Tumbes Region
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President	Wilmer Dios Benites
Capital	Tumbes
Area	4,045. The administrative divisions of Peru have changed from time to time since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Tumbes can refer to Tumbes (city in Peru the Tumbes River in South America the Tumbes Region in Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 86 km²
Population (as of the 2005 Census)
Population   - Total   - Density	191,713 47. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Peru is a multiethnic country It has a population of Amerindians 45% Mestizos 37% Whites 15% Asian Peruvians and Afro-Peruvians 3% The Peru 2005 Census was a detailed enumeration In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology 4/km²
Subdivisions	3 provinces and 12 districts
Elevation   - Capital   - Lowest   - Highest	7 metres (23 ft) 0 m (sea level) 134 m (Cañaveral)
Main resources	Petroleum, tobacco, bananas and fishing. Country subdivision refers to the division of a Country 's territory for the sake of its administration, description or other such purpose The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish.
Poverty rate	46. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and 8%
Percentage of country's GDP	0. 49%
Codes
Dialing code	072
ISO 3166-2	PE-TUM
UBIGEO	24
Official website
www.regiontumbes.gob.pe

Punta Sal

Tumbes is a coastal region in northwestern Peru. A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO Ubigeo is the coding system for geographical locations ( Spanish Código Ubicacíon Geográfica) in Peru used by the National Statistics Institute ( A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. The administrative divisions of Peru have changed from time to time since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Due to the region's location near the Equator it has a warm climate, with beaches that are considered among the finest in Peru. The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the Despite its small area, this region has been privileged with a great variety of ecosystems. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (

The name "Tumbes" originates from either Tumpis, a group of native peoples from the area, the word tumbos, a species of Passiflora that used to abound in the area, or the name of the Tumba cacique, whose son founded and populated the area. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Passion flower ( Passiflora; syn Disemma Labill) is a Genus of about 500 Species of Flowering plants in Cacique or Cazique (female form Cacica) from the Taíno word for the Pre-Columbian tribal chiefs or leaders, of the Taino

Geography

The Tumbes Region is bordered by the Ecuadorian provinces of El Oro and Loja on the east; Peru's Piura Region on the south; and by the Pacific Ocean on the north and west. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. The El Oro Province ( Spanish Provincia de El Oro; Oro ( = Gold) is the southernmost of Ecuador 's coastal provinces Overview Located in a high Andean valley at an elevation of 7300 feet (2225 m and with a population of 404835 inhabitants Census, 2001 Loja is recognized as being Piura is a Coastal region in northwestern Peru. "Piura" is derived from the Quechua word pirhua, whose approximate meaning is "supply The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

Morphologically, four zones can be defined in the region: the delta of the Tumbes and Zarumilla rivers; an alluvial plain north of the Tumbes River, with dry, low-depth ravines; ancient terraces that have been strongly eroded in the Máncora area; and the Amotape mountain range in the east and south, ending at El Barco Mountain. A delta is a Landform where the mouth of a River flows into an Ocean, Sea, Estuary, Lake or another river The Tumbes River ( Spanish: Río Tumbes or Río Túmbez in Peru; Río Puyango in Ecuador) is a River in The Zarumilla River is a River in South America that marks the border between Peru and Ecuador. The delta of the Tumbes river is shallow, and when the tide is low, little sandy keys show up, which get covered by mangrove vegetation. Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. Despite its small area— it is the second-smallest region in Peru— Tumbes has a great variety of ecosystems: mangroves, dry forests, the only coastal tropical forests in Peru, and a rich and warm sea. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria Around 50% of the region's territory is covered by three protected natural areas: the Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary (which is part of the Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes mangroves), the Cerros de Amotape National Park and the Tumbes Reserved Zone. The Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary is a national park located in the Tumbes Department of Peru. The Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes mangroves are an Ecoregion located in the Gulf of Guayaquil in South America, in northern Peru and southern The Cerros de Amotape National Park (Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape is located in the northern section of the Piura and the extrame southern section of Tumbes The Tumbes Reserved Zone is a 750 square kilometre coastal ecological reserve in northern Peru, near the border of Ecuador.

Climate

Tumbes has a warm and humid tropical climate in the north and center of its region and a dry tropical or tropical savanna climate in the south. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 Tropical and subtropical grasslands savannas and shrublands are a Grassland Biome located in Semi-arid to semi- Humid Climate regions Temperatures range from a maximum high of 40°C (over 42° duting El Niño events) a minimum low of 18°C and a yearly average of around 27°C. El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon The rainy season, which is more severe during El Niño, is from December to March. A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon

Demographics

Basically composed of a large mestizo population rooted in a mixture between the pre-incan Tumpis and Tallanes tribes, the Spanish, creoles, the African slaves, including mulatos or zambos, and a smaller oriental Cantonese community. Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin Tallán (or Tacllán, after the use of the taclla a farming tool was the first ethnic group that settled in the plains of north-western Peru, an ethnos with a For the languages see Creole language. For other meanings see Creole (disambiguation. Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white Zambo is a Spanish term (the Portuguese language term is Cafuso) that was used in the Spanish Empire and continues to be used today Cantonese people ( Jyutping: gwong2 dung1 jan4 broadly speaking are persons originating from the present-day Guangdong province in southern China

Population

According to the 1993 Census, the Tumbes Region has a population of 155,521 inhabitants, 53% of which (82,426) are male and 47% (73,095) are female. The Peru 1993 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Peruvian population made on July 11, 1993 by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática

As of 2005, the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática esimates the region's population to be 215,634. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI ("National Institute of Statistics and Informatics" is a semi-autonomous Peruvian government agency

Languages

The majority of the region's residents (98. 3%) speak Spanish as their native tongue; other languages spoken are Quechua (0. Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. 4%), foreign languages (0. 1%), Aymara (60 speakers, 0. Aymara ( Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Andes. 0%), and other indigenous languages (0. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. 1%).

Immigration

Immigrants from other regions make up 29. 4% of the population; 0. 2% of residents were born in a foreign country. The largest immigrant groups are from the regions of Piura (16. Piura is a Coastal region in northwestern Peru. "Piura" is derived from the Quechua word pirhua, whose approximate meaning is "supply 9% of the total population), Lambayeque (3. Lambayeque is a region in northwestern Peru, known for its rich Chimú and Moche historical past 7%), and the Lima Province/Lima Region (2. Political division Main article Districts of Lima The province is divided into 43 districts. Lima Region, also known as Lima Provincias, is one of twenty-five regions of Peru. 8%).

Age

The population is spread out with 49. 4% under the age of 20, 10. 7% from 20 to 24, 26. 6% from 25 to 44, 9. 7% from 45 to 64, and 3. 5% who are 65 years of age or older.

Education

The illiteracy rate in the region is 9. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, 5%, while 90. 4% of the population are able to read and write.

Secondary education has been completed by 31. Australia See also Education 8% of the population and 4. 5% also have graduated from non-university higher education, while 2. 3% have complete university studies. 45. 9% only have attended primary education and 5. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. 9% have not had any education.

Political division

Political map of the Tumbes region

The region is divided into three provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of twelve districts (distritos, singular: distrito). The provinces of Peru, known in Spanish as provincias, are the second-level administrative subdivisions of the country The Districts of Peru (Spanish distritos) are the third-level country subdivisions of Peru.

The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are:

• Contralmirante Villar (Zorritos)
• Tumbes (Tumbes)
• Zarumilla (Zarumilla)

History

Tumbes was a populated region well before the Inca Empire. Contralmirante Villar is a province of the Tumbes Region in Peru. Zorritos is a town in the Tumbes Region, in northwestern Peru. Tumbes Tumbes can refer to Tumbes (city in Peru the Tumbes River in South America the Tumbes Region in Zarumilla is one of the three Provinces of the Tumbes Region in northwestern Peru. Zarumilla is a town in the Tumbes Region, in northwestern Peru. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. The first settlers were fishers and hunters. A fisherman or fisher is someone who gathers Fish, Shellfish, or other animals from a body of water Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. Most recent cultures that lived there have left evidence of the refinement in their ceramics, and huacas or ruins that still stand today.

Tumbes was integrated into the Inca Empire during the reign of Sapa Inca Pachacuti. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. The God Emperor of the Inca Empire ( Quechua: Inka Qhapaq) of the Andes (the area including modern Peru, Ecuador, and Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (or Pachacutec) was the ninth Sapa Inca (1438-1471/1472 of the Kingdom of Cusco, which he transformed into the empire He introduced a new way of organizing the empire, but the task of integration continued during Tupac Inca Yupanqui's reign. Túpac Inca Yupanqui (aka Topa Inca Tupaq Inka Yupanki (literally “noble Inca accountant” was the tenth Sapa Inca (1471-93 CE of the Inca Empire He made it a key departure point for his campaign to conquer the Cañaris.

The adventure of the Spanish Conquistadores had its beginning in Tumbes: at Puerto Pizarro Francisco Pizarro and his men landed in search of gold. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Francisco Pizarro González 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c 1471 or 1476 &ndash 26 June 1541 was a Spanish Conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire After overcoming countless difficulties, the conquerors were able to land in the empire of which they had heard many legends. Undoubtedly, the thought of such a rich empire had instilled in their spirit an unwavering will to go on. With the information gathered, the conquerors set off to the rest of the empire, founding cities and overpowering their people.

During colonial times, Tumbes was no more than a crossing point where soldiers and adventurers stopped momentarily to restock themselves, and continue traveling. A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Tumbes, however, gained permanent importance after Peru's independence; with Ecuador's long-standing territorial claims over the Loreto Region of Peru,Tumbes's closeness to the border exposed it as a resistance point in some episodes of the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Loreto is Peru 's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely This region's heroic acts of resistance against Ecuador were rewarded by the establishment of Tumbes, a former province of Piura, as a full-fledged Department of Peru. Piura is a Coastal region in northwestern Peru. "Piura" is derived from the Quechua word pirhua, whose approximate meaning is "supply

As part of the decentralization process in Peru, a referendum was held on October 30, 2005 to decide whether the region would merge with the regions of Piura and Lambayeque to create the new Northern Region (Spanish: Región Norte). Decentralization in Peru has long been a major issue in the government agenda A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Piura is a Coastal region in northwestern Peru. "Piura" is derived from the Quechua word pirhua, whose approximate meaning is "supply Lambayeque is a region in northwestern Peru, known for its rich Chimú and Moche historical past However, voters in the region voted against the merge.

Attractions

Touristic sites

The fact that Tumbes lies so close to the Equator has determined its landscape, which teems in plantlife. The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the The beaches of Tumbes and its warm sea are ideal for surfing and scuba diving. Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders Its pure white sands, sun and warm weather all year long, and a sea ideal for water sports, make the beach of Punta Sal one of the finest on the Peruvian coast. North of the city of Tumbes lies Puerto Pizarro, the gateway to the National Mangroves Sanctuary. The mangroves have formed vast clumps of saltwater-tolerant coastal forests which have created a unique ecosystem linking the river and the sea. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( The mangroves are the breeding grounds for black scallops, which are served up in Tumbes' most famous dish, the black scallop ceviche. A scallop (ˈskɒləp or /ˈskæləp/ is a marine Bivalve Mollusk of the family Pectinidae. Ceviche (also spelled as cebiche or seviche) is a form of citrus- Marinated Seafood Salad, popular in mainly Latin American countries

South of Tumbes lies Zorritos, the town which received its name from workers involved in drilling the first oilwell in the area, back in 1863. Not far from Zorritos lies the Bocapán beach, where visitors can swim in Hervideros, natural hot springs bubbling with iodized salts. A hot spring is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated Groundwater from the earth's crust.

Typical dishes and beverages

The typical dishes of the Tumbesino cuisine are based on seafood— ceviche of black scallops, crab, or shrimps, or cebiche mixto—  and Tumbiresas covered by yucca and banana balls broth with dominicos, meat, red peppers, eggs, olives, raisins, flour, coriander and other herbs. Ceviche (also spelled as cebiche or seviche) is a form of citrus- Marinated Seafood Salad, popular in mainly Latin American countries Crabs are decapod Crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (βραχύ / brachy True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh The chili pepper, chilli pepper, or chili, is the fruit of the plants from the Genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern  Raisins are dried Grapes They are produced in many regions of the world such as the United States, Australia, Chile,  Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like   

Other specialties include the shrimp omelette, chupe de cangrejos, and crabmeat omelette.

A typical beverage in the region is the chinguirito, which is obtained by combining pipa (the milk of a soft coconut) with the famous grape brandy called pisco. The Coconut Palm ( Cocos nucifera) is a member of the Family Arecaceae (palm family Pisco (from Quechua: pisqu, little bird is a Liquor distilled from Grapes developed by the Spanish in the 16th century

External links

• (Spanish) Portal del Gobierno Regional de Tumbes - Tumbes Regional Government official portal
• Peru Information by Regions: Tumbes
• Tumbes Region travel guide from Wikitravel