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United States presidential election, 2000
7 November 2000
NomineeGeorge W. BushAl Gore
PartyRepublicanDemocratic
Home stateTexasTennessee
Running mateRichard B. CheneyJoe Lieberman
Electoral vote271266
States carried3020+DC
Popular vote50,456,00250,999,897
Percentage47. The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24 1942 is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D 9%48. 4%
United States presidential election, 2000

Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Bush/Cheney(30), Blue denotes those won by Gore/Lieberman(20+DC).

Incumbent President
Bill Clinton
Democratic

The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican candidate George W. Bush, then governor of Texas and son of former president George H. W. Bush (1989-1993). William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Governors of Texas George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Bush narrowly won the November 7 election, with 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266 (with one faithless elector abstaining in the official tally). Faithless electors are members of the Electoral College who do not cast their electoral votes for the people they have pledged to vote for The election featured a controversy over who won Florida's 25 electoral votes (and thus the presidency), the recount process in that state, and the unusual event that the losing candidate had received 543,816 more popular votes than the winner.

In the American system of presidential elections, the electoral vote determines the winner, and Bush won this count, although Gore received the most votes (called the "popular vote"). The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. This was the fourth time in American history that a candidate won the presidency without receiving at least a plurality of the popular vote; it also happened in the elections of 1824, 1876 and 1888. In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9 1825 after the election was decided by the House Please DO NOT flip the colors --> The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history The United States Presidential Election of 1888 was held on November 6 1888

Contents

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 2000 Democratic National Convention

Former Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey

Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee

Numerous candidates for the Democratic nomination tested the waters, but only two serious candidates entered the contest: Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee and former Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey. The 2000 National Convention of the US Democratic Party nominated Vice President Al Gore for President and Connecticut The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives William Warren "Bill" Bradley (born July 28 1943 is an American hall of fame Basketball player Rhodes scholar, and former New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former William Warren "Bill" Bradley (born July 28 1943 is an American hall of fame Basketball player Rhodes scholar, and former Only Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone formed an exploratory committee. Paul David Wellstone ( July 21, 1944 – October 25, 2002) was a two-term U [1]

Gore had a strong base as the incumbent Vice President; Bradley received some endorsements but was not the candidate of a major faction or coalition of blocs. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, who was a founding member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council. While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states, Bradley announced his intention to campaign "in a different way" by conducting a positive campaign of "big ideas. " He made the spending of the record-breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help the poor and the middle-class one of his central issues, along with campaign finance reform and gun control.

Gore easily defeated Bradley in the primaries, largely because of the support given to Gore by the Democratic Party establishment and Bradley's poor showing in the Iowa caucus, where Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers in rural America. The closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary.

None of Bradley's delegates were allowed to vote for him so Gore won unanimously. Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman was nominated for Vice President by voice vote. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24 1942 is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party and many political commentators cited him as a "bold choice" for Vice President.

Gore, as incumbent V. P. , was supported by Clinton and despite Bradley's challenge was a safe front-runner. But some other prominent Democrats were mentioned as possible contenders, such as Nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey,[2] Missouri Congressman Dick Gephardt, Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone, and famous actor and director Warren Beatty,[3] who declined to run. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (born August 27 1943 is a former Democratic Governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987 and a U Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Richard Andrew "Dick" Gephardt (born January 31, 1941) is a former prominent American politician of the Democratic Party. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Paul David Wellstone ( July 21, 1944 – October 25, 2002) was a two-term U Warren Beatty (born Henry Warren Beaty; March 30 1937 is an American Academy Award - and Golden Globe -winning Actor, producer

Potential vice-presidential candidates

Republican Party nomination

Further information: 2000 Republican National Convention

Former Governor and Secretary of Education Lamar Alexander of Tennessee

Former Undersecretary of Education Gary Bauer of Kentucky

Publisher and author Pat Buchanan of Virginia

Governor George W. Bush of Texas

Former Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole of North Carolina

Owner and publisher Steve Forbes of New York

Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah

Representative John Kasich of Ohio

Former Ambassador and conservative activist Alan Keyes of Maryland

Senator John McCain of Arizona

Former Vice President Dan Quayle of Indiana

Senator Robert C. Smith of New Hampshire

Following Bob Dole's loss to Bill Clinton in the 1996 election, George W. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator Daniel Robert "Bob" Graham (born November 9, 1936) is an American politician Thomas Richard "Tom" Harkin (born November 19 1939 is a Democratic Senator from Iowa serving in his fourth senate term Jeanne Shaheen (born January 28, 1947) is an American politician Zell Bryan Miller (born February 24 1932 is an American Politician from the U Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (born August 27 1943 is a former Democratic Governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987 and a U Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (ˈfаɪnˌstаɪn (born June 22, 1933) is the senior U The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Robert Edward Rubin (born August 29, 1938) is Director and Senior Counselor of Citigroup. William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is the current Governor of New Mexico and was a candidate for the 2008 William Warren "Bill" Bradley (born July 28 1943 is an American hall of fame Basketball player Rhodes scholar, and former The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders (also called Senate Floor Leaders) are two United States Senators who are elected by the party conferences George Mitchell may refer to George J Mitchell (born 1933 former Senate majority leader (D-Maine and former chairman of Disney George Mitchell James Baxter Hunt Jr (born May 16, 1937 in Wilson NC) is a former four-term Democratic Governor of the U The 2000 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States convened at the Wachovia Center (then the First Union Center The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the Department of Education. Andrew Lamar Alexander (born July 3, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Tennessee and a member of the Republican Party Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the Department of Education. Gary Lee Bauer (born May 4 1946, Covington Kentucky) is a neoconservative American Politician notable for his ties to The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Governors of Texas George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. "Secretary of Labor" redirects here See also Secretary of Labor (Mexico. Mary Elizabeth Hanford "Liddy" Dole (born July 29 1936 is an American politician who served in both the Ronald Reagan and George H North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Malcolm Stevenson " Steve " Forbes Jr (born July 18, 1947) is the son of Malcolm Forbes and the editor-in-chief of business New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Orrin Grant Hatch (born March 22, 1934) is a Republican United States Senator from Utah, serving since 1977 The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. John Richard Kasich (born May 13, 1952, McKees Rocks Pennsylvania) is a former Republican United States Representative who is Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Alan Lee Keyes (born August 7 1950 The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. James Danforth "Dan" Quayle (born February 4 1947 is an American politician and a former Senator from the state of Indiana. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Robert C "Bob" Smith (born March 30, 1941) is an American Politician who has served in both the United States House of Representatives New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time Bush became the frontrunner, acquiring unprecedented funding and a broad base of leadership support, based on his governorship of Texas and the name-recognition and connections of the Bush family. Buchanan and Trump dropped out to run for the Reform Party nomination. Several aspirants withdrew before the Iowa Caucus, unable to secure funding and endorsements sufficient to remain competitive with Bush. These included Alexander, Dole, Kasich, Quayle, and Smith. Steve Forbes, who could self-finance, did compete in the early contests, but did not do as well as he had in 1996. By late February, Bauer, Forbes, and Hatch had all dropped out. That left Bush, McCain, and Keyes as the only candidates still in the race.

Bush, the governor of Texas, the second-largest state in the Union, the son of a former president, and the favored candidate of the Christian right, was portrayed in the media as the establishment candidate. McCain, with the support of many moderate Republicans and Independents, portrayed himself as a crusading insurgent who focused on campaign reform.

McCain won a 48%-30% victory over Bush in the New Hampshire primary and seized the attention of the media. In the South Carolina primary, however, Bush soundly defeated McCain. Some credited Bush's win to the fact that it was the first major primary in which only registered Republicans could vote, which negated McCain's strong advantage among independents. Some McCain supporters blamed it on a campaign of dirty tricks such as push polling, including the false suggestion that McCain fathered an African-American child out of wedlock, perpetrated against McCain by his political enemies. A push poll is a Political campaign technique in which an individual or organization attempts to influence or alter the view of respondents under the guise of conducting a Whatever the real reason, McCain's loss in South Carolina stopped his momentum cold. Although McCain won a few additional primaries, Bush took the majority and handily won the nomination at the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia.

Vice Presidential candidates

Governor Bush told former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to head up a commission to help select a running mate for him, but ultimately, Bush asked Cheney himself to be his running mate, and Cheney was nominated by voice vote. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. While the US Constitution does not specifically disallow a president and a vice-president from the same state, it does prohibit members of the electoral college from casting both of their votes for persons from the same state. Accordingly, Cheney—who had been a resident of Texas for nearly 10 years—changed his voting registration back to Wyoming. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Had Cheney not done this, either he or Governor Bush would have forfeited their electoral votes from the Texas electors, a situation which—given the eventual razor-thin margin of victory for the Republicans that year—would have almost certainly resulted in Democratic Vice-President Lieberman serving under a Republican President Bush.

Other mentioned candidates:[6]

Notable endorsements

Note: Some of the endorsers switched positions.

George W. Bush

John McCain

Steve Forbes

Alan Keyes

Orrin Hatch

Lamar Alexander

Dan Quayle

John Kasich

Reform Party nomination

The nomination went to Pat Buchanan and runningmate Ezola Foster of California, over the objections of party-founder H. Ross Perot and despite a rump convention nomination of John Hagelin by the Perot faction (see Other nominations below). Henry Ross Perot (born June 27 1930 is an American businessman from Texas, who is best known for seeking the office of President of the United States in Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American Business magnate, Socialite, Television personality, and Henry Ross Perot (born June 27 1930 is an American businessman from Texas, who is best known for seeking the office of President of the United States in In the end, the Federal Election Commission sided with Buchanan, and that ticket appeared on 49 of 51 possible ballots.

Green Party nomination

Ralph Nader in 2000
Ralph Nader in 2000

The nomination went to Ralph Nader of Connecticut and Winona LaDuke of Minnesota, at the Green Party's National Nominating Convention in Denver, Colorado [2]. One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party Ralph Nader (born February 27 1934 is an American Attorney, Author, Lecturer, political activist, and independent candidate for President Eric Reed Boucher (born June 17, 1958) more widely known by the Stage name Jello Biafra, is a musician who first gained Stephen Gaskin is a counterculture Hippie Icon best known for his presence in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco in Joel Kovel (born 27 August 1936) is an American politician academic writer and eco-socialist. Ralph Nader (born February 27 1934 is an American Attorney, Author, Lecturer, political activist, and independent candidate for President Winona LaDuke (born 1959 is a Native American Activist, Environmentalist, Economist, and Writer. The Green Party appeared on 44 of 51 ballots. One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party

Libertarian Party nomination

The Libertarian Party's National Nominating Convention nominated Harry Browne of Tennessee and Art Olivier of California for Vice President. The Libertarian Party is a United States political party founded on December 11 1971 Harry Browne ( 17 June 1933 – 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian Writer, Politician, Jacob G (Bumper Hornberger (born in Laredo, Texas, USA) is a journalist and the founder and president of the Future of Freedom Foundation, Barry J Hess II is an Investor and United States Libertarian Party activist The Libertarian Party is a United States political party founded on December 11 1971 Harry Browne ( 17 June 1933 – 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian Writer, Politician, Arthur C “Art” Olivier, former mayor of Bellflower California, was the Libertarian candidate for Vice President in the United States presidential Browne was nominated on the first ballot and Olivier received the Vice Presidential nomination on the second ballot [4]. The Libertarian Party appeared on 50 of 51 ballots.

Constitution Party nomination

The nomination went to Howard Phillips of Virginia and Curtis Frazier of Missouri. The Constitution Party is a Conservative United States political party. Howard Phillips (born February 6 1941 has served as the Chairman of The Conservative Caucus, a Conservative public policy advocacy group since 1974 Herbert W Titus (born October 17, 1937 in Baker Oregon, United States) is a former candidate for Vice-President of the United States Howard Phillips (born February 6 1941 has served as the Chairman of The Conservative Caucus, a Conservative public policy advocacy group since 1974 The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Dr J Curtis Frazier a surgeon from Springfield Missouri was the vice-presidential candidate of the Constitution Party in the U Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The Constitution Party was on the ballot in 41 states.

Natural Law Party nomination

The Natural Law Party was on 38 ballots. John Hagelin, scientist educator and three-time third-party candidate for President of the United States is Professor of Physics and Director of the Institute of Science Technology A Nathaniel ("Nat" Goldhaber - An Internet entrepreneur and longtime associate of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, was the Natural Law Party nominee for Vice President The Natural Law Party was a United States Political party affiliated with the international Natural Law Party.

The general election campaign

In the campaign, Bush criticized the Clinton administration policy in Somalia, where 18 Americans died in 1993 trying to sort out warring factions, and in the Balkans, where United States peacekeeping troops perform a variety of functions. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) "I don't think our troops ought to be used for what's called nation-building". For nation-building in the sense of enhancing the capacity of state institutions building state-society relations and also external interventions see State-building Bush said in the second presidential debate. During presidential elections in the United States, it has become customary for the main candidates [29]

Ralph Nader was the most successful of third-party candidates, drawing 2. Ralph Nader (born February 27 1934 is an American Attorney, Author, Lecturer, political activist, and independent candidate for President 74% of the popular vote. His campaign was marked by a traveling tour of "super-rallies"; large rallies held in sports arenas like Madison Square Garden, with retired talk show host Phil Donahue as master of ceremonies. Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG, and known colloquially as The Garden, has been the name of four Arenas in New York City. "Talk show host" redirects here For the Radiohead song see Talk Show Host. Phillip John "Phil" Donahue (born December 21, 1935 in Cleveland Ohio) is an American media personality and Writer, best known as After initially ignoring Nader, the Gore campaign made a big publicity pitch to (potential) Nader supporters in the final weeks of the campaign, downplaying Gore's differences with Nader on the issues and claiming that Gore's ideas were more similar to Nader's than Bush's were, noting that Gore had a better chance of winning than Nader. On the other side, the Republican Leadership Council ran pro-Nader ads in a few states in an effort to split the "left" vote. [30] In the aftermath of the campaign, many Gore supporters claimed that many of Nader's voters would have supported Gore, thus siphoning off enough would-be Gore votes to throw the election to Bush.

The sharpest differences among partisan groups came on the topic of morality. The " spoiler effect " is a term to describe the effect a Minor party candidate with little chance of winning can have on a close Election, in which their Already by 1992, Republicans were campaigning much more vigorously and vociferously than Democrats or independents on "hot button" social issues concerning what some proclaimed as the moral decay of society, in the form of permissive attitudes toward sex, abortion, gays and lesbians, and secularism. Human sexual behavior or different human sexual practices encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners ( Mating and display An Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs The difference grew larger by 2000, especially if one adds together the moral decay category and the category having to do with corruption and scandals in Washington. Morality was mentioned most frequently by Republicans as the "single most important problem" facing the nation. [31] Therefore during his campaign Bush frequently referred to restoring moral integrity not only to the White House but to the nation as a whole. Gore on the other hand studiously avoided the Clinton scandals, as did Lieberman, even though Lieberman had been the first Democratic senator to denounce Clinton's misbehavior. Gore avoided appearing with Clinton, who was shunted to low visibility appearances in areas where he was still popular.

Both Vice-Presidential candidates Dick Cheney and Joe Lieberman campaigned aggressively in the 2000 presidential election. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24 1942 is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. Both camps made numerous campaign stops nationwide, often just missing each other such as when Cheney as well as Hadassah Lieberman and Tipper Gore attended Chicago's Taste of Polonia over Labor Day Weekend[32] Cheney, who had been typecast as being "aloof" during most of the campaign was remarkably lively during his visit to Chicago where he rode the infamous L, danced the polka, served attendees kielbasa with stuffed cabbage and spoke in front of a cheering crowd by addressing them with the phrase Sto Lat[33]

The election

Palm Beach County recount
Palm Beach County recount

As the returns came in on election night (November 7), it became clear that the presidential election was unusually close. Hadassah Lieberman (born Hadassah Freilich in the refugee camp of Prague, Czechoslovakia, in Mar Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson Gore (born August 19, 1948) is an author photographer former " Second Lady of the United States," and the wife of Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The Taste of Polonia is a Chicago festival held at the Copernicus Cultural and Civic Center in the Jefferson Park community area of Chicago Labor Day is a United States Federal holiday observed on the first Monday in September Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The 'L' (variously and sometimes, styled "L" El EL or L) is a Rapid transit system that serves the city of The polka is a fast lively Central European Dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas Kielbasa comes from the Polish word kiełbasa for traditional Polish sausage. " Sto lat " (One Hundred Years is a traditional Polish Song that is sung to express good wishes to a person Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Both Governor Bush and Vice President Gore had won roughly 48% of the national vote. With the exception of Florida, Bush carried the Southern states by comfortable margins and also secured wins in Ohio, Indiana, most of the rural Midwestern farming states, and most of the Rocky Mountain states. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Gore balanced Bush by sweeping the Northeastern United States (with the sole exception of New Hampshire, which Bush won narrowly), most of the Upper Midwest, and the Pacific Coast states, including Washington, Oregon, and California. The Northeast is a region of the United States. As defined by the U New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Upper Midwest is a region of the United States with no universally agreed-upon boundary but it almost always lies within the US Census Bureau 's definition Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. As the night wore on it became clear that while a handful of small-to-medium sized states, including Wisconsin and Iowa, were extremely close, it was the State of Florida that would decide the winner of the election. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the As the final national results were tallied the following morning, Bush had clearly won a total of 246 electoral votes, while Gore had won 255 votes (270 votes were needed to win). Two smaller states - New Mexico (5 electoral votes) and Oregon (7 electoral votes) - were still too close to call. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It was Florida (25 electoral votes), however, that the news media focused their attention on. The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public Mathematically, Florida's 25 electoral votes became the key to an election win for both candidates, and although both New Mexico and Oregon were declared in favor of Gore over the next few days, Florida's statewide vote took center stage because the state's winner would ultimately win the election. The outcome of the election was not known for more than a month after the balloting ended because of the extended process of counting and then recounting Florida's presidential ballots.

Florida

Main article: United States presidential election in Florida, 2000
2000 Palm Beach County voting stand and ballot box
2000 Palm Beach County voting stand and ballot box

At approximately 7:50 p. The outcome of the 2000 United States presidential election was not known for more than a month after balloting because of the extended process of counting and then recounting of m. EST on election day, 70 minutes before the polls closed in the largely Republican Florida panhandle, which is in the Central time zone, some television news networks declared that Gore had carried Florida's 25 electoral votes. They based this prediction substantially on exit polls. An exit poll is a poll of voters taken immediately after they have exited the polling stations However, in the actual vote tally Bush began to take a wide lead early in Florida, and by 10 p. m. EST the networks had retracted their prediction of a Gore victory and placed Florida back into the "undecided" column. At approximately 2:30 am, with some 85% of the votes counted in Florida and Bush leading Gore by more than 100,000 votes, the networks declared that Bush had carried Florida and had, therefore, been elected President. However, most of the remaining votes to be counted in Florida were located in three heavily Democratic counties - Broward, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach - and as their votes were reported Gore began to gain on Bush. Broward County is a County located in the US state of Florida. Miami-Dade County (often referred to as simply Miami or Dade) is a County located in the southeastern part of the state of Florida Palm Beach County is located in the state of Florida. As of 2007 the county had a population of 1351236 according to the University of Florida Bureau of Economic By 4:30 am, after all votes were counted, Gore had narrowed Bush's margin to just over 2,000 votes, and the networks retracted their predictions that Bush had won Florida and the Presidency. Gore, who had privately conceded the election to Bush, now withdrew his concession and announced that he would wait for a recount in Florida before any further action. After the first recount by the morning of Wednesday, November 8 Bush's margin in Florida had dwindled to about 500 votes, narrow enough to trigger a mandatory recount in that state. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration In addition, Gore asked for hand recounts in four counties (Broward, Miami Dade, Palm Beach, and Volusia), as provided under Florida state law. This set into motion a series of recounts (portions by machine, and portions by hand), questions about portions of the Florida vote, and finally lawsuits.

These ultimately resulted in a December 12 7-2 United States Supreme Court decision that the Florida Supreme Court's plan for recounting ballots was unconstitutional, as well as a 5-4 United States Supreme Court decision that ended the Florida recounts and allowed Florida to certify its vote. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Bush v Gore,, was a United States Supreme Court case decided on December 12, 2000. Bush v Gore,, was a United States Supreme Court case decided on December 12, 2000. The vote was certified according to Florida state election law by Katherine Harris, the Republican Secretary of State who had been the Florida co-chair of Bush's campaign. Katherine Harris (born April 5, 1957, Key West Florida) is an American Republican Politician and former Secretary of State of [34] Because Bush's younger brother, Jeb Bush, was the governor of Florida, there were allegations that Harris and Jeb Bush had manipulated the election to favor the governor's brother. John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953) is an American Politician and was the 43rd Governor of Florida [35][36]

Post recount

After Florida was decided, Texas Governor George W. Bush became President-elect and began forming his transition committee. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. In a speech on December 13, Bush claimed he was reaching across party lines to bridge a divided America, stating that "the President of the United States is the President of every single American, of every race, and every background. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life "[37]

On January 6, 2001, a joint-session of Congress met to certify the electoral vote. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. Twenty members of the House of Representatives, most of them Democratic members of the Congressional Black Caucus, rose one-by-one to file objections to the electoral votes of Florida. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The Congressional Black Caucus is an organization representing the African American members of the Congress of the United States. However, according to an 1877 law, any such objection had to be sponsored by both a representative and a senator. The Electoral Commission was a temporary body created by Congress to resolve the disputed United States presidential election of 1876. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives No senator would co-sponsor these objections, deferring to the Supreme Court's ruling. Therefore, Gore, who was presiding in his capacity as President of the Senate, ruled each of these objections out of order. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death

Bush subsequently became the President-elect after the electoral votes from all 50 states and the District of Columbia were certified by the joint session of Congress. Bush took the oath of office on January 20, 2001. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Ultimately, The Media Consortium hired the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago [5] to examine 175,010 ballots that were discounted; these ballots contained under-votes (votes with no choice made for president) and over-votes (votes made with more than one choice marked). The National Opinion Research Center (NORC established in 1941 is one of the largest and most highly respected Social research organizations in the United States There goal was not to deduce who actually won the election but to determine the reliability and accuracy of the systems used for the voting process.

In the aftermath of the election, the first independent recount was conducted by The Miami Herald and USA Today. Counting only "undervotes" (when the vote is not detected by machine), and not considering "overvotes" (when a ballot ends up with more than one indication of a vote, for example both a punch-out and hand-written name, even if both indicating the same candidate)[38] Bush would have won in all legally requested recount scenarios. However, a statewide recount of even this same, biased subset of ballots would have proven that Gore actually won.

Ironically enough, under the recount rules initially requested by Gore, Bush would have won, and under the rules requested by Bush, Gore would have won.

[39]


National results

Though Gore came in second in the electoral vote, he received 543,895 more individual votes than Bush. Gore failed to win the popular vote in his home state, Tennessee, which both he and his father had represented in the Senate. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Had he won Tennessee, he would have won the election without Florida. Gore was the first major-party presidential candidate to have lost his home state since George McGovern lost South Dakota in 1972. George Stanley McGovern South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The United States presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism and the Vietnam War.

Presidential CandidatePartyHome StatePopular VoteElectoral
Vote		Running MateRunning Mate's
Home State		RM's Electoral
Vote
CountPct
George W. BushRepublicanTexas50,456,00247. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. 87%271Dick CheneyWyoming271
Al GoreDemocraticTennessee50,999,89748. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. 38%266Joe LiebermanConnecticut266
(abstention) (a)————1(abstention) (a)—1
Ralph NaderGreenConnecticut2,882,9552. Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24 1942 is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Abstention is a term in Election procedure for when a participant in a vote either does not go to vote (on election day or in Parliamentary procedure, is present Ralph Nader (born February 27 1934 is an American Attorney, Author, Lecturer, political activist, and independent candidate for President One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. 7%0Winona LaDukeMinnesota0
Pat BuchananReformVirginia448,8950. Winona LaDuke (born 1959 is a Native American Activist, Environmentalist, Economist, and Writer. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist The Reform Party of the United States of America (abbreviated Reform Party USA or RPUSA, generally known simply as the Reform Party) is a Political The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state 4%0Ezola B. FosterCalifornia0
Harry BrowneLibertarianTennessee384,4310. Ezola Broussard Foster (born August 9, 1938) is an American conservative Political activist. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Harry Browne ( 17 June 1933 – 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian Writer, Politician, The Libertarian Party is a United States political party founded on December 11 1971 Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. 4%0Art OlivierCalifornia0
Howard PhillipsConstitutionVirginia98,0200. Arthur C “Art” Olivier, former mayor of Bellflower California, was the Libertarian candidate for Vice President in the United States presidential California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Howard Phillips (born February 6 1941 has served as the Chairman of The Conservative Caucus, a Conservative public policy advocacy group since 1974 The Constitution Party is a Conservative United States political party. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state 1%0Curtis FrazierMissouri0
John HagelinNatural Law/ReformIowa83,7140. Dr J Curtis Frazier a surgeon from Springfield Missouri was the vice-presidential candidate of the Constitution Party in the U Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee John Hagelin, scientist educator and three-time third-party candidate for President of the United States is Professor of Physics and Director of the Institute of Science Technology The Natural Law Party was a United States Political party affiliated with the international Natural Law Party. The Reform Party of the United States of America (abbreviated Reform Party USA or RPUSA, generally known simply as the Reform Party) is a Political The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. 1%0Nat GoldhaberCalifornia0
Other(b)51,1860. A Nathaniel ("Nat" Goldhaber - An Internet entrepreneur and longtime associate of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, was the Natural Law Party nominee for Vice President California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. 1%–Other(b)–
Total105,405,100100 %538538
Needed to win270270

Source (Electoral and Popular Vote): Federal Elections Commission Electoral and Popular Vote Summary

(a) One faithless elector from the District of Columbia, Barbara Lett-Simmons, abstained from voting in protest of the District's lack of voting representation in United States Congress. Faithless electors are members of the Electoral College who do not cast their electoral votes for the people they have pledged to vote for Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Barbara Lett-Simmons (born 1927 is an American politician A Democratic elector from the District of Columbia in the 2000 U Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations sometimes in favor though more often opposed The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses (D. C. has a non-voting delegate to Congress. A Delegate to Congress is a non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives who is elected from a U ) She had been expected to vote for Gore/Lieberman.
(b) Candidates receiving less than 1/2000 of the total popular vote.

See also: United States presidential election, 2000 (detail)

State results

See also: United States presidential election, 2000 (detail)

Close states are listed below:

States where margin of victory < 10%:

  1. Florida, <0. United States presidential election 2000 detailed results Final results of the United States presidential election 2000. United States presidential election 2000 detailed results Final results of the United States presidential election 2000. 0092%
  2. New Mexico, 0. 06%
  3. Wisconsin, 0. 22%
  4. Iowa, 0. 31%
  5. Oregon, 0. 44%
  6. New Hampshire, 1. 27%
  7. Minnesota, 2. 40%
  8. Missouri, 3. 34%
  9. Ohio, 3. 51%
  10. Nevada, 3. 55%
  11. Tennessee, 3. 86%
  12. Pennsylvania, 4. 17%
  13. Maine, 5. 12%
  14. Michigan, 5. 13%
  15. Washington, 5. 57%
  16. Arkansas, 5. 45%
  17. Arizona, 6. 28%
  18. West Virginia, 6. 33%
  19. Louisiana, 7. 67%
  20. Virginia, 8. 03%
  21. Colorado, 8. 36%

Aftermath

Voting machines

Since the Presidential Election was so close in Florida, the United States Government and state governments pushed for election reform to be prepared by the 2004 United States Presidential Election. Electoral reform is change in Electoral systems to improve how public desires are expressed in election results The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. Many of Florida's year 2000 election night problems stemmed from usability and ballot design factors with voting systems, including the potentially confusing "butterfly ballot. A ballot is a device (originally a small ball—see blackball) used to record choices made by Voters Each voter uses one ballot and ballots are not " Many voters had difficulties with the paper based punch card voting machines and were either unable to understand the required process for voting or unable to perform the process. Voting machines are the total combination of mechanical electromechanical or electronic equipment (including Software, Firmware, and documentation required to program This resulted in an unusual amount of over votes (voting for more candidates than is allowed) and undervotes (voting for fewer than the minimum candidates, including none at all). An overvote occurs when one votes for more than the maximum number of selections allowed in a contest Many undervotes were potentially caused by either voter error or errors with the punch card paper ballots resulting in hanging, dimpled, or pregnant chad. Chad refers to paper fragments created when holes are made in a paper card or similar synthetic materials typically computer Punched tape or Punch cards

A proposed solution to these problems was the installation of modern electronic voting machines. Electronic voting (also known as e-voting) is a term encompassing several different types of Voting, embracing both electronic means of casting a vote and electronic The United States Presidential Election of 2000 spurred the debate about election and voting reform, but it did not end it.

Exit polling and declaration of vote winners

The Voter News Service's reputation was badly tarnished by its treatment of Florida's presidential vote in 2000. The Voter News Service was a Consortium whose mission was to provide results for United States Presidential elections, so that individual organizations and networks Breaking its own guidelines, VNS called the state as a win for Gore 12 minutes before polls closed in much of the state. Although much of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone, at the time VNS called the state for Gore, the Florida panhandle, which is in the Central Time Zone, had not yet closed their polls. The Florida Panhandle is the region of the state of Florida which includes the westernmost 16 counties More seriously, inconsistent polling results caused the VNS to change its call twice, first from Gore to Bush, and then to "too close to call". A subsequent attempt by VNS to use computer tallying during the 2002 congressional election was also a failure, and the VNS was disbanded.

More consequences

In the aftermath of the election, the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) was passed to help states upgrade their election technology in the hopes of preventing similar problems in future elections. The Help America Vote Act ( or HAVA, is a United States federal law passed the House 357-48 and 92-2 in the Senate and was signed into Ironically, the electronic voting systems which many states purchased in order to comply with HAVA actually caused problems in the following presidential election of 2004. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

Some Democrats blamed third party candidate Ralph Nader for taking the election away from Gore. Ralph Nader (born February 27 1934 is an American Attorney, Author, Lecturer, political activist, and independent candidate for President Nader received some 97,000 votes in Florida. According to the Washington Post, exit polls there showed that "47% of Nader voters would have gone for Gore if it had been a two-man race, and only 21% for Bush," which would have given Gore a margin of some 24,000 votes over Bush. [40] Some Democrats claim that had Nader not run, Gore would have won both New Hampshire and Florida and won the election with 296 electoral votes. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the (He only needed one of the two to win. ) Defenders of Nader, including Dan Perkins, argued that the margin in Florida was small enough that Democrats could blame any number of third-party candidates for the defeat, including "Workers World Party" candidate Monica Moorehead, who received 1,500 votes. Dan Perkins (born April 5 1961 in Wichita, Kansas) is an Editorial cartoonist better known by the Pen name " Tom Tomorrow Workers World Party ( WWP) is a communist party in the United States founded in 1959 by a group led by Sam Marcy. Monica Gail [41] Nader's reputation was still hurt by this perception, and may have hindered his future goals as an activist. For example, Mother Jones wrote, "For evidence of how rank-and-file liberals have turned against Nader, one need look no further than the empire he created. Mother Jones is an independent Nonprofit Magazine rooted in liberal political values and known for its Investigative reporting Public Citizen, the organization (Nader) founded in 1971, has a new fundraising problem—its founder. Public Citizen is a Washington DC -based public interest group engaged in Consumer Advocacy, government accountability clean democracy and ethical After the election, contributions dropped. . . When people inquire about Nader's relationship to the organization, Public Citizen sends out a letter that begins with a startling new disclaimer: 'Although Ralph Nader was our founder, he has not held an official position in the organization since 1980 and does not serve on the board. Public Citizen—and the other groups that Mr. Nader founded–act independently. '"[42]


See also

References

  1. ^ Dessauer, Carin. The outcome of the 2000 United States presidential election was not known for more than a month after balloting because of the extended process of counting and then recounting of Ralph Nader has been a candidate for the office of President of the United States five times As with many American elections Canadians and people from across the western world paid much attention to the 2000 presidential election; however Canada paid less The US Senate election 2000 was an election for one-third of the seats in the United States Senate which coincided with the election of George W This article is about the 2000 presidential campaign of George W John McCain, the United States Senator from Arizona, launched his first candidacy for the presidency of the United States in the 2000 Al Gore 's presidential campaign 2000 details Mr Gore's effort to win the presidency Many Elections have been decided by narrow margins of less than 1 vote in 1000 (a margin of victory of less than 0 Please DO NOT flip the colors --> The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history Bush v Gore,, was a United States Supreme Court case decided on December 12, 2000. "Wellstone Launches Presidential Exploratory Committee", CNN, 1998-04-08. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian  
  2. ^ "Nebraska's Kerrey bows out of 2000 presidential race", CNN, 1998-12-13. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  
  3. ^ York, Anthony (Sep. 2, 1999) "Life of the Party?" Salon News.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Gore, Lieberman prepare for public debut of Democratic ticket", CNN, 2000-08-08. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.  
  5. ^ Gore considers naming VP immediately after GOP convention - June 13, 2000
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Starr, Alexandra. "Running Mates: Who will be on the ticket in 2000?", The Washington Monthly, July/August 1999. The Washington Monthly is a monthly Magazine of United States Politics and Government that is based in Washington D  
  7. ^ Gore considers naming VP immediately after GOP convention - June 13, 2000
  8. ^ Gore considers naming VP immediately after GOP convention - June 13, 2000
  9. ^ Gore considers naming VP immediately after GOP convention - June 13, 2000
  10. ^ Mississippi US President Republican Primary Race (2000-03-14). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h US President - Republican Primaries Race
  12. ^ a b New Hampshire US President - Republican Primary Race
  13. ^ Arizona US President - Republican Primary Race - Feb 22, 2000.
  14. ^ a b Virginia US President - Republican Primary Race - Feb 29, 2000
  15. ^ Missouri US President Republican Primary Race - Mar 07, 2000.
  16. ^ Massachusetts US President Republican Primary Race - Mar 07, 2000.
  17. ^ Wisconsin US President - Republican Primary Race - Apr 04, 2000.
  18. ^ South Dakota US President - Republican Primary Race - Jun 06, 2000.
  19. ^ Arizona US President - Republican Primary Race - Feb 22, 2000.
  20. ^ Tennessee US President - Republican Primary Race - Mar 14, 2000.
  21. ^ Ohio US President - Republican Primary Race - Mar 07, 2000.
  22. ^ Nebraska US President Republican Primary Race - May 09, 2000.
  23. ^ a b South Carolina US President - Republican Primary Race - Feb 19, 2000
  24. ^ Candidate - Peter T. King.
  25. ^ Candidate - Guy V. Molinari.
  26. ^ Candidate - Roscoe G. Bartlett.
  27. ^ Candidate - J. Kenneth Blackwell.
  28. ^ OK US President - Republican Primary Race - Mar 14, 2000.
  29. ^ The Second Gore-Bush Presidential Debate. 2000 Debate Transcript. Commission on Presidential Debates (2004). Retrieved on October 21, 2005.
  30. ^ Meckler, Laura (Oct. 27, 2000) "GOP Group to Air Pro-Nader TV Ads." Washington Post.
  31. ^ [Miller and Klobucar 2003].
  32. ^ "The 2000 Campaign: Campaign Briefing Published", The New York Times, September 5, 2000. Retrieved on 2008-03-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6.  
  33. ^ http://quest.cjonline.com/stories/090500/gen_0905005844.shtml.
  34. ^ Katherine Harris, W Files, CBS NEWS.
  35. ^ Pallast, Gregory (April 29, 2004) "Vanishing Votes." The Nation.
  36. ^ Taper, Jake (November 13,2000) "The Woman Under Fire." Salon.
  37. ^ George W. Bush statement - December 13, 2000.
  38. ^ Media Recount: Bush Won The 2000 election.
  39. ^ Table 11 in Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida at http://www2.norc.org/fl/articles.asp --be warned that this document is over 50 mgs to download although it is only 14 pages long
  40. ^ Why the Fla. Exit Polls Were Wrong. washingtonpost. com.
  41. ^ This Modern World. Salon. com Comics.
  42. ^ Margolis, John (July/August 2001) Nader Unrepentant. Mother Jones.

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External links

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