University of Notre Dame du Lac
Seal of the University of Notre Dame
Latin: Universitas Dominae Nostrae a Lacu
Motto:	Vita, Dulcedo, Spes Our Life, Our Sweetness, and Our Hope[1]
Established:	1842
Type:	Private, Coeducational
Religious affiliation:	Roman Catholic, Congregation of Holy Cross
Endowment:	$6. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group For the university see Salve Regina University. The " Salve Regina " is one of four Marian antiphons sung at different The date of establishment or date of founding of an Institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point Unlike Public universities, private universities generally do not receive direct operational funding from national or subnational governments and thus rely on private Mixed-sex education, (or just Mixed education) also known as Coeducation, is the integrated education to males and females at the same school facilities A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The Congregation of Holy Cross or Congregatio a Sancta Cruce (C A financial endowment is a Transfer of Money or Property donated to an Institution, usually with the stipulation that it be invested 54 billion[2]
President:	The Rev. John Jenkins, CSC
Provost:	Thomas Burish
Faculty:	1241[3]
Students:	11,603[4]
Undergraduates:	8,352
Postgraduates:	3,251
Location:	Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
Campus:	Suburban: 1,250 acres (5. University president is the title of the highest ranking officer within a University, within university systems that prefer that appellation over other variations such as John I Jenkins, CSC (born in Omaha Nebraska) is a Catholic Priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, and the 17th and current Provost is the title of a senior Academic administrator at many institutions of Higher education in the United States and Canada, the equivalent A faculty is a division within a University. The concept of a university with different faculties for different subjects dates back to Al-Azhar University, which had The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described Notre Dame Indiana is an Unincorporated community northeast of South Bend in St The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union The United States of America —commonly referred to as the South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U 1 km²)
Sports:	26 Division I NCAA teams
Colors:	Blue and Gold[1]
Nickname:	Fighting Irish
Mascot:	Leprechaun
Website:	http://www.nd.edu/

The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (our lady) (IPA: /ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm/) is a private Catholic research university located in Notre Dame, Indiana. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Division I (or D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations School colors are the Colors chosen by a School to represent it on uniforms and other items of identification The athletic nickname, or equivalently athletic moniker, of a University or College within the United States is the name officially adopted by The Notre Dame Fighting Irish are the varsity sports teams of the University of Notre Dame. The term mascot – defined as a term for any person animal or object thought to bring Luck – colloquially includes anything used to represent a group with a common In Irish mythology, a leprechaun (leipreachán A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Notre Dame Indiana is an Unincorporated community northeast of South Bend in St It was founded by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, who was also the school's first president. The Very Rev Edward Frederick Sorin, CSC (1814-1893 a priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross was the founder of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana The Congregation of Holy Cross or Congregatio a Sancta Cruce (C Founded as an all-male institution, it became co-educational in 1972. Mixed-sex education, (or just Mixed education) also known as Coeducation, is the integrated education to males and females at the same school facilities The school's Catholic identity is evident around campus with the ornate Basilica of the Sacred Heart together with numerous chapels and religious iconography.

The university is organized into five colleges and one professional school, the oldest of which awarded degrees as early as 1849. Many of the colleges' academic programs have been ranked highly in national publications, with the university as a whole ranked in the top 20 nationally by U.S. News and World Report. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D Many of the graduate programs participate in research endeavors, with a stated goal by the university president, Father John I. Jenkins, CSC, to become a pre-eminent research institution. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. John I Jenkins, CSC (born in Omaha Nebraska) is a Catholic Priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, and the 17th and current Additionally, the university's library system is one of the top-100 largest in the United States.

More than 80% of the University's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 27 single-sex residence halls, each of which field teams for more than a dozen intramural sports. Intramural sports or intramurals are recreational Sports organized within a school Notre Dame's alumni are located around the world and number near 120,000. ^[5]

Notre Dame is also known for its sports programs, especially its college football team. College football is American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities, Colleges and military academies The sports teams are members of the NCAA Division I, and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish, a name it adopted in the 1920s. Division I (or D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States The Notre Dame Fighting Irish are the varsity sports teams of the University of Notre Dame. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, and many members in the College Football Hall of Fame. Reasons for being Independent In recent years most Independent FBS schools have joined a conference for two primary The College Football Hall of Fame, located in South Bend Indiana, USA is a hall of fame and museum devoted to College football. Additionally, other sport teams, most members of the Big East Conference, have won 18 national championships throughout the years. The Big East Conference is a collegiate athletics conference consisting of seventeen Universities in the northeastern southeastern and midwestern United

History

The University's historic "God-quad" with the "Golden Dome" of the administration building visible. Many of the oldest buildings on campus are around this area.

Foundations

According to correspondence of the early French Jesuit missionaries, one of the first missions in northern Indiana was founded for the Potawatomi and Miami Indians on the St. Joseph River in about the year 1685. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie and Pottawatomi, among many variations) are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana, southwest Michigan and Ohio, and now living also in Oklahoma The St Joseph River (locally known as the St Joe) is a river approximately 210 mi (338 km long in southern Michigan and northern Indiana in the In 1686 Father Claude-Jean Allouez S. Claude Jean Allouez ( June 6, 1622 - August 28, 1689) was a Jesuit Missionary and French Explorer of North J. built the first log chapel in Indian Territory on the shore of the St. The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States Mary's Lake, establishing a mission post known as the St. Joseph Mission. The missionaries were later forced to neglect the region for over fifty years due to the French and Indian Wars and the suppression of the Society of Jesus. The French and Indian Wars is a name used in the United States for a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied The Suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal, France, the Two Sicilies, Parma and the Spanish Empire by 1767 was a result ^[6]

The Potawatomi elders remembered the faith taught to them by the missionaries, and in 1830 Leopold Pokagon appealed to Father Gabriel Richard of Detroit to send him a Catholic priest to help convert the younger members of his tribe. Leopold Pokagon ( - 1841 was a Potawatomi Wkema (chief Taking over from Topinabee, who died in 1826 Pokagon became the head of the Potawatomi Father Gabriel Richard ( October 15, 1767 – September 13, 1832) was a French Roman Catholic Priest who ^[7] Father Stephen Badin, the first priest ordained in the United States, returned with Pokagon to establish a mission school for the Indian children. Reverend Fr Stephen Theodore Badin (July 17 1768 - April 21 1853 was ordained a Priest by Bishop John Carroll, 25 May 1793 In 1831, he purchased 524 acres (212 ha) of land at St. Mary's Lake in St. Joseph County to establish an orphan asylum. St Joseph County is a County located in the US state of Indiana. A chapel was erected near the present site of the Log Chapel, but the orphanage idea was abandoned, and in 1835 Father Badin transferred all this property to Bishop Simon Bruté of the Dioceses of Vincennes. Simon William Gabriel Bruté (1779-1839 (Bruté de Rémur Simon William Gabriel American Prelate, first Roman Catholic Bishop of the The city of Vincennes is the County seat of Knox County, Indiana. Following his death in 1839, the new bishop, Father Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, transferred the property to Father Ferdinand Bach of the Fathers of Mercy in 1840 for the purpose of establishing a college there, but this attempt was unsuccessful. Célestine René Laurent Guynemer de la Hailandière ( May 3, 1798 &mdash May 1, 1882) was a French -born American Prelate The Fathers of Mercy (Congregatio Presbyterorum a Misericordia is a Catholic religious order of Missionary priests founded by the Very Rev However, Father Bach procured another 375 acres (152 ha) of land from Father Badwin, and both land titles returned to the Dioceses. ^[6]

In 1842, Guynemer de la Hailandière offered the original 524 acres (212 ha) to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a university in two years or the land title would revert back to the Dioceses. The Very Rev Edward Frederick Sorin, CSC (1814-1893 a priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross was the founder of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana The Congregation of Holy Cross or Congregatio a Sancta Cruce (C ^[8] Sorin traveled to the site with eight priests and began the school using Badin's old log chapel. They immediately acquired two students from the day of their arrival, Theodore Coquillard, the son of one of the South Bend's founders, and Clement Reckers, and set about building additions to the campus. South Bend is a city on the St Joseph river and a twin city of Mishawaka Indiana. Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official university charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15, 1844 after a push by State Senator John Defrees. University Charter redirects here For the middle school in California see University Charter School (Lemoore California U The Indiana General Assembly is the state legislature, or legislative branch of the state of Indiana. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year ^[9] Under the charter the school is officially named the University of Notre Dame du Lac, which means University of Our Lady of the Lake. Though the word Lac is singular, the university's campus actually contains two lakes. According to a legend, when Sorin arrived at the school, everything was frozen. He thought there was only one lake and named the university accordingly. ^[10] Although the university was originally only for male students, the female-only, Saint Mary's College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. Single-sex education ( SSE) is the practice of conducting Education where male and female students attend separate classes or in separate buildings Saint Mary's College is a private Catholic Liberal arts college founded in 1844 by the Sisters of the Holy Cross. The Sisters of the Holy Cross (CSC headquartered on the same grounds as Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame Indiana, is one of three Catholic congregations ^[11]

Early history

More students attended the college and the first degrees were awarded in 1849. ^[12] Additionally, the university was expanded with new buildings allowing more students and faculty to live, study, and eat at the university. ^[9] With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings were built to accommodate these programs. The original Main Building Sorin built just after Fr. Sorin arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building. This Main Building, and the library collection, was destroyed by a fire in April of 1879; however, it was rebuilt before the next school year. ^[13] The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. ^[14] Around the time of the fire, a Music Hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. ^[15] By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university. ^[16] By 1890, individual residence halls were built to house the increasing number of students. ^[17]

Notre Dame's administration building, featuring the famous golden dome topped by a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Co-educational institute

Notre Dame continued to grow over the years adding more colleges, programs, and even sports teams. This ecumenical article is about general Christian views on and veneration of the Virgin Mary By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce,^[18] Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. ^[19] The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president until 1972. At that time, then-president Father Theodore Hesburgh made the decision to admit women into the university. The Rev Theodore Martin Hesburgh, CSC, STD (born May 25, 1917)a priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, is President Emeritus ^[20] Two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year,^[21][22] while two others were converted for the next school year. ^[23][24] The first female student, a transfer from St. Mary's College, graduated in 1972 with a bachelor's degree in marketing. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and ^[20]

Modern

Currently Notre Dame is led by Father John I. Jenkins, the 17^th president of the university. John I Jenkins, CSC (born in Omaha Nebraska) is a Catholic Priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, and the 17th and current ^[25] Jenkins took over the position from Father Edward Malloy, on July 1, 2005. The Rev Edward Malloy, CSC (born May 3 1941) nicknamed "Monk" served from 1987 to 2005 as the 16th president of the University of Notre "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[26] In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies. ^[27] In addition to Jenkins' leadership, the university is governed by two groups, Fellows of the University and a Board of Trustees. Trustee is a Legal term that refers to a holder of property on behalf of a beneficiary. ^[28] These groups help to maintain the bylaws of the university and also elect officials for the university. A bylaw (sometimes also spelled by-law or byelaw) most commonly refers to a city or municipal law or ordinance passed under the authority of a Charter ^[29] Finally, the provost of the university, currently Dr. Provost is the title of a senior Academic administrator at many institutions of Higher education in the United States and Canada, the equivalent Thomas Burish, works under the president to oversee many of the academic activities and functions of the university. ^[30]

Campus

A statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes on campus

Notre Dame's campus is located in Notre Dame, Indiana, an unincorporated community in north Indiana, just north of South Bend and four miles (6 km) from the Michigan state line. Notre Dame Indiana is an Unincorporated community northeast of South Bend in St In Law, an unincorporated area is a region of land that is not a part of any Municipality. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union South Bend is a city on the St Joseph river and a twin city of Mishawaka Indiana. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. ^[31] Development of the campus began in the spring of 1843 when Father Sorin and some of his congregation built the "Old College", a building used for dormitories, a bakery, and a classroom. Dormitory typically refers in the United States to residence halls which are sleeping quarters or entire buildings primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for A year later, after an architect arrived, a small "Main Building" was built allowing for the launch of the college. ^[9] Today the campus lies on 1,250 acres (5. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U 1 km²) just south of the Indiana Toll Road and includes 137 buildings located on quads throughout the campus. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The Indiana Toll Road, officially the Indiana East-West Toll Road, is a tolled Highway running east-west across the northernmost part of Indiana ^[32]

Close up of the famous Golden Dome, which sits atop the main building

A number of the buildings that Father Sorin built still stand on the campus, while others have been replaced. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of the Holy Cross. A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students ^[33]The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Sorin's original church which became too small for the growing college and the Main Building, after a fire destroyed parts of it, has become home to Notre Dame's administration. There are two lakes located on campus, and near the lakes is the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was built in 1896 as a replica of the original in Lourdes, France. The apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes began on 11 February 1858 when Bernadette Soubirous, a 14-year old peasant girl from Lourdes admitted when questioned The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes or the Domain (as it is most commonly known is an area of ground surrounding the shrine ( Grotto) to Our Lady of Lourdes Lourdes ( Occitan: Lorda) is a town and commune situated in the southwest of the Hautes-Pyrénées department, lying in the first Pyrenean ^[34]

New buildings

The university continues to expand and add new buildings each year. Since 2004, many buildings have been built-the most prominent being the Debartolo Performing Arts Center,^[35] the Guglielmino Complex,^[36] and the Jordan Hall of Science. ^[37] Additionally, a new male residence hall, Duncan Hall, began construction on March 8, 2007,^[38] and will begin accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building and a law school addition are also currently under construction. ^[39]

London Centre

The university has had a presence in London since 1968. Since 1998, its London Centre has been based in the former United University Club at 1, Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The United University Club was a London Gentlemen's club, founded in 1821 The Centre enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London. ^[40]

Academics

The University's Coat of Arms

Notre Dame has a student body population of 11,603 total students and employs 1241 full-time faculty members and another 166 part-time members to give a student/faculty ratio of 13:1. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people ^[3] Named by Newsweek as one of the "25 New Ivies". Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. The Ivy League is an Athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. ^[41] It is an Oak Ridge Associated University. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, also referred to as ORAU, is a consortium of U ^[42]

Colleges

The College of Arts and Letters was established as the university's first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849. The College of Arts and Letters is the oldest and largest college within the University of Notre Dame ^[12] The university's first academic curriculum was modeled after the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum from Saint Louis University. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The Ratio Studiorum ( Latin: "Plan of Studies" often designates the document that formally established the globally influential system of Jesuit Saint Louis University (also known as SLU) is a private co-educational Jesuit University in the United States of America located in ^[43] Today the college, housed in O'Shaughnessy Hall,^[44] includes 21 departments in the areas of fine arts, humanities, and social sciences, and awards Bachelor of Arts (B. A. ) degrees in over 40 majors, making it the largest of the university's colleges. There are around 2,500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college. ^[45]

The College of Science was established at the university in 1865 by then-president Father Patrick Dillon. Dillon's scientific courses were six years of work, including higher-level mathematics courses. ^[46] Today the college, housed in the newly-built Jordan Hall of Science,^[47] includes over 1,200 undergraduates in five departments of study, biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, and pre-professional studies, each awarding Bachelor of Science (B. A Bachelor of Science ( BS, BSc or BSc in the UK; less commonly S S. ) degrees. ^[48] According to university statistics, its science pre-professional program has one of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the United States. ^[49]

The School of Architecture was established in 1899,^[50] although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898. The School of Architecture at the University of Notre Dame is the oldest architecture school at a Catholic institution in the United States ^[51] Today the school, housed in Bond Hall,^[52] offers a five year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree. One year of study is completed in Rome by all students enrolled in the school. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 ^[53]

The College of Engineering was established in 1920,^[54] however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s. ^[55] Today the college, housed in the Cushing Hall of Engineering,^[56] includes five departments of study in aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering, with eight B. S. degrees offered. Additionally, the college offers five year dual degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding additional B. A. and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees, respectively. The Master of Business Administration ( MBA) is a Master's degree in Business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines ^[57]

The Mendoza College of Business was established by Father John F. O'Hara in 1921, although a foreign commerce program was launched in 1917. The Mendoza College of Business is one of the colleges at the University of Notre Dame, which is located in Notre Dame Indiana of the United States. John Francis Cardinal O'Hara, CSC, ( August 1, 1888 &mdash August 28, 1960) was an American Prelate ^[58] Today the college offers degrees in accountancy, finance, management, and marketing and enrolls over 1,600 students. ^[59]

All of Notre Dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the First Year of Studies program. The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. First year, or freshman, is a term in an educational setting often used to describe a student's status during their first year at an educational institution Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. ^[60] The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. ^[61] This program has been recognized previously, by U. S. News & World Report, as outstanding. ^[62]

Graduate and professional schools

The exterior of the Notre Dame Law School

The University first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LL. The Master of Laws is an advanced Academic degree, or research degree and is commonly abbreviated LL M. ) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (Ph. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement D. ) degrees. ^[63] Today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer Ph. D. programs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M. In Christian Theology, the Master of Divinity ( MDiv, Magister Divinitatis in Latin) is the first Professional degree Div. ) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer Ph. D. programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture, while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer Ph. The Master of Architecture (MArch degree is the degree earned through several possible paths of study depending on both a particular program's construction and the candidate's previous D. programs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs including MBA and Master of Science in Accountancy programs. Master of Accountancy ( MAcc, MAc, or MAcy) alternatively Master of Professional Accountancy ( MPAcy or MPA) or Master It also operates facilities in Chicago and Cincinnati for its executive MBA program. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. ^[64] Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years. The Master of Education (MEd MAEd or EdM is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in a large number of countries See also Primary education An elementary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory education known as elementary Middle school or Junior High School serves as a "bridge" between the Elementary School and the High School High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive ^[65]

In addition to the programs offered by each of the colleges, the Notre Dame Law School offers a professional program for students. The University of Notre Dame Law School, or NDLS, is the professional graduate law program of its parent institution the University of Notre Dame. Established in 1869, Notre Dame was the first Catholic university in the United States to have a law program. A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is an institution specializing in Legal education. ^[19] Today the program has consistently ranked among the top law schools in the nation according to US News and World Report. ^[66] The Law School grants the professional Juris Doctor degree as well as the graduate LL. Juris Doctor (abbreviated JD or JD, from the Latin, Teacher of Law) is a first professional graduate degree and Professional M. and Doctor of Juridical Science degrees. Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. ^[64] Currently, the law school is experiencing an expansion that will double the size of its learning space and is expected to be in operation for the Spring 2009 semester. It is the only accredited American law school to offer a full year of study abroad in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Theodore Hesburgh Library, with the Word of Life mural, popularly known as "Touchdown Jesus"

Libraries

The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The Rev Theodore Martin Hesburgh, CSC, STD (born May 25, 1917)a priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, is President Emeritus The main building is the fourteen-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. ^[67] The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural. A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface This mural is popularly known as "Touchdown Jesus" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown. Touchdown Jesus is a Slang expression for artwork depicting Jesus Christ in a posture that resembles the symbol for a Touchdown in American football Notre Dame Stadium is the home football Stadium for the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team A touchdown is the primary method of scoring in American and Canadian football. ^[68][69] The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry & Physics, Engineering, Law, the Life Sciences, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business and the Kellogg/Kroc Institute for Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. ^[70] The library system holds over three-million volumes and is one of the top–100 largest libraries in the country. ^[71]

Rankings

See also: College and university rankings

Notre Dame ranked 19^th overall in the United States in U.S. News and World Report's best colleges. In Higher education, college and university rankings are listings of Universities and Liberal arts colleges in an order determined by any combination of USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D ^[72] U. S. News and World Report also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22^nd overall, and the Gourman Report, which is published by the Princeton Review, ranks the Law School at 18^th. BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business graduate school as 26^th overall. ^[66][73] Additionally, The Washington Monthly ranked the university 13^th nationally in its 2006 edition. ^[74] BusinessWeek also ranked the undergraduate business program as 3^rd nationally. BusinessWeek is a business Magazine published by McGraw-Hill. ^[75] The Philosophical Gourmet Report ranked Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 13^th nationally,^[76] while ARCHITECT Magazine, ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12^th nationally. The Philosophical Gourmet Report (also known as the Leiter Report) edited by Philosophy and Law professor Brian Leiter &mdash in response to the Gourman ^[77] Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57. Studying abroad is the act of a Student pursuing Educational opportunities in a foreign country 6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. ^[78]

Research

Notre Dame has a long history of scientific research. In 1882, Professor Albert Zahm built the first wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. A wind tunnel is a research tool developed to assist with studying the effects of air moving over or around solid objects Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. Also, in 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Reverend Julius Arthur Nieuwland, CSC PhD, (February 14 1878&ndashJune 11 1936 was a Belgian -born Holy Cross Priest and professor Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic Rubbers that are produced by Polymerization of Chloroprene. ^[79] Additionally, nuclear physics study at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936. Nuclear physics is the field of Physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of Atomic nuclei. ^[80]

Today, research continues in many fields, as the current university president, Father Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. ^[27] The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns. Peace and conflict studies is an " Academic field which identifies and analyzes the violent and nonviolent behaviors as well as the structural mechanisms ^[81] Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, ^[82][83]genome mapping,^[84] the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China,^[85] studies in fluid mechanics,^[86] and marketing trends on the internet. Genome projects are Scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete Genome sequence of an Organism (be it an Animal, a The balance of trade (or net exports, sometimes symbolized as NX) is the difference between the monetary value of Exports and imports in an Fluid mechanics is the study of how Fluids move and the Forces on them ^[87]

Endowment

Notre Dame's financial endowment was started in the early 1920s by then-president of the university, Father James Burns, and increased to $7 million by 1952 when Father Hesburgh became president. A financial endowment is a Transfer of Money or Property donated to an Institution, usually with the stipulation that it be invested The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been By the 1980s it reached $150 million, and in 2000 it returned a record 57. 9% investment. ^[88] For the 2007 fiscal year, the endowment had grown to approximately $6. A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is a period used for calculating annual ("yearly" Financial statements in Businesses 5 billion, putting the university in the top–15 largest endowments in the country. ^[2]

Students

The Notre Dame student body consists of 11,603 students, with 8,352 undergraduates and 3,251 graduate and professional students^[4] Around 21–24% of students are children of alumni,^[89] and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. A graduate school or ("grad school" is a school that awards advanced degrees such as doctoral degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned ^[4] The Princeton Review ranks the school as the fifth highest "dream school" for parents to send their children. The Princeton Review (TPR is an American educational preparation company ^[90] The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity,^[91] and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which "Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative". ^[92] However, it has also been commended by publications such as Hispanic Magazine, ranking the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for Latinos,^[93] and the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education for raising enrollment of African-American students. Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically ^[94] With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program has been named by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country,^[95] while The Princeton Review named it as the top school where "Everyone Plays Intramural Sports". Intramural sports or intramurals are recreational Sports organized within a school Sports Illustrated is an American Sports Magazine owned by media conglomerate Time Warner. ^[96] The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year,^[97] while the Notre Dame Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for Bangladesh. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ^[98]

Residence halls

Main article: List of residence halls at the University of Notre Dame

About 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. There are currently 28 Residence halls at the University of Notre Dame. ^[4] The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 27 residence halls and Old College pre-seminary^[99] Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 14 male dorms and 13 female dorms. Dormitory typically refers in the United States to residence halls which are sleeping quarters or entire buildings primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for ^[100] The university enforces a visitation policy (known as parietals) on those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit, however, most residence halls have 24 hour social spaces in which parietals are not enforced. There are no fraternities or sororities at the university, but many students live in the same residence hall for all four years fostering a strong sense of community. Fraternities and sororities (from the Latin words la frater and la soror, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively are fraternal Some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural American football. A military academy or service academy (American English is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the Army the Navy Air Force ^[101]

The Basilica of the Sacred Heart on Notre Dame's campus

Religious life

With the university affiliated with the Congregation of the Holy Cross, its Catholic identity permeates into student life. More than 93% of students identify as Christian, while over 80% are Catholics. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth ^[102] The Basilica of the Sacred Heart is on campus and each residence hall has a chapel. A chapel is a holy place or area of Worship for Christians, which may be attached to an institution such as a large church, a College, a Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. ^[101] There are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of Mary on the Main Building, the Notre Dame Grotto, and the Word of Life mural on Hesburgh Library depicting Christ as a teacher. Additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one fixed to a cross" is a cross with a representation of Jesus ' body or corpus ^[91] There are many religious clubs at the school, including Council #1477 of the Knights of Columbus (KOC), Communion and Liberation of Notre Dame, Baptist Collegiate Ministry, Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship and many more. The Knights of Columbus is the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization Communion and Liberation, or CL is a lay ecclesial movement within the Catholic Church. The Notre Dame KOC are known for being the first collegiate council of KOC, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. Concession stand is the term used to refer to a place where Patrons can purchase Snacks or Food at a cinema, Fair, Stadium ^[103]

Student-run media

Like most universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include a number of newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. The three newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news. ^[104] In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper Irish Rover went into production. Neither paper are published as often as The Observer, however, all three are distributed to all students. ^[105] The television station, NDtv, grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24 hour channel with original programming by September 2006. NDtv, or Notre Dame Television is a Student television station funded by the University of Notre Dame that airs on Notre Dame campus cable channel ^[106] The radio station, WVFI, began as a partner of WSND-FM, however, has since been airing independently on the internet. ^[107] Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876,^[108] the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. Scholastic (skɒˈlæstɪk or /skoʊˈlæstɪk/ is the official student publication of the University of Notre Dame. The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. ^[105] The Dome yearbook is published annually. In Spring 2008 the undergraduate journal for political science research, Beyond Politics, will make its debut.

Alumni

Main articles: List of University of Notre Dame alumni and List of University of Notre Dame athletes

Notre Dame alumni number near 120,000,^[109] and are members of 275 alumni clubs around the world. This list of the University of Notre Dame alumni, includes graduates non-graduate former students and current students of Notre Dame and its graduate and professional schools This list of University of Notre Dame athletes includes graduates non-graduate former students and current students of Notre Dame who are notable for their achievements within ^[110] Many alumni give yearly monetary support to the university, with a school-record 53. 2% giving some donation in 2006. ^[111] Many buildings on campus are named for those whose donations allowed their building, including residence halls,^[112][113] classroom buildings,^[114] and the performing arts center. ^[35]

Notre Dame alumni work in various fields. Alumni working in political fields include state governors,^[115] members of the United States Congress,^[116] and current United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States ^[117] A number of university heads are alumni, including Notre Dame's current president, Rev. John Jenkins. ^[118] Additionally, many alumni are in the media, including talk show hosts Regis Philbin and Phil Donahue,^[119][120] and television and radio personalities such as Mike Golic and Hannah Storm. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Regis Francis Xavier Philbin (born August 25, 1931) is an Emmy Award -winning American Television personality and occasional Actor Phillip John "Phil" Donahue (born December 21, 1935 in Cleveland Ohio) is an American media personality and Writer, best known as Michael Louis "Mike" Golic (born December 12, 1962 in Willowick Ohio) is a co-host of ESPN Radio 's Mike and Mike in the Hannah Storm (born Hannah Storen on June 13, 1962, in Atlanta Georgia) is co-anchor of ESPN's Sportscenter airing live from 9 a ^[121][122] With the university having high profile sports teams, a number of alumni became a part of sports teams, including professional baseball, basketball, and football players, such as Joe Montana,^[123] Megan Duffy,^[124] and Jeff Samardzija,^[125] current collegiate head football coaches, such as Notre Dame coach Charlie Weis,^[126] and former football coaches, such as Knute Rockne. For the actor with a similarly pronounced name see Joe Mantegna. Megan Duffy (born July 13, 1984) is an American professional Basketball player in the WNBA, currently playing for the New Jeffrey Alan Samardzija (born January 23, 1985 in Merrillville Indiana) is an American Baseball Pitcher with the Charles Joseph (Charlie Weis (born March 30, 1956 in Trenton New Jersey) is the Head coach of the University of Notre Dame Knute (pronounced "kah-noot" ("noot" is the anglicized nickname Kenneth Rockne ( March 4, 1888 &ndash March 31, ^[127] Other notable alumni include prominent businessman Edward J. DeBartolo Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee. Edward John DeBartolo Jr (born November 6, 1946 in Youngstown Ohio) is an American businessman who developed Shopping malls as part of his father's An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained James Donald "Wxb" Wetherbee (born 27 November 1952) is a American Naval officer and a former NASA Astronaut. ^[128][129]

Athletics

The interlocking ND is the logo for the university's athletic teams

Main article: Notre Dame Fighting Irish

Notre Dame's NCAA Division I teams are known as the Fighting Irish. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish are the varsity sports teams of the University of Notre Dame. Division I (or D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States This name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137 ^[130] The official colors of Notre Dame are "madonna blue" and "papal gold,"^[131] which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. ^[132] The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. The Notre Dame leprechaun is the mascot of the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. For the British footballer see Ted Drake; for the physician see Theodore Drake Theodore "Ted" W Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November of 1964 and gained national exposure. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and ^[133]

The university offers 26 varsity sports, 13 each for men and women. In the United States and Canada, varsity sports teams are the principal athletic teams representing a College, University, High ^[134] 21 of these teams compete in the Big East Conference,^[135] while football is Independent,^[136] both fencing teams are in the Midwest Fencing Conference,^[137] the hockey team is in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association,^[138] and the men's lacrosse team is in the Great Western Lacrosse League. The Big East Conference is a collegiate athletics conference consisting of seventeen Universities in the northeastern southeastern and midwestern United Reasons for being Independent In recent years most Independent FBS schools have joined a conference for two primary Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand Hockey is any of a family of Sports in which two teams compete by trying to maneuver a Ball, or a hard round rubber or heavy plastic disc called a puck The Central Collegiate Hockey Association is a college athletic conference which operates mostly in Michigan and Ohio, although it also has members in Alaska Lacrosse is a full contact Team sport played using a solid rubber ball and long handled racket called a crosse or Lacrosse stick. History The original members were Air Force Butler Denver Notre Dame and Ohio State ^[139] The university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports. A marching band is in the broadest terms a group of performers that consist of instrumental Musicians and sometimes dance teams / color guard who generally perform The band, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a "Landmark of American Music" during the United States Bicentennial. The United States Bicentennial was celebrated on Sunday July 4, 1976, the 200th Anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence ^[140] The band regularly plays the school's fight song the Notre Dame Victory March, which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by Northern Illinois Professor William Studwell. A fight song is primarily an American and Canadian sports term referring to a Song associated with a team The " Notre Dame Victory March " is the Fight song for the University of Notre Dame. Northern Illinois University (NIU is a Public university located in DeKalb Illinois. ^[141]

Football

Main article: Notre Dame Fighting Irish football

Notre Dame Stadium on the university campus

The Notre Dame football team has a long history, first beginning when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students. Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the football team of the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States Notre Dame Stadium is the home football Stadium for the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team The Michigan Wolverines football program represents the University of Michigan. ^[142] In the long history since then, 13 Irish teams have won consensus national championships (although the university only claims 11),^[134] along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source. ^[143] Additionally, the program has the most members in the College Football Hall of Fame,^[144][145] is tied with the University of Southern California(USC) and The Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won,^[146] and have the second highest winning percentage in NCAA history. The College Football Hall of Fame, located in South Bend Indiana, USA is a hall of fame and museum devoted to College football. The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly The Ohio State University ( OSU) is a Coeducational public Research university in the state of Ohio. In Sports, a winning percentage is the Fraction of games or matches a team or individual has won ^[147] With the long history, Notre Dame has accumulated many rivals, and its annual game against USC for the Jeweled Shillelagh has been named by some as the second greatest college football rivalry ever. See also Notre Dame Fighting Irish football Notre Dame Fighting Irish football rivalries refers to rivalries of the University of Notre Dame The USC Trojans football program established in 1888, is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA Division History See also Notre Dame-USC rivalry The trophy was originally presented in 1952 by the Notre Dame Alumni Club of Los Angeles stating that "this shillelagh ^[148]

Today the team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795 seat stadium on campus. ^[149] The team is coached by Charlie Weis who was named as coach on December 12, 2004,^[126] and is currently signed to coach until 2015. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " ^[150] After three years coaching the Irish, Weis has accumulated a 22–15 record,^[151] and led his team to two Bowl Championship Series bowl games. The Bowl Championship Series ( BCS) is a selection system designed to give the top two teams in the NCAA FBS Bowl Subdivision System an opportunity to compete in a "national In the United States, a bowl game is traditionally a post-season College football game however the term "bowl" has become synonymous with a major American ^[152] However, the 2007 team had the most losses ever for the school. The 2007 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the College football team that represents the University of Notre Dame in the 2007 NCAA Division I-A ^[153] The football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $22. 1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. Forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007. Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly ^[154]

Men's basketball

Main article: Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball

The men's basketball team has over 1,600 wins, one of only 12  schools who have reached that mark, and have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball team is the intercollegiate men's basketball program representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame The NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship is a single elimination Tournament held each spring featuring 65 College basketball teams in the ^[155] Former player, Austin Carr, holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61. Austin George Carr (born March 10 1948) is a retired American professional Basketball player for the National Basketball Association ^[156] Although the team has never won the NCAA Tournament, they were named by the Helms Foundation as national champions twice. The Helms Athletic Foundation was an athletic foundation based in Los Angeles, founded in 1936 by Bill Schroeder and Paul Helms ^[155] The team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams, the most notable of which was ending UCLA's record 88 game winning streak in 1974. An upset occurs in a Competition, frequently in electoral Politics or Sports, when the party popularly expected to win (the favourite The UCLA Bruins men's basketball program established in 1920 owns a record 11 NCAA championships ^[157] The team has beaten an additional eight number one teams, and those nine wins rank second, to UCLA's 10, all-time in wins against the top team. ^[155] Currently, the team plays in the 11,418 seat, Edmund P. Joyce Center. The Joyce Center is an 11418-seat multi-purpose Arena in Notre Dame Indiana just north of South Bend Indiana. ^[158] The team is coached by Mike Brey, who, as of the 2006–07 season, his seventh, has achieved a 142–78 record. Mike Brey (born March 22, 1959 in Bethesda Maryland) is an American College basketball coach ^[159]

Other sports

See also: Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey

Notre Dame has been successful in other sports besides football, with an additional 14 national championships in various sports. History Notre Dame Hockey has existed on and off as both a club and varsity sport since 1912 Three teams have won multiple national championships with the fencing team leading them with seven,^[160] followed by the men's tennis and women's soccer teams each with two. Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered ^[161][162] Also, the men's cross country,^[163] men's golf,^[164] and women's basketball teams each won one in their histories. Cross Country running is a Sport of running Compete to complete a course over open or rough terrain faster than other teams ^[165] Additionally, in the first ten years that Notre Dame competed in the Big East Conference its teams won a total of 64 championships. ^[166]

References

See also

• Notre Dame, Our Mother

External links

• http://www.nd.edu — Official university site
• http://und.cstv.com — Official Notre Dame athletics site
• University of Notre Dame Online
• http://alumni.nd.edu - Official Alumni Association Web Site

• University of Notre Dame is at coordinates 41°42′11″N 86°14′20″W / 41.702995, -86.238972 (University of Notre Dame)Coordinates: 41°42′11″N 86°14′20″W / 41.702995, -86.238972 (University of Notre Dame)