Ulysses
1922 first edition cover
Author	James Joyce
Language	English
Genre(s)	Novel, Modernism, Stream of consciousness
Publisher	Sylvia Beach
Publication date	February 2, 1922
Media type	Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages	644-1,000, depending on edition
ISBN	ISBN 0-679-72276-9
Preceded by	A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)
Followed by	Finnegans Wake (1939)

Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce, first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Sylvia Beach ( March 14 1887 – October 5 1962) born Nancy Woodbridge Beach in her father's Parsonage in Baltimore Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) is a Book bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with Cloth Paperback, softback, or softcover describe and refer to a Book by the nature of its binding. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a semi-autobiographical Novel by James Joyce, first serialized in The Egoist Finnegans Wake is a fictional work by James Joyce, published in 1939 James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the The Little Review was an American Literary magazine founded by Margaret Caroline Anderson which published modernist American and English writers Sylvia Beach ( March 14 1887 – October 5 1962) born Nancy Woodbridge Beach in her father's Parsonage in Baltimore Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It is considered one of the most important works of Modernist literature. Modernist literature is the literary form of Modernism and especially High modernism; it should not be confused with modern literature, which is the history ^[1]

Ulysses chronicles the passage through Dublin by its main character, Leopold Bloom, during an ordinary day, June 16, 1904. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Leopold Bloom is the fictional Protagonist of James Joyce 's novel Ulysses, assuming the role of the ' Odysseus ' character Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on The title alludes to the hero of Homer's Odyssey (Latinised into Ulysses), and there are many parallels, both implicit and explicit, between the two works (e. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. g. , the correspondences between Leopold Bloom and Odysseus, Molly Bloom and Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus and Telemachus). Leopold Bloom is the fictional Protagonist of James Joyce 's novel Ulysses, assuming the role of the ' Odysseus ' character grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs Molly Bloom is a Fictional character in the novel Ulysses by James Joyce. In Homer 's Odyssey, Penelópē ( Πηνελόπεια/Πηνελόπη) is the faithful wife of Odysseus, who keeps her suitors Stephen Dedalus is James Joyce 's literary Alter ego, as well as the Protagonist of his first semi-autobiographical novel of artistic existence This article is about the figure in greek mythology For the Christian saint see Saint Telemachus, and for the South African cricketer, see Roger June 16 is now celebrated by Joyce's fans worldwide as Bloomsday. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on 16 June in Dublin and elsewhere to celebrate the life of Irish Writer James Joyce

Ulysses totals 250,000 words from a vocabulary of 30,000 words. Divided into 18 "episodes," as they are called in scholarly circles, the book has been the subject of much controversy and scrutiny since its publication, ranging from early obscenity trials to protracted textual "Joyce Wars. " Ulysses's groundbreaking stream-of-consciousness technique, careful structuring, and highly experimental prose—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterizations and broad humour, have made the book perhaps the most highly regarded novel in the Modernist pantheon. An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference or representation of or to a well-known person place event literary work myth, or work of art Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Ulysses first on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The Modern Library, a current division of Random House Publishers was founded in 1917 by Albert Boni and Horace Liveright. ^[2] The English novelist Martin Amis has called it one of the greatest novels ever written. Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949 is an English Novelist, Essayist and Short story Writer, the son of writer Kingsley ^[3]

Contents 1 Background 1.1 Social issues 1.1.1 Antisemitism and religion 2 Structure 2.1 Part I: The Telemachiad 2.1.1 Episode 1, Telemachus 2.1.2 Episode 2, Nestor 2.1.3 Episode 3, Proteus 2.2 Part II: The Odyssey 2.2.1 Episode 4, Calypso 2.2.2 Episode 5, The Lotus Eaters 2.2.3 Episode 6, Hades 2.2.4 Episode 7, Aeolus 2.2.5 Episode 8, The Lestrygonians 2.2.6 Episode 9, Scylla and Charybdis 2.2.7 Episode 10, The Wandering Rocks 2.2.8 Episode 11, The Sirens 2.2.9 Episode 12, The Cyclops 2.2.10 Episode 13, Nausicäa 2.2.11 Episode 14, The Oxen of the Sun 2.2.12 Episode 15, Circe 2.3 Part III: The Nostos 2.3.1 Episode 16, Eumaeus 2.3.2 Episode 17, Ithaca 2.3.3 Episode 18, Penelope 3 Publication history 4 Film, TV or theatrical adaptations 5 Allusions/references to other works 6 Allusions/references in other works 7 Notes and references 8 Sources 9 Editions in print 9.1 Facsimile texts of the manuscript 9.2 Facsimile texts of the 1922 first edition 9.3 Based on the 1960 Bodley Head/1961 Random House editions 9.4 Based on the 1984 Gabler edition 10 External links

Background

Joyce's first acquaintance with Odysseus was via Charles Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses - an adaptation of the Odyssey for children, which seems to have established the Roman name in Joyce‘s mind. Charles Lamb is the name of Charles Lamb (writer (1775-1834 a British essayist Charles Lamb (politician (1891-1965 a Canadian At school he wrote an essay on Ulysses as his 'favourite hero'. ^[4] Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses to be the only all-round character in literature. ^[5] He thought about calling Dubliners by the name Ulysses in Dublin,^[6] but the idea grew from a story in Dubliners in 1906, to a 'short book' in 1907,^[7], to the vast novel which he began writing in 1914. Dubliners is a collection of 15 short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914

Social issues

Antisemitism and religion

Leopold Bloom identifies himself as a Jew in the Cyclops episode, although his mother, Ellen Higgins, was Roman Catholic, and his father, Rudolph Virag, was born Jewish but converted to Protestantism. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Leopold himself converted to Catholicism in order to marry Molly Bloom. Molly Bloom is a Fictional character in the novel Ulysses by James Joyce. He does not observe Jewish customs, but nevertheless displays his sometimes flawed awareness of them throughout the novel.

Don Gifford and Robert Seidman write that Irish antisemitism is one of the major themes of Ulysses. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility It was not as prevalent as in other parts of Europe, they write, but was nevertheless part of what they call "a bewildering maze of prejudice and intolerance" found in Ireland in 1904, where there was a small but ruling class of conservative and defensive Anglo-Irish Protestants, and a 90 percent majority of Roman Catholics, who as a community were "puritanical and censorious. "^[8]

The antisemitism manifested itself in stereotypes of Jews as anti-Christian and in derogatory names for them, such as "Jewman. " Nevertheless, the Jewish population of Ireland increased as a result of Jews moving from Eastern Europe. There were 472 Jews in the country in 1881 and 3,769 in 1901, amounting to 0. 08 percent of the overall population. ^[8]

Edward Raphael Lipsett, a Jew living in Dublin, wrote in 1906 that, "You cannot get one native to remember that a Jew may be an Irishman . . . the idea is wholly inconceivable to the native mind . . . The Jews understand the Irish little; the Irish understand the Jews less. "^[8]

Martin Amis writes that Joyce portrays religion in Ireland in general as an ideology of unexamined cliché, identifying both antisemitism and Roman Catholicism as "fozzilizations of dead prose and dead thought. "^[3]

Structure

See also: Linati schema for Ulysses and Gilbert schema for Ulysses

Ulysses is divided into eighteen chapters or "episodes". This schema for the novel Ulysses was produced by Joyce in 1920 to help a friend (Carlo Linati understand the fundamental structure of the book This schema for the novel Ulysses was produced by its author James Joyce, in 1921 to help his friend Stuart Gilbert understand the fundamental structure of the At first glance much of the book may appear unstructured and chaotic; Joyce once said that he'd "put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries arguing over what I meant" in order to attain "immortality". ^[9] The two schemata which Stuart Gilbert and Herbert Gorman released after publication to defend Joyce from the obscenity accusations made the links to the Odyssey clear, and also explained the work's internal structure. The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

Every episode of Ulysses has an assigned theme, technique and, tellingly, correspondences between its characters and those of the Odyssey. The episode titles and the correspondences were not included in the original text but are known from the Linati and Gilbert schema. This schema for the novel Ulysses was produced by Joyce in 1920 to help a friend (Carlo Linati understand the fundamental structure of the book This schema for the novel Ulysses was produced by its author James Joyce, in 1921 to help his friend Stuart Gilbert understand the fundamental structure of the Joyce referred to the episodes by their Homeric titles in his letters. He took the titles from Victor Bérard’s two-volume Les Phéniciens et l’Odyssée which he consulted in 1918 in the Zentralbibliothek of Zürich. Bérard’s book was the source of Joyce’s idiosyncratic rendering of some of the Homeric titles: 'Nausikaa', the 'Telemachia'.

Part I: The Telemachiad

Episode 1, Telemachus

It is 8 a. This article is about the figure in greek mythology For the Christian saint see Saint Telemachus, and for the South African cricketer, see Roger m. on the morning of 16 June 1904 (the day Joyce first formally went out with Nora Barnacle). Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Nora Barnacle (March 1884 &ndash April 10 1951) was the lover companion inspiration and &mdash eventually &mdash wife of author James Joyce. ^[10] Buck Mulligan (a callous, verbally aggressive and boisterous medical student) calls Stephen Dedalus (a young writer first encountered in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man) up to the roof of the Martello tower, Sandycove, overlooking Dublin bay. Malachi "Buck" Mulligan is a Fictional character in James Joyce 's novel Ulysses. Stephen Dedalus is James Joyce 's literary Alter ego, as well as the Protagonist of his first semi-autobiographical novel of artistic existence A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a semi-autobiographical Novel by James Joyce, first serialized in The Egoist Martello towers (or simply Martellos) are small defensive forts built in several countries of the British Empire during the 19th century from the time Sandycove ( Irish: Cuas an Ghainimh) is a small village located on the east coast of the Republic of Ireland, in South County Dublin, and Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Stephen doesn't respond to Mulligan’s aggressive and intrusive jokes. Stephen is focused on, and initially disdainful toward, Haines (a nondescript, anti-semitic Englishman from Oxford), whom Buck Mulligan invited around. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Malachi "Buck" Mulligan is a Fictional character in James Joyce 's novel Ulysses. Stephen's annoyance stems from the intrusion, as he was disturbed the previous night by Haines’s moaning about a nightmare.

Mulligan and Dedalus proceed to look out over the sea, and Stephen is reminded of his deceased mother, for whom he is visibly still in mourning. This, and Stephen's refusal to pray at his mother's deathbed, remains an issue of some contention between the two. Stephen reveals that he once overheard Buck referring to his mother as “beastly dead. ” When faced with this, Buck makes a brief attempt to defend himself, but gives up shortly. Buck then departs, and sings to himself, unknowingly, the song that Stephen once sang to his dying mother. Mulligan shaves and prepares breakfast, then all three eat.

Later, Haines and Stephen walk down to the water, where Buck and his companions are swimming. We here learn that Buck has an absent friend from Westmeath who has a yet-unnamed girlfriend (later revealed to be Milly Bloom). Millicent "Milly" Bloom is a fictional character from the James Joyce novel Ulysses. Stephen declares his intention to depart, and Buck demands the house key and to be lent money. Departing, Stephen declares that he will not return to the tower tonight, citing Buck as a “Usurper. ”

Episode 2, Nestor

Stephen is teaching a history class on Pyrrhus’s victory, the class is visibly bored, unconcerned with the subject and not disciplined. Before seeing the boys out of the classroom, Stephen tells the students an cryptic and impenetrable riddle about a fox burying his grandmother under a bush, which falls flat. One student, Sargent, stays behind so that Stephen can show him how to do a set of arithmetic exercises. Stephen indulges him, but looks at the aesthetically unappealing Sargent and tries to imagine Sargent’s mother’s love for him. Afterwards, Stephen visits the anti-semitic school headmaster, Mr. Deasy, from whom he collects his pay and a letter to take to a newspaper office for printing. The Deasy family was mainly concentrated in Waterford and West Cork at the time that James Joyce wrote Ulysses. Deasy lectures Stephen on the satisfaction of money earned and the importance of efficient money-management. The Deasy family was mainly concentrated in Waterford and West Cork at the time that James Joyce wrote Ulysses. Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts. This scene is the source of some of the novel's most famous lines, such as Dedalus's claim that God is "a shout in the street" and that "history is a nightmare from which I am trying to wake. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. " He rejects Deasy’s biased recollection of past events, which he uses to justify his prejudices. At the end of this episode, Deasy makes another incendiary remark against the Jews, stating that Ireland has never extensively persecuted the Jews because they were never let in to the country. The Deasy family was mainly concentrated in Waterford and West Cork at the time that James Joyce wrote Ulysses. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

Episode 3, Proteus

In this chapter, characterized by its stream of consciousness narrative style, the action is presented to the reader through the prism of Stephen's interior monologue. In Greek mythology, Proteus (Πρωτεύς is an early sea-god one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea" whose name suggests the He finds his way to the strand and mopes around for some time, mulling various philosophical concepts (the most prominent of which is the issue of signifier versus signified), his family, his life as a student in Paris, and again, his mother's death. In Semiotics, a sign is "something that stands for something else to someone in some capacity" Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city As Stephen reminisces and ponders, he lies down among some rocks, watches a couple and a dog, writes some poetry ideas, picks his nose, and urinates behind a rock.

Part II: The Odyssey

Episode 4, Calypso

The narrative shifts abruptly. The time is again 8 a. m. , but we have moved across the city to Eccles Street and to the second protagonist of the book, Leopold Bloom, a part-Jewish advertising canvasser. Leopold Bloom is the fictional Protagonist of James Joyce 's novel Ulysses, assuming the role of the ' Odysseus ' character PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Bloom lives at No. 7 Eccles Street and is preparing breakfast at the same time as Mulligan in the tower. He walks to a butcher to purchase a pork kidney for his breakfast and returns to finish his cooking. He brings his wife, Molly, her breakfast and mail and reads his own letter from their daughter, Milly. Molly Bloom is a Fictional character in the novel Ulysses by James Joyce. Millicent "Milly" Bloom is a fictional character from the James Joyce novel Ulysses. The chapter closes with his plodding to the outhouse and defecating. Defecation is the final act of Digestion by which organisms eliminate solid semisolid or liquid Waste material ( Faeces) from the Digestive tract

Episode 5, The Lotus Eaters

Bloom now begins his day proper, furtively making his way to a post office (by an intentionally indirect route), where he receives a love letter from one 'Martha Clifford' addressed to his pseudonym, 'Henry Flower'. He buys a newspaper and meets an acquaintance, C. P. M'Coy; while they chat, Bloom attempts to ogle a woman wearing stockings, but is prevented by a passing tram. Next, he reads the letter and tears up the envelope in an alley. He makes his exit via a Catholic church service and thinks about what is going on inside it. He goes to a chemist, then meets another acquaintance, Bantam Lyons, to whom he unintentionally gives a racing tip for the horse Throwaway. Finally, Bloom visits the baths to wash for the rest of the day.

Episode 6, Hades

The episode begins with Bloom entering a funeral carriage with three others, including Stephen's father Simon Dedalus. Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient Simon Dedalus is a fictional character in two works by James Joyce - A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses. They make their way to Paddy Dignam's funeral, passing Stephen and making small talk on the way. Patrick "Paddy" Dignam is a character from Ulysses by James Joyce. Bloom scans his newspaper. There is discussion of various deaths, forms of death, and the tram-line before arriving and getting out. They enter the chapel into the service and subsequently leave with the coffin cart. Bloom sees a mysterious man wearing a mackintosh during the burial and reflects upon various subjects. The Mackintosh or Macintosh (abbreviated as mac or mack) is a form of waterproof Raincoat, first sold in 1824 made out of Rubberized Leaving, he points out a dent in a friend's hat.

Episode 7, Aeolus

At the newspaper office, Bloom attempts to place an ad, while Stephen arrives bringing Deasy's letter about 'foot and mouth' disease. For the Click beetle Genus, see Aeolus (beetle. Aeolus ( Greek:, Ailos Modern Greek The two do not meet. The episode is broken up into short sections by newspaper-style headlines, and is characterized by a deliberate abundance of rhetorical figures and devices. Lenehan and Corley appear in this section. Lenehan and Corley appear in at least two works by James Joyce: In the story " Two Gallants " from Dubliners

Episode 8, The Lestrygonians

This chapter opens with Bloom walking down the street. The Laestrygonians (or Laestrygones, Laistrygones, Laistrygonians, Lestrygonians) are a tribe of giant cannibals from ancient Greek mythology He is handed a leaflet, advertising a visiting American evangelist reading, “Blood of the Lamb. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ” Bloom walks over a bridge and tosses the leaflet into the water. He notices another advertisement on the side of a boat. He thinks about other effective places for ads, such as a doctor’s flyer about sexually transmitted diseases in a bathroom. Bloom then wonders if Boylan, who he suspects is having trysts with Marion, might have an STD.

Later, Bloom meets a former girlfriend, Josie Breen. She is now married to Denis who is paranoid, and not mentally stable. Mr. Breen received an anonymous postcard this morning, reading, “u. p. : up. ” Breen is subsequently attempting to respond with legal action.

Bloom then walks past a group of police officers. This encounter reminds him of the time when mounted policemen chased a gaggle of anti-British medical students. A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman) is a warranted employee of a Police force. Bloom feels it is likely that those students are probably now part of the institutions they were criticizing. He thinks about other turncoats, such as Carey of the Invincibles and house servants who inform on their employers.

As his walk progresses, Leopold Passes an optician’s, and thinks about eclipses. Scientific Equipment OpticianAn optician is an Eye care professional who provides corrective lenses based on a prescription for the correction of a Refractive He holds up a finger to block out the sun, remembering the time, at night, when he walked with Molly and her lover, Boylan. He speculates that Molly and Boylan may have been touching.

Bloom then enters a restaurant, Burton's. Repulsed by the anti-social sentiments and manner of the patrons, he makes a hasty exit heading instead to Davy Byrne’s.

Inside, Bloom is greeted by Nosey Flynn who enquires about Molly and her upcoming tour with Boylan, her manager. Bloom's mind turns to Molly, and her affair. Bloom then eats. Noticing two flies stuck on the window pane Bloom reminisces about a previous intimate moment with Molly on the Howth Hill: as Bloom lay on top of her, Molly fed him seedcake out of her mouth, and they made love. The reader will later hear this story from Marion's perspective in her soliloquy. A monologue is an extended uninterrupted speech or poem by a single person Looking back at the flies, Bloom thinks sadly of the copious dissimilarities between himself then, when he was happy with Molly, and now.

Bloom finishes his meal and heads to the outhouse.

Having left, Bloom goes forth to the National Library to look up the Keyes ad. A national library is a Library specifically established by the Government of a country to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country Coming across a blind man, Bloom helps him across the road and meditates on how other senses of blind people must be heightened. Bloom suddenly spots Boylan across the street. Panicked, he sharply turns into the gates of the National Museum. A national museum is a Museum maintained by a Nation. List of national museums Australia Australian National Aviation Museum

Throughout this episode, Bloom muses upon the concept of a parallax, which he does not fully understand. Parallax is an apparent displacement or difference of orientation of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between This can be considered self-reflexive, as the narrative of Ulysses, and the reader's perception, changes profusely when shown the different characters perceptions of the same events. The book itself uses parallax as a narrative device.

Episode 9, Scylla and Charybdis

At the National Library, Stephen explains to various scholars his biographical theory of the works of Shakespeare, especially Hamlet, which he claims are based largely on the posited adultery of Shakespeare's wife, Anne Hathaway. Scylla and Charybdis are two Sea monsters of Greek mythology who were situated on opposite sides of the Strait of Messina between William Shakespeare ( baptised Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 Anne Hathaway (1556 &ndash August 6, 1623) was the wife of William Shakespeare. Bloom enters the library to look at some statues on exhibit, but does not encounter Stephen except briefly and unknowingly at the end of the episode. Buck Mulligan does see Bloom, however, and jokingly warns Stephen of Bloom's possible homosexuality.

Episode 10, The Wandering Rocks

In this episode, nineteen short vignettes depict the wanderings of various characters, major and minor, through the streets of Dublin. In Greek mythology, the Symplegades (pronounced /sɪmˈplɛgəˌdiz/ also known as the Cyanean Rocks or Clashing Rocks, were a pair of rocks at the The chapter ends with an account of the cavalcade of the Lord Lieutenant, William Humble, Earl of Dudley, through the streets, where it is encountered by the various characters we have met in the episode. William Humble Ward 2nd Earl of Dudley, GCB, GCMG, GCVO ( 25 May 1867 – 29 June 1932) styled Viscount Neither Stephen nor Bloom sees the Viceroy's procession.

This chapter is unique in that it draws Homeric parallels to an incident that is described third-hand in the Odyssey. That is to say, the Wandering Rocks are spoken about in the Odyssey, but never experienced by its protagonist, Odysseus. This is perhaps why Joyce disembodies the narrative from the three main characters.

Episode 11, The Sirens

In this episode, dominated by motifs of music, Bloom has dinner with Stephen's uncle Richie Goulding at the Ormond Hotel, while Molly's lover, Blazes Boylan, proceeds to his rendezvous with her. In Greek mythology, the Sirens ( Greek singular Seirēn; Greek plural Seirēnes) were three dangerous bird-women Hugh (“Blazes” Boylan Hugh (“Blazes” Boylan is a fictional character from the James Joyce novel Ulysses. While dining, Bloom watches the seductive barmaids Lydia Douce and Mina Kennedy and listens to the singing of Simon Dedalus and others.

Episode 12, The Cyclops

This chapter is narrated largely by an unnamed denizen of Dublin, although his style of speech is heavily modeled on John Joyce, Joyce's father. In Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, a cyclops (ˈsaɪklɒps or kyklops ( Greek) is a member of a primordial race of John Stanislaus Joyce ( July 4, 1849 - December 29, 1931) was the father of writer James Joyce, and a well known Dublin man He runs into Hynes and they enter a pub for a drink. At the pub, they meet Alf Bergan and a character referred to only as the 'Citizen', who is largely modeled on Michael Cusack, founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association. Michael Cusack ( Irish: Mícheál Ó Ciosóg) (1847 &ndash 1906 was an Irish teacher and founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA) ( Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael /'kʊmˠən̪ˠ 'l̪ˠuh Eventually, Leopold Bloom enters waiting to meet Martin Cunningham. The citizen is discovered to be a fierce Fenian and begins berating Bloom. Fianna Éireann The Fenians, both the Fenian Brotherhood and Irish Republican Brotherhood, were fraternal organisations dedicated to the establishment of an independent The atmosphere quickly becomes anti-Semitic and Bloom escapes upon Cunningham's arrival. The chapter is marked by extended digressions made outside the voice of the unnamed narrator: hyperboles of legal jargon, Biblical passages, Irish mythology, etc. , with lists of names often extending half a page. The episode title Cyclops refers both to the narrator, who is often quoted with 'says I', and to the Citizen, who fails to see the folly of his narrow-minded thinking.

Episode 13, Nausicäa

Three young women, Cissy Caffrey, Edy Boardman, and Gerty MacDowell, have come to the strand to watch a display of fireworks. In ancient Greek literature, Nausicaa (often rendered Nausicaä or Nausikaa Greek: Ναυσικάα) a daughter of King The chapter opens by following Gerty's stream of consciousness as she daydreams of finding someone to love her. Eventually, Bloom appears and they begin to flirt from a distance. The girls are about to leave when the fireworks start. Cissy and Edy leave to get a better view, but Gerty remains. Bloom has made his way to the rocks of Sandymount Strand where he encounters the young beauty. Bloom becomes the romantic stranger to Gerty by watching her from a distance. She sees Bloom's troubled face and ponders over what terrible thing may have cast him out upon this rocky shore. It is here that Gerty becomes like the Virgin Mary, the beacon "to the storm-tossed heart of man" (346). Her romantic notions of marriage and passion become more abundant as she views Bloom.

Gerty becomes anxious for her friends to leave and inquires of the time as a subtle hint that they should be getting on their way. One of the girls approaches Bloom, asking for the time. Bloom discovers that his watch has stopped at half past four. Later the reader discovers that this is probably the time at which Bloom's wife, Molly, was committing adultery with Blazes Boylan. Bloom does not strike up a conversation with the girl but rather keeps his focus on Gerty who is now fully aware of her admirer. The girls decide that it is late and begin to leave. As they are packing up the children's things, Gerty begins to entice the stranger through the exploitation of her body.

At about this time the benediction at the church has drawn to a close and fireworks are set off. Everyone runs to see the fireworks except for Gerty and Bloom. Gerty, filled with passion, is enticed by the fireworks as she tilts her body backwards to see. As she moves back on the rocks she deliberately exposes herself fully to Bloom. At this moment a long Roman candle is shot off into the air. Gerty sees the long rocket as it goes "higher and higher" (Joyce 366) and leans back even further, exposing even more to Bloom. Gerty's sexual excitement grows as she is "trembling in every limb" (Joyce 366). The imagery of the long rocket corresponds with Bloom's manhood as he is masturbating to Gerty's display in time with the rocket. Finally the two reach their climax as the Roman candle explodes in the air and from it gushes out "a stream of rain gold hair threads" (Joyce 367).

Gerty then leaves, revealing herself to be lame, and leaving Bloom meditating on the beach. Gerty's display of her body is inset with allusions to the Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament taking place across the street from the strand in a Catholic church. Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament is a devotional ceremony celebrated within the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, as well as in some Anglican This is usually read as Joyce's playful punning on the ceremonial display of the 'Body of Christ' in the form of the Host coupled with Gerty's displaying her own body to Bloom (who is clearly acting out his own version of an Adoration). Adoration ( Latin) is to give Homage or Worship to someone or something Gerty's final revelation of being 'lame' is also read as Joyce's opinion of the state of the Roman Catholic Church, especially in Ireland. The first half of the episode is marked by an excessively sentimental style, and it is unclear how much of Gerty's monologue is actually imagined by Bloom.

Episode 14, The Oxen of the Sun

Bloom visits the maternity hospital where Mina Purefoy is giving birth, and finally meets Stephen, who is drinking with Buck Mulligan and his medical student friends. In Greek mythology, The Oxen of the Sun were the beloved cattle of the sun-god Helios pastured on the island of Trinacria. They continue on to a pub to continue drinking, following the successful birth of the baby. This chapter is remarkable for Joyce's wordplay, which seems to recapitulate the entire history of the English language to describe a scene in an obstetrics hospital, from the Carmen Arvale

Deshil Holles Eamus. Obstetrics (from the Latin obstare, "to stand by" is the surgical speciality dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during Pregnancy The Carmen Arvale is the preserved chant of the Arval priests or Fratres Arvales of ancient Rome. Deshil Holles Eamus. Deshil Holles Eamus.

to something resembling alliterative Anglo-Saxon poetry

In ward wary the watcher hearing come that man mildhearted eft rising with swire ywimpled to him her gate wide undid. Lo, levin leaping lightens in eyeblink Ireland's westward welkin. Full she dread that God the Wreaker all mankind would fordo with water for his evil sins. Christ's rood made she on breastbone and him drew that he would rathe infare under her thatch. That man her will wotting worthful went in Horne's house.

and on through skillful parodies of, among others, Malory, the King James Bible, Bunyan, Pepys, Defoe, Addison and Steele, Sterne, Goldsmith, Junius, Gibbon, Lamb, De Quincey, Landor, Dickens, Newman, Ruskin and Carlyle, before concluding in a haze of nearly incomprehensible slang, bringing to mind American English employed in advertising. Sir Thomas Malory (c 1405 – 14 March 1471 was an English writer the author or compiler of Le Morte d'Arthur. John Bunyan (28 November 1628 &ndash 31 August 1688 a Christian writer and Preacher, was born at Harrowden (one mile south-east of Bedford Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 — April 24, 1731 was an English Writer, Journalist, and Pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for Joseph Addison (May 1 1672 – June 17 1719 was an English essayist and Poet. This is about Richard Steele Irish writer and politician for others see Richard Steele (disambiguation page Laurence Sterne ( November 24, 1713 &ndash March 18, 1768) was an Irish -born English Novelist and an Anglican Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 or 1728 &ndash 4 April 1774 was an Anglo-Irish writer poet and Physician known for his Novel The Vicar Junius was the pseudonym of a writer who contributed a series of letters to the Public Advertiser, from January 21 1769 to January Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. Charles Lamb is the name of Charles Lamb (writer (1775-1834 a British essayist Charles Lamb (politician (1891-1965 a Canadian Thomas de Quincey (15 August 1785 &ndash 8 December 1859 was an English author and intellectual best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater Walter Savage Landor ( 30 January 1775 – 17 September 1864) was an English Writer and Poet. Family John Henry Newman was born in London and was the eldest son of John Newman (d John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881 was a Scottish essayist satirist and historian whose work was highly influential during the Victorian era. Indeed, Joyce organized this chapter as three sections divided into nine total subsections, representing the trimesters and months of gestation.

This extremely complex chapter can be further broken down structurally. It consists of sixty paragraphs. The first ten paragraphs are parodies of Latin and Anglo-Saxon language, the two major predecessors to the English language, and can be seen as intercourse and conception. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The next forty paragraphs, representing the 40 weeks of gestation in human embryonic development, begin with Middle English satires, the earliest form of English; they move chronologically forward through the various styles mentioned above. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of At the end of the fiftieth paragraph, the baby in the maternity hospital is born, and the final ten paragraphs are the child, combining all the different forms of slang and street English that were spoken in Dublin in the early part of the 20th century.

Episode 15, Circe

Episode Fifteen takes the form of a play script with stage directions and descriptions, with characters’ names appearing above their dialogue. In Greek mythology, Circe ( sərsē; Greek Κίρκη Kírkē, falcon is a Queen Goddess (or sometimes a Nymph The majority of the action of Episode Fifteen occurs only as drunken hallucinations.

The episode opens at Nighttown, what acts as Dublin's red-light district. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Stephen and Lynch walk toward a brothel. Bloom attempts to follow Stephen and Lynch to Nighttown, but soon loses them. Here, the episode's first hallucination begins, in which Bloom is confronted by family members, such as Molly Bloom and his parents, and also by Gerty MacDowell, in regards to various offences. Molly Bloom is a Fictional character in the novel Ulysses by James Joyce.

Awakening from this hallucination, Bloom feeds a dog. This act leads onto another hallucination in which Bloom is questioned by a pair of Night-Wardens. From here, Bloom then imagines facing trial, accused of a variety of outlandish crimes, including forgery and bigamy, possibly alluding to a subconscious guilt over his marital duplicity. Bloom is accused and testified against by recognisable figures like Myles Crawford, and Paddy Dignam. Patrick "Paddy" Dignam is a character from Ulysses by James Joyce. Mary Driscoll states that Bloom made inappropriate advances towards her when she was under his employment. Shaking off this fantasy, Bloom is approached by Zoe Higgins, a local prostitute. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. Zoe tells him Stephen currently in the brothel that she works in. Another fantasy ensues, in which Bloom gives a campaign speech. Attracting the attention and subsequent admiration of both the Irish and Zionists, and is subsequently hailed as the leader of “Bloomusalem. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate ” The hallucination turns more surreal and unpredictable when Bloom is accused of yet more outlandish offenses and for having rumoured sexual abnormalities. Bloom is then declared a woman, and spontaneously gives birth to eight children. CHILD syndrome (or congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is a genetic disorder Zoe then reappears, signalling the end of the hallucination, with only a second having actually passed since she last spoke.

After being lead inside the brothel and seeing Stephen, another hallucination begins with the arrival of Lipoti Virag, who lectures Bloom about sexual attitudes and conduct. Then, the owner of the brothel, Bella Cohen, appears, and is then credited as “Bello,” who proceeds to dominate and humiliate Bloom. Bella Cohen is a character in chapter 15 of the novel Ulysses by James Joyce In this hallucination, Bloom proceeds to "die". After his "death" he converses with the nymph from the picture in the Blooms’ bedroom, who berates Bloom for his fallibility. In Greek mythology, a nymph is any member of a large class of mythological entities in human female form Bloom, regaining a degree of triumphant confidence, stands up to the nymph, questioning her own sexual attitudes.

Bloom then returns to reality, finding Bella Cohen before him. Bloom takes his lucky potato from Zoe and Stephen pays for the services received, in his drunken state, paying far more than necessary. Seeing this, Bloom confiscates the rest of Stephen's money. Another hallucination starts, involving Bloom watching Boylan and Molly fornicate. Returning to consciousness, Bloom finds Stephen dancing to the pianola. Another hallucination then starts, this time Stephen's, in which the rotting cadaver of his mother rises up from the floor to confront him, a manifestation of his own guilt and lingering uncertainty over his role in his mother's death. Terrified, Stephen uses his walking stick to smash a chandelier. A chandelier is a branched decorative ceiling-mounted light fixture with two or more arms bearing lights Bloom quickly repays Bella, who demands more than is fair for the damage, then runs after Stephen, worried for his safety.

Bloom quickly finds Stephen engaged in a heated argument, and Dedalus gets punched and knocked out. The police arrive and the crowd disperses. Bloom tends on and checks Stephen, as an apparition of Rudy, Bloom’s deceased child, appears, underlining the parental feelings Leopold has built up toward the younger Stephen.

In short, this episode is the longest in the novel yet occurs within a rather short time-frame. Molly’s letter from Boylan and Bloom's from Martha are reworked into a series of seductive letters ending in a trial. Bloom's sexual infidelities, beginning with Lotty Clarke and ending with Gerty McDowell, are relived and reconciled.

Part III: The Nostos

Episode 16, Eumaeus

Bloom and Stephen go to the cabman's shelter to eat. For the Butterfly Genus, see Eumaeus (butterfly. In Greek mythology, Eumaeus, or Eumaios (Εὔμαιος There they encounter a drunken sailor, as well as Lord John Corley.

Episode 17, Ithaca

Bloom returns home with Stephen, who refuses Bloom's offer of a place to stay for the night. Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km² The two men urinate in the backyard, Stephen departs and wanders off into the night,^[11] and Bloom goes to bed. The episode is written in the form of a rigidly organized catechism, and was reportedly Joyce's favourite episode in the novel. A catechism (ˈkætəkɪzəm κατηχισμός is a summary or exposition of Doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament

Episode 18, Penelope

The final episode, which also uses the stream of consciousness technique seen in Episode 3, consists of Molly Bloom's Soliloquy: eight enormous sentences (without punctuation) written from the viewpoint of Bloom's wife. Molly Bloom's soliloquy is presented in the eighteenth and final chapter of James Joyce 's Novel Ulysses.

The first sentence begins with Marion expressing annoyance and surprise that Bloom has asked her to serve him breakfast in bed, as it is he that usually does this for her, (such as in the fourth episode, Calypso). She then guesses that Bloom has had an orgasm today, and is reminded of his past possible infidelity with other women. In turn, she thinks of her afternoon spent with Boylan, whose conventional and masculine lovemaking technique provided a welcome change after a decade of celibacy and Bloom’s strange lovemaking techniques. Yet, Molly feels Bloom is more virile than Boylan and remembers how handsome Bloom was when they were courting. Reminded of Josie and the mentally unstable Denis Breen’s marriage, Molly feels that she and Bloom are lucky, despite the current marital difficulties.

In Molly’s second sentence, she reflects upon her previous and current admirers: Boylan; the tenor Bartell D’Arcy, who she was kissed by in a church; Lt. Gardner, who died during Boer War. Molly then thinks about her husband's underwear fetish. She then thinks about seeing Boylan on Monday and their upcoming trip to Belfast alone. She then thinks of her career: concert singing, and Bloom’s help. Thinking about her future meetings with Boylan, Molly decides that she must lose weight. She thinks about how Bloom should quit his advertising job at Freeman and get better paid work elsewhere, like in an office. But then remembers having to plead with Mr. Cuffe, a previous employer for Bloom’s job back after he was fired, which was refused.

Moving onto the third sentence, Marion thinks of the time Bloom suggested she pose naked in exchange for money, and of pornographic imagery, which she associates with the nymph painting that Bloom used to explain the concept of metempsychosis earlier this morning. Her thoughts once again turn to Boylan and of her orgasm earlier.

Molly’s fourth sentence begins with a train whistle and her Gibraltar childhood, her companions there, and of how she had resorted to writing herself letters after they left, out of boredom and loneliness. Molly then thinks about how Milly sent her a card this morning where as her husband received a whole letter. She then thinks that she may receive another love letter from Boylan, as she did earlier.

This line of thought leads to the next sentence, in which she recalls her first love letter, from Lieutenant Mulvey, whom she kissed under the in Gibraltar. She later lost contact with him, and wonders what he would be like now. Her thoughts turn again to her career, and remains dismissive of silly girl singers. Molly wonders what path her career could have taken had she not married Bloom.

In her sixth sentence, Molly’s thinks again about Milly and how it was Bloom’s idea to send Milly to Mullingar to learn photography, because he sensed Molly and Boylan’s impending affair. She feels that Milly has become as Molly used to be. Molly senses the start of her period, confirmation the her tryst with Boylan has not caused a pregnancy. Events then day, spent with Boylan, run through her mind.

In her seventh sentence, Molly climbs quietly back into bed and thinks of the times she and Bloom have had to relocate. Their financial situation makes Molly worry that Leopold may have wasted money on another woman, or Dignam family out of pity. Her mind then turns to Stephen, whom she met during his childhood. She predicts that Stephen is probably not stuck-up, and is most-likely clean. Molly resolves to study before meeting him so he will not look down upon her.

In her eighth sentence, Molly thinks of her husband's strange habits, how he never embraces her, instead kissing her bottom, like he did earlier. Molly speculates that the world would be much improved if it consisted of Matriachal Societies, run exclusively by women. She thinks again of Stephen, and of his mother's death, and that of Rudy’s death, she then ends this line of thought as it is making her depressed. Molly thinks about arousing Bloom in morning, then revealing the details of her affair Boylan to make him realize his culpability. Molly then decides to procure some flower, in case Stephen Dedalus decides to come round. Thinking of flowers, Molly thinks of the day she and Bloom spent at Howth, his marriage proposal, and her response, reaffirming her love for Leopold, even during a period of turbulence within the marriage.

The concluding period following the final words of her reverie is one of only three punctuation marks in the chapter, the others being after the fourth and eighth "sentences". When written this episode contained the longest "sentence" in English literature, 4,391 words expressed by Molly Bloom. ^[12]

Publication history

Written over a seven-year period from 1914 to 1921, the novel was serialised in the American journal The Little Review from 1918 until the publication of the Nausicäa episode led to a prosecution for obscenity. The term " serial " refers to the intrinsic property of a series &mdash namely its order. The Little Review was an American Literary magazine founded by Margaret Caroline Anderson which published modernist American and English writers Obscenity (in Latin obscenus, meaning "foul repulsive detestable" is a term that is most often used in a legal context to ^[13] In 1919, sections of the novel also appeared in the London literary journal The Egoist, but the novel itself was banned in the United Kingdom until the 1930s. The Egoist was a London Literary magazine published from 1914 to 1919, during which time it published early Modernist works including In 1920 after the US magazine The Little Review serialized a passage of the book dealing with the main character masturbating, a group called the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, who objected to the book's content, took action to attempt to keep the book out of the United States. The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV or SSV was founded in 1873 by Anthony Comstock and his supporters in the Young Men's Christian Association At a trial in 1921 the magazine was declared obscene and as a result Ulysses was banned in the United States. In 1933, the publisher Random House arranged to import the French edition and have a copy seized by customs when the ship was unloaded, which it then contested. Random House Inc is the world's largest English-language general trade book publisher In United States v. One Book Called Ulysses, U. United States v One Book Called Ulysses was a 1933 case in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York dealing with Free S. District Judge John M. Woolsey ruled on December 6, 1933 that the book was not pornographic and therefore could not be obscene. John M Woolsey ( January 3, 1877 &ndash May 4, 1945) was a federal Judge in New York City. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[14] Woolsey's decision has been called "epoch-making" by Stuart Gilbert,^[15], and "among the most civilized ever handed down by an American Court. Stuart Gilbert (1883 &ndash 1969 was an English literary scholar and translator " The Second Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the ruling in 1934. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals. ^[16] The work was also blacklisted by Irish customs. Customs is an Authority or agency in a Country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods

The publication history of Ulysses is disputed and obscure. There have been at least eighteen editions, and variations in different impressions of each edition. Notable editions include the first edition published in Paris on 2 February 1922 by Sylvia Beach at Shakespeare and Company (only 1000 copies printed), the pirated Roth edition, published in New York in 1929, the Odyssey Press edition of 1932 (including some revisions by Stuart Gilbert, and therefore sometimes considered the most accurate edition); the 1934 Random House US edition, the first English edition of the Bodley Head in 1936, the revised Bodley Head Edition of 1960, the revised Random House edition of 1961 (reset from the Bodley Head 1960 edition), and the Gabler edition of 1984. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Sylvia Beach ( March 14 1887 – October 5 1962) born Nancy Woodbridge Beach in her father's Parsonage in Baltimore Shakespeare and Company is an Independent bookstore located in the 5th arrondissement, in Paris 's Left Bank. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Bodley Head is an English Publishing house founded in 1887 and existing as an independent entity until the 1970s

According to Jack Dalton, the first edition of Ulysses contained over two thousand errors but was still the most accurate edition published. Jack Dalton is the name of Jack Dalton (MacGyver, fictional character from MacGyver Jack Dalton (EastEnders, fictional character ^[17] As each subsequent edition attempted to correct these mistakes, it incorporated more of its own. Hans Walter Gabler's 1984 edition was an attempt to produce a corrected text, but it has received much criticism, most notably from John Kidd. Kidd's main theoretical criticism is of Gabler's choice of a patchwork of manuscripts as his copy-text (the base edition with which the editor compares each variant). This choice is problematic, in that there is no unified manuscript as such: Joyce wrote approximately 30% of the final text as marginal notes on the typescripts and proof sheets. Perhaps more confusing is the fact that for hundreds of pages the extant manuscript is merely a 'fair copy' Joyce made for sale to a patron. For about half the chapters of Ulysses Joyce's final draft is lost. For these, the existing typescript is the last witness. Gabler attempted to reconstruct what he called 'the continuous manuscript text', which had never physically existed, by adding together all of Joyce's accretions from the various sources. This allowed Gabler to produce a 'synoptic text' indicating the stage at which each addition was inserted. Kidd and even some of Gabler's own advisers believe this method meant losing Joyce's final changes in about two thousand places. Far from being 'continuous', the manuscripts seem to be opposite. Jerome McGann describes in detail the editorial principles of Gabler in his article for the journal Criticism, issue 27, 1985. Jerome McGann (born July 22, 1937) is a textual scholar whose work focuses on the history of literature and culture from the late eighteenth-century to the present Still other commentators have charged that Gabler's perhaps spurious changes were motivated by a desire to secure a fresh copyright and another seventy-five years of royalties beyond a looming expiration date.

In June 1988 John Kidd published 'The Scandal of Ulysses' in the New York Review of Books, charging that not only did Gabler's changes overturn Joyce's last revisions, but in another four hundred places Gabler failed to follow any manuscript whatever, making nonsense of his own premises. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current Kidd accused Gabler of unnecessarily changing Joyce's spelling, punctuation, use of accents, and all the small details he claimed to have been restoring. Instead, Gabler was actually following printed editions such as that of 1932, not the manuscripts. More fatally, Gabler was found to have made genuine blunders, the most famous being his changing the name of Dubliner Harry Thrift to 'Shrift' and cricket hero Captain Buller to Culler. (These 'corrections' were undone by Gabler in 1993. )

In December 1988, Charles Rossman's 'The New Ulysses: The Hidden Controversy' for the New York Review revealed that Gabler's own advisers felt too many changes were being made, but that the publishers were pushing for as many alterations as possible. Then Kidd produced a 174-page critique that filled an entire issue of the Papers of the Bibiographical Society of America, dated the same month. This 'Inquiry into Ulysses: The Corrected Text' was the next year published in book format and on floppy disk by the James Joyce Research Center at Boston University, which Kidd founded and led from 1988 to 2000. A floppy disk is an increasingly Obsolete data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin flexible ("floppy" Magnetic storage medium encased For similarly-named academic institutions see Education in Boston MA.

In 1990 Gabler's American publisher Random House quietly brought back its 1961 version, and in the United Kingdom the Bodley Head press revived its 1960 version. In both the UK and USA, Everyman Books, too, republished the 1960 Ulysses. In 1992 Penguin dropped Gabler and reprinted the 1960 text. Penguins ( order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic, flightless Birds living almost The Gabler version is at present only available from Vintage International. From one hundred percent of world paperback sales in 1986-1990, the Gabler edition has dropped to perhaps ten percent of the market. Reprints of the imperfect 1922 first edition are now widely available, despite Gabler's (often disputed) claim that it had 'five thousand errors'.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

In 1967, a movie version of the book was produced gaining an Oscar nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Ulysses is a Film shot in 1967 and based on James Joyce 's novel Ulysses. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film.

More recently, a big-budget version of Ulysses called Bloom was made and released in early 2004. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The film stars Stephen Rea as the lead character. Stephen Rea (born Graham Rea on October 31, 1946) is an Irish Actor, who was nominated for an Academy Award for his

The unabridged text of Ulysses has been performed by Jim Norton, with Marcella Riordan. Jim Norton (born January 4, 1938) is an Irish Tony Award -winning Character actor. This recording was released by Naxos Records on 22 audio CDs in 2004. Naxos Records is a Record label for classical music Compact discs and DVDs Founded in 1987 by Klaus Heymann, a It follows an earlier abridged recording with the same actors.

BBC Radio broadcast a dramatisation of Ulysses read by Sinéad Cusack, James Greene, Stephen Rea, Norman Rodway and others in 1993. BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927 Sinéad ʃə'neɪd Moira Cusack (born 18 February 1948) is an Irish actress. Stephen Rea (born Graham Rea on October 31, 1946) is an Irish Actor, who was nominated for an Academy Award for his Norman Rodway ( February 7, 1929 - March 13, 2001) was an Irish actor This performance had a running time of 5 hours and 50 minutes.

In 1958, a stage adaptation of the novel, named Ulysses in Nighttown, was produced, starring Zero Mostel. Ulysses in Nighttown is an episode from the Novel Ulysses by James Joyce that was turned into a very successful theatrical event by Tomas MacAnna the Samuel Joel “Zero” Mostel ( February 28 1915 – September 8 1977) was an American Actor of stage and The play incorporated many of the dialog-heavy parts of the novel, and much like it began at the tower in Sandycove and ended with Molly’s soliloquy. It was revived in the 1970s.

In 1974, chapter 15 was staged in the Polish Teatr Ateneum under the name of New Bloomusalem. It was staged again in 1999 in Teatr Narodowy (National Theater). Teatr Narodowy (the National Theater in Warsaw, Poland, was founded by that country's last monarch, Stanisław August Poniatowski Both plays were directed by Jerzy Grzegorzewski.

On Bloomsday 1982, the Irish National Broadcaster RTÉ aired a full-cast dramatised radio production of Ulysses, that ran uninterruptedly for 29 hours and 45 minutes, being perhaps the longest radio programme ever made. It has been commercially released on CD and mp3.

Each June 16, Symphony Space in New York City performs as a staged reading, over the entire day, many passages from the book. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Symphony Space is a multi-disciplinary performing arts organization on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The City of New York It culminates with a guest star reading the final chapter, ending roughly at midnight.

Allusions/references to other works

Aside from the obvious footprint of Homer's Odyssey, Joyce deliberately allowed himself to be influenced by literally hundreds of other writers and their works during the composition of Ulysses. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

Samuel Rosenberg, in his book Naked is the Best Disguise, noted similarities between the section in which Bloom tracks Dedalus and a section in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's A Study in Scarlet. Samuel Rosenberg (1912&ndash January 5 1996) was best known for his 1974 study of Sherlock Holmes entitled Naked is the Best Disguise Naked is the Best Disguise The Death and Resurrection of Sherlock Holmes (ISBN 0-14-004030-7 is a book by Samuel Rosenberg speculating on the hidden meanings in Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930 was an Anglo-Scottish Author most noted for his stories about the A Study in Scarlet is a Detective mystery Novel written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, which was first published in 1887. Rosenberg also notes other references to Doyle's writings.

Allusions/references in other works

The legacy and impact of Ulysses on modern literature and literary culture is sizable; one need only note the proliferation of the celebration of Bloomsday on 16 June all over the world, with a notably large celebration in Dublin, Ireland during 2004 to commemorate the centenary of the book's events. Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on 16 June in Dublin and elsewhere to celebrate the life of Irish Writer James Joyce Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

Joyce once said of Ulysses 'I want to give a picture of Dublin so complete that if the city suddenly disappeared from the earth it could be reconstructed out of my book. ' The passage of nearly a century has changed Joyce's Dublin, but many of the places and landmarks featured in Ulysses may still be found, such as the Martello tower where the novel begins (now a Joyce museum) and Davy Byrne's pub. Martello towers (or simply Martellos) are small defensive forts built in several countries of the British Empire during the 19th century from the time Davy Byrne's Pub is situated at 21 Duke Street Dublin 2 and was made famous in James Joyce 's novel Ulysses. Indeed, walking around the city as Bloom and Dedalus did, one can still get a sense of how the city influenced Joyce's novel.

The soliloquy is quoted by the Firesign Theatre on their album How Can You Be in Two Places at Once When You're Not Anywhere at All. Molly Bloom's soliloquy is presented in the eighteenth and final chapter of James Joyce 's Novel Ulysses. The Firesign Theatre is a Comedy troupe consisting of Phil Austin, Peter Bergman, David Ossman, and Philip Proctor. How Can You Be in Two Places at Once When You're Not Anywhere at All was the second Comedy album recorded by The Firesign Theatre.

The well-read Jimmy Porter in Look Back in Anger describes his relationship with one time mistress Madeline with a reference to the novel. Look Back in Anger (1956 is a John Osborne play and 1958 movie about a love triangle involving an intelligent but disaffected young man (Jimmy Porter "To be with her was an adventure, just to sit atop a bus with her was like setting out on Ulysses. "

Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson's The Illuminatus! Trilogy owes a heavy debt to Ulysses and Joyce, who is mentioned many times in the novels. Robert Joseph Shea ( February 14, 1933 - March 10, 1994) was a magazine editor columnist and novelist Robert Anton Wilson or RAW (born Robert Edward Wilson, January 18, 1932 &ndash January 11, 2007) was an American The Illuminatus! Trilogy is a series of three novels written by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson purportedly between 1969 and 1971 A female monologue late in the third book is a paraphrasing of Molly's soliloquy, ending instead in 'No'.

The soliloquy is featured in a Rodney Dangerfield movie, Back to School, wherein it is read aloud to a college English class by Dr. Molly Bloom's soliloquy is presented in the eighteenth and final chapter of James Joyce 's Novel Ulysses. Rodney Dangerfield ( November 22, 1921 – October 5, 2004) born Jacob Cohen, was an American Comedian For the movie see Back to School. Back to school, in Clothing Retail, is a product season and is characterized by a display of items appropriate Diane Turner (played by Sally Kellerman). Sally Claire Kellerman (born June 2, 1937) is an American Actress and Singer known for her role as "Hot Lips" Her passionate reading causes the over-excited Thornton Melon (played by Mr. Dangerfield) to blurt out 'YES! YES!' during the class.

Joyce's legacy has also extended to musicians such as Syd Barrett, who recorded a version of Joyce's poem Golden Hair on his solo debut The Madcap Laughs, and, most notably in regards to Ulysses, Kate Bush, whose song The Sensual World has lyrics entirely lifted or paraphrased from Molly's soliloquy. Syd Barrett (born Roger Keith Barrett; 6 January 1946 - 7 July 2006 was an English singer songwriter guitarist and artist The Madcap Laughs was Syd Barrett 's first solo album after being replaced in Pink Floyd by his old school friend David Gilmour. Kate Bush (born Catherine Bush on 30 July 1958 is an English singer songwriter musician and Record producer. "The Sensual World" was the first single release and title track from the album The Sensual World by Kate Bush.

The Jefferson Airplane song ReJoyce, written by Grace Slick, has lyrics that are heavily inspired by Joyce's novel. Jefferson Airplane was an American rock band from San Francisco, a pioneer of the Psychedelic rock movement Grace Slick (born Grace Barnett Wing on October 30, 1939) is an American Singer and Songwriter, who was one of

The Libertines' debut single What a Waster also makes reference to the 'unabridged Ulysses'. The Libertines were an English Indie rock band Formed in London in 1997 by frontmen Pete Doherty (vocals/rhythm guitar and Carl Barât (vocals/lead

On the seventh track of Sonic Youth's album Evol, Kim Gordon sings, 'I am the boy, that can enjoy, invisibility'. Sonic Youth is an American Alternative rock band formed in New York City in 1981 This is taken directly from the Telemachus episode.

Dance artist Amber also used parts of Molly's soliloquy for the chorus of her 2001 single Yes. Amber (born Marie-Claire Cremers on May 9 1969, Ubbergen) is a Dutch -born and Germany -raised Singer/songwriter

American punk rock band Minutemen were also heavily influenced by Ulysses in their lyrics, and also on an instrumental track called June 16, from the album Double Nickels on the Dime. Minutemen were members of teams of select men from the American colonial militia during the American Revolutionary War. Double Nickels on the Dime is the third album by American Punk rock trio the Minutemen, released on the Californian Independent record label

In the Mel Brooks films and stage musical The Producers, one of the characters' names is Leopold (Leo) Bloom, and the day on which he and Max Bialysctock meet is, indeed, June 16. In the 2005 Musical version of the Film, Leo Bloom, played by Matthew Broderick, asked 'when is it going to be Bloom's day?' - in reality, that day was Bloom's day.

In the Robert De Niro film The Good Shepherd, Matt Damon's character Edward Wilson (director of CIA counter-intelligence) code names Russia's head of counter-intelligence as 'Ulysses'. Robert Mario De Niro Jr (born August 17 1943 is a two-time Academy Award -winning American Film Actor, director and producer 'Ulysses' refers to Edward Wilson as 'Mother'. The book makes several appearances throughout the movie. It is inside the book binding Wilson finds a passport and escape plan for Valentine,evidence that he is a Soviet spy.

The Richard Linklater film Before Sunrise is set on June 16 1994, which is exactly 90 years after the original Bloomsday. Richard Stuart Linklater (born July 30, 1960) is an Academy Award -nominated American Film director and Screenwriter Before Sunrise is a 1995 Drama film directed by Richard Linklater and written by Linklater and Kim Krizan. Bloomsday is a commemoration observed annually on 16 June in Dublin and elsewhere to celebrate the life of Irish Writer James Joyce There are some other obvious references to the book throughout the movie.

Saul Bellow named the central character of his novel Herzog after an individual named Moses Herzog, who features in an anecdote recounted by the 'I' character in the Cyclops episode. Saul Bellow, born Solomon Bellows ( June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was an acclaimed Canadian -born American Herzog is a 1964 novel by Saul Bellow. In a nod to the Epistolary novels of early British literature letters from the protagonist constitute

Jack Kerouac makes several references to Joyce's "Ulysses" in his book "Vanity of Duluoz"

Roger Waters of Pink Floyd makes reference to Leopold Bloom in his song "Flickering Flame"

The hit comic song by Allan Sherman, Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh has the lines "The Head Coach wants no sissies, so he reads to us from something called Ulysses. Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Vanity of Duluoz (full title Vanity of Duluoz An Adventurous Education 1935-46) is a 1968 Semi-autobiographical Novel by Jack Kerouac George Roger Waters (born 6 September 1943 in Great Bookham, Surrey) is an English rock musician Pink Floyd are Allan Sherman (November 30 1924 – November 20 1973 was an American Musician, parodist, satirist, and Television producer " Hello Muddah Hello Fadduh (A Letter from Camp " is the Grammy-winning Novelty song based on Kvetch letters Allan Sherman received from " The song is about a child writing home to his parents from summer camp. Desperate to be taken home, he tries to persuade them that he is in physical and moral danger as long as he remains at Camp Granada.

Minnesota based folk-rock singer Mason Jennings has a song title Ulysses on his 2004 album named Use Your Voice, the song is about the singer's search for the book. Mason Jennings (born 1975 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is a Minnesota -based Pop-folk Singer-songwriter.

Kate Bush's song "The Sensual World" was inspired by Molly Bloom's soliloquy. Kate Bush (born Catherine Bush on 30 July 1958 is an English singer songwriter musician and Record producer. "The Sensual World" was the first single release and title track from the album The Sensual World by Kate Bush. It is the title track from Bush's sixth album, released in 1989, and was the first track from it to be released as a single (also in 1989). Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)

The character Michael Guerin from the Roswell television series mentions that Ulysses is his favorite book and quotes a passage from it in 285 South, the sixth episode from the first season. Michael Guerin is a Fictional character created by Melinda Metz for the young adults Book series Roswell High and adapted by Roswell is an American Science fiction Television series created by Jason Katims.

Notes and references

Sources

• Blamires, Harry. The Bloomsday Book: A Guide Through Joyce's Ulysses, Methuen (1966).
• Borach, Georges. Conversations with James Joyce, translated by Joseph Prescott, College English, 15 (March 1954).
• Burgess, Anthony. Anthony Burgess (February 25 1917 — November 22 1993 was an English Novelist, Critic, Composer, Librettist, Poet Here Comes Everybody: An Introduction to James Joyce for the Ordinary Reader (1965); also published as Re Joyce.
• Burgess, Anthony. Anthony Burgess (February 25 1917 — November 22 1993 was an English Novelist, Critic, Composer, Librettist, Poet Joysprick: An Introduction to the Language of James Joyce (1973). Joysprick An Introduction to the Language of James Joyce is a work of literary criticism by Anthony Burgess.
• Budgen, Frank. Frank Budgen (1882-1971 was a British painter acquainted with the author James Joyce. James Joyce and the Making of Ulysses. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, (1960).
• Budgen, Frank (1972). Frank Budgen (1882-1971 was a British painter acquainted with the author James Joyce. James Joyce and the making of 'Ulysses', and other writings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-192-11713-0.  
• Campbell, Joseph. Joseph John Campbell ( March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was an American Mythology Professor, Writer Mythic Worlds, Modern Words. Canada: New World Library, 2004.
• Dalton, Jack. The Text of Ulysses in Fritz Senn, ed. New Light on Joyce from the Dublin Symposium. Indiana University Press (1972).
• Derrida, Jacques (1992) ‘Ulysses’ Gramophone: Hear Say Yes In Joyce. in Acts of Literature. Acts of Literature is a philosophical and literary book based on essays by Jacques Derrida. Ed. Derek Attridge. New York: Routledge, 1992. pp. 253-309.
• Ellmann, Richard. Richard Ellmann ( March 15 1918 – May 13 1987) was a prominent American / British Literary critic and Biographer James Joyce. Oxford University Press, revised edition (1983).
• Ellmann, Richard, ed. Richard Ellmann ( March 15 1918 – May 13 1987) was a prominent American / British Literary critic and Biographer Selected Letters of James Joyce. The Viking Press (1975).
• Gifford, Don with Seidman, Robert J. Ulysses Annotated: Notes for James Joyce's Ulysses, Revised and Expanded Edition, University of California Press (1988).
• Gilbert, Stuart. James Joyce's Ulysses: A study, Faber and Faber (1930).
• Gorman, Herbert. James Joyce: A Definitive Biography (1939).
• Hefferman, James A. W. Joyce’s Ulysses, The Teaching Company LP (2001).
• Kain, Richard M. Fabulous Voyager: A Study of James Joyce's Ulysses, University of Chicago Press (1947).
• Kenner, Hugh. Ulysses, Unwin Critical Library (1980).
• Mood, John. Joyce's "Ulysses" for Everyone, Or How to Skip Reading It the First Time. Bloomington, Indiana: Author House, 2004. ISBN 1-4184-5104-5.
• Schwaber, Paul. The Cast of Characters, Yale University Press (1999).
• Thornton, Weldon. Allusions in Ulysses: An Annotated List, University of North Carolina Press (1961).

Editions in print

Facsimile texts of the manuscript

• Ulysses, A three volume, hardcover, with slip-case, facsimile copy of the only complete, handwritten manuscript of James Joyce's Ulysses. A facsimile (From Latin fac simile, "make like" is a copy or reproduction of an old Book, Manuscript, Map, Three volumes. Quarto. Critical introduction by Harry Levin. Bibliographical preface by Clive Driver. The first two volumes comprise the facsimile manuscript, while the third contains a comparison of the manuscript and the first printings, annotated by Clive Driver. These volumes were published in association with the Philip H. &. A. S. W. Rosenbach Foundation (now known as the Rosenbach Museum & Library), Philadelphia. The Rosenbach Museum & Library is located within two 19th century townhouses at 2008 and 2010 Delancey Place in the U New York: Octagon Books (1975).

Facsimile texts of the 1922 first edition

• Ulysses, The 1922 Text, with an introduction and notes by Jeri Johnson, Oxford University Press (1993). A facsimile (From Latin fac simile, "make like" is a copy or reproduction of an old Book, Manuscript, Map, A World Classics paperback edition with full critical apparatus. ISBN 0-19-282866-5
• Ulysses: A Reproduction of the 1922 First Edition, Dover Publications (2002). Paperback. ISBN 978-0486424446
• Ulysses: A Facsimile of the First Edition Published in Paris in 1922, Orchises Press (1998). This hardback edition closely mimics the first edition in binding and cover design. ISBN 978-0914061700

Based on the 1960 Bodley Head/1961 Random House editions

• Ulysses, Vintage International (paperback, 1990)
• Ulysses: Annotated Student's Edition, with an introduction and notes by Declan Kiberd, Penguin Twentieth Century Classics (paperback, 1992). Declan Kiberd (born 24 May 1951) is a professor literary theorist author and journalist who lives and teaches in Dublin.
• Ulysses: The 1934 Text, As Corrected and Reset in 1961, Modern Library (hardback, 1992). With a foreword by Morris L. Ernst.
• Ulysses, Everyman's Library, (hardback, 1997)
• Ulysses, Penguin Modern Classics (paperback, 2000), with an introduction by Declan Kiberd.
• Ulysses, Random House (hardback, 2002). With a foreword by Morris L. Ernst. Morris Leopold Ernst (1888 &ndash 1976 was an American Lawyer and co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union.

Based on the 1984 Gabler edition

• Ulysses: The corrected text, Edited by Hans Walter Gabler with Wolfhard Steppe and Claus Melchior, and a new preface by Richard Ellmann, Vintage International (1986) - This follows the disputed Garland Edition. Richard Ellmann ( March 15 1918 – May 13 1987) was a prominent American / British Literary critic and Biographer

External links

• Ulysses, available at Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• Ulysses, full text with audio.
• A brief satirical summary of Ulysses with illustrations
• A large website discussing Ulysses
• The text of Joseph Collins's 1922 New York Times review of Ulysses
• A hypertextual, self-referential, complete edition of Ulysses
• Daedalus and Odysseus: Two Mythic Heroes Influencing Fatherhood as Represented in James Joyce’s Ulysses
• Group audio recording of novel
• Ulysses podcast – episodic reading, with discussion of academic texts about the novel
• http://litscholar.net/joyce_lawrence/joyce_lawrence.htm "James Joyce and D. A podcast is a series of audio or Video digital-media files which is distributed over the Internet by syndicated Download H. Lawrence as Affirmers of Life"

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic