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University of Al-Karaouine
جامعة القرويين
Jāma`at al-Qarawīīn
Interior of the Al Karaouine Mosque and University
Interior of the Al Karaouine Mosque and University
Established:859
Type:Islamic
Religious affiliation:Sunni
Location:Fes, Morocco
Campus:Urban

The University of Al-Karaouine or Al-Qarawiyyin (Arabic: جامعة القرويين‎) (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin, Kairouyine, Kairaouine, Qairawiyin, Qaraouyine, Quaraouiyine, Quarawin, and Qaraouiyn) is a university located in Fes, Morocco. The date of establishment or date of founding of an Institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Founded in 859, the university is one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the Muslim world and is considered the oldest continuously operating institution of higher learning in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a list of the oldest extant universities in the world. Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U [1]

The university has produced numerous scholars who have strongly influenced the intellectual and academic history of the Muslim world. Among these are Abu Abdullah Al-Sati, Abu Al-Abbas al-Zwawi, Ibn Rashid Al-Sabti (d. 721 AH/1321 CE), Ibn Al-Haj Al-Fasi (d. 737 AH/1336 CE) Abu Madhab Al-Fasi, a leading theorist of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence and Leo Africanus, a renowed traveler and writer. The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Joannes Leo Africanus was the Latin name of Hasan ibn Muhammed al-Wazzan al-Fasi ( Granada 1488? &ndash 1554?

Al Karaouine University played a leading role in cultural and academic relations between the Islamic world and Europe in the middle ages. The greatest non-Muslim alumnus of the university was the Jewish philosopher and theologian Maimonides (1135-1204), who studied under Abdul Arab Ibn Muwashah. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and The cartographer Mohammed al-Idrisi, whose maps aided European exploration in the Renaissance is said to have lived in Fes for some time, suggesting that he may have worked or studied at Al Karaouine. Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti or simply El Idrisi ( Arabic أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي Latin: The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere

Contents

History

The University of Al-Karaouine is part of a mosque, founded in 859 by Fatima Al-Fihria, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed Al-Fihri. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The Al-Fihri family had migrated from Kairouan (hence the name of the university), Tunisia to Fes in the early 9th century, joining a community of other migrants from Kairouan who had settled in a western district of the city. Kairouan ( Arabic القيروان (also known as Kirwan, Al Qayrawan) is a Muslim holy city which ranks after Mecca, Medina Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Fatima and her sister Mariam, both of whom were well educated, inherited a large amount of money from their father. Fatima vowed to spend her entire inheritance on the construction of a mosque suitable for her community. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger [2].

In addition to a place for worship, the mosque soon developed into a place for religious instruction and political discussion, gradually extending its education to a broad range of subjects, particularly the natural sciences. This article refers to the religious act For the album by Michael W In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of In 1957, King Mohammed V introduced mathematics, physics, chemistry and foreign languages. Mohammed V ( August 10, 1909 &ndash February 26, 1961) (محمد الخامس was Sultan of Morocco from 1927 to [3]

The university gained the patronage of politically powerful sultans. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings It compiled a large selection of manuscripts that were kept at a library founded by the Marinid Sultan Abu Inan Faris in 1349. The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name Abu Inan Faris ( أبو عنان فارس بن علي) (born in 1329 was a Marinid ruler Among the most precious manuscripts currently housed in the university library are volumes from the famous Al-Muwatta of Malik written on gazelle parchment, the Sirat Ibn Ishaq, a copy of the Qur'an given to the university by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur in 1602, and the original copy of Ibn Khaldun's book Al-'Ibar. The Muwaṭṭa (الموطأ is an early statement of Muslim law compiled and edited by Imam Malik. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Malik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn 'Amr al-Asbahi ( Arabic مالك بن أنس Parchment is a thin material made from Calfskin, Sheepskin or goatskin. Ahmad I al-Mansur (أحمد المنصور السعدي (also Ahmed el-Mansour and El-Mansour Eddahbi (the Golden (أحمد المنصور الذهبي was Sultan Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 [4] Among the subjects taught, alongside the Qur'an and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), are grammar, rhetoric, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, history, geography and music. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time.

Al-Karaouine played, in medieval times, a leading role in the cultural exchange and transfer of knowledge between Muslims and Europeans. Pioneer scholars such as Ibn Maimun (Maimonides), (1135-1204), Al-Idrissi (d. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti or simply El Idrisi ( Arabic أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي Latin: 1166 AD), Ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240 AD), Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 AD), Ibn al-Khatib, Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius), Ibn Hirzihim, and Al-Wazzan were all connected with the university either as students or lecturers. For the Sufi scholar see Ibn Arabi. Ibn al-Arabi (أبو بكر بن العربي is not the famous Sufi Ibn Arabi, although the Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib or Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Said ibn Ali ibn Ahmad al-Salmani (1313 (in Loja near Granada) -1374 (in Fez) was a Joannes Leo Africanus was the Latin name of Hasan ibn Muhammed al-Wazzan al-Fasi ( Granada 1488? &ndash 1554? Among Christian scholars visiting Al-Karaouine were the Belgian Nicolas Cleynaerts and the Dutch Golius. Nicolas Cleynaerts ( Clenardus or Clenard) ( December 5, 1495 - 1542 Flemish Grammarian and traveller was born at Jacob Golius (born Jacob van Gool, aka Jacob Gohl (German and Iacobo Golio (Italian (1596 The Hague - Sep 28 1667 [5]. History reports on Lyautey, the French general who led the French "civilising Mission" in Morocco by calling al-Karaouine "the Dark House".

Architecture of the mosque

Successive dynasties expanded the Al Karaouine mosque until it became the largest in North Africa, with a capacity of more than 20,000 worshipers. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Compared with the great mosques of Isfahan or Istanbul, the design is austere. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey The columns and arches are plain white; the floors are covered in reed mats, not lush carpets. Yet the seemingly endless forest of arches creates a sense of infinite majesty and intimate privacy, while the simplicity of the design compliments the finely decorated niches, pulpit and outer courtyard, with its superb tiles, plasterwork, woodcarvings and paintings.

The present form of the mosque is the result of a long historical evolution over the course of more than 1,000 years. Originally the mosque was about 30 meters long with a courtyard and four transverse aisles. The first expansion was undertaken in 956, by Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, Abd-ar-Rahman III. The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Abd-ar-Rahman III ( ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh; Arabic: عبد الرحمن الثالث January 11 889 – October The prayer hall was extended and the minaret was relocated, taking on a square form that served as a model for countless North African minarets. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة At this time it became a tradition that other mosques of Fes would make the call to prayer only after they heard Al Karaouine.

The most extensive reconstruction was carried out in 1135 under the patronage of the Almoravid ruler sultan Ali Ibn Yusuf who ordered the extension of the mosque from 18 to 21 aisles, expanding the structure to more than 3,000 square meters. The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during Ali ibn Yusuf (علي بن يوسف (died in 1142 was a Al-Murabitoon ruler in North Africa and Al-Andalus who was an ethnic Berber, reigned Some accounts suggest that Ali Ibn Yusuf employed two Andalusian architects who also built the central aisle of the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, Algeria, in 1136. Ali ibn Yusuf (علي بن يوسف (died in 1142 was a Al-Murabitoon ruler in North Africa and Al-Andalus who was an ethnic Berber, reigned Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Tlemcen is a town in Northwestern Algeria, and the capital of the the province of the same name. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's The mosque acquired its present, Córdoban appearance at this time, featuring horseshoe arches and ijmiz frames decorated with beautiful geometrical and floral Andalusian art, bordered with Kufic calligraphy. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts and consists of a modified form of the old Nabataean script.

In the 16th century, the Saadis restored the mosque, adding two patios to the northern and southern ends of the courtyard.

See also

External links

References and notes

  1. ^ The Guinness Book Of Records, Published 1998, ISBN 0-5535-7895-2, P. This is a list of the oldest extant universities in the world. Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction The following category is a list of Universities in Morocco. Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan - Tanger "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. 242
  2. ^ see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447.
  3. ^ Renaissance in Fez - Time magazine (Monday, Oct. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and 24, 1960)
  4. ^ see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447,
  5. ^ see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447,
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