an English Poet, in his time commonly known as "the Northamptonshire Botolph's churchyard, Helpston, Cambridgeshire
• Paul Dirac, buried in Florida
• Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, buried at Hughenden Manor, Buckinghamshire
• Adam Lindsay Gordon, buried in Australia
• John Harrison, buried in St. Helpston (also formerly "Helpstone" is an English village formerly in Northamptonshire — subsequently (1965–1974 in Huntingdon and Peterborough History Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of some of the earliest known Neolithic permanent settlement in the United Kingdom, along with sites at Fengate Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Benjamin Disraeli 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (born Benjamin D'Israeli; 21 December 1804 &ndash 19 April 1881 was Hughenden Manor is a red Brick Georgian Mansion, located in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England, and a National Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. Adam Lindsay Gordon (19 October 1833 – 24 June 1870 was an Australian Poet, Jockey and Politician. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. John Harrison (24 March 1693 – 24 March 1776 was an English Clockmaker. John's Church in Hampstead
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, buried at Cambridge, Massachusetts
• Evelyn Levett Sutton, prebendary of Westminster who collapsed and died after reading the ninth commandment during Sunday services (in a monument)
• William Shakespeare, buried at Stratford-upon-Avon
• Oscar Wilde (in a stained glass window unveiled in 1995), buried in Paris
• Gen. James Wolfe, buried in Greenwich
• William Booth Founder of the Salvation army
• Above the Great West Door, ten 20th century Christian martyrs from across the world are depicted in statues; from left to right:
  • St. Maximilian Kolbe
  • Manche Masemola
  • Janani Luwum
  • Grand Duchess St. Elizabeth of Russia
  • Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • Óscar Romero
  • Dietrich Bonhoeffer
  • Esther John
  • Lucian Tapiedi
  • Wang Zhiming

Removed

The following were buried in the Abbey but later removed on the orders of Charles II:

• Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector
• Adm. Robert Blake
• John Pym

The most recent person to be buried in the Abbey was Sir Laurence Olivier in 1989. Hampstead is an area of London, England, located north-west of Charing Cross. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride " Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. Levett is an Anglo-Norman territorial Surname deriving from the village of Livet-en-Ouche now Jonquerets-de-Livet, in Eure, Normandy William Shakespeare ( baptised Stratford-upon-Avon (ˌstrætfɚd əpɒn ˈɛɪvən is a Market town and Civil parish in south Warwickshire, England. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of General James Wolfe ( 2 January, 1727 &ndash 13 September, 1759) was a British Army officer known for his training reforms Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, William Booth ( April 10, 1829 &ndash August 20, 1912) was a British Methodist preacher who founded The Salvation The Salvation Army is a Christian charity and church that is internally organised like a military service. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Biography Maximilian Kolbe was born in January 1894 in Zduńska Wola, which was at that time part of the Russian Empire. Manche Masemola (1913-1928 was a Christian Martyr, of the Pedi tribe lived in Marishane, a small village near Pietersburg, in South Janani Jakaliya Luwum (1922 &ndash 17 February, 1977) was the Archbishop of the Church of Uganda from 1974 to 1977 and one of the most influential HIH The Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia (Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova Елизавета Фëдоровна Романова ( 1 November 1864 Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez ( August 25 1917 &ndash March 24 1980) commonly known as Monseñor Romero, was a Bishop Dietrich Bonhoeffer ˈdiːtrɪç ˈboːnhøfɐ ( February 4, 1906 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Lutheran Esther John was a Christian Nurse. She is counted in ten most famous Christian martyrs of the present day Lucian Tapiedi (b ca 1921—1942 was a Papuan Anglican teacher who was one of the "New Guinea Martyrs Wang Zhiming ( 1907 - December 29, 1973) was a Miao Pastor little known outside his home in Wuding County, Yunnan Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State with two meanings (and full styles at different periods of history Robert Blake (1599 — August 17, 1657) was one of the most important military commanders of the Commonwealth of England, and one of the most famous John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of Laurence Kerr Olivier Baron

Schools

Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the Abbey. The Royal College of St Peter in Westminster, almost always known as Westminster School, is one of Britain 's leading boys' Independent schools with Westminster Abbey Choir School (WACS is a British boarding preparatory school and the only school in the United Kingdom exclusively for the education of It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179; Westminster School may have been founded even earlier for children or novices, and the legendary Croyland Chronicle relates a story of 11th century king Edward the Confessor's Queen Editha chatting to a schoolboy in the cloisters, and sending him off to the Palace larder for a treat. Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in The Croyland Chronicle (or " Crowland Chronicle " is an important if not always reliable primary source for English Medieval history in particular King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last Edith of Wessex, (c 1029 &ndash December 19 1075) married King Edward the Confessor of England in 1045

Organ

The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the Coronation of King George VI. Harrison & Harrison are a firm of Pipe organ builders in the UK, examples of whose work can also be found in many other countries Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late nineteenth century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959. John Loughborough Pearson ( Brussels, 5 July 1817 - 11 December 1897) was a 19th-century Architect renowned for his work In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then Abbey Organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. Simon Preston (born 4 August 1938, Bournemouth, England) is an English Organist, conductor, and Composer In 2006 the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde Organ.

Link to details of the organ on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Organists

Transport

• Nearest London Underground stations:
  • St. James's Park (District, Circle lines)
  • Westminster (Jubilee, District, Circle lines)

Chapter

The Abbey is a collegiate church organised into the College of St Peter, which comprises the Dean and four residentiary Canons (one of whom is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and Speaker's Chaplain), and seventeen other persons who are members ex officio, as well as twelve lay vicars and ten choristers. Nathaniel Giles (1558-1633 or 1634 was an English Renaissance organist and composer John Mundy or Munday (c 1550/1554 – 29 June 1630) was an English Composer and Organist of the Renaissance period Edmund Hooper (ca 1553 &ndash 1621 was an English composer and Organist. Orlando Gibbons ( baptised 25 December 1583 &ndash 5 June 1625) was an English Composer and Organist Thomas Day ( 22 June 1748 - 28 September 1789) was a British author John Blow (baptised 23 February 1649 &ndash 1 October 1708 was an English Composer and Organist. Henry Purcell (ˈpɜrsəl 10 September 1659 (? – 21 November 1695 was an English Baroque Composer. John Blow (baptised 23 February 1649 &ndash 1 October 1708 was an English Composer and Organist. William Croft (30 December (baptism 1678 - 14 August 1727 was an English Composer and organist. Benjamin Cooke ( 1734 - 14 September 1793) was an English Composer, Organist and Teacher. Samuel Arnold ( 1740 - October 22, 1802) was an English Composer and Organist. Thomas Greatorex ( October 5, 1758 – July 18, 1831) was an English Composer, Astronomer and Mathematician. James Turle (1802-1882 was an English Organist and Composer, was born at Taunton, Somerset, and started as a Choirboy Sir John Frederick Bridge ( 5 December 1844 &ndash 18 March 1924) was an English Composer and organist at Westminster Abbey Sir Sydney Hugo Nicholson ( 9 February 1875 &ndash 30 May 1947) was an English Choir director Organist and Sir Ernest Bullock ( 15 September 1890, Wigan, England – 24 May 1979, Aylesbury, England was an English Sir William Neil McKie (22 May 1901 Melbourne, Australia – 1 December 1984 Ottawa, Canada) was an Australian Organist Douglas Albert Guest ( 9 May 1916 &ndash 18 November 1996) was an English Organist, conductor, Teacher Simon Preston (born 4 August 1938, Bournemouth, England) is an English Organist, conductor, and Composer Martin Neary is an English Organist and Choral conductor. He is a former organist of Winchester Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. James O'Donnell (born 1961 in Scotland) is the current Organist and Master of the Choristers of Westminster Abbey. The London Underground is a Metro system serving a large part of Greater London and neighbouring areas of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire St James's Park is a London Underground station by St James's Park in the City of Westminster. For other items relating to Westminster see Westminster (disambiguation Westminster is a London Underground station in the The word rector ("ruler" from the Latin regere and Rector meaning "Teacher" In Latin has a number of different meanings but all of them indicate an academic The Anglican church of St Margaret Westminster is situated in the grounds of Westminster Abbey on Parliament Square, and is the Parish church A lay clerk, also known as a lay vicar, song man or a vicar choral, is a professional adult Singer (or an accomplished amateur in a Cathedral The seventeen are the Receiver-General and Chapter Clerk, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary and the Clerk of the Works (the administrative officers). Chapter Clerk is the title usually given to the officer responsible for the administrative support to the Chapter of a Cathedral or Collegiate church in The most general definition of an audit is an evaluation of a person organization system process project or product The Clerk of the Works or Clerk of Works (often abbreviated CoW is a person employed by the Architect or client on a Construction site. Those more directly concerned with liturgical and ceremonial operations include the Precentor, the Chaplain and Sacrist, the Organist, and the (honorary) High Steward and High Bailiff. A precentor is one who helps facilitate worship The details vary depending on the religion denomination and era in question A sacristan is an officer who is charged with the care of the Sacristy, the church, and their contents The High Steward of Westminster Abbey is an honorary role at Westminster Abbey, London The Abbey and its property is in the care of the Librarian, the Keeper of the Muniments, and the Surveyor of the Fabric. Lastly, the educational role of the Abbey is reflected in the presence of the Headmaster of the Choir School, the Headmaster and Under Master of Westminster School, and the Master of The Queen's Scholars. The Royal College of St Peter in Westminster, almost always known as Westminster School, is one of Britain 's leading boys' Independent schools with

The Abbey is governed by the Dean and Chapter established under the Elizabethan statute of 1560. This consists of the Dean and the four residentiary Canons.

Museum

The Westminster abbey museum is located in the 11th century vaulted undercroft of St Peter beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the magnificent 11th century vaulted undercroft of St Peter beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey, This is one of the oldest areas of the Abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the Norman church by King Edward the Confessor in 1065. King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last

Exhibits

The exhibits include a unique collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of medieval glass, 12th century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the Coronation regalia, effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth I, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

Later wax effigies include a striking likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson wearing some of his own clothes and another of the famous Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by an American lady called Patience Wright. During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.

A recent addition to the display is the late 13th century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece. It was most probably designed for the High Altar of the Abbey, although it has been damaged in past centuries. The panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved. One section shows the figure of St Peter, the patron saint of the Abbey.

Gallery

The Great West Door and towers, as seen from Tothill Street	An view of from the nearby London Eye to the North East	At night, from Dean's Yard to the South; artificial light highlights the flying buttresses	The North entrance
Four of the ten Christian martyrs depicted in statues above the Great West Door	The Quire in 1848. The London Eye, also known as the Millennium Wheel, is the tallest (its height is) Ferris wheel in Europe, and has become the most popular paid tourist A flying buttress, or arc-boutant, is a specific type of Buttress usually found on a religious building such as a Cathedral. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom	The tomb of Henry III of England in the Abbey. Henry III may refer to Henry III Duke of Bavaria (940-989 Henry III Holy Roman Emperor (1017-1056 Henry the Lion	The Little Cloister

See also

• List of Abbots of Westminster
• List of Deans of Westminster
• List of churches and cathedrals of London
• List of other famous burial sites
• The Unknown Warrior
• The Abbey, a 1995 BBC TV documentary film

Notes

References

• Simon Bradley and Nikolaus Pevsner: The Buildings of England - London 6: Westminster pp. Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner, CBE, ( January 30, 1902 &ndash August 18, 1983) was a German-born British scholar of 105–207. Yale University Press 2003. ISBN 0-300-09595-3.
• Barbara Harvey, 1993. Living and Dying in England 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Daily life in Westminster Abbey.
• H.V. Morton, 1951. Henry Canova Vollam (" H V " Morton ( 26 July, 1892 &ndash 18 June, 1979) was a Journalist and pioneering In Search of London (London: Methuen).
• Musical Times article on Westminster Abbey organists (subscription access)

External links

• Official site
• Satellite view of Westminster Abbey at WikiMapia
• Virtual Tour of Westminster Abbey (Some pages of this site require Java to function fully.)
• Keith Short - Sculptor Images of stone carving for Westminster Abbey
  • Mystery Worshipper Report at the Ship of Fools website
• Carved Crests for the Knights of the Bath
• A history of the choristers and choir school of Westminster Abbbey
• Adrian Fletcher’s Paradoxplace Westminster Abbey Pages — Photos
• A panorama of Westminster Abbey in daytime - JPEG and 3D Quicktime versions

Coordinates: 51°29′58″N 0°07′39″W / 51.49944, -0.1275