A vineyard is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is A vine is any plant of Genus Vitis (the Grape plants or by extension any similar climbing or trailing plant Winemaking, or vinification, is the production of Wine, starting with selection of the Grapes and ending with bottling the finished wine Raisins are dried Grapes They are produced in many regions of the world such as the United States, Australia, Chile, Table grapes are Grapes intended for consumption while they are fresh as opposed to grapes grown for Wine production Juice production or for drying into Grape juice is a Juice obtained from crushing Grapes The juice is often fermented and made into Wine, Brandy, or Vinegar The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture. Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of
A vineyard is often characterised by its terroir, a French term loosely translating as "a sense of place" that refers to the specific geographical and geological characteristics of grapevine plantations, which may be imparted in the wine. Terroir (/t̪εʁwaʁ/ in French (terruño pago was originally a French term in Wine, Coffee and Tea used to denote the special characteristics French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The precise conditions which a vineyard must maintain are often tightly-regulated and in recent years have become the subject of progressive and often radical change.
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History
The earliest evidence of wine production dates from between 6000 and 5000 BC. [1] Wine making technology improved considerably with the ancient Greeks but it wasn't until the end of the Roman Empire that cultivation techniques as we know them were common throughout Europe. [2]
In medieval Europe the Christian Church was a staunch supporter of wine, which was necessary for the celebration of the Catholic Mass. Church (disambiguation Christian Church and the word church are used to denote both a Christian association of people and a Place of worship During the lengthy instability of the Middle Ages, the Christian monasteries maintained and developed viticultural practices, having the resources, security, stability and interest in improving the quality of their vines. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. They owned and tended the best vineyards in Europe and vinum theologium was considered superior to all others.
European vineyards were planted with a wide variety of the Vitis vinifera grape. Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and However, in the late 19th century, the entire species was nearly destroyed by the plant louse phylloxera accidentally introduced to Europe from North America. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Lice (singular louse) ( order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3000 Species of wingless Insects three of which are classified This article is about the grape phylloxera For the Genus, see Phylloxera (genus. Native American grapevines include varieties such as Vitis labrusca, which is resistant to the bug, but produce wines with a foxy, animal-like taste. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Vitis labrusca ( Fox grape) is a Species of Grape native to the eastern United States. Vitis vinifera varieties were saved by being grafted onto the rootstock of native American varieties, although there is still no remedy for phylloxera, which remains a danger to any vineyard not planted with grafted rootstock. Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and
The oldest productive vineyard in the world is claimed to be located in Maribor, Slovenia, based largely on the celebrated Stara trta, a 400-year-old grapevine which grows there and was recognized as the oldest living example by the Guinness Book of Records in 2004. Maribor (historical German name de ''Marburg an der Drau'' is the second largest City in Slovenia. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U [3]
Modern practices
The quest for vineyard efficiency has produced a bewildering range of systems and techniques in recent years. Due to the often much more fertile New World growing conditions, attention has focussed heavily on managing the vine's more vigorous growth. New World wines are those Wines produced outside the traditional wine-growing areas of Europe, in particular from Argentina, Australia, Canada Innovation in palissage (training of the vine, usually along a trellis, and often referred to as "canopy management") and pruning and thinning methods (which aim to optimize the Leaf Area/Fruit (LA/F) ratio relative to a vineyard's microclimate) have largely replaced more general, traditional concepts like "yield per unit area" in favor of "maximizing yield of desired quality". For other uses of the term "Pruning" see Pruning (disambiguation. Thinning is a term used in agricultural sciences to mean the removal of some Plants or parts of plants to make room for the growth of others Many of these new techniques have since been adopted in place of traditional practice in the more progressive of the so-called "Old World" vineyards. [4]
Other recent practices include spraying water on vines to protect them from sub-zero temperatures (aspersion), new grafting techniques, soil slotting, and mechanical harvesting. Aspersion ( la aspergere) in a Religious context is the act of sprinkling with Water, especially Holy water. Grafting is a method of asexual Plant propagation widely used in Agriculture and Horticulture where the tissues of one Plant are encouraged to The Harvesting of Wine Grapes is one of the most crucial steps in the process of Winemaking. Such techniques have made possible the development of wine industries in New World countries such as Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Today there is increasing interest in developing organic, ecologically sensitive and sustainable vineyards. Organic foods are produced according to certain production standards, meaning they are grown without the use of conventional Pesticides artificial Fertilizers Biodynamics has become increasingly popular in viticulture. Biodynamic agriculture, a method of Organic farming that has its basis in a spiritual world-view ( Anthroposophy, first propounded by Rudolf Steiner) treats The use of drip irrigation in recent years has expanded vineyards into areas which were previously unplantable. See also Irrigation Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation or microirrigation is an Irrigation method which minimizes the use As a consequence of irrigation, yields are more consistent and vintage years virtually irrelevant. [5]
For well over half a century Cornell University, the University of California at Davis, and California State University at Fresno, among others, have been conducting scientific experiments to improve viticulture and educating practitioners. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. History Today's California State University system is the direct descendant of the California State Normal School (now San José State University) a The research includes developing improved grape varieties and investigating pest control. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. The International Grape Genome Program is a multi-national effort to discover a genetic means to improving quality, increasing yield and providing a "natural" resistance to pests. The International Grape Genomics Program (IGGP is a collaborative Genome project dedicated to determining the Genome sequence of the Grapevine,
The implementation of mechanical harvesting is often stimulated by changes in labor laws, labor shortages, and bureaucratic complications. It can be expensive to hire labor for short periods of time, which does not square well with the need to reduce production costs and harvest quickly, often at night. However, very small vineyards, incompatible widths between rows of grape vines and steep terrain hinder the employment of machine harvesting even more than the resistance of traditional views which reject such harvesting.
Current trends
Numbers of New World vineyard plantings have been increasing almost as fast as European vineyards are being uprooted. Between 1990 and 2003, U. S. vineyards increased from 292,000 acres (1,180 km²) to 954,000 acres (3,860 km²), while Australian vineyard numbers more than doubled from 146,000 acres (590 km²) to 356,000 acres (1,440 km²) and Chilean vineyards grew from 161,500 acres (654 km²) to 415,000 acres (1,680 km²). The size of individual vineyards in the New World is significant. Europe's 1. 6 million vineyards are an average of 0. 2 square kilometres each, while the average Australian vineyard is 0. 5 square kilometres, providing considerable economies of scale. Exports to Europe from New World growers increased by 54% in the six years up to 2006. [6]
There are also changes in the kinds of grapes grown. For example, in Chile, large areas of low-quality grapes have been replaced with such grapes as Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Chardonnay is a green-skinned Grape variety used to make white Wine. Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the world's most widely recognized red Wine grape varieties. Grape changes are often in response to changing consumer demand but sometimes result from vine pull schemes designed to promote vineyard change. Vine pull schemes are programs whereby Grape growers receive a financial incentive to pull up their grape Vines a process known as arrachage in French Alternatively, the development of "T" budding now permits the grafting of a different grape variety onto existing rootstock in the vineyard, making it possible to switch varieties within a two year period.
Local legislation often dictates which varieties are selected, how they are grown, whether vineyards can be irrigated and exactly when grapes can be harvested, all of which in serves to reinforce tradition. Of course, changes in the law can change which grapes are planted. For example, during Prohibition in the U. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol S. (1920-1933), vineyards in California expanded sevenfold to meet the increasing demand for home-brewing. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. However, they were largely planted in varieties with tough skins that could be transported across the country to home wine-makers and the resulting wine was of low quality.
Leading wine critic Robert M. Parker, Jr. has had a significant influence on viticulture around the world. TalkRobert M Parker Jr claims this is a licensed copy of http//www His taste preferences have led many growers in Bordeaux, for example, to practice "green harvesting," in which whole grape clusters are removed and discarded during the growing season in order to reduce yields. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of Also, because of Parker's influence, many growers now strip sections of leaves away from vines to permit more direct sunlight to reach the grapes.
Terroir
Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard. These factors include such things as soil, underlying rock, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and microclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc. A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the Climate differs from the surrounding area ) No two vineyards have the exact same terroir, although any difference in the resulting wine may be virtually undetectable.
Vineyards are often on hillsides and on soil of marginal value to other plants. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel A common saying is that "the worse the soil, the better the wine. " Planting on hillsides, especially those facing south, is most often in an attempt to maximize the amount of sunlight that falls on the vineyard. For this reason some of the best wines come from vineyards planted on quite steep hills, conditions which would make most other agricultural products uneconomic. The stereotypical vineyard site for wine grapes (in the Northern hemisphere) is a hillside in a dry climate with a southern exposure, good drainage to reduce unnecessary water uptake, and balanced pruning to force the vine to put more of its energy into the fruit, rather than foliage.
See also
- List of wine producing regions
- Winemaking
- International Grape Genome Program
- List of vineyard soil types
References
- ^ 8,000-year-old wine unearthed in Georgia. This list of wine-producing regions catalogues significant Growing regions where Vineyards are planted Winemaking, or vinification, is the production of Wine, starting with selection of the Grapes and ending with bottling the finished wine The International Grape Genomics Program (IGGP is a collaborative Genome project dedicated to determining the Genome sequence of the Grapevine, The soil composition of vineyards is one of the most important viticultural consideration when planting grape vines Archeology, 2003, Retrieved 24 February 2004.
- ^ R. Phillips A Short History of Wine pg 37 Harper Collins 2000 ISBN 0060937378
- ^ Oldest vineyard, by Inventory of Slovenian Heritage, Ljubljana, 1988
- ^ Robert Jackson, [1] Wine Science: Principles, Practice, Perception, pp 99-100
- ^ Learn Wine from Houdek's
- ^ Grown in Italy, pressed in Sweden, sold as chianti. Europlonk nouveau has arrived, Ian Traynor and David Gow,The Guardian July 5, 2007
- Echikson, Tom. Ljubljana ( is the largest and Capital city of Slovenia. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270000 inhabitants Noble Rot. NY: Norton, 2004.
- Robinson, Jancis (Ed. ) The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, second edition, 1999. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
- Jackson, Ronald S. (2000). Wine Science: Principles, Practice, Perception. United States: Elsevier 2000. ISBN 012379062X.
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