Citizendia

‹ 1964 Flag of the United States 1972 ›
United States presidential election, 1968
5 November 1968
NomineeRichard NixonHubert HumphreyGeorge Wallace
PartyRepublicanDemocraticAmerican Independent
Home stateCaliforniaMinnesotaAlabama
Running mateSpiro AgnewEdmund MuskieCurtis LeMay
Electoral vote30119146
States carried3213+DC5
Popular vote31,783,78331,271,8399,901,118
Percentage43. Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1964 was one of the most lopsided presidential elections in the history of the United States The United States presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism and the Vietnam War. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The American Independent Party is a California Political party. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Spiro Theodore Agnew ( November 9, 1918 September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie ( March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American Democratic Politician Curtis Emerson LeMay (15 November 1906–3 October 1990 was a General in the United States Air Force and the vice presidential running mate of American Independent Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D 4%42. 7%13. 5%
United States presidential election, 1968

Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, Blue denotes those won by Humphrey/Muskie. Maroon denotes states won by Wallace/LeMay. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

Incumbent President
Lyndon Johnson
Democratic

The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience, and included the assassination of Democratic candidate Robert F. Kennedy, the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and subsequent race riots across the nation, the violence at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, and widespread demonstrations against the Vietnam War across American university and college campuses. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The assassination of Robert F Kennedy, a United States Senator and brother of assassinated President John F Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Race Riot is a 1929 animated Short subject, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. Chicago Convention redirects here for the Convention on International Civil Aviation for the event also referred to by this name The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The election also featured a strong third-party effort by former Alabama governor George Wallace; although Wallace's campaign was frequently accused of promoting racism, he would prove to be a formidable candidate, and was the last third-party candidate to win an entire state's electoral votes. In a Two-party system of politics the term third party is sometimes applied to a party other than the two dominant ones George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. In the end, Republican Richard M. Nixon narrowly won the election over Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey on a campaign promise to restore "law and order". Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving The election of 1968 was a realigning election that ended the Democratic realignment started by Franklin Roosevelt in 1932. Realigning election or political realignment are terms from Political science and Political history describing a dramatic change in the Political The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country

Contents

Historical background

In the election of 1964, after serving the 14 remaining months after President John F. Kennedy's assassination, Democrat Lyndon Johnson had won the largest popular vote landslide in US Presidential election history over Republican Barry Goldwater. Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1964 was one of the most lopsided presidential elections in the history of the United States The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas Elections for President and Vice President of the United States are During his term, Johnson had seen many political successes, including the passage of his sweeping Great Society domestic programs (also known as the "War on Poverty"), landmark civil rights legislation, and the continued exploration of space. The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas. At the same time, however, the country had experienced large-scale race riots in the streets of its larger cities, along with a generational revolt of young people and violent debates over foreign policy. Race Riot is a 1929 animated Short subject, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. The emergence of the hippie counterculture, the rise of New Left activism, and the emergence of the Black Power movement exacerbated social and cultural cleavages between classes, generations and races. The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Black Power is a racially based Political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies Every summer during Johnson's administration, known thereafter as the "long, hot summers", major U. S. cities erupted in massive race riots that left hundreds dead or injured and destroyed hundreds of millions of dollars in property. Race Riot is a 1929 animated Short subject, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. Adding to the national tension, on April 4, 1968, civil rights leader Rev. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tenn., sparking further mass rioting and chaos, including Washington, D.C., where rioting came within just a few blocks of The White House. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence

A major factor in the precipitous decline of President Johnson's popularity was the Vietnam War, which he greatly escalated during his time in office. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia By late 1967 over 500,000 American soldiers were fighting in Vietnam and suffering thousands of casualties every month. Johnson was especially hurt when, despite his repeated assurances that the war was being "won", the American news media began to show just the opposite. The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public The Tet Offensive of February 1968, in which Communist Vietcong forces were killed inside the U. The Tet Offensive was a military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968, by forces of the Vietcong, or National Front for S. Embassy compound in Saigon, led to increased criticism from antiwar activists that the war was unwinnable. In response, the U. S. military claimed that the war could only be won by adding several hundred thousand more soldiers to the American forces in South Vietnam. In the months following Tet, Johnson's approval ratings fell below 35%, and the Secret Service refused to let the President make public appearances on the campuses of American colleges and universities, due to his extreme unpopularity among college students. The Secret Service also prevented Johnson from appearing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, because of their fear that his appearance might cause riots.

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Candidates

Gallery

Governor Roger Branigin of Indiana

Retired Admiral John G. Crommelin of Alabama

Businessman Paul C. Fisher of Pennsylvania

Vice President Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota

Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York

President Lyndon Johnson of Texas

Attorney General Thomas C. Lynch of California

Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota

Senator George McGovern of South Dakota

Governor Dan Moore of North Carolina

Senator George Smathers of Florida

Senator Stephen Young of Ohio

Situation

Though President Lyndon B. Johnson had served during two presidential terms, the 22nd Amendment did not disqualify Johnson from running for another term, because he had only served 14 months following John F. Kennedy's assassination before being elected to his "second" term in 1964. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads List of Governors of Indiana Territory List of Governors of the State of Indiana Roger Douglas Branigin ( July 26, 1902 &ndash November 19, 1975) was a Democratic governor of the U The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral. Rear Admiral John Geraerdt Crommelin Jr ( ca 1902 – November 2, 1996) was a prominent United States Navy officer and later a frequent Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Paul C Fisher ( 10 October 1913 - 20 October 2006) was an American inventor and politician The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The California Attorney General is the State Attorney General of the Government of the state of California in the USA. Other notable people share this name See Thomas Lynch. Thomas Conner Lynch ( May 20, 1904 &ndash May 29, California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy ( March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was an American Politician, Poet, and a George Stanley McGovern South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The Governor of North Carolina is the top executive of the government of the U Daniel Killian Moore ( April 2 1906 September 7 1986) was the Democratic governor of the state of North Carolina from 1965 North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States George Armistead Smathers (November 14 1913 – January 20 2007 was an American lawyer and politician who represented Florida in the United States Senate Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Stephen Young can refer to Stephen Marvin Young (1889-1984 Democratic United States Senator from Ohio who served between 1959 and 1971 Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The Twenty-second Amendment ( Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution sets a Term limit for the President of the United States. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas As a result, it was widely assumed when 1968 began that President Johnson would run for another term, and that he would have little trouble winning the Democratic nomination.

Despite the growing opposition to Johnson's policies in Vietnam, no prominent Democratic candidate was prepared to run against a sitting President of his own party. Even Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, an outspoken critic of Johnson's policies with a large base of support, refused to run against Johnson in the primaries. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Only Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota proved willing to challenge Johnson openly. Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy ( March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was an American Politician, Poet, and a Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Running as an antiwar candidate in the New Hampshire primary, McCarthy hoped to pressure the Democrats into publicly opposing the Vietnam War. The New Hampshire primary is the first in a series of nationwide Political party Primary elections held in the United States every four years as part of Normally, an incumbent president faces little formidable opposition within his own party. However, McCarthy, although he was trailing badly in the national polls, decided to pour most of his resources into New Hampshire, the first state to hold a primary election. The New Hampshire primary is the first in a series of nationwide Political party Primary elections held in the United States every four years as part of A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates He was boosted by thousands of young college students, who shaved their beards and cut their hair to be "Clean for Gene. " These students rang doorbells and worked hard in New Hampshire for McCarthy. On March 12, McCarthy won 42% of the primary vote to Johnson's 49%, an amazingly strong showing for such a challenger, and one which gave McCarthy's campaign legitimacy and momentum. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving The momentum ended, however, when Senator Kennedy announced his candidacy four days later, on March 16, as McCarthy supporters cried betrayal and vowed to defeat Kennedy. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Thereafter McCarthy and Kennedy would engage in an increasingly bitter series of state primaries; although Kennedy won most of the primaries, he could never shake McCarthy and his devoted following of antiwar activists, which included many Hollywood celebrities such as Paul Newman, Barbra Streisand, and Burt Lancaster. Paul Leonard Newman (January 26 1925 &ndash September 26 2008 was an Academy Award Barbra Streisand (ˈstraɪsænd "STRY-sand" born April 24 1942 is an American Singer, Film and Theatre Actress Burton Stephen "Burt" Lancaster ( 2 November &ndash 20 October) was an American film Actor and star noted for his athletic physique

Johnson withdraws

On March 31, 1968, following the New Hampshire primaries and Kennedy's entry into the election, the President startled the nation by announcing he would not seek re-election. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Not discussed publicly at the time was Johnson's concern that he might not survive another term—Johnson's health was poor, and he had suffered a serious heart attack in 1955. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Johnson, in fact, died on January 22, 1973, just two days after the end of the presidential term that was at stake in 1968 (which ran from January 20, 1969 to January 20, 1973). Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Bleak political forecasts also contributed to Johnson's withdrawal: internal polling by Johnson's campaign in Wisconsin, the next state to hold a primary election, showed the President trailing badly, and in fact he lost the primary to McCarthy. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States With Johnson's withdrawal, the Democratic Party quickly split into four factions, each of which distrusted the other three.

Since the Vietnam War had become the major issue that was dividing the Democratic Party, and Johnson had come to symbolize the war for many liberal Democrats, Johnson believed that he could not win the nomination without a major struggle, and that he would probably lose the election in November to the Republicans. However, by withdrawing from the race he could avoid the stigma of defeat, and he could keep control of the party machinery by giving the nomination to Humphrey, who had been a loyal Vice President. As the year developed, it also became clear that Johnson believed he could secure his place in the history books by ending the war before the election in November, thus giving Humphrey the boost he would need to win. [1]

Contest for the Democratic nomination

After Johnson's withdrawal, Vice President Hubert Humphrey announced his candidacy. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving Kennedy was successful in four primaries and McCarthy five; however, in primaries where they campaigned directly against one another, Kennedy won three primaries and McCarthy one. Humphrey did not compete in the primaries, leaving that job to favorite sons who were his surrogates, notably Senator George A. Smathers from Florida, Senator Stephen M. Young from Ohio, and Governor Roger D. Branigin of Indiana. A favorite son (or a favorite daughter) is a political term that can refer to two different types of Politicians A politician whose electoral George Armistead Smathers (November 14 1913 – January 20 2007 was an American lawyer and politician who represented Florida in the United States Senate Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Stephen Marvin Young ( May 4, 1889 &ndash December 1, 1984) was an American politician of the Democratic Party from Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Roger Douglas Branigin ( July 26, 1902 &ndash November 19, 1975) was a Democratic governor of the U The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Instead, Humphrey concentrated on winning the delegates in non-primary states, where party leaders such as Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley controlled the delegate votes in their states. Kennedy defeated Branigin and McCarthy in the Indiana primary, and then defeated McCarthy in the Nebraska primary. However, McCarthy upset Kennedy in the Oregon primary—this was considered important because it was the first time a son of Joseph P. Kennedy had ever lost a public election. Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy Sr (September 6 1888 &ndash November 18 1969 was a prominent American businessman and political figure and the father of U [2]

After Kennedy's defeat in Oregon, the California primary was seen as crucial to both Kennedy and McCarthy. McCarthy stumped the state's many colleges and universities, where he was treated as a hero for being the first presidential candidate to oppose the war. Kennedy campaigned in the ghettos and barrios of the state's larger cities, where he was mobbed by enthusiastic supporters. Barrio is a Spanish word meaning District or Neighborhood. The Word has come into use in English mostly through the large Kennedy and McCarthy engaged in a television debate a few days before the election; it was generally considered a draw. On June 4 Kennedy narrowly defeated McCarthy in California, 46%–42%. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. However, McCarthy refused to withdraw from the race and made it clear that he would contest Kennedy in the upcoming New York primary, where McCarthy had much support from antiwar activists in New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The New York primary quickly became a moot point, however, for in the early morning of June 5, Kennedy was shot shortly after midnight; he died twenty-six hours later. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem The assassination of Robert F Kennedy, a United States Senator and brother of assassinated President John F Kennedy had just given his victory speech in a crowded ballroom of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles; he and his aides squeezed into a kitchen on their way to another ballroom to celebrate their victory. In the kitchen Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan, a young Palestinian militant who disliked Kennedy for his support of the state of Israel. Sirhan Bishara Sirhan (born March 19, 1944) is the convicted Assassin of United States Senator Robert F Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

Political historians have debated to this day whether Kennedy could have won the Democratic nomination had he lived. Some historians, such as Theodore H. White and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., have argued that Kennedy's broad appeal and famed "charisma" would have convinced the party bosses at the Democratic Convention to give him the nomination. Theodore Harold White ( May 6, 1915 – May 9, 1986) was an American political journalist historian and novelist best known for his accounts Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr, born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger ( October 15 1917 &ndash February 28 2007) was a Pulitzer Prize recipient The word charisma (origin from the Greek word χάρισμα (kharisma, "gift" or "divine favor" from kharizesthai, "to favor" Jack Newfield, author of RFK: A Memoir, stated in a 1998 interview that on the night he was assassinated, "[Kennedy] had a phone conversation with Mayor Daley of Chicago, and Mayor Daley all but promised to throw the Illinois delegates to Bobby at the convention in August of 1968. I think he said to me, and Pete Hamil, 'Daley is the ball game, and I think we have Daley. '"[3] However, other writers such as Tom Wicker, who covered the Kennedy campaign for The New York Times, believe that Humphrey's large lead in delegate votes from non-primary states, combined with Senator McCarthy's refusal to quit the race, would have prevented Kennedy from ever winning a majority at the Democratic Convention, and that Humphrey would have been the Democratic nominee even if Kennedy had lived. Thomas Grey (Tom Wicker (born June 18, 1926) is an American Journalist. Journalist Richard Reeves has written that Humphrey was the likely nominee, and RFK's own campaign manager, future Democratic National Committee chairman Larry O'Brien, wrote in his memoirs that Kennedy's chances of winning the nomination had been slim, even after his win in California. for the New Zealand politician see Richard Reeves (New Zealand Richard Reeves is a writer Syndicated columnist and lecturer at the Lawrence Francis "Larry" O'Brien Jr ( July 7 1917 – September 28, 1990) was one of the United States Democratic Party

At the moment of RFK's death, the delegate totals were:

Primaries

Statewide contest by winner
Statewide contest by winner

Only 13 states held a primary at this time (California, Oregon, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Florida). Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy ( March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was an American Politician, Poet, and a California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the

Results by winners[4]:

Eugene McCarthy

Robert F. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Kennedy

Lyndon B. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Johnson

Stephen M. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Young

George Smathers

Total popular vote[5]:

Democratic Convention and antiwar protests

Robert Kennedy's death altered the dynamics of the race, and threw the Democratic Party into disarray. Although Humphrey appeared the prohibitive favorite for the nomination, thanks to his support from the traditional power blocs of the party, he was an unpopular choice with many of the antiwar elements within the party, who identified him with Johnson's controversial position on the Vietnam War. The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. However, Kennedy's delegates failed to unite behind a single candidate who could have prevented Humphrey from getting the nomination. Some of Kennedy's support went to McCarthy, but many of Kennedy's delegates, remembering their bitter primary battles with McCarthy, refused to vote for him. Instead, these delegates rallied around the late-starting candidacy of Senator George McGovern of South Dakota, a Kennedy supporter in the spring primaries who had presidential ambitions himself. George Stanley McGovern South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. This dividing of the antiwar votes at the Democratic Convention made it easier for Humphrey to gather the delegates he needed to win the nomination.

When the 1968 Democratic National Convention opened in Chicago, thousands of young activists from around the nation gathered in the city to protest the Vietnam War. Chicago Convention redirects here for the Convention on International Civil Aviation for the event also referred to by this name Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. In a clash which was covered on live television, Americans were shocked to see Chicago police brutally beating antiwar protesters in the streets of Chicago. While the protesters chanted "The whole world's watching," the police used clubs and tear gas to beat back the protesters, leaving many of them bloody and dazed. The tear gas even wafted into numerous hotel suites; in one of them Vice President Humphrey was watching the proceedings on television. Meanwhile, the convention itself was marred by the strong-arm tactics of Chicago's mayor Richard J. Daley (who was seen on television angrily cursing Senator Abraham Ribicoff of Connecticut, who made a speech at the convention denouncing the excesses of the Chicago police in the riots). Richard Joseph Daley ( May 15, 1902 – December 20, 1976) served for 21 years as the undisputed Democratic boss of Chicago Abraham Alexander Ribicoff ( April 9, 1910 February 22, 1998) was an American United States Democratic Party politician Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. In the end, the nomination itself was anticlimactic, with Vice President Humphrey handily beating McCarthy and McGovern on the first ballot. The convention then chose Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine as Humphrey's running mate. Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie ( March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American Democratic Politician The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean However, the tragedy of the antiwar riots crippled Humphrey's campaign from the start, and it never fully recovered. [6]

The Balloting
Presidential tallyVice Presidential tally:
Hubert Humphrey1759. Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving 25Edmund S. Muskie1942. Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie ( March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American Democratic Politician 5
Eugene McCarthy601Not Voting604. Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy ( March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was an American Politician, Poet, and a 25
George S. McGovern146. George Stanley McGovern 5Julian Bond48. Horace Julian Bonds (born January 14 1940) is an American leader of the American Civil Rights Movement. 5
Channing Phillips67. 5David Hoeh4
Daniel K. Moore17. Daniel Killian Moore ( April 2 1906 September 7 1986) was the Democratic governor of the state of North Carolina from 1965 5Edward M. Kennedy3. Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22 1932 is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic 5
Edward M. Kennedy12. Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22 1932 is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic 75Eugene McCarthy3. Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy ( March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was an American Politician, Poet, and a 0
Paul E. "Bear" Bryant1. 5Others16. 25
James H. Gray0. 5
George Wallace0. George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for 5

Source: Keating Holland, "All the Votes. . . Really," CNN [3]

Endorsements

Hubert Humphrey

Robert Kennedy

Eugene McCarthy

George McGovern (during convention)

Republican Party nomination

Richard Nixon campaign rally
Richard Nixon campaign rally

Republican Candidates

Candidates gallery

Senator Frank Carlson of Kansas

Senator Clifford Case of New Jersey

Senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii

Mayor John Lindsay of New York City

former Vice President Richard Nixon of California

Governor Ronald Reagan of California

Governor James A. Rhodes of Ohio

Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York

Governor Winthrop Rockefeller of Arkansas

Governor George Romney of Michigan

former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota

Governor John Volpe of Massachusetts

The primaries

The front-runner for the Republican nomination was former Vice President Richard M. Nixon, and to a great extent the story of the Republican primary campaign and nomination is the story of one Nixon opponent after another entering the race and then dropping out. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the John Vliet Lindsay ( November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Politician who served as a member of the The Mayor of New York City is the head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses James Allen Rhodes ( September 13, 1909 – March 4, 2001) was an American Republican politician from Ohio, and Governors Initially after the American Revolution, parts of the area now known as Ohio were claimed by New York, Virginia, and Connecticut Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth The Governor of New York is the head of the Executive branch of New York 's government and the Commander-in-chief of the state's military Winthrop A Rockefeller ( May 1, 1912 February 22, 1973) was a Politician and Philanthropist who served as the first The Governor of the State of Arkansas is the chief executive of the state and Commander-in-chief of its military forces. George Wilcken Romney ( July 8 1907 July 26 1995) was an American Businessman and a Politician. The Governor of Michigan is the chief executive of the US state of Michigan. Harold Edward Stassen ( April 13, 1907 March 4, 2001) was the 25th Governor of Minnesota from 1939 to 1943 and a later Perennial The Governor of Minnesota is the chief executive of the US state of Minnesota, leading the state's Executive branch. John Anthony Volpe ( December 8, 1908 - November 11, 1994) was a Governor of Massachusetts and a U The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the executive magistrate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. William C Westmoreland ( March 26, 1914 &ndash July 18, 2005) was an American General who commanded American military The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Frank Carlson ( January 23, 1893 - May 30, 1987) was an American Politician who served as thirtieth Governor of Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Clifford Philip Case ( 16 April 1904 in Franklin Park New Jersey &ndash 5 March 1982 in Washington D New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Hiram Leong Fong ( 鄺[[wikt 友|友]] 良; Pinyin: Kuàng Yǒuliáng formally Yau Leong Fong ( October 15, 1906 – The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The Mayor of New York City is the head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City. John Vliet Lindsay ( November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Politician who served as a member of the The City of New York The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Governors Initially after the American Revolution, parts of the area now known as Ohio were claimed by New York, Virginia, and Connecticut James Allen Rhodes ( September 13, 1909 – March 4, 2001) was an American Republican politician from Ohio, and Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The Governor of New York is the head of the Executive branch of New York 's government and the Commander-in-chief of the state's military Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Governor of the State of Arkansas is the chief executive of the state and Commander-in-chief of its military forces. Winthrop A Rockefeller ( May 1, 1912 February 22, 1973) was a Politician and Philanthropist who served as the first Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. The Governor of Michigan is the chief executive of the US state of Michigan. George Wilcken Romney ( July 8 1907 July 26 1995) was an American Businessman and a Politician. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The Governor of Minnesota is the chief executive of the US state of Minnesota, leading the state's Executive branch. Harold Edward Stassen ( April 13, 1907 March 4, 2001) was the 25th Governor of Minnesota from 1939 to 1943 and a later Perennial Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the executive magistrate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. John Anthony Volpe ( December 8, 1908 - November 11, 1994) was a Governor of Massachusetts and a U The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Front-runner is a term to describe the leader in a race whether political or athletic

Nixon's first challenger was Michigan Governor George W. Romney. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. George Wilcken Romney ( July 8 1907 July 26 1995) was an American Businessman and a Politician. A Gallup poll in mid-1967 showed Nixon with 39%, followed by Romney with 25%. However, in a slip of the tongue, Romney told a news reporter that he had been "brainwashed" by the military and the diplomatic corps into supporting the Vietnam War; the remark led to weeks of ridicule in the national news media. A Freudian slip, or parapraxis, is an error in speech, Memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the Subconscious mind. The diplomatic corps or corps diplomatique is the collective body of foreign Diplomats accredited to a particular country or body The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public As the year 1968 opened, Romney was opposed to further American intervention in Vietnam and had decided to run as the Republican version of Eugene McCarthy (New York Times 2/18/1968). Romney's support faded slowly, and he withdrew from the race on February 28, 1968. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (New York Times 2/29/1968).

Nixon won a resounding victory in the important New Hampshire primary on March 12, winning 78% of the vote. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Antiwar Republicans wrote in the name of New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, the leader of the GOP's liberal wing, who received 11% of the vote and became Nixon's new challenger. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth Nixon led Rockefeller in the polls throughout the primary campaign. Rockefeller defeated Nixon in the Massachusetts primary on April 30 but otherwise fared poorly in the state primaries and conventions. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule

By early spring, California Governor Ronald Reagan, the leader of the GOP's conservative wing, had become Nixon's chief rival. The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses In the Nebraska primary on May 14, Nixon won with 70% of the vote to 21% for Reagan and 5% for Rockefeller. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the While this was a wide margin for Nixon, Reagan remained Nixon's leading challenger. Nixon won the next primary of importance, Oregon, on May 15 with 65% of the vote and won all the following primaries except for California (June 4), where only Reagan appeared on the ballot. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Reagan's margin in California gave him a plurality of the nationwide primary vote, but when the Republican National Convention assembled, Nixon had 656 delegates according to a UPI poll (with 667 needed for the nomination).

Total popular vote:

At the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida, Reagan and Rockefeller planned to unite their forces in a stop-Nixon movement, but the strategy fell apart when neither man agreed to support the other for the nomination. The 1968 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held in at the Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach, Nixon won the nomination on the first ballot. Nixon then chose Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew to be his Vice-Presidential candidate, despite complaints from within the GOP that Agnew was an unknown quantity, and that a better-known and more popular candidate, such as Romney, should have been the Vice-Presidential nominee. The Governor of Maryland heads the Executive branch of the government of the U Spiro Theodore Agnew ( November 9, 1918 September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death It was also reported that Nixon's first choice for running mate was his longtime friend and ally, Robert Finch, who was Lt. Robert Hutchison Finch ( October 9 1925 - October 10 1995) was a Republican Politician from La Canada Flintridge California Governor of California since 1967 and later his HEW Secretary, but Finch declined the offer.

Candidates for the Vice-Presidential nomination:

The Republican Convention Talley
President(before switches)(after switches)Vice President
Richard M. Nixon6921238Spiro T. Agnew1119
Nelson Rockefeller27793George Romney186
Ronald Reagan1822John V. Lindsay10
Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes55—Massachusetts Senator Edward Brooke1
Michigan Governor George Romney50—James A. Rhodes1
New Jersey Senator Clifford Case22—Not Voting16
Kansas Senator Frank Carlson20—
Arkansas Governor Winthrop Rockefeller18——
Hawaii Senator Hiram Fong14——
Harold Stassen2—
New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay1——

As of 2008, this was the last time two siblings (Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller) ran against each other in a Presidential primary. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. John Anthony Volpe ( December 8, 1908 - November 11, 1994) was a Governor of Massachusetts and a U The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the executive magistrate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. Spiro Theodore Agnew ( November 9, 1918 September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth George Wilcken Romney ( July 8 1907 July 26 1995) was an American Businessman and a Politician. John Vliet Lindsay ( November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Politician who served as a member of the Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads James Allen Rhodes ( September 13, 1909 – March 4, 2001) was an American Republican politician from Ohio, and The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Edward William Brooke III (born October 26, 1919) is an American Politician and was the first African American to be elected Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. George Wilcken Romney ( July 8 1907 July 26 1995) was an American Businessman and a Politician. James Allen Rhodes ( September 13, 1909 – March 4, 2001) was an American Republican politician from Ohio, and New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Clifford Philip Case ( 16 April 1904 in Franklin Park New Jersey &ndash 5 March 1982 in Washington D Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Frank Carlson ( January 23, 1893 - May 30, 1987) was an American Politician who served as thirtieth Governor of Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Winthrop A Rockefeller ( May 1, 1912 February 22, 1973) was a Politician and Philanthropist who served as the first The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Hiram Leong Fong ( 鄺[[wikt 友|友]] 良; Pinyin: Kuàng Yǒuliáng formally Yau Leong Fong ( October 15, 1906 – Harold Edward Stassen ( April 13, 1907 March 4, 2001) was the 25th Governor of Minnesota from 1939 to 1943 and a later Perennial John Vliet Lindsay ( November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Politician who served as a member of the The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses is one of the first steps in the process of electing the President of the United States of America.

Other candidates

The American Independent Party was formed by George Wallace, whose pro-segregation policies had been rejected by the mainstream of the Democratic party. The American Independent Party is a California Political party. George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for The impact of the Wallace campaign was substantial, winning the electoral votes of several states in the Deep South. Wallace also proved to be popular among blue-collar workers in the North and Midwest, and took many votes which might have gone to Humphrey. Although Wallace did not expect to win the election, his strategy was to prevent either major party candidate from winning a preliminary majority in the Electoral College, which would then give him bargaining power to determine the winner. The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. Wallace's running mate was retired U. A running mate is a Person running for a Subordinate position on a joint ticket during an Election. S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay. Curtis Emerson LeMay (15 November 1906–3 October 1990 was a General in the United States Air Force and the vice presidential running mate of American Independent LeMay embarrassed Wallace's campaign in the fall by suggesting that nuclear weapons could be used in Vietnam. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.

Also on the ballot in some states was black activist Eldridge Cleaver for the Peace and Freedom Party. Eldridge Cleaver ( August 31, 1935 &ndash May 1, 1998) was an Author, a prominent American Civil rights leader The Peace and Freedom Party ( PFP) is a ballot-listed minor Political party in California. Comedians Dick Gregory and Pat Paulsen were notable write-in candidates. Dick Gregory (born Richard Claxton Gregory on October 12, 1932) is an American Comedian, Social activist, Writer Patrick Layton Paulsen (July 6 1927 – April 24 1997 was an American Comedian and satirist notable for his roles on several of the Smothers A write-in candidate is a candidate in an Election whose name does not appear on the Ballot, but for whom voters may Vote nonetheless by writing in the Another presidential candidate for 1968 was a pig named Pigasus, as a political statement by the Yippies. Pigasus was a Pig and was a satiric candidate for President of the United States for the Youth International Party ( Yippies. The Youth International Party, whose members were commonly called Yippies, was a highly theatrical and Anti-authoritarian Political party established in

General election

The fall campaign

Nixon campaigned on a theme to restore "law and order", which appealed to many voters angry at the hundreds of violent riots that had taken place across the country in the previous few years. Following the murder of Dr. King in April 1968, severe rioting in Detroit and Washington, D.C. had forced President Johnson to call out the U. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D S. Army to protect lives and property, and smoke from burning buildings a few blocks away had drifted across the White House lawn. However, Vice President Humphrey criticized the "law and order" issue, claiming that it was a subtle appeal to white racial prejudice.

Nixon also developed a "southern strategy," which was designed to appeal to conservative white southerners, who traditionally voted Democratic but were deeply angered by Johnson and Humphrey's support for the civil rights movement. In American politics, the Southern strategy refers to a Republican method of carrying Southern states in the latter decades of the 20th century and first decade of Wallace, however, won over many of the voters Nixon targeted, effectively splitting the conservative vote and boosting Humphrey's chances. The "southern strategy" would prove more effective in subsequent elections, and would become a staple of Republican presidential campaigns.

After the Democratic Convention in late August Humphrey trailed Nixon by double-digits in most polls, and his chances seemed hopeless. The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. According to Time magazine, "The old Democratic coalition was disintegrating, with untold numbers of blue-collar workers responding to Wallace's blandishments, Negroes threatening to sit out the election, liberals disaffected over the [Vietnam] War, the South lost. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The war chest was almost empty, and the party's machinery, neglected by Lyndon Johnson, creaked in disrepair. In business a war chest is a stash of money set aside to deal with unexpected changes in the business environment or to use when expansion possibilities arise "[18] Calling for "the politics of joy", and using the still-powerful labor unions as his base, Humphrey fought back. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming He attacked Wallace as a racist bigot who appealed to the darker impulses of Americans. Labor unions also undertook a major effort to win back union members who were supporting Wallace, with substantial success. Polls which showed Wallace winning almost one-half of union members in the summer of 1968 showed a sharp decline in his union support as election day approached. Humphrey also pledged to continue the Great Society welfare programs initiated by President Johnson. The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas.

While Humphrey ran a fighting, slashing campaign, Nixon's campaign was carefully managed and controlled. Nixon often held "town hall" meetings in cities he visited, where he answered questions from voters who had been carefully screened in advance by his aides. Nixon also implied that he had a "solution" to the war in Vietnam, but was vague in providing the details of his plan. As election day approached and Wallace's support in the North and Midwest began to wane, Humphrey finally began to climb in the polls.

In the end, the Vietnam War became the one remaining problem Humphrey could not overcome. In October, Humphrey—who still trailed Nixon in the polls—began to publicly distance himself from the Johnson administration on the Vietnam War, calling for a bombing halt. A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely The key turning point for Humphrey's campaign came when President Johnson officially announced a bombing halt, and even a possible peace deal, the weekend before the election. Tipped off in advance by Henry Kissinger, and fearing this 'October surprise' might cost him the election, Nixon used Anna Chennault as an intermediary to encourage South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to stay away from the peace talks in the belief that he could expect a better deal under a Nixon Presidency; Thieu obliged. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 In American Political Jargon, an October surprise is a news event with the potential to influence the outcome of an election particularly one for the presidency Anna Chennault, (Chinese name Chen Xiangmei (陳香梅 also known as Anna Chan Chennault/Anna Chen Chennault is the widow of World War II aviation hero Claire "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. However, the "Halloween Peace" gave Humphrey's campaign a badly needed boost, and by election day the polls were reporting a dead heat.

The election on November 5, 1968 proved to be extremely close, and it was not until the following morning that the television news networks were able to call Nixon the winner. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The key states proved to be California, Ohio, and Illinois, all of which Nixon won by three percentage points or less. Nixon won the popular vote with a plurality of 512,000 votes, or a victory margin of about one percentage point. In the electoral college Nixon's victory was larger, as he carried 32 states with 301 electoral votes, to Humphrey's 13 states and 191 electoral votes and Wallace's 5 states and 46 electoral votes.

Aftermath

Nixon's victory is often considered a realigning election in American politics. Realigning election or political realignment are terms from Political science and Political history describing a dramatic change in the Political Before 1968 the Democrats had clearly been the majority party, winning seven of the previous nine presidential elections. After 1968, the Republicans won five of the next six presidential elections (and they have won seven of the last ten, as of 2004). Many historians believe the reason for the Democratic Party's decline in strength was the bitter split within the party created by the Vietnam War and other "culture wars" of the 1960's. Most white Southern Democrats (and especially their children) became Republicans in the next two decades, creating a fundamental shift of political power in the nation which favored the GOP. For example, before 1968 the state of North Carolina had voted Republican only once in the twentieth century, and only twice since the American Civil War. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South However, North Carolina voted for Nixon in 1968 and since that election has voted Republican in every presidential election but one (1976).

Another important result of the 1968 election was that it led to several reforms in how the Democratic Party chose its presidential nominees. After the election, many of McCarthy and Kennedy's supporters gained control of the party machinery, and for the 1972 election they passed a number of initiatives designed to make the nomination process more democratic. A key initiative took the nominating process out of the hands of the party bosses by greatly enlarging the number of states which held presidential primaries. After 1968 the only way to win the party's presidential nomination was through the primary process; Humphrey turned out to be the last nominee of either major party to win his party's nomination without having directly competed in the primaries.

Results

Presidential CandidatePartyHome StatePopular VoteElectoral
Vote		Running MateRunning Mate's
Home State		RM's Electoral
Vote
CountPct
Richard Milhous NixonRepublicanCalifornia[19]31,783,78343. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. 4%301Spiro Theodore AgnewMaryland301
Hubert Horatio HumphreyDemocraticMinnesota31,271,83942. Spiro Theodore Agnew ( November 9, 1918 September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers 7%191Edmund Sixtus MuskieMaine191
George Corley WallaceAmerican IndependentAlabama9,901,11813. Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie ( March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American Democratic Politician The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for The American Independent Party is a California Political party. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. 5%46Curtis Emerson LeMayCalifornia[20]46
Eugene McCarthyIndependentMinnesota25,6340. Curtis Emerson LeMay (15 November 1906–3 October 1990 was a General in the United States Air Force and the vice presidential running mate of American Independent California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy ( March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was an American Politician, Poet, and a In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers 0%0(None)0
Other243,2580. 3%–Other–
Total73,199,998100 %538538
Needed to win270270

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1968 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (August 7, 2005). Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (August 7, 2005). Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Close states

  1. Missouri, 1. 1%
  2. Texas, 1. 2%
  3. Washington, 2. 1%
  4. New Jersey, 2. 1%
  5. Ohio, 2. 3%
  6. Alaska, 2. 7%
  7. Illinois, 2. 9%
  8. California, 3. 1%
  9. Pennsylvania, 3. 6%
  10. Wisconsin, 3. 6%
  11. Tennessee, 3. 8%
  12. Connecticut, 5. 2%
  13. New York, 5. 4%
  14. South Carolina, 5. 7%
  15. Oregon, 6. 0%
  16. Kentucky, 6. 1%
  17. Michigan, 6. 7%
  18. Arkansas, 7. 6%
  19. Nevada, 8. 1%
  20. Colorado, 8. 1%
  21. North Carolina, 8. 2%
  22. West Virginia, 8. 8%
  23. Montana, 9. 0%
  24. New Hampshire, 9. 2%
  25. Florida, 9. 6%
  26. Vermont, 9. 8%

NOTES: In Alabama Wallace was official Democratic Party nominee, while Humphrey ran on the ticket of short-lived National Democratic Party of Alabama, loyal to him as an official Democratic Party nominee[21][22]

In North Carolina one Nixon Elector cast his ballot for George Wallace (President) and Curtis LeMay (Vice President). Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. National Democratic Party of Alabama was a political party active in the state of Alabama, founded by John L North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States [23]

National voter demographics

NBC sample precincts 1968 election
 % Humphrey % Nixon % Wallace
High income urban29635
Middle income urban434413
Low income urban691912
Rural (all income)334621
African-American neighborhoods9451
Italian neighborhoods513910
Slavic neighborhoods652411
Jewish neighborhoods81172
Unionized neighborhoods612910

Source: Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. “Group Analysis of the 1968 Presidential Vote” XXVI, No. 48 (November 1968), p. 3218.

Voter demographics in the South

NBC sample precincts 1968 election: South only
 % Humphrey % Nixon % Wallace
Middle income urban neighborhoods284032
Low income urban neighborhoods571825
Rural (all income)293041
African-American neighborhoods9532
Hispanic neighborhoods9271

Source: Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. “Group Analysis of the 1968 Presidential Vote”, XXVI, No. 48 (November 1968), p. 3218.

Miscellanea

See also

Source

Notes

  1. ^ Dallek (1998); Woods (2006); Gould (1993).
  2. ^ Robert Kennedy: His Life, Evan Thomas, 2000[1] .
  3. ^ Jack Newfield, interview with Terry Gross, Fresh Air from WHYY, National Public Radio, WHYY, Philadelphia, June 4, 1998. Fresh Air is a Radio talk show hosted by Terry Gross, broadcast on National Public Radio stations across the United States Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Except rebroadcast on June 4, 2008. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  4. ^ Primaries, caucuses and conventions: Classic races for the presidential nomination
  5. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 12, 1968
  6. ^ White, pgs. 377–378; [2]
  7. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 12, 1968
  8. ^ Our Campaigns - SD US President - D Primary Race - Jun 04, 1968
  9. ^ Our Campaigns - Candidate - Harold Everett Hughes
  10. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 12, 1968
  11. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 12, 1968
  12. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 12, 1968
  13. ^ Our Campaigns - CA US President - D Primary Race - Jun 04, 1968
  14. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 12, 1968
  15. ^ Our Campaigns - CA US President - D Primary Race - Jun 04, 1968
  16. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Aug 26, 1968
  17. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Aug 26, 1968
  18. ^ Time November 15, 1968
  19. ^ In 1968, Richard Nixon's official state of residence was New York, not California, however, he was elected as a Senator from California and that is considered the state from which he was elected from. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. But, he did move to New York City to practice law after his loss in the 1962 California gubernatorial race.
  20. ^ Electoral Votes for President and Vice President. Senate Manual. Government Printing Office (2005). Retrieved on 2006-03-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
  21. ^ Our Campaigns - Political Party - Alabama National Democrat (NDPA)
  22. ^ Our Campaigns - AL US President Race - Nov 05, 1968
  23. ^ 1968 Presidential General Election Results - North Carolina

Further reading

External links

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