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Tûrôyo
ܛܘܪܝܐ Ṭuroyo, ܨܘܪܝܬ Ṣurayt, ܣܘܪܝܝܐ Sëryoyo 
Pronunciation:/tˤurˈɔjɔ/, /sˤuˈrajt/, /sərˈjɔjɔ/
Spoken in:Turkey, Syria; also in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Iraq, Lebanon, Netherlands, Sweden, USA 
Region:Mardin Province of southeastern Turkey; Al Hasakah and Qamishli in northeastern Syria
Total speakers:84,000 approx. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mardin Province ( Syriac: ܡܶܪܕܺܝܢ Merdin; Kurdish: Mêrdîn Arabic: مردين Mardīn) is a province of Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Al-Hasakah ( الحسكة) is the capital city of the Al Hasakah Governorate and is located in the far north-east corner of Syria. Qamishli ( Arabic: القامشلي, Syriac: ܩܡܫܠܝ ܩܡܫܠܐ or Beth-Zalin ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝܢ Kurdish: Qamişlo Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية [1]
Language family:Afro-Asiatic
 Semitic
  West Semitic
   Central Semitic
    Northwest Semitic
     Aramaic
      Eastern Aramaic
       Northern Neo-Aramaic
        Central Neo-Aramaic
         Tûrôyo 
Writing system:Syriac abjad (Serto variant), Latin alphabet has been modified for writing Turoyo in Sweden
Language codes
ISO 639-1:none
ISO 639-2:syr
ISO 639-3:tru
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a Language family with about 375 languages ( SIL estimate and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, The West Semitic languages are a proposed major sub-grouping of Semitic languages. The Central Semitic languages are an intermediate group of Semitic languages, comprising Arabic and Northwest Semitic (including Canaanite The Northwest Semitic languages form a medium-level division of the Semitic language family. Aramaic is a Semitic language with Neo-Aramaic, or Modern Aramaic, languages are varieties of Aramaic that are spoken as a Mother tongue in the modern era. Central Neo-Aramaic is a term used differently by different Semiticists In its widest sense it can refer to all Neo-Aramaic languages except for A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Turoyo is a Modern West Syriac language, a dialect of Aramaic. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language Aramaic is a Semitic language with It is traditionally spoken in eastern Turkey and north-eastern Syria by members of the Syriac Orthodox Church. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world From the word ṭuro, meaning 'mountain', Ṭuroyo is the mountain tongue of the Tur Abdin in southeastern Turkey. Tur Abdin ( Syriac:ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ is a hilly region of south east Turkey incorporating the eastern half of Mardin Province, and Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches A far older name for the language is Ṣurayt,[2] and it is used by a number of speakers of the language in preference to Ṭuroyo. The etymology of this name is difficult, but is probably linked to the word 'Syriac'. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time However, especially in the diaspora, the language is frequently called Sëryoyo (or Sŭryoyo or Saryoyo depending on dialect), also meaning 'Syriac', seemingly imported from Classical Syriac. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language Most speakers use Classical Syriac, or Kthobonoyo, for literature and worship. Turoyo speakers are all traditionally members of the Syriac Orthodox Church. The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world There is increasing interest in reviving Kthobonoyo, the classical language, as a spoken language. This is most acute among non-Turoyo-speaking Syriac Orthodox, whose first language may be Arabic, German, Swedish, English, Malayalam or another language. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used This, and the church's preference for Kthobonoyo, has had some impact on Turoyo.

Until recently, Turoyo was a spoken vernacular and was never written down: Kthobonoyo was the written language. In the 1880s, various attempts were made, with the encouragement of western missionaries, to write Turoyo in the Syriac alphabet, in the Serto script used for West-Syriac Kthobonoyo. Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of Electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. However, with upheaval in their homeland through the twentieth century, many Turoyo speakers have emigrated around the world (particularly to Syria, the Lebanon, Sweden and Germany). Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Swedish government's education policy, that every child be educated in his or her mother tongue, led to the commissioning of teaching materials in Turoyo. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth Yusuf Ishaq, thus, developed a written language for Turoyo that uses the Latin alphabet. The series of reading books and workbooks that use Ishaq's written Turoyo are called Toxu Qorena!, or "Come Let's Read!" This project has also produced a Swedish-Turoyo dictionary of 4500 entries: the Svensk-turabdinskt Lexikon: Leksiqon Swedoyo-Suryoyo. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the

Turoyo has borrowed many words from Arabic, Kurdish and Turkish. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The main dialect of Turoyo is that of Midyat (Mëḏyoyo), in the east of Turkey's Mardin Province. Midyat ( Turoyo / Aramaic: ܡܕܝܕ Mëḏyaḏ, Arabic: Midyad) is a district of Mardin Province Mardin Province ( Syriac: ܡܶܪܕܺܝܢ Merdin; Kurdish: Mêrdîn Arabic: مردين Mardīn) is a province of Turkey The four villages of Midin, Kfarze, `Iwardo and Anhil, and the Raite (a cluster of seven small villages) all have distinctive Turoyo dialects (Midwoyo, Kfarzoyo, `Iwarnoyo, Nihloyo and Raityoyo respectively). All Turoyo dialects are mutually intelligible with each other. Many Turoyo speakers who have left their villages now speak a mixed dialect of their village dialect with the Midyat dialect. This mixture of dialects was used by Ishaq as the basis of his system of written Turoyo. For example, Ishaq's reading book uses the word qorena in its title instead of the Mëḏyoyo qurena or the village-dialect qorina. All speakers are bilingual in another local language. Church schools in Syria and the Lebanon teach Kthobonoyo rather than Turoyo, and encourage the replacement of non-Syriac loanwords with authentic Syriac ones. Some church leaders have tried to discourage the use and writing of Turoyo, seeing it as an impure form of Syriac.

Phonetically, Turoyo is very similar to Classical Syriac. The additional phonemes /ʤ/ (as in judge), /ʧ/ (as in church) /ʒ/ (as in azure) and /ðˤ/ (the Arabic ẓāʼ) mostly only appear in loanwords from other languages. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU The most distinctive feature of Turoyo phonolgy is its use of reduced vowels in closed syllables. Vowel reduction is the term in Phonetics that refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of Vowels which are related to changes in stress A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds The phonetic value of these reduced vowels differs depending both on the value of original vowel and the dialect spoken. The Mëḏyoyo dialect also reduces vowels in pre-stress open syllables. This has the effect of producing a syllabic schwa in most dialects (in Classical Syriac the schwa is not syllabic). In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral

The verbal system of Turoyo is similar to that used in other Neo-Aramaic languages. Neo-Aramaic, or Modern Aramaic, languages are varieties of Aramaic that are spoken as a Mother tongue in the modern era. In Classical Syriac, the ancient perfect and imperfect tenses had started to become preterite and future tenses respectively, and other tenses were formed by using the participles with pronominal clitics or shortened forms of the verb hwā ('to be'). In Linguistics, a participle (from Latin participium, a Calque of Greek μετοχη "partaking" is a derivative of a non-finite In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or In Linguistics, a clitic is a grammatically independent and phonologically dependent Word. Most modern Aramaic languages have completely abandoned the old tenses and form all tenses from stems based around the old participles. The classical clitics have become incorporated fully into the verb form, and can be considered more like inflections.

Turoyo has also developed the use of the demonstrative pronouns much further than any other Aramaic language. Demonstratives are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference that indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others In Turoyo, they have become definite articles. Thus:

The Modern Western Syriac dialect of Mlahsô and `Ansha villages in Diyarbakır Province is quite different from Turoyo. Mlahsô is a Modern West Syriac language, a dialect of Aramaic. Diyarbakır is a province in eastern Turkey. The province covers an area of 15355 km² and the population is 1494321 It is virtually extinct; its last few speakers live in Qamishli in northeastern Syria. Qamishli ( Arabic: القامشلي, Syriac: ܩܡܫܠܝ ܩܡܫܠܐ or Beth-Zalin ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝܢ Kurdish: Qamişlo Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Turoyo is also more closely related to other neo-Syriac dialects than the Western Neo-Aramaic dialect of Ma'loula. Neo-Aramaic, or Modern Aramaic, languages are varieties of Aramaic that are spoken as a Mother tongue in the modern era. Western Neo-Aramaic is a Modern Aramaic language. Today it is spoken in three villages in the Anti-Lebanon mountains of western Syria. [3]

Contents

Appendices

Notes

  1. ^ Turoyo (English). ethnologue. com. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
  2. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=uobw_kBXx74C&printsec=frontcover#PPA36,M1
  3. ^ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 31, No. 3 (1968), pp. 605-610

References

See also

External links

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