Citizendia

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

ActiveJune 15, 1775 - Present
CountryUnited States
BranchUnited States Army
Size34,600 civilian and 650 military members
Garrison/HQWashington, D.C.
MottoEssayons (Let us try)
ColorsRed and White
Commanders
Current
commander		LTG Robert L. Van Antwerp, Jr.
Notable
commanders		COL Richard Gridley,
COL Joseph Swift,
COL Alexander Macomb, Jr.,
BG William Louis Marshall,
MG Richard Delafield,
BG Joseph Totten,
BG Henry Robert,
LTG Edgar Jadwin,
LTG Leif J. Sverdrup

The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is a federal agency and a major Army command made up of some 34,600 civilian and 650 military men and women, making it the world's largest public engineering, design and construction management agency. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Lieutenant General Robert L Van Antwerp Jr is the Chief of Engineers of the United States Army Richard Gridley ( January 3, 1710 &ndash June 21, 1796) was born in Boston Massachusetts. Joseph Gardner Swift, the first graduate of the United States Military Academy, was born on 31 December 1783 on Nantucket Island, the son William Louis Marshall was born June 11, 1846, in Washington Kentucky, a scion of the family of Chief Justice John Marshall. Richard Delafield ( September 1, 1798 &ndash November 5, 1873) served as superintendent of the United States Military Academy Joseph Gilbert Totten ( August 23, 1788 &ndash April 22, 1864) fought in the War of 1812, served as Chief Engineer Henry Martyn Robert ( May 2, 1837 &ndash May 11, 1923) was the author of Robert's Rules of Order, which became the most widely Edgar Jadwin CE ( August 7, 1865 - March 2, 1931 in Honesdale Pennsylvania) graduated first in the United States Military Leif Johan Sverdrup (b 1898 &ndash d1976 was a Norwegian American Civil engineer and military officer with the U A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Public services is a term usually used to mean services provided by Government to its Citizens, either directly (through the Public sector) or Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Construction Management refers either to the study and practice of the managerial and technological aspects of the Construction industry (including construction construction Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, USACE is involved in a wide range of public works support to the nation and to Department of Defense throughout the world. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the State on behalf of the Community. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government

The Corps's mission is to provide military and public works services to the United States by providing vital engineering services and capabilities, as a public service, across the full spectrum of operations--from peace to war--in support of national interests. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [1] Their most visible missions include

Contents

Mission Areas

Warfighting

Colonel Debra Lewis, a district commander with the Army Corps of Engineers and Sheik O'rhaman Hama Raheem, an Iraqi councilman, celebrate the opening of a new women's center in Assyria that the Corps helped construct in 2006.
Colonel Debra Lewis, a district commander with the Army Corps of Engineers and Sheik O'rhaman Hama Raheem, an Iraqi councilman, celebrate the opening of a new women's center in Assyria that the Corps helped construct in 2006.

USACE provides support directly and indirectly to the warfighting effort. The Corps builds and helps maintain much of the infrastructure the Army and the Air Force use to train, house, and deploy troops. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids Corps built and maintained navigation systems and ports provide an effective means to deploy vital equipment and other materiel. Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Military deployment is the movement of armed forces and their logistical support infrastructure Corps R&D facilities help develop new methods and measures for deployment, force protection, terrain analysis, and mapping, and other support.

USACE directly supports the military at the front, making expertise available to commanders to help solve and avoid engineering and other problems. Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service Forward Engineer Support Teams may accompany combat engineers to provide immediate support, or to reach back electronically into the rest of the Corps for the necessary expertise. Corps professionals use the knowledge and skills honed on both military and civil projects to support the US and local communities in the areas of real estate, contracting, mapping, construction, logistics, engineering, and management experience. This work currently includes support for rebuilding Iraq, establishing Afghanistan infrastructure, and supporting international and interagency services. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

In addition, the work of almost 34,000 civilians on civil works programs throughout USACE provide a training ground for similar capabilities world-wide. USACE civilians volunteer for assignments world-wide. For example, hydropower experts have helped repair, renovate, and run hydropower dams in Iraq in an effort to help get Iraqis to become self-sustaining. Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the Force or Energy of moving water which may [2][3]

Homeland Security

USACE supports the United States' Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) through its security planning, force protection, research and development, disaster preparedness efforts, and quick response to emergencies and disasters. The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities A disaster is the impact of a natural or human-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. The Corps of Engineers is able to help save hundreds of lives and millions of dollars in property damage every year from natural and manmade disasters (however, see Civil Works controversies below).

The Corps conducts its emergency response activities under two basic authorities -- the Flood Control and Coastal Emergency Act (P. L. 84-99), and the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (P. The Robert T Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act ( Stafford Act) (Public Law 100-707 is a United States federal law designed to bring an orderly L. 93-288). In a typical year, the Corps of Engineers responds to more than 30 Presidential disaster declarations, plus numerous state and local emergencies. Emergency responses usually involve cooperation with other military elements and Federal agencies in support of State and local efforts.

Infrastructure Support

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredge Tauracavor 3 in New York Harbor.
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredge Tauracavor 3 in New York Harbor.

Work comprises engineering and management support to military installations, global real estate support, civil works support (including risk and priorities), operations and maintenance of Federal navigation and flood control projects, and monitoring of dams and levees.

More than 67 percent of the goods consumed by Americans and more than half of the Nation's oil imports are processed through deepwater ports maintained by the Corps of Engineers, which maintains more than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of commercially navigable channels across the US. A deep water port is any port that can accommodate a fully laden Panamax ship

In both its Civil Works mission and Military Construction program, the Corps is responsible for billions of dollars of the nation's infrastructure. For example, the Corps maintains direct control 609 dams, maintains and/or operates 257 navigation locks, and operates 75 hydroelectric facilities generating 24% of the nation's hydropower and three percent of its total electricity. USACE inspects over 2,000 Federal and non-Federal levees every two years.

Four billion gallons of water per day are drawn from the Corps' 136 multi-use water supply projects comprising 9. Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties of water of various qualities to different users 8 million acre-feet of water storage, making it one of the United States' largest water supply agencies. An acre-foot is a unit of Volume commonly used in the United States in reference to large-scale water resources such as reservoirs, Aqueducts [3]

The 249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power), the only active duty unit in USACE, generates and distributes prime electrical power in support of warfighting, disaster relief, stability and support operations as well as provides advice and technical assistance in all aspects of electrical power and distribution systems. The 249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power is a versatile power generation battalion assigned to the U The battalion deployed in support of recovery operations after 9/11 and was instrumental in getting Wall Street back up and running within a week. [4] The battalion also deployed in support of post-Katrina operations.

All of this work represents a significant investment in the nation's resources.

Water Resources

Through its Civil Works program, USACE carries out a wide array of projects that provide coastal protection, flood protection, hydropower, navigable waters and ports, recreational opportunities, and water supply. Work includes coastal protection and restoration, including a new emphasis on a more holistic approach to risk management. Distinguish from the suffix -holism, which describes addictions As part of this work, the Corps is the number one provider of outdoor recreation in the US, so there is a significant emphasis on water safety.

Army involvement in works "of a civil nature," including water resources, goes back almost to the origins of the U. S. Over the years, as the Nation's needs have changed, so have the Army's Civil Works missions.

Major areas of emphasis include the following:

Mississippi River Improvement, 1890.
Mississippi River Improvement, 1890.
Proctor Lake, Texas, constructed by the Corps of Engineers to provide flood control, drinking water, and recreation.
Proctor Lake, Texas, constructed by the Corps of Engineers to provide flood control, drinking water, and recreation.

Environment

Martis Creek Wetland Project, California.
Martis Creek Wetland Project, California.

The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers environmental mission has two major focus areas: restoration and stewardship. Stewardship is personal responsibility for taking care of another person's property or financial affairs or in religious orders taking care of finances The Corps supports or manages numerous environmental programs, that run the gamut from cleaning up areas on former military installations contaminated by hazardous waste or munitions to helping establish/reestablish wetlands that helps endangered species survive. In color reproduction including Computer graphics and Photography, the gamut, or color gamut (pronounced /ˈgæmət/ is a certain complete The term hazardous waste comprises all toxic chemicals radioactive materials, and biologic or infectious waste. A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation Some of these programs include Ecosystem Restoration, Formerly Used Defense Sites, Environmental Stewardship, EPA Superfund, Abandoned Mine Lands, Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program, Base Realignment and Closure, 2005, and Regulatory. Superfund is the common name for the United States environmental policy officially known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act The preliminary 2005 Base Realignment and Closure list was released by the United States Department of Defense on May 13, 2005.

This mission includes education as well as regulation and cleanup.

The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers has a very active environmental program under both its Military and Civil Programs. [5]

The Civil Works environmental mission that ensures all Corps projects, facilities and associated lands meet environmental standards. The program has four functions: compliance, restoration, prevention, and conservation. The Corps also regulates all work in wetlands and waters of the United States.

The Military Programs Environmental Program manages design and execution of a full range of cleanup and protection activities:

A member of the Radiation Safety Support Team tests excavated soil.
A member of the Radiation Safety Support Team tests excavated soil.

The following are major areas of environmental emphasis:

See also Environmental Enforcement below. The Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program ( FUSRAP) is a United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE project to manage and cleanup environmental contamination Base Realignment and Closure (or BRAC) is a process of the United States federal government directed at the administration and operation of the Armed The United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE) is a federal agency and a major Army command made up of some 34600 Civilian and 650 Military personnel

History

Plan of the military academy at West Point, New York.
Plan of the military academy at West Point, New York.

The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to June 16, 1775, when the Continental Congress organized an army with a chief engineer and two assistants. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the Colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washington's first chief engineer; however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Richard Gridley ( January 3, 1710 &ndash June 21, 1796) was born in Boston Massachusetts. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the The Chief of Engineers commands the US Army Corps of Engineers. One of its first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at Bunker Hill. Charlestown is a part of the city of Boston, Massachusetts located on a peninsula north of Boston proper The first Corps was mostly composed of French subjects, who had been hired by General Washington from the service of Louis XVI. Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre

The Corps of Engineers as it is known today came into being on March 16, 1802, when President Thomas Jefferson was authorized to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers . Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence . . that the said Corps . . . shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York and shall constitute a Military Academy. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous " The United States Military Academy was under the direction of the Corps of Engineers until 1866. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, The Corps's authority over river works in the United States began with its fortification of New Orleans after the War of 1812. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies A Corps of Topographical Engineers, authorized on July 4, 1838, consisted only of officers and was used for mapping and the design and construction of federal civil works such as lighthouses. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an It included such officers as George Meade. George Gordon Meade ( December 31, 1815 &ndash November 6, 1872) was a career United States Army officer and civil engineer involved It was merged with the Corps of Engineers in March, 1863. In the mid-1800s, Corps of Engineers' officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with US Naval officers. A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an

Pontoon bridge across the James River, Virginia, 1864
Pontoon bridge across the James River, Virginia, 1864

The Army Corps of Engineers played an instrumental role in the American Civil War. A pontoon bridge or floating bridge is a Bridge that floats on water supported by barge-or-boat-like pontoons to support the bridge deck and its dynamic Many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this institution were West Point Graduates, who rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some of these men were Union Generals George McClellan, Henry Halleck, George Meade, and Confederate generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, and P.G.T. Beauregard. The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. George McClellan may refer to George B McClellan (1826&ndash1885 U Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16, 1815 &ndash January 9, 1872) was a United States Army officer scholar and lawyer George Gordon Meade ( December 31, 1815 &ndash November 6, 1872) was a career United States Army officer and civil engineer involved The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3 1807 &ndash March 21 1891 was a career U Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard (ˈboʊrɪgɑrd ( May 28, 1818 &ndash February 20, 1893) was a Louisiana -born author civil servant [6] The versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, the destruction of enemy supply lines, and the construction of roads. [6] The Union forces were not the only ones to employ the use of engineers throughout the war; and on March 6, 1861, once the South had seceded from the Union, among the different acts passed at the time, a provision was stated that called for the creation of a Confederate Corps of Engineers. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity [7]

The progression of the war demonstrated the South’s disadvantage in engineering expertise; because of the initial 65 cadets who resigned from West Point to accept positions with the Confederate Army, only seven were placed in the Corps of Engineers. [7] To overcome this obstacle, the Confederate Congress passed legislation that gave a company of engineers to every division in the field; and by 1865, they actually had more engineer officers serving in the field of action than the Union Army. [7] The Army Corps of Engineers served as a main function in making the war effort logistically feasible. One of the main projects for the Army Corps of Engineers was constructing railroads and bridges, which the Union forces took advantage of because of the access the railroads and bridges provided to resources and industry. One area where the Confederate engineers were able to outmaneuver the North was in their ability to build fortifications that were used in both offensive and defensive measures along with the construction of trenches in a way that made them harder to penetrate. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern. [7] the Corps built facilities at home and abroad to support the U. S. Army and Air Force. During World War II the mission grew to more than 27,000 military and industrial projects in a $15. 3 billion mobilization program. Included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants, camps for 5. 3 million soldiers, depots, ports, and hospitals, as well as the Manhattan Project, and the Pentagon. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia.

In the 20th century, the Corps became the lead federal flood control agency and significantly expanded its civil works activities, becoming among other things, a major provider of hydroelectric energy and the country’s leading provider of recreation; its role in responding to natural disasters also grew dramatically. In the late 1960s, the Corps became a leading environmental preservation and restoration agency.

Notable dates and projects

Gatun Lock Construction, Panama Canal, March 12, 1912.
Gatun Lock Construction, Panama Canal, March 12, 1912.
An aerial view of the John F. Kennedy Space Center.
An aerial view of the John F. Kennedy Space Center. US 40svg|right|100px|thumb|The National Road is now included as part of U The Washington Monument is a large tall sand-colored Obelisk near the west end of the National Mall in Washington D Thomas Lincoln Casey ( May 10, 1831 &ndash March 25, 1896) was born in Sackets Harbor New York, was a soldier and engineer The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb The John F Kennedy Space Center ( KSC) is the NASA Space vehicle launch facility and Launch Control Center ( Spaceport) on

Occasional civil disasters including the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 resulted in greater responsibilities for the Corps. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The Lyndon B Johnson Space Flight Center ( "JSFC") is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's center for The John F Kennedy Space Center ( KSC) is the NASA Space vehicle launch facility and Launch Control Center ( Spaceport) on The Water Resources Development Act of 1986 (WRDA 1986 is part of, a series of acts enacted by Congress of the United States on November 17 1986 The Central and Southern Florida (C&SF Project which was first authorized by Congress in 1948 is a multi-purpose project that provides flood control water supply for municipal industrial and The  Cross Florida Barge Canal was a Canal project to connect the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean across Florida for The Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (popularly known as the Tenn-Tom) is a 234 mile (377 km artificial waterway that provides a connecting link between the Tennessee This article is about the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 For the Mississippi Flood of 1993 see Great Flood of 1993. New Orleans is another example of this.

Organization

Lieutenant General Robert L. Van Antwerp
Lieutenant General Robert L. Van Antwerp

Leadership

The current Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U. The Chief of Engineers commands the US Army Corps of Engineers. S. Army Corps of Engineers is LTG Robert L. Van Antwerp, Jr.. Lieutenant General Robert L Van Antwerp Jr is the Chief of Engineers of the United States Army [3]

Four Deputy Commanding Generals assist in supervising General Staff activities and in discharging the heavy responsibilities which devolve upon the Commanding General. The current Deputies are:

The Headquarters

The Headquarters defines policy and guidance and plans direction for the organizations within the Corps. It is made up of an Executive Office and 17 Staff Principals. Located in Washington, DC, the Headquarters creates policy and plans the future direction of all other Corps organizations. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D

USACE has two Directors who head up Military Programs and Civil Works. Currently, they are:

The current USACE Command Sergeant Major is CSM Robert A. Winzenried.

Divisions and Districts

The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers is organized geographically into eight permanent divisions, one provisional division, one provisional district, and one research command reporting directly to the HQ. Within each division, there are several districts. Districts are defined by watershed boundaries for civil works projects and by political boundaries for military projects. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River,

Map of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Engineer Divisions and Districts.
Map of U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Engineer Divisions and Districts.

Other USACE Organizations

There are several other organizations within the Corps of Engineers:

Controversies

Civil works

Main article: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies
Secretary of the Army Francis J. Harvey discusses U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operations in New Orleans with Brigadier Geneneral Robert Crear, commander, Mississippi Valley Division, USACE in New Orleans, 2006.
Secretary of the Army Francis J. Harvey discusses U. Many of the Corps of Engineers ' civil works projects have been characterized as being riddled with patronage (see Pork barrel) or a waste of money and resources (see Boondoggle Francis Joseph Harvey (born July 8 1943) served as the 19th Secretary of the United States Army from November 19, 2004 to March S. Army Corps of Engineers operations in New Orleans with Brigadier Geneneral Robert Crear, commander, Mississippi Valley Division, USACE in New Orleans, 2006.

Some of the Corps of Engineers' civil works projects have been characterized in the press as being pork barrel or boondoggles such as the New Madrid Floodway Project and the New Orleans flood protection. In United States Politics, the term " pork barrel " refers to the appropriation of government spending for projects that are intended primarily The term boondoggle, in the sense of a project that wastes time and money first appeared during the Great Depression in the 1930s referring to the millions of jobs given to The New Madrid Floodway Project is an ongoing project intended to close a gap in the Mississippi River Levee at New Madrid County Missouri, to decrease [8][9] Projects have allegedly been justified based on flawed or manipulated analyses during the planning phase. Some projects are said to have created profound detrimental environmental effects and/or provided questionable economic benefit such as the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet in southeast Louisiana. [10] Faulty design and substandard construction have been cited in the failure of levees in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.

Corps of Engineers projects can be found in all fifty states,[11] making its budget and project authorizations ripe for earmarks and other pork. Under the provisions of the US Constitution, Article I, Sec 9, "[N]o Money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in Consequence of an Appropriation made by Law. "[12] Therefore, Corps projects are either authorized specifically or as part of a Congressionally authorized category of projects. Many times, local citizen, special interest, and political groups lobby Congress [13] for authorization and appropriations for specific projects in their area. Lobbying includes all attempts to influence Legislators and officials whether by other legislators constituents or organized groups [14] Depending on the point of view of any debate on these projects is that they may or may not be considered sound from an engineering standpoint. Whether or not USACE planners and engineers actually do the best they can with what they are directed to do is part of the controversy.

Attempts to modify the Corps' way of doing business or its organizational structure have most recently been championed by Senator Russ Feingold and Senator John McCain who succeeded in adding an amendment requiring peer review of corps projects to the Water Resources Development Act in 2006. Modus operandi (often used in the abbreviated forms MO or simply Method) is a Latin phrase approximately translated as " mode of operation Russell Dana "Russ" Feingold (born March 2, 1953) is an American politician from the U [15] That bill did not pass, but a similar bill, the Water Resources Development Act of 2007, with the Corps reform measures intact was passed by Congress in 2007 becoming law despite a presidential veto. For other versions of the Water Resources Development Act, see Water Resources Development Act. [16]

Military works

Some of the Corps of Engineers' military works projects of the past have been criticized as being deleterious to the environment. A number of camps and facilities designed by the Corps of Engineers, including the former Camp O'Ryan in New York State, have had an unintended or negative impact on the surrounding communities. Camp O'Ryan, a former New York United States National Guard Camp O'Ryan, with it's rifle range, has possibly contaminated well and storm runoff water with toxic lead. A shooting range is a specialized facility designed for Firearms practice Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in This runoff water eventually runs into the Great Lakes of Erie and Ontario, the source of drinking water to millions of people. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. This situation is exacerbated by a rather embarrassing failure to locate the engineering and architectural plans for the camp, which were produced by the New York District in 1949. [17][18]

Operational Facts and Figures[3]

Public Laws affecting the Corps of Engineers

Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure Hearing on Water Resources Needs and the President’s Budget Proposal for the Army Corps of Engineers for Fiscal Year 2008, March 2007.
Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure Hearing on Water Resources Needs and the President’s Budget Proposal for the Army Corps of Engineers for Fiscal Year 2008, March 2007.

The Corps of Engineers' work is specifically authorized by Congress, either for an individual project or for a specific class of projects. Note: See Controversies section above about how the Congressional authorization process adds to the controversial nature of some projects. The United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE) is a federal agency and a major Army command made up of some 34600 Civilian and 650 Military personnel Here are some of the specific laws affecting work done by the Corps.

Regulatory Program

Emergency Response

Project manager with the Kansas City District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers inspects the Little Blue River at Swope Parkway, 2007.
Project manager with the Kansas City District U. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 is the oldest federal environmental law in the United States. The Clean Water Act is the primary Federal law in the United States governing Water pollution. Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 ( or MPRSA originally authorized the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate ocean dumping of Industrial wastes Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. S. Army Corps of Engineers inspects the Little Blue River at Swope Parkway, 2007.

Flood Control

Hurricane and Storm Damage Reduction

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers personnel distribute supplies for Hurricane Andrew victims, 1992.
U. The Flood Control Act of 1941 was an Act of the United States Congress signed into law by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt that authorized Civil Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA is the principal federal law in the United States that ensures safe Drinking water for the public Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. The Water Resources Development Act of 1990 (WRDA 1990, was enacted by Congress of the United States on November 12 1990 Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. S. Army Corps of Engineers personnel distribute supplies for Hurricane Andrew victims, 1992. Hurricane Andrew is the second most powerful and the last of three Category 5 hurricanes that made U

Ecosystem Restoration and Protection

General Navigation

Stems from the Commerce clause of the US Constitution and US Supreme Court decisions. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity the Corps mission is considered to have begun in 1824 when funds were appropriated to clear snags from the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Specific Project Authorizations:

Emergency Streambank and Shore Protection

Hydroelectric Power

Lavon Lake, located in Wylie, Texas, part of the Fort Worth District.
Lavon Lake, located in Wylie, Texas, part of the Fort Worth District.

Water Supply Storage

Recreation

Dam Safety Assurance

Other Related Laws

Environmental enforcement

One of the major responsibilities of the Corps of Engineers is administering the wetlands permitting program under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act ( NAGPRA),, is a United States federal law passed on 16 November 1990 requiring The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( et seq or ESA is the most wide-ranging of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 prohibits with certain exceptions the taking of Marine mammals in United States waters and by U The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA Public Law 89-665 16 U National Wild and Scenic River is a designation for certain Protected areas in the United States. Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986, approved November 10, 1986, authorized the purchase of wetlands from Land and Water Conservation Fund monies The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA is the principal federal law in the United States that ensures safe Drinking water for the public (aka "The Clean Water Act"). The Clean Water Act is the primary Federal law in the United States governing Water pollution. This Act authorized the Secretary of the Army to issue permits for the discharge of dredged and fill material.

Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (codified in Chapter 33, Section 403 of the United States Code) gave the Corps authority over navigable waters of the United States. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 is the oldest federal environmental law in the United States. The United States Code ( USC) is a compilation and Codification of the general and permanent federal Law of the United States. A body of water such as a River, Canal or Lake, is navigable if it is deep wide and slow enough for a vessel to pass and there are no obstructions like As navigable waters are defined as "navigable waters of the United States are those waters that are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide and/or are presently being used, or have been used in the past, or may be susceptible for use to transport interstate or foreign commerce", the Corps has broad authority to enforce this, including licensing of bridges over navigable waters, and the maintenance of pierhead and bulkhead lines. Bulkhead line is an officially set line along a Shoreline, usually outside of the dry land to demark a territory allowable to be treated as dry land to separate the jurisdictions

There are three types of permits issued by the Corps of Engineers: Nationwide, Regional General, and Individual. 80% of the permits issued are nationwide permits, which include several general types of activities, as published in the Federal Register. To gain authorization under a nationwide permit, an applicant usually needs only send a letter to the regional Corps office notifying them of his or her intent, type and amount of impact, and a site map. Although the nationwide process is fairly simple, Corps approval must be obtained before commencing with any work. Regional general permits are specific to each Corps division office. Individual permits are generally required for projects greater than 0. 5 acres (2,000 m²) in size.

Research

ERDC Research support includes:

Trivia

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers gold castle branch insignia, worn by engineer officers.
The U. Dam safety systems are systems monitoring the state of Dams used for Hydropower or other purposes Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids Structural engineering is a field of Engineering dealing with the analysis and design of Structures that support or resist loads Structural engineering is Hydraulic engineering is a sub-discipline of Civil engineering concerned with the flow and conveyance of Fluids principally Water. HEC-RAS is a Computer program that models the hydraulics of water flow through natural Rivers and other channels Bay mud consists of thick deposits of soft unconsolidated Silty Clay, which is saturated with Water; these soil layers are situated at the bottom of Geotechnical engineering is the branch of Civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials S. Army Corps of Engineers gold castle branch insignia, worn by engineer officers.

References

We Clear The Way World War II poster for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
We Clear The Way World War II poster for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
  1. ^ Missions of the US Army Corps of Engineers
  2. ^ Engineer Update
  3. ^ a b c From "Serving The Armed Forces and The Nation" 2007 edition (Oct 2007), and data from the US Army Corps of Engineers
  4. ^ Engineer Magazine article 'Disaster Relief'
  5. ^ USACE Environmental Mission
  6. ^ a b US Army Corps of Engineers Brief History
  7. ^ a b c d First Lieutenant Shaun Martin, Confederate Engineers in the American Civil War, Engineer: The Professional Bulletin for Army Engineers. Technology Industry. U. S. Civil War Center
  8. ^ [ http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1646611_1646683_1648904,00.html ]
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ Close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlef - The Hurricane Highway
  11. ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Home website
  12. ^ CRS/LII Annotated Constitution Article I
  13. ^ See History section in Political campaign
  14. ^ [2](See "Skewed Priorities")
  15. ^ Feingold, McCain, Coburn Work to Reform Army Corps of Engineers
  16. ^ Water bill passes despite Bush veto - Breaking News Updates New Orleans - Times-Picayune - NOLA.com
  17. ^ FOIA Request to the Army Corps of Engineers, New York District, "records pertaining to the former Camp O'Ryan site, previously the Wethersfield Range", 21 February 2007
  18. ^ "State of New York Annual Report of the Chief of Staff to the Governor for the Division of Military and Naval Affairs for the Year 1949 ", Karl F. A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group New York State's Division of Military and Naval Affairs (DMNA is a New York State agency responsible for the state's New York Army National Guard, New York Air Hausauer, Major General, N. Y. N. G. , Chief of Staff to the Governor, 31 December 1949, page 78

External links

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