Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Sortition, also known as allotment, is an equal-chance method of selection by some form of lottery such as drawing coloured pebbles from a bag A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an Election. A show election or a sham election is an Election that is held purely for show that is without any significant political purpose A Fixed-term election is an Election that occurs on a set date and cannot be changed by the incumbent politician A general election is an Election in which all or most members of a given political body are up for election A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates Indirect election is a process in which voters in an Election do not actually choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice Local Elections vary widely across Jurisdictions In Electoral systems that roughly follow the Westminster model, a terminology has evolved A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Apportionment is the process of allocating political power among a set of principles (or defined constituencies In multiple-party democratic primary elections crossover voting refers to a technique used by voters in which ballots are cast for the party a voter is opposed to in order to elect Gerrymandering is a form of redistribution in which electoral district or Constituency boundaries are manipulated for electoral advantage Redistricting, a form of redistribution, is the process of changing of political Borders in the United States The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral A voting system allows voters to choose between options often in an Election where candidates are selected for public office. Elections by country gives information on Elections For each De jure and De facto sovereign state and dependent territory The list of election results by country gives information on Elections For each De jure and De facto sovereign state and Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally For the 2008 British film by Noel Clarke see Adulthood (film. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position)

In the first modern democracies only a limited number of people had a say in the running of the government - for example in the United Kingdom only Protestant, male landowners with relatively large holdings had the right to vote. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Landholder or landowner is a holder of the Estate in land with considerable rights of ownership or simply put an owner of land Suffrage depended on local custom before 1832, so there were exceptions. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally In all modern democracies the number of people who could vote increased gradually with time. The 19th century featured movements advocating universal male suffrage - the extension to all males regardless of social standing or race. Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. The democratic movement of the late 19th century, unifying Liberals and Social Democrats, particularly in northern Europe, used the slogan Equal and Common Suffrage. Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland The Movement for Universal Suffrage consisted of a social, economic and political movement aimed at extending suffrage to people of all races. A political movement is a Social movement working in the area of Politics.

Expanding suffrage

The first movements toward universal suffrage (or manhood suffrage) occurred in the early 19th century, and focused on removing property requirements for voting. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the focus of universal suffrage movement became the removal of restrictions against women having the right to vote. Suffragette is a term originally coined by the Daily Mail newspaper as a derogatory label for the more radical and Militant members of the

Several countries which had enacted universal suffrage had their normal legal process, or their existence, interrupted during the Second World War. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Many societies in the past have denied people the right to vote on the basis of race or ethnicity. For example, non-white people could not vote in national elections during apartheid-era South Africa, until the system came to an end with the first free multi-party elections in 1994. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa In the pre-Civil Rights Era American South, black people often technically had the right to vote, but various means prevented many of them from exercising that right. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The Ku Klux Klan formed after the American Civil War, largely to intimidate black people and to prevent them from voting. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

Other disenfranchisement

Some so-called "universal" suffrage systems still exclude some potential voters. Disenfranchisement or disfranchisement is the revocation of the right of Suffrage (the right to vote to a person or group of people or rendering a person's vote For example, some jurisdictions deny the vote to various categories of convicted criminals or the mentally ill, and almost all jurisdictions deny the vote to non-citizen residents and citizens under the age of 18. Felony disenfranchisement is the term used to describe the practice of prohibiting persons from Voting based on the fact that they have been convicted of a Felony Many states within the USA used to disenfranchise paupers, persons who either paid no direct taxes or those receiving public assistance. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and

There are also differing degrees of legal recognition of non-resident citizens: non-resident Italians have a representative at-large in the Italian parliament; U. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest At-Large is a designation for representative members of a governing body who are Elected or appointed to represent the whole membership of the body (for example a city state The Parliament of Italy ( Parlamento Italiano) is the national parliament of Italy. S. citizens voting abroad vote as residents of the last state where they (or their parents) lived; Britons, however, can not vote for their national parliament unless they have lived in the U. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories K. in the last five years. A few nations also restrict those who are involved in the military or police forces, as it is in the case of Kuwait. Human Rights in Kuwait Out of the six GCC states human rights record in Kuwait is arguably the best ^[1]

The development/integration of the European Union has changed a few matters. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Citizens of an EU Member-State are allowed to vote in E.U. parliamentary elections, as well as some local elections. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU For example, a Briton living in Graz, Austria, would be able to vote in for the European Parliament as a resident of the "electoral district" of Austria, and to vote in Graz municipal elections. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Graz (etymologically from Slovene: Gradec IPA /gradeʦ/ "little castle" with a population of around 290000 as of 2008 (of which 252852 have principal Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich He would, however, not be able to vote in Austrian (federal) elections, or Styrian (state) elections. Styria (Steiermark is a state or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. On the other hand, all residents of a municipality in the UK are allowed to vote for representatives of the local council, regardless of citizenship.

Universal suffrage in the world

States have granted and revoked universal suffrage at various times, including Brunei since 1962. The politics of Brunei take place in a framework of an Absolute monarchy, whereby the Sultan of Brunei is both Head of state and Head of

Women suffrage

Main article: Women's suffrage

The first women's suffrage was granted in Corsica in 1755 and lasted until 1769. In November 1755 Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, independent from the Republic of Genoa.

Women's suffrage (with the same property qualifications as for men) was next granted in New Jersey in 1776 (the word "inhabitants" was used instead of "men") and rescinded in 1807. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

The Pitcairn Islands granted restricted women's suffrage in 1838. Various other countries and states granted restricted women's suffrage in the latter half of the nineteenth century, starting with South Australia in 1861.

The first unrestricted women's suffrage in terms of voting rights (women were not initially permitted to stand for election) in a major country was granted in New Zealand. The women's suffrage bill was adopted mere weeks before the general election of 1893. A general election is an Election in which all or most members of a given political body are up for election

South Australia first granted women suffrage and allowed them to stand for parliament in 1894.

In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic allowed women the right of passive suffrage with three women being elected. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country During the discussion to extend their right to active suffrage, the Radical Socialist Victoria Kent confronted the Radical Clara Campoamor. Victoria Kent ( Málaga, 1898 - New York, 1987 was a Spanish Lawyer and republican politician Kent argued that Spanish women were not yet prepared to vote and, since they were too influenced by the Catholic Church they would vote for right-wing candidates. Campoamor however pleaded for women's rights regardless of orientation. Her point finally prevailed and, in the election of 1933, the political right won with the vote of citizens of any sex over 23. Both Campoamor and Kent lost their seats.

References

See also

• Suffragette

External links

• Limited suffrage in England prior to the 1832 reforms
• Finnish centennial celebration