| Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam Socialist Republic of Vietnam | ||||||
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| Motto: Độc lập - Tự do - Hạnh phúc "Independence - Freedom - Happiness" | ||||||
| Anthem: Tiến Quân Ca "Army March" (first verse) | ||||||
 Map of Vietnam, see also; Atlas of Vietnam | ||||||
| Capital | Hanoi | |||||
| Largest city | Ho Chi Minh City | |||||
| Official languages | Vietnamese | |||||
| Demonym | Vietnamese | |||||
| Government | Socialist republic1 | |||||
| - | General Secretary | Nông Đức Mạnh | ||||
| - | President | Nguyễn Minh Triết | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Nguyễn Tấn Dũng | ||||
| Independence | from France | |||||
| - | Date | September 2, 1945 | ||||
| - | Recognized | 1954 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 331,690 km² (65th) 128,527 sq mi | ||||
| - | Water (%) | 1. The flag of Vietnam, also known as the "red flag with yellow star" ( cờ đỏ sao vàng) was adopted as the flag of the Vietminh, a The coat of arms of Viet Nam is modelled after Communist Party symbols including the yellow star on a red field A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Army March ( Vietnamese language: Tiến Quân Ca; /tɪən˦˥ kʊʌn ka/) is the National anthem of Vietnam. Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Originating in what is now southern China and northern Vietnam, the Vietnamese people pushed southward over two millennia to occupy the entire eastern seacoast An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers' state) can carry one of several different (but related meanings In strictly speaking any The Communist Party of Vietnam ( Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam) is the currently ruling as well as the only legal Nông Đức Mạnh (born 11 September 1940 in Cường Lợi, Na Rì District, Bắc Kạn province, Vietnam) is Office The President of Vietnam (Chủ tịch nước Việt Nam is the Head of state of Vietnam, although the functions of the President are often ceremonial Nguyễn Minh Triết (born October 8, 1942 in Bến Cát district Bình Dương province in Southern Vietnam is the President of Vietnam. Office The Prime Minister of Vietnam (Thủ tướng Việt Nam is the head of the executive branch of the Vietnamese government Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (born November 17, 1949 in Cà Mau province) is the prime minister of Vietnam. The history of Vietnam begins around 2700 years ago Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 111 BC until 938 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 3 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2007 mid-year estimate | 87,375,000 (13th) | ||||
| - | 1999 census | 76,323,173 | ||||
| - | Density | 253/km² (46th) 655/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2006 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $262. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 5 billion (36th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $3,100 (123rd) | ||||
| Gini (2002) | 37 (medium) (59th) | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth This is a list of countries or dependencies by Income inequality metrics, including Gini coefficients according to the United Nations (UN and the The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 733 (medium) (105th) | |||||
| Currency | đồng (₫) (VND) | |||||
| Time zone | UTC+7 (UTC+7) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | No DST (UTC+7) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .vn | |||||
| Calling code | +84 | |||||
| 1 | According to the official name and 1992 Constitution. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The đồng (IPA dɔŋ ( sign: ₫; code: VND) is the Currency of Vietnam since May 3, 1978 ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established UTC+7 is a Time zone used in Laos Thailand Cambodia Vietnam Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E | |||||
Vietnam (pronounced /ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm/; Vietnamese: Việt Nam), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the With a population of over 85 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population.
Vietnam was under Chinese control for a thousand years before becoming a nation-state in the 10th century. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Successive dynasties flourished until it was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. Efforts to resist the French eventually led to their expulsion from the country in the mid-20th century, leaving a nation divided politically into two countries. Bitter fighting between the two sides continued during the Vietnam War, ending with a communist victory in 1975. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based
Emerging from a long and bitter war, the war-ravaged nation was politically isolated. The government's centrally-planned economic decisions hindered post-war reconstruction and its treatment of the losing side engendered more resentment than reconciliation. In 1986, it instituted economic and political reforms and began a path towards international reintegration. By 2000, it had established diplomatic relations with most nations. Its economic growth had been among the highest in the world in the past decade. These efforts culminated in Vietnam joining the World Trade Organization in 2007 and its successful bid to become a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in 2008.
Contents |
Etymology
Through the centuries, Vietnam has been called by many different names: Văn Lang during the Hùng Vương Dynasty, Âu Lạc during the An Dương Vương dynasty, Van Xuan during the Anterior Lý Dynasty, Đại Cồ Việt during the Đinh dynasty and Anterior Lê Dynasty. For the district in Lang Son Province, see Van Lang Lang Son Văn Lang ( Hán tự: 文[[wikt 郎|郎]] was the first Hùng Vương ( Hán tự: 雄[[wikt 王|王]] was the first King of Văn Lang or Lạc Việt (as Vietnam was known at An Dương Vương ( Hán Việt: 安[[wikt 陽|陽]] 王; literally "Peaceful Sun King" is the ruling title of Thục Phán ( 蜀[[wikt Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Đinh Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Đinh; Han-Viet: Đinh Triều, 丁[[wikt 朝|朝]] was the imperial dynasty of Vietnam The Anterior Lê Dynasty or Prior Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Tiền Lê; IPA: /ɲa˨˩ tiən˨˩ le/ was a dynasty that ruled Vietnam Starting in 1054, Vietnam was called Đại Việt (Great Viet). During the Hồ Dynasty, Vietnam was called Đại Ngu. The Hồ Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hồ; Hán Việt: Hồ Triều) in Vietnam was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors The Hồ Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hồ; Hán Việt: Hồ Triều) in Vietnam was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors Then, in 1804, King Gia Long planned to use the name of Nam Việt for Vietnam then changed it to Việt Nam. Emperor Gia Long ( Hán tự: 嘉[[wikt 隆|隆]] 1762 &ndash 1820) born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt In English, the two syllables were written into one: Vietnam. From 1839 to 1945, Emperor Minh Mạng renamed Việt Nam to Đại Nam (literally "Great South"). Minh Mạng ( Hán tự: 明[[wikt 命|命]] 1791-1841 born Nguyễn Phúc Đảm 阮[[wikt 福|福]] 膽, also known as Nguyễn
The name Việt Nam had been used for this country before it became the official name in "Dư địa chí" of Nguyễn Trãi written in 1435 and perhaps even before. Nguyễn Trãi ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt 廌|廌]] also known under his Style name Ức Trai 抑[[wikt 齋|齋]] (1380–1442 was a "Việt" is the name of the largest ethnic group in Vietnam: the Kinh (người Kinh) and "Nam" means "the South", affirming Vietnam's sovereignty from China (usually called "North country" by the Vietnamese).
History
Pre-Dynastic era
The area now known as Vietnam has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, and some archaeological sites in Thanh Hoa Province purportedly date back several thousand years. The history of Vietnam begins around 2700 years ago Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 111 BC until 938 The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" Archaeologists link the beginnings of Vietnamese civilization to the late Neolithic, Early Bronze Age, Phung-nguyen culture, which was centered in Vinh Phu Province of contemporary Vietnam from about 2000 to 1400 BCE. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for By about 1200 BCE, the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River plains led to the development of the Dong Son culture, notable for its elaborate bronze drums. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Ma Riverpng|thumbnail|right|300px|Mã River]]The Ma River ( Vietnamese: Sông Mã, Lao: Nam Ma) is a River in Asia, originating There are also other rivers named Red River. The Red River, also known as the Hong - Red Song Cai, Song Ca The Đông Sơn culture was a prehistoric Iron Age culture that was centered at the Red River Valley of northern Vietnam. The bronze weapons, tools, and drums of Dongsonian sites show a Southeast Asian influence that indicates an indigenous origin for the bronze-casting technology. Many small, ancient copper mine sites have been found in northern Vietnam. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Some of the similarities between the Dong Sonian sites and other Southeast Asian sites include the presence of boat-shaped coffins and burial jars, stilt dwellings, and evidence of the customs of betel-nut-chewing and teeth-blackening.
The legendary Hồng Bàng Dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered by many Vietnamese as the first Vietnamese state, known as Văn Lang. The Hồng Bàng Dynasty, also known as the Lạc Dynasty, is a Dynasty that supposedly ruled in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang) for over 2000 Hùng Vương ( Hán tự: 雄[[wikt 王|王]] was the first King of Văn Lang or Lạc Việt (as Vietnam was known at In 257 BCE, the last Hùng king lost to Thục Phán, who consolidated the Lạc Việt tribes with his Âu Việt tribes, forming Âu Lạc and proclaiming himself An Dương Vương. An Dương Vương ( Hán Việt: 安[[wikt 陽|陽]] 王; literally "Peaceful Sun King" is the ruling title of Thục Phán ( 蜀[[wikt In 207 BCE, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue. Life Zhao was born in approximately 230 BC in Zhending (真定 Vietnamese Chân Định in what is today the Hebei province of northern China, Nanyue ( was an ancient kingdom that consisted of parts of the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and much of modern northern In 111 BCE, the Chinese Han Dynasty consolidated Nanyue into their empire. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China.
For the next thousand years, Vietnam was mostly under Chinese rule. [1] Early independence movements such as those of the Trưng Sisters and of Lady Triệu were only briefly successful. Triệu Thị Trinh ( Hán Việt: 趙[[wikt 氏|氏]] 貞) also known as Triệu Ẩu ( 趙[[wikt 嫗|嫗]] or Bà Triệu It was independent as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Ly Dynasty between 544 and 602. By the early 10th century, Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not independence, under the Khúc family.
Dynastic era
In 938 CE, a Vietnamese lord named Ngô Quyền defeated Chinese forces at the Bạch Đằng River and gained independence after 10 centuries under Chinese control. Ngô Quyền ( Hán tự: 吳[[wikt 權|權]] March 12, 897 - 944) (r At the Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 938 the Vietnamese forces led by Ngô Quyền, defeated the Chinese invaders and put an end to Chinese imperial Renamed as Đại Việt, the nation went through a golden era during the Lý and Trần Dynasties. The Lý Dynasty ( Vietnamese: nhà Lý, IPA: /ɲa˨˩ li˦˥/ pronounced like Lee) sometimes known as the Posterior Lý Dynasty ( The Trần Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, Hán Việt: Trần Triều, 陳朝 was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled Vietnam (at that During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three Mongol invasions. [2] Buddhism flourished and became the state religion. Buddhism came to Vietnam in the first century CE By the end of the second century Vietnam developed a major Buddhist centre in the region commonly known as the Luy Lâu Following the brief Hồ Dynasty, Vietnamese independence was momentarily interrupted by the Chinese Ming Dynasty, but was restored by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Lê Dynasty. The Hồ Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hồ; Hán Việt: Hồ Triều) in Vietnam was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Lê Lợi ( Hán tự: 黎[[wikt 利|利]] 1384 or 1385? &ndash 1433 posthumously known with the Temple name Lê Thái Tổ ( 黎[[wikt The Later Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hậu Lê; Hán Việt: 後黎朝 sometimes referred to as the Lê Dynasty (the earlier Lê Dynasty Feudalism in Vietnam reached its zenith in the Lê Dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Lê Thánh Tông ( Hán tự: 黎[[wikt 聖|聖]] 宗; 1442&ndash1497 was emperor of Đại Việt from 1460 until his death Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese expanded southward in a process known as nam tiến (southward expansion). They eventually conquered the kingdom of Champa and part of the Khmer Empire. The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what The Khmer Empire was the largest empire of South East Asia based in what is now Cambodia. [3][4]
Towards the end of the Lê Dynasty, civil strife engulfed much of Vietnam. First, the Chinese-supported Mạc Dynasty challenged the Lê Dynasty's power. The Mạc Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Mạc; Hán Việt: 莫[[wikt 朝|朝]] ruled the northern provinces of Vietnam from 1527 After the Mạc Dynasty was defeated, the Lê Dynasty was reinstalled, but with no actual power. Power was divided between the Trịnh Lords in the North and the Nguyễn Lords in the South, who engaged in a civil war for more than a hundred years. The Trịnh Lords (Chúa Trịnh Chu nom: 主[[wikt 鄭|鄭]] 1545-1787 were a series of rulers of Vietnam who controlled the powers of government while leaving The Nguyễn Lords ( Vietnamese: Chúa Nguyễn; 1558 - 1775 were a series of rulers of Southern Vietnam (then called Đàng Trong) During this time, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the Mekong Delta, annexing the Champa in the central highlands and the Khmer land in the Mekong. The Mekong Delta (đồng bằng sông Cửu Long “Nine Dragon river delta” is the region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong River approaches and empties The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what The civil war ended when the Tây Sơn brothers defeated both and established their new dynasty. The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between However, their rule did not last long and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn Lords led by Nguyen Anh with the help of the French. Emperor Gia Long ( Hán tự: 嘉[[wikt 隆|隆]] 1762 &ndash 1820) born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt Nguyen Anh unified Vietnam, and established the Nguyễn Dynasty, ruling under the name Gia Long. The Nguyễn Dynasty (Nhà Nguyễn Hán Việt: Nguyễn triều 阮朝 was the last ruling family of Vietnam.
Western Colonial era
Vietnam's independence ended in the mid-1800s, when the country was colonized by the French. The Sino-French War ( Chinese:, French: Guerre franco-chinoise, Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh) was a limited conflict fought First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit The Empire of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, or (Việt Nam Đế quốc) was a short-lived Puppet state of Imperial Japan France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society. A Western-style system of modern education was developed, and Christianity was introduced into Vietnamese society. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Developing a plantation economy to promote the exports of tobacco, indigo, tea and coffee, the French largely ignored increasing calls for self-government and civil rights. A plantation economy is an Economy which is based on Agricultural mass production usually of a few staple products grown on large farms called Plantations Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Indigo dye is Dye with a distinctive blue color (see Indigo) The chemical compound that constitutes the indigo dye is called indigotin Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders such as Phan Boi Chau, Phan Chu Trinh, Emperor Ham Nghi and Ho Chi Minh calling for independence. Phan Bội Châu ( December 26, 1867 – October 29, 1940) was a pioneer of Vietnamese twentieth century Nationalism Phan Chu Trinh Emperor Hàm Nghi ( Hán tự: 咸[[wikt 宜|宜]] 帝) Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch (22 July 1872 - 14 January 1943 at the "Purple Forbidden City" For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name However, the French maintained control of their colonies until World War II, when the Japanese war in the Pacific triggered the invasion of French Indochina in 1941. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit This event was preceded by the establishment of the Vichy French administration, a puppet state of Nazi Germany then ally of the Japanese Empire. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The natural resources of Vietnam were exploited for the purposes of the Japanese Empire's military campaigns into the British Indochinese colonies of Burma, the Malay Peninsula and India. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
First Indochina War
In 1941, Viet Minh - a communist and nationalist liberation movement emerged under Ho Chi Minh, to seek independence for Vietnam from France as well as to oppose the Japanese occupation. The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War, The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name Following the military defeat of Japan and the fall of its Vietnamese colony in August 1945, Viet Minh occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted independence on September 2. The Empire of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, or (Việt Nam Đế quốc) was a short-lived Puppet state of Imperial Japan [5] In the same year the Provisional French Republic sent the French Far East Expeditionary Corps, which was originally created to fight the Japanese occupation forces, in order to pacify the liberation movement and to restore French rule. The Provisional Government of the French Republic ( gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF was an interim government which governed The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient CEFEO was a colonial expeditionary force of the French Union Army sent in On November 20 1946, triggered by the Haiphong Incident the First Indochina War between Viet Minh and the French forces ensued, lasting until July 20 1954. The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War,
Despite fewer losses—Expeditionary Corps suffered 1/3 the casualties of the China and Soviet-backed Viet Minh—during the course of the war, the U. S. -backed French and Vietnamese loyalists eventually suffered a major strategic setback at the Siege of Dien Bien Phu, which allowed Ho Chi Minh to negotiate a ceasefire with a favorable position at the ongoing Geneva conference of 1954. The Vietnamese National Army or Vietnam National Army ( Vietnamese: Quân đội Quốc gia Việt Nam, "National Army of Vietnam" was the The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Bataille de Diên Biên Phu Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ was the climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in Colonial administration ended as French Indochina was dissolved, and the contested State of Vietnam ceased to exist. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 According to the Geneva Agreements the country was divided at the 17th parallel into Ho Chi Minh's North Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem's South Vietnam after the example of Korea. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. This was intended to be temporary, pending an election in 1956, which never took place.
Second Indochina War
The Communist-held Democratic Republic of Vietnam was opposed by the US-supported Republic of Vietnam. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The United States of America —commonly referred to as the "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Disagreements soon emerged over the organizing of elections and reunification, and the U. S. began increasing its contribution of military advisers. U. S. forces were soon embroiled in a guerrilla war with the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), the insurgents who were indigenous to South Vietnam. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc North Vietnamese forces unsuccessfully attempted to overrun the South during the 1968 Tet Offensive and the war soon spread into neighboring Laos and Cambodia, in both of which the United States bombed Communist forces supplying the North Vietnamese Army. The Tet Offensive was a military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968, by forces of the Vietcong, or National Front for
With its own casualties mounting, the U. S. began transferring combat roles to the South Vietnamese military in a process the U. S. called Vietnamization. The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began soon after the Second World War and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War (1956-1975 The effort had mixed results. The Paris Peace Accords of January 27, 1973, formally recognized the sovereignty of both sides. The Paris Peace Accords (or Paris Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam) were signed on January 27, 1973 by the governments of the Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Under the terms of the accords all American combat troops were withdrawn by March 29, 1973. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Limited fighting continued, but all major fighting ended until the North once again sent troops to the South during the Spring of 1975, culminating in the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. The Fall of Saigon (in Vietnamese: Sự kiện 30 tháng 4 - April 30 Incident; Giải phóng miền Nam - The liberation of the south Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. South Vietnam briefly became the Republic of South Vietnam, under military occupation by North Vietnam, before being officially integrated with the North under communist rule as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on July 2, 1976. The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Postwar
Upon taking control, the Vietnamese communists banned all other political parties, arrested public servants and military personnel of the Republic of Vietnam and sent them to reeducation camps. Reeducation camp (trại học tập cải tạo is the official name given to the Prison camps operated by the Government of Vietnam following The government also embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories. Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise Reconstruction of the war-ravaged country was slow, and serious humanitarian and economic problems confronted the communist regime. Millions of people fled the country in crudely-built boats, creating an international humanitarian crisis. Boat people is a term that usually refers to Illegal immigrants or Asylum seekers who emigrate en masse in boats that are sometimes old and crudely made rendering [6][7] In 1978, the Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia (sparking the Cambodian-Vietnamese War) to remove the Khmer Rouge from power. The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed This action worsened relations with China, which launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam (the Sino-Vietnamese War) in 1979. The Sino–Vietnamese War, also known as the Third Indochina War, was a brief but bloody border war fought in 1979 between the People's Republic of China (PRC This conflict caused Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid.
Đổi Mới
In a historic shift in 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam implemented free-market reforms known as Đổi Mới (renovation). A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Doi moi (the usual English spelling of Vietnamese Đổi mới = "renovation" is the name given to the economic reforms initiated by in Vietnam With the authority of the state remaining unchallenged, private ownership of farms and companies, deregulation and foreign investment were encouraged. The economy of Vietnam has achieved rapid growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction and housing, exports, and foreign investment. Vietnam's economy is developing economy Through history Vietnam was among agricultural centers of the world and soon had some commercial port such as Phố Hiến and Hội An It is now one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially
Government and politics
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a single-party state. The politics of Vietnam takes place in a framework of a single-party Socialist republic. The Vietnam National Convention Center is a Convention center in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam. A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party A new state constitution was approved in April 1992, replacing the 1975 version. The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Hiến pháp Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam is the current Constitution of Vietnam, adopted The central role of the Communist Party was reasserted in all organs of government, politics and society. Only political organizations affiliated with or endorsed by the Communist Party are permitted to contest elections. These include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, worker and trade unionist parties. For the national railway company of Switzerland see SBB-CFF-FFS. Although the state remains officially committed to socialism as its defining creed, the ideology's importance has substantially diminished since the 1990s. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The President of Vietnam is the titular head of state and the nominal commander in chief of the military of Vietnam, chairing the Council on National Defense and Security. Office The President of Vietnam (Chủ tịch nước Việt Nam is the Head of state of Vietnam, although the functions of the President are often ceremonial Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces The Vietnam People's Army ( VPA) (Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam is the official name of the Armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Prime Minister of Vietnam Nguyen Tan Dung is the head of government, presiding over a council of ministers composed of 3 deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Office The Prime Minister of Vietnam (Thủ tướng Việt Nam is the head of the executive branch of the Vietnamese government Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (born November 17, 1949 in Cà Mau province) is the prime minister of Vietnam. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State
The National Assembly of Vietnam is the unicameral legislature of the government, composed of 498 members. The Constitution of Vietnam recognizes the National Assembly of Vietnam (Quốc hội Việt Nam as "the highest organ of state power Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation It is superior to both the executive and judicial branches. All members of the council of ministers are derived from the National Assembly. The Supreme People's Court of Vietnam, which is the highest court of appeal in the nation, is also answerable to the National Assembly. The Supreme People's Court of Vietnam is the highest court and the Court of Appeal in Vietnam. Court of Appeal, Court of Appeals, and Appellate Division redirect here for a list of specific courts using those titles see Court of Appeal Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the provincial municipal courts and the local courts. Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam are lower level courts in Vietnam 's judicial system Local Courts of Vietnam or People's Courts deal with legal issues at the district precinct levels Military courts are also a powerful branch of the judiciary with special jurisdiction in matters of national security. Military Courts of Vietnam deals with criminal matters within the military of Vietnam. All organs of Vietnam's government are controlled by the Communist Party. Most government appointees are members of the party. The General Secretary of the Communist Party is perhaps one of the most important political leaders in the nation, controlling the party's national organization and state appointments, as well as setting policy.
The Vietnam People's Army is the official name for the combined military services of Vietnam, which is organized along the lines of China's People's Liberation Army. The Vietnam People's Army ( VPA) (Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam is the official name of the Armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The VPA is further subdivided into the Vietnamese People's Ground Forces (including Strategic Rear Forces and Border Defense Forces), the Vietnam People's Navy, the Vietnam People's Air Force and the coast guard. The Vietnam People's Navy (or commonly Vietnamese Navy) is part of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces and is responsible for the protection of national waters islands Vietnamese Air Force or Không Quân Nhân Dân Việt Nam is the Air force of Vietnam. A coast guard is a national organization responsible for various services at sea Through Vietnam's recent history, the VPA has actively been involved in Vietnam's workforce to develop the economy of Vietnam, in order to coordinate national defense and the economy. The VPA is involved in such areas as industry, agriculture, forestry, fishery and telecommunications. The total strength of the VPA is close to 500,000 officers and enlisted members. The government also organizes and maintains provincial militias and police forces. The role of the military in public life has steadily been reduced since the 1980s.
Provinces
Vietnam is divided into 59 provinces (known in Vietnamese as tỉnh, from the Chinese 省, shěng). |||} Vietnam is divided into 58 Provinces (known in Vietnamese as tỉnh) |||} The provinces of Vietnam are divided into districts ( huyện) provincial cities ( thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh) and A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) There are also 5 centrally-controlled municipalities existing at the same level as provinces (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương).
The provinces are further subdivided into provincial municipalities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh), townships (thị xã) and counties (huyện), and then, subdivided into towns (thị trấn) or communes (xã). Provincial cities (省轄市 shěngxiáshì) sometimes translated provincial municipalities, are cities lesser in rank than Direct-controlled municipalities A township (or Municipality) is a settlement which has the status and powers of a unit of local government A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan
The centrally-controlled municipalities are subdivided into districts (quận) and counties, and then, subdivided into wards (phường). Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. In Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, a ward is an Electoral district
Geography and climate
Vietnam is approximately 331,688 km² (128,066 sq mi) in area (not including Hoang Sa and Truong Sa islands), larger than Italy and almost the size of Germany. Vietnam is located on the eastern margin of the Indochinese peninsula and occupies about 331688 square kilometers of which about 25 % was under cultivation The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The perimeter of the country running along its international boundaries is 4,639 km (2,883 mi). A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The topography consists of hills and densely forested mountains, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the area, with smaller hills accounting for 40% and tropical forests 42%. The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. The Red River Delta ( Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng) is the flat plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries joining in the Thai Binh River in northern Phan Xi Păng, located in Lào Cai province, is the highest mountain in Vietnam at 3,143 m (10,312 ft). Fansipan or Fan Si Pan ( Phan Xi Păng in Vietnamese) is a mountain in Vietnam, the highest in Indochina, at 3 143 m Lao Cai (in Vietnamese Lào Cai) is a province of northeastern Vietnam. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The south is divided into coastal lowlands, Annamite Chain peaks, extensive forests, and poor soil. The Annamite Range is a mountain range of eastern Indochina, which extends approximately 1100 km (700 miles through Laos, Vietnam, and a small area in Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of basalt soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's arable land and 22% of its total forested land.
The delta of the Red River (also known as the Sông Hồng), a flat, triangular region of 15,000 square kilometers[8], is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the Mekong River Delta. Ha Long Bay (Vịnh Hạ Long is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Quảng Ninh province, Vietnam. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Once an inlet of the Gulf of Tonkin, it has been filled in by the enormous alluvial deposits of the rivers over a period of millennia, and it advances one hundred meters into the Gulf annually. The Mekong delta, covering about 40,000 square kilometers, is a low-level plain not more than three meters above sea level at any point and criss-crossed by a maze of canals and rivers. So much sediment is carried by the Mekong's various branches and tributaries that the delta advances sixty to eighty meters into the sea every year.
Because of differences in latitude and the marked variety of topographical relief, the climate tends to vary considerably from place to place. During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the monsoon winds usually blow from the northeast along the China coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture; consequently the winter season in most parts of the country is dry only by comparison with the rainy or summer season. The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains and plateaus and in the south than in the north. Temperatures in the southern plains (Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta) varies less, going between 21 and 28 degree Celsius (70 and 82. 5 °F) over the course of a year. The seasons in the mountains and plateaus and in the north are much more dramatic, and temperatures may vary from 5 degree Celsius (41 °F) in December and January to 37 degree Celsius (98. 6 °F) in July and August.
Nature
Vietnam has two World's Natural Heritage sites: Halong Bay and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and 6 World's biosphere reserves including: Can Gio Mangrove Forest, Cat Tien, Cat Ba, Kien Giang, Red River Delta, Western Nghe An. Mui Ne (Mũi Né is a coastal resort town in the Binh Thuan Province of southeastern Vietnam, located on an arm of the South China Sea Ha Long Bay (Vịnh Hạ Long is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Quảng Ninh province, Vietnam. Phong Nha - Ke Bang (Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng is a National park and UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Bố Trạch and A biosphere reserve is an international Conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Can Gio Biosphere Reserve is a Wetland located 40 km southeast of Ho Chi Minh City. Cat Tien National Park (Vườn quốc gia Cát Tiên is an important National park found in the south of Vietnam, approximately 150 km north of Ho Chi Minh Cát Bà National Park is an important national park in northern The Red River Delta ( Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng) is the flat plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries joining in the Thai Binh River in northern
Biodiversity
Vietnam is in the Indomalaya ecozone. The Saola or Vu Quang ox, also infrequently Vu Quang bovid ( Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) one of the world's rarest Mammals is a Forest The Indomalaya ecozone is one of the eight Ecozones that cover the planet's land surface
According to chapter 1 in National Environmental Present Condition Report 2005- Biodiversity Subject of Vietnam Environment Protection Agency,[9] in species diversity, Vietnam is one of 25 countries having high level in biodiversity all over the world, is ranked 16th of biologically diverse level (having 16% world's species) (page 9). Species diversity refers to the number and distribution of Species in one location 15,986 flora was identified of which 10% was endemic (p9). Statistic says that there are 307 nematodes, 200 oligochaeta, 145 acarina, 113 springtails, 7750 insects, 260 reptiles, 120 amphibians, 840 birds and 310 mammals of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic (p9,10). The nematodes or roundworms ( Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema "thread" + -ode "like" are one of the most common For the plant Genus from the sunflower family ( Asteraceae) see Oligochaeta (plant. Acarina or Acari are a Taxon of Arachnids that contains Mites and Ticks The diversity of the Acari is extraordinary and its Springtails ( Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered Insects (the other two are the Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Vietnam also have 1438 fresh water microalgae (9,6% species in the world) (Table 1. Microphytes are microscopic Algae, typically found in Freshwater and marine systems and are often called microalgae 2, p9). It is defined that there are 794 aquatic invertebrate and 2458 sea fish (p10,11). An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate In recent years, there have been 13 genera, 222 species, 30 taxa of flora newly described and 6 mammals have been discovered such as the saola, giant muntjac, Edwards's Pheasant, Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur, livistona halongensis, geothelphusa vietnamica, etc (frame 1. The Saola or Vu Quang ox, also infrequently Vu Quang bovid ( Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) one of the world's rarest Mammals is a Forest The Giant Muntjac ( Muntiacus vuquangensis) is a species of Muntjac Deer. Edwards's Pheasant, Lophura edwardsi, is a Bird of the pheasant family Phasianidae that is endemic to the Rainforests of Vietnam The Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur or Dollman's Snub-nosed Langur ( Rhinopithecus avunculus) is a species of Langur endemic to northern Vietnam 4, p11,12). In agricultural genetic diversity, Vietnam is one of 12 world's original cultivar centers (p13). Genetic diversity is a level of Biodiversity that refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank is preserving 12,300 cultivars of 115 species (p14).
In chapter 4 of that report, it is said that Vietnam government spent 49. 07 million USD for biodiversity in 2004 (p71) and have established 126 conservation areas including 28 national parks (p73). The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been This is a list of National parks in Vietnam:
Economy
The Vietnam War destroyed much of the economy of Vietnam. Vietnam's economy is developing economy Through history Vietnam was among agricultural centers of the world and soon had some commercial port such as Phố Hiến and Hội An The đồng (IPA dɔŋ ( sign: ₫; code: VND) is the Currency of Vietnam since May 3, 1978 Upon taking power, the Government created a planned economy for the nation. A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. Collectivization of farms, factories and economic capital was implemented, and millions of people were put to work in government programs. Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise For many decades, Vietnam's economy was plagued with inefficiency and corruption in state programs, poor quality and underproduction and restrictions on economic activities and trade. It also suffered from the trade embargo from the United States and most of Europe after the Vietnam War. Subsequently, the trade partners of the Communist blocs began to erode. In 1986, the Sixth Party Congress introduced significant economic reforms with market economy elements as part of a broad economic reform package called "đổi mới" (Renovation). A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a Doi moi (the usual English spelling of Vietnamese Đổi mới = "renovation" is the name given to the economic reforms initiated by in Vietnam Private ownership was encouraged in industries, commerce and agriculture. Vietnam achieved around 8% annual GDP growth from 1990 to 1997 and continued at around 7% from 2000 to 2005, making it the world's second-fastest growing economy. Simultaneously, foreign investment grew threefold and domestic savings quintupled. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country In common usage saving generally means putting money aside for example by putting money in the bank or investing in a Pension plan
Manufacturing, information technology and high-tech industries form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Ninh Bình ( Vietnamese: Ninh Bình Han Tu: 寧[[wikt 平|平]] is a province of Vietnam, in the Red River Delta region Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Vietnam is a relative new-comer to the oil business, but today it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with output of 400,000 barrels per day. Vietnam is one of Asia's most open economies: two-way trade is around 160% of GDP, more than twice the ratio for China and over four times India's. [10]
Vietnam is still a relatively poor country with an annual GDP of US$280. 2 billion at purchasing power parity (2006 estimate)[11]. This translates to a purchasing power of about US$3,300 per capita (or US$726 per capita at the market exchange rate). Inflation rate was estimated at 7. 5% per year in 2006. Deep poverty, defined as a percent of the population living under $1 per day, has declined significantly and is now smaller than that of China, India, and the Philippines. [12]
As a result of several land reform measures, Vietnam is now the largest producer of cashew nuts with a one-third global share and second largest rice exporter in the world after Thailand. Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government The cashew ( Anacardium occidentale; Syn Anacardium curatellifolium A Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Vietnam has the highest percent of land use for permanent crops, 6. 93%, of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Besides rice, key exports are coffee, tea, rubber, and fishery products. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market However, agriculture's share of economic output has declined, falling as a share of GDP from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006, as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. According to the CIA World Fact Book, the unemployment rate in Vietnam is one of the lowest in the world at 2%, trailing behind only Azerbaijan, Cuba, Iceland, Andorra and Liechtenstein. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Among other steps taken in the process of transitioning to a market economy, Vietnam in July 2006 updated its intellectual property legislation to comply with TRIPS. TRIPS redirects here For the new microprocessor design see TRIPS architecture. Vietnam was accepted into the WTO on November 7, 2006. Vietnam's chief trading partners include Japan, Australia, ASEAN countries, the U. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. S. and Western European countries.
Military
Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam, The Vietnam People's Army (VPA), is the official collective term for the armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Hà Tiên or Ha Tien is a town ( thị xã) in Kien Giang Province, Tay Nam Bo of Vietnam The Vietnam People's Army ( VPA) (Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam is the official name of the Armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces The VPA consists of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces, Vietnam People's Navy, Vietnam People's Air Force, and Vietnam People's Coast Guard. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces An air force, also known in some countries as an air army or historically an army air corps, is in the broadest sense the national military or armed service A coast guard is a national organization responsible for various services at sea
Transport
The modern transport network of Vietnam was originally developed under French rule for the purpose of raw materials harvesting, and reconstructed and extensively modernized following the Vietnam War. The road system is the most popular form of transportation in the country. Vietnam’s road system includes national roads administered by the central level; provincial roads managed by the provincial level; district roads managed by the district level; urban roads managed by cities and towns; and commune roads managed by the commune level.
Bicycles, motor scooters and motorcycles remain the most popular forms of road transport in Vietnam's cities, towns, and villages although the number of privately-owned automobiles is also on the rise, especially in the larger cities. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind Public bus operated by private companies is the main long distance travel means for many people. Traffic congestion is a serious problem in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City as the cities' roads struggle to cope with the booming numbers of automobiles. There are also more than 17,000 kilometers of navigable waterways, which play a significant role in rural life owing to the extensive network of rivers in Vietnam. A waterway is any navigable Body of water. These include Rivers Lakes Seas Oceans and Canals In order for a waterway
The nation has seven developed ports and harbors at Cam Ranh, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Gai (Halong City), Qui Nhon, and Nha Trang. Cam Ranh is a town in southern Khanh Hoa Province, in the South Central Coast of Vietnam. This article is about the city of Đà Nẵng For the Vietnam War era air base see Da Nang Air Base or Đà Nẵng International Airport. For other uses see Ha Long Bay Hạ Long (also known as Hong Gai) is a capital city Qui Nhơn or Quy Nhơn is a coastal city in the Binh Dinh Province of central Vietnam. Nha Trang is a coastal city and capital of Khánh Hòa province, on
Demography
Population
Recent census estimates the population of Vietnam at beyond 84 million. Originating in what is now southern China and northern Vietnam, the Vietnamese people pushed southward over two millennia to occupy the entire eastern seacoast Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country with over fifty distinct groups (54 are recognized by the Vietnamese government each with its own language lifestyle and cultural heritage Vietnamese people, also called "Viet" or "Kinh", account for 86. The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. 2 percent of the population. Their population is concentrated in the alluvial deltas and coastal plains of the country. An alluvial fan is a fan -shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing Stream flattens slows and spreads typically at the exit of a Canyon onto A homogeneous social and ethnic majority group, the Kinh exert political and economic control. There are more than 54 ethnic minorities throughout the country, but the Kinh are purveyors of the dominant culture. Most ethnic minorities, such as the Muong, a closely related ethnic of the Kinh, are found mostly in the highlands covering two-thirds of the territory. The Mường is the third largest of Vietnam ’s 53 minority groups with an estimated population of 1 The Hoa (ethnic Chinese) and Khmer Krom are mainly lowlanders. The Khmer Krom ( Khmer:, Vietnamese: Khơ Me Crộm) - Khmer people living in the Delta and the Lower Mekong area The largest ethnic minority groups include the Hmong, Dao, Tay, Thai, and Nung.
Languages
The people of Vietnam speak Vietnamese as a native language. Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) In its early history, Vietnamese writing used Chinese characters. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( In the 13th century, the Vietnamese developed their own set of characters called Chữ nôm. Chữ Nôm ( IPA: /cɨ3ˀ5 nom33/ chữ Nôm in Unicode: 字[[wikt 喃|喃]]/ 𡨸 喃/ 𡦂 喃 chữ Nôm in Unicode The celebrated epic Đoạn trường tân thanh (Truyện Kiều or The Tale of Kieu) by Nguyễn Du was written in Chữ nôm. The Tale of Kiều is an epic Poem in Vietnamese written by the 18th century writer Nguyễn Du (1766–1820 widely regarded Nguyễn Du (1765&ndash1820 Pennames Tố Như and Thanh Hiên) is a celebrated Vietnamese poet who wrote in ''Chữ Nôm'', the During the French colonial period, Quốc ngữ, the romanized Vietnamese alphabet used for spoken Vietnamese, which was developed in 17th century by Jesuit Alexandre De Rhodes and several other Catholic missionaries, became popular and brought literacy to the masses. The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Father Alexander de Rhodes (A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ ( 15 March 1591 - 5 November 1660) was a French Jesuit Missionary who A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes.
Various other languages are spoken by several minority groups in Vietnam. The most common of these are Tày, Mường, Khmer, Chinese, Nùng, and H'Mông. The Tai languages (ภาษาไต are a subgroup of the Tai-Kadai Language family. The Muong language is spoken by the Muong people of Vietnam. It is closely related to Vietnamese, and it is generally considered to be of the Austroasiatic Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ or Cambodian, is the language of the Khmer people and the official language of Cambodia. The Nùng are an ethnic minority in Vietnam. In China, the Nùng together with the Tày, are classified as Zhuang people. Hmong ( RPA: Hmoob) or Mong ( RPA: Moob) is the common name for a group of dialects of the West Hmongic (Chuanqiandian branch The French language, a legacy of colonial rule, is still spoken by some older Vietnamese as a second language, but is losing its popularity. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Vietnam is also a full member of the Francophonie. La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples Russian — and to a much lesser extent German, Czech, or Polish — is sometimes known among those whose families had ties with the Soviet bloc. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were In recent years, English is becoming more popular as a second language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States English study is obligatory in most schools. Chinese and Japanese have also become more popular. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities
Religions
| Vietnam religiosity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| religion | percent | |||
| Buddhism | 85% | |||
| Christianity | 8% | |||
| Caodaism | 3% | |||
| Others | 4% | |||
For much of Vietnamese history, Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism have strongly influenced the religious and cultural life of the people. Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, Mỹ Tho is the capital city and municipality of the Tiền Giang Province in the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam. Mahayana ( Sanskrit: mahāyāna, Devanagari: महायान 'Great Vehicle' is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B About 85% of Vietnamese identify with Buddhism even though they do not practice on a regular basis[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. About 8% of the population are Christians (about 6 million Roman Catholics and less than 1 million Protestants, census of 2007). Christianity was introduced first by the Portuguese and the Dutch traders in the 16th and 17th centuries, then further propagated under the French colonists in the 19th and 20th centuries, and to a lesser extent, by American Protestant missionaries during the presence of American forces during the 1960s and early 70's. The largest Protestant churches are the Evangelical Church of Vietnam and the Montagnard Evangelical Church.
Vietnam has great reservation towards Roman Catholicism. This mistrust originated during the French colonial time when some Catholics collaborated with the French colonists as espionage agents and militiamen to suppress the Vietnamese independence movement. Furthermore, the Church's teaching regarding communism made it an unwelcome counterforce to communist rule. Relationship with the Vatican, however, has improved in recent years. Membership of Sunni and Bashi Islam is usually accredited to the ethnic Cham minority, but there are also a few ethnic Vietnamese adherents of Islam in the southwest. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. The total number of Muslims remains very small nevertheless. The communist government has from time to time been criticized for its religious restrictions although it has categorically denied that such restrictions exist today.
The vast majority of Vietnamese people of Asian religions practice Ancestor Worship, although this may not be strictly considered a religion.
From the articles of Religions by country, Religion in Vietnam and Demographics of Vietnam; 85% is nominal/secular Buddhists including predominant 83% East Asian Buddhist or "Triple religion" (80% of people are worship the mixture of Mahayana Buddhism mainly, Taoism, Confucianism with Ancestor Worship; 2% Hòa Hảo with 1% of some new Vietnamese-Buddhist sects as Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa, Pure Land Buddhist, etc) and 2% Theravada Buddhism, mainly among Khmer people but the census of Government showed that only over 10 million people have taken refuge in the Three Jewels[20][21]; 8% Christians (7% Catholics and 1% Protestants); 3% Caodaism; 2. This article includes major religions only Others could include smaller popular religions as Judaism, Baha'i Faith, Sikhism, et cetera The earliest established religions in Vietnam are Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism (called the "triple religion" or Originating in what is now southern China and northern Vietnam, the Vietnamese people pushed southward over two millennia to occupy the entire eastern seacoast See also Chinese Buddhism, Korean Buddhism, Japanese Buddhism, Vietnamese Buddhism East Asian Buddhism is a collective term for Mahayana ( Sanskrit: mahāyāna, Devanagari: महायान 'Great Vehicle' is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 by Huynh Phu So, a native of the Mekong River Delta region of southern Vietnam History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation The Khmer people are the predominant Ethnic group in Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the 14 In lay and monastic ordination ceremonies Buddhists take the Three Refuges in the Three Jewels and are said to "take refuge The Three Jewels, also called the Three Treasures, the Three Refuges, or the Triple Gem, are the three things that Buddhists take refuge Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, 5% Tribal animism; less than 70 thousand Muslims; small Hindu communities (over 50 thousand people) and a small numbers of Baha'is.
Education
Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges and universities but the number of privately-run and mixed public and private institutions is also growing. Vietnam 's education system can be divided into 5 categories pre-primary primary intermediate secondary and higher education General education in Vietnam is imparted in 5 categories: Kindergarten, elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, and college / university. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling See also Primary education An elementary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory education known as elementary Middle school or Junior High School serves as a "bridge" between the Elementary School and the High School High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Courses are taught mainly in Vietnamese. A large number of public schools have been organized across cities, towns and villages with the purpose of raising the national literacy rate which is already among the highest in the world. There are a large number of specialist colleges, established to develop a diverse and skilled national workforce. A large number of Vietnam's most acclaimed universities are based in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Facing serious crises, Vietnam's education system is under a holistic reform launched by the government. In Vietnam, education from age 6 to 11 is free and mandatory. Education above these ages is not free, therefore some poor families may find it hard to come up with the tuition for their children without some forms of public or private assistance. Regardless, school enrollment is among the highest in the world and the number of colleges and universities increased quite dramatically in recent years, from 178 in 2000 to 299 in 2005.
Health service
Science
In the past, Vietnam did not have "science" in its generally accepted meaning, but many fields were well developed, especially social science and humanities. It has at least ten centuries of commentary and analytic writings. Among the best known works are those of "Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư" of Ngô Sĩ Liên. Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư ( Hán tự: 大越 史記全書 "A Complete History of Great Viet" is a 15th-century Vietnamese work Writings that deal with geography, nature, customs and people were written by "Dư địa chí" of Nguyễn Trãi. Nguyễn Trãi ( Hán tự: 阮[[wikt 廌|廌]] also known under his Style name Ức Trai 抑[[wikt 齋|齋]] (1380–1442 was a In mathematics, operations (including power and extract the root) of primary arithmetics and surveying, measurement (length, area, volume. . . ) of primary geometry were taught in schools using the famous textbook: "Đại thành toán pháp" of Lương Thế Vinh. Lương Thế Vinh had notion of zero and Mạc Hiển Tích used the term "số ẩn" (unknown/secret/hidden number) to refer to negative numbers. Much knowledge was collected into encyclopedia: "Vân đài loại ngữ" of Lê Quý Đôn and "Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí" of Phan Huy Chú. An encyclopedia (or '''encyclopædia''') is a comprehensive written Compendium that contains Information on either all branches of Knowledge Le Quy Don (Lê Quý Đôn 黎貴敦 1726–1784 was an 18th-century Vietnamese philosopher poet encyclopedist and government official
Culture
The official spoken and written language of Vietnam is Vietnamese.
The culture of Vietnam has been influenced by neighboring China. Due to Vietnam's long association with the south of China, one characteristic of Vietnamese culture is financial duty. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Education and self-betterment are highly valued. Historically, passing the imperial Mandarin exams was the only means for Vietnamese people to socially advance themselves. A Mandarin was a Bureaucrat in Imperial China, and also in the monarchist days of Vietnam where the system of Imperial examinations and
In the socialist era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and the cultural influences of socialist programs. For many decades, foreign cultural influences were shunned and emphasis placed on appreciating and sharing the culture of communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, Cuba and others. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Since the 1990s, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to Southeast Asian, European and American culture and media.
One of the most popular Vietnamese traditional garments is the "Áo Dài", worn often for special occasions such as weddings or festivals. White Áo dài is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across Vietnam. Áo Dài was once worn by both genders but today it is worn mainly by females, except for certain important traditional culture-related occasions where some men do wear it.
Vietnamese cuisine uses very little oil and many vegetables. The main dishes are often based on rice, soy sauce, and fish sauce. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Soy sauce ( US) soya sauce ( Commonwealth) shoyu ( Japan) or sillao ( Peru) is a fermented Sauce Fish sauce is a Condiment that is derived from fish that have been allowed to ferment. Its characteristic flavors are sweet (sugar), spicy (serrano peppers), sour (lime), nuoc mam (fish sauce), and flavored by a variety of mint and basil. The serrano pepper ( Capsicum annuum) is a type of Chili pepper that originated in the mountainous regions of the Mexican states of
Vietnamese music varies slightly in the three regions: Bắc or North, Trung or Central, and Nam or South. Traditional Vietnamese music is highly diverse and syncretistic, combining native and foreign influences Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest and is traditionally more formal. Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions, when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese opera troupe. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Central classical music shows the influences of Champa culture with its melancholic melodies. Southern music exudes a lively laissez-faire attitude. Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do”
See also Vietnamese art, theatre, dance, and literature
Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Vietnam. Vietnamese art is art created in Vietnam or by Vietnamese artists from ancient times to the present Vietnamese theatre comprises many forms a few of which still remain popular with the masses today despite rapid westernization Traditional Vietnamese dance includes several different forms Vietnamese literature is Literature, both oral and written created largely by Vietnamese-speaking people although Francophone Vietnamese and English-speaking Vietnamese Mỹ Đình National Stadium is a stadium in My Dinh commune Tu Liem District Hanoi, Vietnam, has a capacity of 50000 seats and is the centerpiece of Vietnam's Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Sports and games such as badminton, tennis, ping pong, and chess are also popular with large segments of the population. Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles or two opposing pairs (doubles who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Volleyball, especially women's volleyball, is watched by a fairly large number of Vietnamese. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet The (expatriate Vietnamese) community forms a prominent part of Vietnamese cultural life, introducing Western sports, films, music and other cultural activities in the nation.
See also List of Vietnamese traditional games. Kinh ethnic group's games - Ô ăn quan - Tổ tôm - Cờ ngũ hành - Cờ lúa ngô - Cờ hùm tôm
Vietnam is home to a small film industry.
Among countless other traditional Vietnamese occasions, the traditional Vietnamese wedding is one of the most important. The traditional Vietnamese wedding is one of the most important ceremonies in Vietnamese culture, with influence from Confucian and Buddhist Ideologies Regardless of westernization, many of the age-old customs in a Vietnamese wedding continue to be celebrated by both Vietnamese in Vietnam and overseas, often combining both western and eastern elements. Westernization or occidentalization (from occident, see wiktionary) is a process whereby societies come under or adopt the Western
See also List of festivals in Vietnam
Media
Vietnam's media sector is controlled by the government to follow the official communist party line. Traditional festivals in the Lunar year 1st lunar month last day of previous year to 3rd day of 1st lunar month Tết festival The Voice of Vietnam is the official state-run radio broadcasting service that covers the nation. The Media of Vietnam are tightly regulated by the government, which views the media as "the voice of the party and of the masses" and sees its main function as being It also broadcasts internationally via shortwave, renting transmitters in other countries and provides broadcasts from its website. Vietnam Television is the national television broadcasting company. Vietnam Television, or VTV, is the national Television broadcaster for Vietnam. As Vietnam moved toward a free-market economy with its Đổi mới measures, the government has relied on the print media to keep the public informed about its policies. Doi moi (the usual English spelling of Vietnamese Đổi mới = "renovation" is the name given to the economic reforms initiated by in Vietnam The measure has had the effect of almost doubling the numbers of newspapers and magazines since 1996 . A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Vietnam is putting considerable effort into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system, but its performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern neighbors.
Tourism
Vietnam's number of visitors for tourism and vacation has increased steadily over the past ten years. About 3. 56 million international guests visited Vietnam in 2006, an increase of 3. 7% from 2005. The country is investing capital into the coastal regions that are already popular for their beaches and boat tours. Hotel staff and tourism guides in these regions speak a good amount of English.
Sports and games
International rankings
| Organization | Survey | Ranking |
|---|---|---|
| Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal | Index of Economic Freedom | 142 out of 157 |
| The Economist | Worldwide Quality-of-life Index, 2005 | 61 out of 111 |
| Reporters Without Borders | Worldwide Press Freedom Index | 155 out of 167 |
| Transparency International | Corruption Perceptions Index | 111 out of 163 |
| United Nations Development Programme | Human Development Index | 109 out of 177 |
| World Economic Forum | Global Competitiveness Report | 77 out of 125 |
See also
Sources and notes
- ^ Chinese Colonization (200BC - 938AD)
- ^ The Tran Dynasty and the Defeat of the Mongols
- ^ The Kingdom of Champa
- ^ The Le Dynasty and Southward Expansion
- ^ http://coombs.anu.edu.au/%7Evern/van_kien/declar.html Declaration of Independence, Democratic Republic of Vietnam] - Vietnam Documents
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. The Index of Economic Freedom is a series of 10 economic measurements created by the Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation to measure the degree of Economic freedom The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London Transparency International ( TI) is a leading international Non-governmental organization addressing corruption Since 1995, Transparency International has published an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 The World Economic Forum (WEF is a Geneva -based Non-profit foundation best known for its Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland The Global Competitiveness Report is a yearly report published by the World Economic Forum. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a The State of The World's Refugees 2000 - Chapter 4: Flight from Indochina. Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus : Three million fled Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos combined; close to a million Vietnamese were helped by the UNHCR.
- ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Boat people: A Refugee Crisis. Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
- ^ Agroviet Newsletter September 2005
- ^ Báo cáo Hiện trạng môi trường quốc gia 2005 - (Vietnamese)
- ^ Vietnam Vrooooom: Asia's second-fastest-growing economy takes the global stage. - CNN Money
- ^ Source for GDP: Economist Intelligence unit
- ^ Economy of Vietnam - CIA World FactBook
- ^ US Department of State: Background Note: Vietnam
- ^ The Largest Buddhist Communities - adherents. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner com. This quotes a much lower figure than the 85% quoted by the US Department of State
- ^ APEC - Vietnam
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Nations - Vietnam
- ^ Vietnam travel and holidays - Vietnam's religions
- ^ Religion of the Vietnamese
- ^ Vietnam: International Religious Freedom Report 2007. U.S. Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2007-09-14). The Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor Affairs (DRL at the United States Department of State is one of four bureaus that comprise the Office of the Under Secretary Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Retrieved on 2008-01-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.
- ^ Embassy of Vietnam - Beliefs and religions
- ^ CIA Factbook- Vietnam
References
- Herring, George C. America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 (4th ed 2001), most widely used short history.
- Jahn GC. 2006. The Dream is not yet over. In: P. Fredenburg P, Hill B, editors. Sharing rice for peace and prosperity in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Victoria, (Australia): Sid Harta Publishers. p 237-240
- Karrnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. Penguin (Non-Classics); 2nd edition (June 1, 1997). Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar ISBN 0-14-026547-3
- McMahon, Robert J. Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays (1995) textbook
- Tucker, Spencer. ed. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (1998) 3 vol. reference set; also one-volume abridgment (2001)
- Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 7th edition, Oxford University Press.
External links
Government
- Portal of the Government of Vietnam
- Communist Party of Vietnam
- National Assembly: the Vietnamese legislative body
- General Statistics Office
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Economy
Media
State-run
- Voice of Vietnam: State radio broadcaster
- Vietnam Television: State television broadcaster
- Vietnam News Agency: Official state news agency
- Nhân Dân (The People): Official Communist Party newspaper
- Quân đội Nhân Dân: Newspaper of the People's Army
- Vietnam Net: Largest Vietnamese portal, run by the government-owned Vietnam Post and Telecommunication Corporation
- Hà Nội Mới (New Hanoi): run by the Hanoi Communist Party (Vietnamese)
- Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Liberated Saigon): run by the Ho Chi Minh City Communist Party
Non state-run
While all media in Vietnam must be sponsored by a Communist Party organization and be registered with the government, the following media sources have less government control than others. Nhân Dân ( Vietnamese for The People) is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Vietnam.
- VnExpress: Popular online newspaper (Vietnamese)
- Tuổi Trẻ (Youth): Daily newspaper with highest circulation, affiliated with the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Organization of Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese)
- Thanh Niên (Youth): Major daily newspaper, affiliated with the Vietnam National Youth Federation
- Lao Động (Labour): Major daily newspaper, affiliated with the Vietnam General Confederation of Labour (the sole labour union in Vietnam) (Vietnamese)
- Tiền Phong (Vanguard): Major daily newspaper, affiliated with the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth organization (Vietnamese)
- Vietnam Economic Times - for foreign investors.
Overviews
- BBC - Country profile: Vietnam
- CIA World Factbook - Vietnam
- Freedom House "Countries at the Crossroads" report - Vietnam: information on government accountability, civil liberties, rule of law, and anticorruption efforts
- VietNam Map or a collection of Vietnamese maps
- Encyclopaedia Britannica - Vietnam
- Open Directory Project - Vietnam directory category
- US State Department - Vietnam includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- US Library of Congress - Country Study: Vietnam
- Information about Vietnam: from the Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affair
- Le Viêt Nam, aujourd'hui: News concerning Vietnam (English & French)
- Business Anti-Corruption Portal Vietnam Country Profile
- Vietnam tourism website Official Tourism website of Vietnam
Dictionary
Vietnam
-proper noun
- A country in Southeast Asia, officially called the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.
- An armed conflict in Vietnam in the mid-to-late twentieth century; especially, the period of open U.S. involvement in that conflict.
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