Vittorio Emanuele II
King of Italy
Reign	March 17, 1861 - January 9, 1878
Coronation	March 17, 1861
Born	March 14, 1820
Birthplace	Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia
Died	January 9, 1878 (aged 57)
Place of death	Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Predecessor	Carlo Alberto as King of Sardinia
Successor	Umberto I
Consort	Maria Adelaide
Issue	Maria Clotilde Umberto Amedeo Oddone Eugenio Maria Pia Carlo Alberto Vittorio Emanuele Vittorio Emanuele
Royal House	House of Savoy
Royal anthem	Marcia Reale
Father	Carlo Alberto
Mother	Maria Theresa of Habsburg-Lorraine

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia from 1849 to 1861. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Biography He was born in Turin in 1798 to Charles Emmanuel of Savoy 6th Prince of Carignano and Albertina Maria Cristina of Saxony. Umberto I King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy ( Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy) English Maria Adelaide ( 3 June 1822 - 20 January, 1855) was the first wife of Vittorio Emanuele II and as such became Queen of Sardinia Princess Ludovica Teresa Maria Clotilde of Savoy ( 2 March, 1843 – 25 June, 1911) was born in Turin to Vittorio Emanuele II Umberto I King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy ( Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy) English Background Prince Amedeo of Savoy was born in Turin, Italy. He was the second son of Victor Emmanuel II (King of Piedmont, Savoy Maria Pia of Savoy ( 14 February 1847 - 5 July 1911) was a daughter of Victor Emmanuel II the first King of Italy by his The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region The Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza or Fanfara Reale (Royal March of Ordinance / Royal Fanfare was the official National anthem of Italy between 1861 Biography He was born in Turin in 1798 to Charles Emmanuel of Savoy 6th Prince of Carignano and Albertina Maria Cristina of Saxony. Princess Maria Theresa of Tuscany Archduchess of Austria Princess of Hungary and Bohemia, in Italian Maria Teresa Francesca Giuseppa Giovanna Benedicta in German Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. For the two French départements of the region of Savoy see Savoie and Haute-Savoie Savoy ( French Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common On February 18, 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy, a title he held until his death in 1878. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Biography

Victor Emmanuel was born in Turin, the eldest son of Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria and Tuscany. Biography He was born in Turin in 1798 to Charles Emmanuel of Savoy 6th Prince of Carignano and Albertina Maria Cristina of Saxony. Princess Maria Theresa of Tuscany Archduchess of Austria Princess of Hungary and Bohemia, in Italian Maria Teresa Francesca Giuseppa Giovanna Benedicta in German He lived for some years of his youth in Florence with his father; Victor Emmanuel showed an early interest for politics, the military, as well as a certain aptitude towards sports. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany

He took part in the First Italian War of Independence under his father, fighting in the front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza. The First Italian War of Independence was fought in 1848 between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire. The Battle of Pastrengo was fought between the Piedmontese and Austrian army on April 30 1848, in the course of the First Italian The Battle of Goito was fought between the Piedmontese and Austrian army on May 30 1848, in the course of the First Italian War The Battle of Custoza (1848 was fought on 24 and 25 July 1848 during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire, led by

He became king in 1849 when his father had abdicated the throne after a humiliating military defeat by the Austrians at Novara. The Battle of Novara or Battle of Bicocca (Bicocca is a borough of Novara) was one of the battles fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom Victor Emmanuel was immediatebly able to obtain a rather favourable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian commander, Radetzky. The treaty, however, was not ratified by the Piedmontese chamber, and Victor Emmanuel replied by firing Prime Minister Claudio Gabriele de Launay, replacing him with Massimo D'Azeglio. Massimo Taparelli marquis d'Azeglio ( October 24, 1798 - January 15, 1866) was an Italian Statesman, Novelist After new elections, the peace with Austria was accepted by the new Chamber of Deputies. In 1849 he also fiercely suppressed the revolt in Genoa, defining the rebels as a "vile and infected race of canailles". Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English

In 1852, Victor Emmanuel II gave Count Camillo di Cavour the title of Prime Minister. Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso Conte di Cavour, Conte di Isolabella e Leri ( August 10 1810 &ndash June This turned out to be a wise choice because Cavour was a political mastermind and was a major player in Italian unification in his own right. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the Italian Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms.

Victor Emmanuel II in 1849

Crimean War

Following Victor Emmanuel's advice, Cavour joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Cavour was cautious to go to war due to the power of Russia at the time and the expense of doing so. Victor Emmanuel, however was convinced of the rewards which would be gained from the alliance which would be created between Britain and more importantly with France. After successfully seeking British support and ingratiating himself with France and Napoleon III at the Congress of Paris in 1856, following the end of the war, Count Cavour arranged a secret meeting with the French emperor. In 1858, they met at Plombières-les-Bains (in the Lorraine), where they agreed that if the French were to help Piedmont combat Austria, still occupying the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia in northern Italy, France would be awarded Nice and Savoy. Plombières-les-Bains is a commune and " Spa town " of France situated in the the French Département of Vosges in the region of The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (Regno Lombardo-Veneto Lombardo-Venezianisches Königreich was a kingdom in northern Italy, and part of the Austrian Empire. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek

At the time Victor Emmanuel had become a universal symbol of the Italian Risorgimento, the movement pushing towards the unification of Italy. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian

Wars of Italian Unification

Main article: Italian Wars of Independence

The Italo-French campaign against Austria in 1858 started successfully. However, scared by the serious casualties for France, Napoleon III secretly made a treaty with Franz Joseph of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piedmont gained only Lombardy. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the France did receive the promised Nice and Savoy, while Austria kept Venetia, a major setback for the Piedmontese, also because the treaty had been prepared without their knowledge. Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. After several quarrels for the outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, and the king had to find other advisors.

Later that same year, he sent his forces to fight the papal army at Castelfidardo and drove the Pope into Vatican City. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Victor Emmanuel II’s success at these goals got him excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Then, plebiscites in Naples and Sicily called for union with Sardinia-Piedmont and Italy grew even larger. On February 18, 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was officially established and Victor Emmanuel II became its king. Later, in 1866, Italy was given Venetia as part of the peace settlement after the Seven Weeks War. Five years after that (1871), the Papal States, protected by Napoleon III (an action motivated by his need to please Catholics in France), fell to Italian troops and Rome became the capital city.

Victor Emmanuel meets Giuseppe Garibaldi in Teano

Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of Thousand (1860-1861), which resulted in the quick fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. Garibaldi redirects here for other meanings see Garibaldi (disambiguation. Teano is a town of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 30 km north-west of that town on the main line to Rome from Naples Garibaldi redirects here for other meanings see Garibaldi (disambiguation. The Expedition of the Thousand was a military campaign led by the revolutionary general Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860, in which a force of volunteers defeated the The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. However, the King halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa In 1860, through local plebiscites, Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna decided to side with Sardinia-Piedmont. Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious battle of Castelfidardo (1860) over the Papal forces, after which he gained a Papal excommunication. The Marche (plural originally from le marche de Ancona, referring to the March of Ancona) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. Umbria is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Perugia. The Battle of Castelfidardo was fought on 18 September 1860, at Castelfidardo, a small town in the Marche region of Italy, the Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community

The King subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy. Teano is a town of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 30 km north-west of that town on the main line to Rome from Naples Another series of plebiscites in the occupied lands resulted in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel as the first King of Italy by the new Parliament of unified Italy, on March 17, 1861. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Turin became the capital of the new state. Only Rome, Veneto, Trentino and Dalmatia remained to be conquered. Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. The Province of Trento (Provincia autonoma di Trento also called Trentino, is an Autonomous province of Italy. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern

Completion of the unification

Main article: Third Italian War of Independence

In 1866 Victor Emmanuel allied with Prussia in the Third Italian War of Independence. The Third Italian War of Independence was a conflict which paralleled the Austro-Prussian War, and was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Third Italian War of Independence was a conflict which paralleled the Austro-Prussian War, and was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire Although not victorious in the Italian theater, he managed anyway to receive Veneto after the Austrian defeat in Germany.

Tomb of Victor Emmanuel II at the Pantheon

In 1871, after two failed attempts by Garibaldi, he also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to capture Rome after the French withdrew. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 He entered Rome on September 20, 1871, setting there the new capital on July 2, 1871, (after the momentary move to Florence in 1864). Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The new Royal residence was the Quirinal Palace. The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply the Quirinale) is the Official residence of the President

The rest of Victor Emmanuel II’s reign was much quieter. After the Kingdom of Italy was established he decided to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. This was a terrible move as far as public relations went as it was not indicative of the fresh start that the Italian people wanted and suggested that Sardinia-Piedmont had taken over the Italian Peninsula, rather than unifying it. Despite this mishap, the remainder of Victor Emmanuel II’s reign was consumed by wrapping up loose ends and dealing with economical and cultural issues.

Portrait of Victor Emmanuel II

Victor Emmanuel died in Rome in 1878, just after the reversal of excommunication by Pope Pius IX's envoys. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 He was buried in the Pantheon. The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome His successor was his son Umberto I. Umberto I King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy ( Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy) English

Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II, erected in 1895-1925 in Rome

Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan

Titles and Honors as King of Italy

From 1860 to1946, the following titles were used by the King of Italy:

Victor Emmanuel II, by the Grace of God, King of Italy, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Armenia, Duke of Savoy, count of Maurienne, Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire) in Italy; prince of Piedmont, Carignano, Oneglia, Poirino, Trino; Prince and Perpetual vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; prince of Carmagnola, Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, prince bailliff of the Duchy of Aosta, Prince of Chieri, Dronero, Crescentino, Riva di Chieri e Banna, Busca, Bene, Brà, Duke of Genoa, Montferrat, Aosta, Duke of Chablais, Genevois, Duke of Piacenza, Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea, Susa, del Maro, Oristano, Cesana, Savona, Tarantasia, Borgomanero e Cureggio, Caselle, Rivoli, Pianezza, Govone, Salussola, Racconigi con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone, Cavallermaggiore, Marene, Modane e Lanslebourg, Livorno Ferraris, Santhià Agliè, Centallo e Demonte, Desana, Ghemme, Vigone, Count of Barge, Villafranca, Ginevra, Nizza, Tenda, Romont, Asti, Alessandria, del Goceano, Novara, Tortona, Bobbio, Soissons, Sant'Antioco, Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Ozegna, delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud e del Faucigni, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, della Lomellina, della Valle Sesia, del marchesato di Ceva, Overlord of Monaco, Roccabruna and 11/12th of Menton, Noble patrician of Venice, patrician of Ferrara. The Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II or Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland or "Il Vittoriano" Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. By the Grace of God, as well as the various equivalent phrases in other languages thus rendered in English, is not a title in its own right but a common introductory part The following is a list of monarchs of Kingdom of Sardinia. Early medieval rulers Goddas, 533&ndash534 Vandal governor The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the high and late Middle Ages, between 1192 and 1489 is a list of Kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291 as well as claimants to the title up to the present day The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (also known as Little Armenia, Kingdom of Lesser Armenia, Cilician Kingdom; Classical Armenian: Կիլիկիոյ A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. Carignano is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 20 km south of Turin Oneglia was a town in northern Italy on the Ligurian seaside that was joined to Porto Maurizio to form the Commune of Imperia in 1923 Trino is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km northeast of Prince, from the Latin root Princeps, is a general term for a Monarch, for a member of a monarch's or former monarch's family and is a Chieri is a town in the Province of Turin, Piedmont ( Italy) located about 11 km southeast of Turin (15 km by rail and 13 km by road Dronero is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southwest of The Royal Dukedom of Genoa was awarded in 1831 to Prince Ferdinand of Savoy the second son of King Charles Albert of Sardinia. Montferrat (in Piemontèis, Monfrà; in Italian, Monferrato) is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. A marquess (ˈmɑrkwɪs or marquis (/mɑrˈkiː/ is a Nobleman of hereditary rank in various European monarchies and some of their colonies Saluzzo is a town and former principality in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont region Italy. Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque The term " patrician " originally referred to a group of elite families in Ancient Rome, including both their natural and Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the

Family and children

5 Lire of 1874 representing Victor Emmanuel

In 1842 he married his cousin Maria Adelaide of Habsburg (1822-1855). Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Maria Adelaide ( 3 June 1822 - 20 January, 1855) was the first wife of Vittorio Emanuele II and as such became Queen of Sardinia By her he had eight children^[1]:

• Maria Clotilde of Savoy (1843-1911), who married Napoleon Joseph (the Prince Napoleon). Princess Ludovica Teresa Maria Clotilde of Savoy ( 2 March, 1843 – 25 June, 1911) was born in Turin to Vittorio Emanuele II Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte Prince Français Count of Meudon Count of Moncalieri ad personam (commonly known as Prince Napoléon) ( September 9 Their grandson Louis was the Bonaparte Pretender.
• Umberto (1844-1900), later King of Italy. Umberto I King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy ( Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy) English
• Amedeo (1845-1890), later King of Spain. Background Prince Amedeo of Savoy was born in Turin, Italy. He was the second son of Victor Emmanuel II (King of Piedmont, Savoy
• Oddone Eugenio (1846-1866), Duke of Montferrat. Montferrat (in Piemontèis, Monfrà; in Italian, Monferrato) is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy.
• Maria Pia of Savoy (1847-1911), who married Louis of Portugal. Maria Pia of Savoy ( 14 February 1847 - 5 July 1911) was a daughter of Victor Emmanuel II the first King of Italy by his Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Ancestors Marriages and descendants Louis married Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria
• Carlo Alberto (1851-1854), Duke of Chablais. Chablais was a former province of the Duchy of Savoy, with its historic capital in Thonon-les-Bains.
• Vittorio Emanuele (6 July 1852–6 July 1852). Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year
• Vittorio Emanuele (18 January 1855–17 May 1855), Count of Genoa. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English

In 1869 he married morganatically his principal mistress Rosa Teresa Vercellana Guerrieri (3 June 1833–26 December 1885). A morganatic marriage is a type of Marriage which can be contracted in certain countries usually between people of unequal Social rank, which prevents the passage Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Popularly known in Piedmontese as “Bela Rosin”, she was born a commoner but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858. Their offspring were:

• Vittoria Guerrieri (2 December 1848-1905), married three times and had issue. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting
• Emanuele Alberto Guerrieri (16 March 1851-1894), Count of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda, married and had issue. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Further offspring from other mistresses included:

Laura Bon at Stupinigi:

• Stillborn son (1852).
• Emanuela Maria Alberta Vittoria di Roverbella (6 September 1853-1880/1890). Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Virginia Rho at Turin:

• Vittorio di Rho (1861-Turin, 10 October 1913). Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He became a notable photographer. A photographer is a person who takes a Photograph using a Camera.
• Maria Pia di Rho (25 February 1866-Vienna, 19 April 1947). Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Unknown Mistress at Mondovì:

• Donato Etna (15 June 1858- Turin, 11 December 1938). Mondovì is a town and comune (township of Piedmont, northern Italy, ~70 km from Turin. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He became a much decorated soldier.

Baroness Vittoria Duplessis:

• A daughter, perhaps named Savoiarda. She died as an infant.

Quotes about Victor Emmanuel

• "While his father Charles Albert of Savoy was in Florence the cradle of the infant prince allegedly caught fire. Biography He was born in Turin in 1798 to Charles Emmanuel of Savoy 6th Prince of Carignano and Albertina Maria Cristina of Saxony. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The maid tending to the dauphin was reported to have saved the royal child while sustaining severe burns to her body, but in the same days a local butcher of Porta Romana named Tanaca denounced the disappearance of an infant child of his, which was never found". - This rumour was widely propagated by Massimo D'Azeglio and enjoyed considerable good fortune since Victor Emmanuel was very different from his father (who was very tall, spindly thin and had a timid, introverted and very intelligent personality). Massimo Taparelli marquis d'Azeglio ( October 24, 1798 - January 15, 1866) was an Italian Statesman, Novelist

• "He was a simple man who despised etiquette, brave to the point of recklessness but also lazy, uncouth, jealous, petty and boisterous".

Message issued by Umberto I immediately after his death:

• "Your first king died, his successor will prove that his legacy will live on". Umberto I King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy ( Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy) English

• "Among a heap of personal possessions, after his death, his son found a walking cane which he broke in two beating a priest who spoke ill of his main mistress Rosina and a life-size nude portrait of the Countess of Castiglione". Virginia Oldoini Countess di Castiglione ( 22 March[[ 837]]– 28 November[[ 899]] better known as La Castiglione, was an Italian Courtesan

The British Foreign Minister George Villiers said of Victor Emmanuel;

• There is universal agreement that Vittorio Emanuele is an imbecile; he is a dishonest man who tells lies to everyone; at this rate he will end up losing his crown and ruining both Italy and his dynasty. A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the Foreign policy of a sovereign nation George William Frederick Villiers 4th Earl of Clarendon ( January 12, 1800 - June 27, 1870) was an English diplomat and statesman The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A dynasty is a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations

Ancestry

See also

• Unification of Italy
• Italian Wars of Independence
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Count Cavour
• September Convention
• Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II

Notes

References

• Del Boca, Lorenzo (1998). Maledetti Savoia. Casale Monferrato: Piemme.  
• Gasparetto, Pier Francesco (1984). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Rusconi.  
• Godkin, G. S. (1880). Life of Victor Emmanuel II. Macmillan.  
• Mack Smith, Denis (2000). Storia d'Italia. Rome-Bari: Laterza. ISBN 88-420-6143-3.  
• Mack Smith, Denis (1995). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Mondadori. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, ( Borsa Italiana: MNDI is the second biggest Publishing company in Italy.  
• Pinto, Paolo (1997). Vittorio Emanuele II: il re avventuriero. Milan: Mondadori.  
• Rocca, Gianni (1993). Avanti, Savoia!: miti e disfatte che fecero l'Italia, 1848-1866. Milan: Mondadori.  

External links

• External link: Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
• View of Venezia Square Victor Emmanuel II monument

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region Biography He was born in Turin in 1798 to Charles Emmanuel of Savoy 6th Prince of Carignano and Albertina Maria Cristina of Saxony. The following is a list of monarchs of Kingdom of Sardinia. Early medieval rulers Goddas, 533&ndash534 Vandal governor Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Umberto I King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy ( Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy) English The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone