Tudor England
Country:	Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Ireland, Kingdom of France
Parent house:	Lancaster and York
Titles:	Duke of Richmond, Honour of Richmond
Founder:	Henry Tudor and Elizabeth Plantagenet
Final ruler:	Queen Elizabeth I of England
Current head:	House Extinct
Founding year:	1485
Dissolution:	1603
Ethnicity:	Welsh, English
Cadet branches:	N/A

The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor (Welsh: Tewdwr) was an English royal dynasty that lasted 118 years, beginning in 1485. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland It was founded by Henry Tudor, who, of his patrilineage, was a grandson of the mere Welsh courtier Owen Tudor—but who, after years of engaging and surviving the horrific political battles of England's civil Wars of the Roses, triumphed, and acceded to the English throne as Henry VII. Owain ap Mredydd (or Owen ap Meredith ap Tewdwr or Owen Tudur or Owen Tudor) (c The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York

Of his matrilineage, Henry descended (via an illegitimate son) from John of Gaunt, first Duke of Lancaster and a son of King Edward III of England—through his mother Lady Margaret Beaufort; and he descended on a separate line from Edward I through his great-grandmother, Margaret Holland—who married John Beaufort, that illegitimate son of John of Gaunt. John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster (second creation 1st Duke of Aquitaine (6 March 1340 &ndash 3 February 1399 was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third There were several Dukes of Lancaster in the 14th and early 15th Centuries Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Lady Margaret Beaufort ( May 31, 1443 &ndash June 29, 1509) of the House of Lancaster was the mother of King Henry VII of Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Margaret Beaufort ( née Holland) Countess of Somerset (1385&ndash 30 Dec 1439 was the daughter of Thomas Holland 2nd Earl of Kent John Beaufort 1st Earl of Somerset (1373 &ndash March 16, 1410) was the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster (second creation 1st Duke of Aquitaine (6 March 1340 &ndash 3 February 1399 was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third

Himself of the house of Lancaster, Henry allied himself early on with the Lancastrian King Henry VI; later, after the Yorkist Edward IV's return to the throne in 1471—and through the political influence of his remarried mother, Lady Margaret—he was permitted to pledge allegiance to Edward. The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Henry VI may refer to Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor (1165–1197 The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century Edward IV ( 28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 2 October Finally, emerging victorious over Yorkist Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Henry gained the throne himself in 1485 and moved to end the Wars of the Roses. The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field ( 22 August, 1485) was Lancastrian Henry Tudor's defeat of Yorkist Richard

He united the two fractious royal houses by marrying Elizabeth of York; and thereafter he implemented critical reforms that consolidated and modernised the national government. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486

Henry Tudor was succeeded by his second son, who became Henry VIII, the famous king who married six wives, and who established the Church of England, then broke off its fealty to the Roman Catholic Church. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican

Henry VIII was succeeded by his devoutly Protestant son, Edward VI, who attempted to cement the establishment of Protestantism by introducing and requiring the Book of Common Prayer. Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. His half-sister and successor, the equally devout Catholic Mary I, attempted to reverse Edward's reforms, and burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake for heresy. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Mary's efforts, however, were overtaken in turn by her half-sister Elizabeth I, who re-introduced Protestantism during her long forty-five-year reign between 1558 and 1603.

None of Henry VIII's children had any children of their own. After Elizabeth I's death in 1603, the crown passed to Henry VII's great-grandson, James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The Tudor dynasty was succeeded by the House of Stuart. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of

Break with Roman Catholicism

Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, Henry VIII's chief minister responsible for the Dissolution of the Monasteries

Cromwell's actions changed the course of English history, and ensured the Tudor dynasty's mark on the national religion. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy Arthur Tudor (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502 was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore heir to the throne Margaret Tudor ( 28 November, 1489 &ndash 18 October 1541) was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Elizabeth Tudor ( July 2, 1492 &ndash September 14, 1495) was the second daughter and fourth child of Henry VII of England and This article is about Mary Queen consort of France. For her niece and namesake Mary Tudor Queen regnant of England, see Mary I Edmund Tudor Duke of Somerset ( February 21, 1499 Greenwich Palace &ndash June 19, 1500) was the sixth child of Henry VII Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Henry Duke of Cornwall was the name of two sons of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded In order to allow Henry to divorce his wife, he broke from the Roman Catholic church, and declared the king Supreme Head of the Church of England. The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British Monarchs which signifies their titular leadership over the Church of England. Therefore, the Church of England had been established, with Henry VIII at its head, and his newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declared Henry's marriage to Catherine annulled. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract This allowed Henry to marry the lady Anne Boleyn, the daughter of a minor diplomat Sir Thomas Boleyn. Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Thomas Boleyn 1st Earl of Wiltshire and 1st Earl of Ormonde, KG (c Anne was expected to produce a son–at the time, knowledge of genetics was largely unknown, and women were blamed if they did not produce a son. Despite this, Anne was confident; she became pregnant in 1533, but the child, born in September that year, was a girl, whom Anne named Elizabeth. Henry was disappointed, but was confident that Anne could still produce a son; Anne became pregnant again, but the child, Henry, died a few hours after birth in 1534. A further miscarriage in 1535 was too much for Henry to bear, and Thomas Cromwell stepped in again, claiming that Anne had taken lovers during her marriage to Henry, and she was tried for high treason, witchcraft and incest; these charges were most likely fabricated, but she was found guilty, and executed in 1536. Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister See also Treason, High treason in the United Kingdom High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's country Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo.

Mary I: A troubled queen's reign

Mary I of England, who returned England to the Roman Catholic Church

The early reign of Queen Mary I was successful. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death The politicians formerly loyal to Lady Jane Grey flocked to support Mary, and she pardoned most of those who would have kept her off the throne. Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537&ndash 12 February 1554) also referred to as Queen Jane, a greatniece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant Lady Jane herself was locked in the Tower of London in relative comfort, and allowed to walk outside (within the Tower walls) with relative freedom. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London However, when Jane's father Henry Grey, the first Duke of Suffolk, attempted to depose Mary and put Jane back on the throne, Mary executed both the Dukes of Suffolk and Northumberland. Henry Grey Marquess of Dorset ( 17 January 1517 &ndash 23 February 1554) was an English nobleman of the Tudor period Duke of Suffolk is a title that has been created three times in British history all three times in the Peerage of England. Lord John Dudley (1501 &ndash 22 August, 1553) was a Tudor general admiral and politician who de facto ruled England in the latter half of King After some hesitation, she sent Lady Jane to the scaffold on February 12, 1554, to avoid any further attempts to re-instate her to the throne. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the The Tudor dynasty's hold on the throne of England was once again secure.

However, Mary soon announced that she was intending to marry the Spanish prince Philip, son of her mother's nephew Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The prospect of a marriage alliance with Spain proved unpopular with the English people, who were worried that Spain would use England as a satellite, involving England in wars without the popular support of the people. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Popular discontent grew; a Protestant courtier, Thomas Wyatt the younger led a rebellion against Mary, with the aim of deposing and replacing her with her half-sister Elizabeth. Sir Thomas Wyatt the younger (1521 – 11 April, 1554) was a rebel leader during the reign of Queen Mary I of England; his rising is traditionally called Wyatt's Rebellion was a popular uprising in England in 1554 named for Thomas Wyatt the younger, one of its leaders The plot was discovered, and Wyatt's supporters were hunted down and killed. Wyatt himself was tortured, in the hope that he would give evidence that Elizabeth was involved so that Mary could have her executed for treason. Wyatt never implicated Elizabeth, and he was beheaded. Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal Elizabeth spent her time between different prisons, including the Tower of London. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London

Protestants Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley being burned at the stake during Mary's reign

Mary married Philip at Winchester Cathedral, on July 25, 1554. Latimer's belief in Christ's return Hugh Latimer said "It may come in my days old as I am or in my children's days the saints shall be taken up to meet Christ in the air Nicholas Ridley is a human name and may refer to Henry Nicholas Ridley (1855-1956 English botanist Nicholas Ridley Baron Ridley of Liddesdale Winchester Cathedral at Winchester in Hampshire is one of the largest Cathedrals in England, with the longest nave and overall length of Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Philip found her unattractive, and only spent a minimal amount of time with her. Despite Mary believing she was pregnant numerous times during her five-year reign, she never reproduced. Devastated that she rarely saw her husband, and anxious that she was not bearing an heir to Catholic England, Mary took her revenge on Protestants by burning many of them at the stake between 1555 and 1558. Mary aimed to eradicate Protestant heresy, but her actions, even for Catholic conservatives, were seen as brutal and extreme; she became deeply unpopular with her people, and they hoped for her death so that Elizabeth could succeed her. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Mary's dream of a resurrected Catholic Tudor dynasty was finished, and her popularity further declined when she lost the last English area on French soil, Calais, to Francis, Duke of Guise on January 7, 1558. Calais (kaˈlɛ in English often kæˈleɪ traditional English pronunciation /ˈkælɨs/ Kales is a town in northern France. Francis II Prince of Joinville Duke of Guise Duke of Aumale ( February 17, 1519 &ndash February 24, 1563) called Balafré ("the Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Mary died, bitter and lonely, on November 17, 1558. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Elizabeth Tudor was now Elizabeth I of England.

The Age of Intrigues and Plots: Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I at her coronation on January 15, 1559

Elizabeth I, who was staying at Hatfield House at the time of her accession, rode to London to the cheers of both the ruling class and the common people. The Coronation of the British Monarch is a Ceremony (specifically Initiation rite) in which the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Hatfield House is a Country house set in a large park the Great Park on the eastern side of the town of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. She chose as her chief minister Sir William Cecil, a Protestant, and former secretary to Lord Protector the Duke of Somerset and then to the Duke of Northumberland. Lord Burghley redirects here For other holders of the title see Baron Burghley William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 1520 &ndash } Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset (c 1506 &ndash 22nd January 1552 was Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of Henry VIII in Lord John Dudley (1501 &ndash 22 August, 1553) was a Tudor general admiral and politician who de facto ruled England in the latter half of King Under Mary, he had been spared, and often visited Elizabeth, ostensibly to review her accounts and expenditure. Elizabeth also appointed her personal favourite, the son of the Duke of Northumberland Lord Robert Dudley, her Master of the Horse, giving him constant personal access to the queen. Robert Dudley 1st Earl of Leicester ( 24 June 1532 /1533 &ndash 4 September 1588) was the long standing Favourite of Elizabeth The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases is a historical position of varying importance in several European nations

Imposing the Church of England

Elizabeth was a moderate Protestant; she was the daughter of Anne Boleyn, who played a key role in the English Reformation in the 1520s. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope At her coronation in January 1559, many of the bishops–Catholic, appointed by Mary, who had expelled many of the Protestant clergymen when she became queen in 1553–refused to perform the service in English. The Coronation of the British Monarch is a Ceremony (specifically Initiation rite) in which the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Eventually, the relatively minor Bishop of Carlisle, Owen Oglethorpe, performed the ceremony; but when Oglethorpe attempted to perform traditional Catholic parts of the Coronation, Elizabeth got up and left. See also List of bishops of Carlisle The Bishop of Carlisle is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Carlisle Owen Oglethorpe (died 1559 was an English Priest and bishop. He was born in Tadcaster, Yorkshire (where he later founded a school Following the Coronation, two important Acts were passed through parliament: the Act of Uniformity and the Act of Supremacy, establishing the Protestant Church of England and creating Elizabeth Supreme Governor of the Church of England (Supreme Head, the title used by her father and brother, was seen as inappropriate for a woman ruler). The Act of Uniformity in 1559 set the order of Prayer to be used in the English Book of Common Prayer. The Act of Supremacy 1559 (1 Eliz c 1 was an Act of the Parliament of England, passed under the auspices of Queen Elizabeth I of England. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British Monarchs which signifies their titular leadership over the Church of England. These acts, known collectively as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, made it compulsory to attend church services every Sunday; and imposed an oath on clergymen and statesmen to recognise the Church of England, the independence of the Church of England from the Catholic Church, and the authority of Elizabeth as Supreme Governor. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was Elizabeth I ’s response to the religious divisions created over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Elizabeth made it clear that if they refused the oath the first time, they would have a second opportunity, after which, if the oath was not sworn, the offender would be deprived of their offices and estates.

Pressure to marry

Mary, Queen of Scots, who conspired with English nobles to take the English throne for herself

The popularity of Elizabeth was extremely high, but her Privy Council, her Parliament and her subjects thought that the unmarried queen should take a husband; it was generally accepted that, once a queen regnant was married, the husband would relieve the woman of the burdens of head of state. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a List of current queens regnant A queen regnant (plural "queens regnant" is qualifying reference to a female Monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchal Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Also, without an heir, the Tudor dynasty would end; the risk of civil war between rival claimants was a possibility if Elizabeth died childless. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state The first and most ardent suitor was Mary I's widower Philip II of Spain. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 However, numerous other suitors from nearly all European nations sent ambassadors to the English court to put forward their suit. Risk of death came dangerously close in 1564 when Elizabeth caught smallpox; when she was most at risk, she named Robert Dudley as Lord Protector in the event of her death. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Robert Dudley 1st Earl of Leicester ( 24 June 1532 /1533 &ndash 4 September 1588) was the long standing Favourite of Elizabeth After her recovery, she appointed Dudley to the Privy Council and created him Earl of Leicester, in the hope that he would marry Mary, Queen of Scots. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a Lord Leicester redirects here You may be looking for Lord Leycester, the name of several things in and around Warwick, United Kingdom Mary rejected him, and instead married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, a descendant of Henry VII, giving Mary a stronger claim to the English throne. Henry Stuart 1st Duke of Albany ( 7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567) commonly known as Lord Darnley, was a King Consort Although many Catholics were loyal to Elizabeth, many also believed that, because Elizabeth was declared illegitimate after her parents' marriage was annulled, Mary was the strongest legitimate claimant. Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract Despite this, Elizabeth would not name Mary her heir; as she had experienced during the reign of her predecessor Mary I, the opposition could flock around the heir if they were disheartened with Elizabeth's rule.

Pope St. Pius V, who issued the Papal bull excommunicating Elizabeth and relieving her subjects of their allegiance to her

Numerous threats to the Tudor dynasty occurred during Elizabeth's reign. Pope A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. In 1569, a group of Earls led by Charles Neville, the sixth Earl of Westmorland, and Thomas Percy, the seventh Earl of Northumberland attempted to depose Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Charles Neville 6th Earl of Westmorland ( August 18, 1542 / August 28, 1543 &ndash November 16 1601, Nieuwpoort The title of Earl of Westmorland has been created several times in the Peerage of England. Thomas Percy 7th Earl of Northumberland KG ( 1528 - 22 August 1572) led the Rising of the North and was executed for treason The title of Earl of Northumberland was created several times in the Peerages of England and Great Britain. In 1571, the Protestant-turned-Catholic Thomas Howard, the fourth Duke of Norfolk, had plans to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and then replace Elizabeth with Mary. Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk ( 10 March, 1536 &mdash 2 June 1572) was an English nobleman also the 1st Earl of Southampton The plot, masterminded by Roberto di Ridolfi, was discovered and Norfolk was beheaded. The Ridolfi plot was a Roman Catholic plot in 1570 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary I of Scotland. Roberto Ridolfi or di Ridolfo ( November 18, 1531 – February 18, 1612) was an Italian and Florentine nobleman Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal The next major uprising was in 1601, when Robert Devereux, the second Earl of Essex, attempted to raise the city of London against Elizabeth's government. Robert Devereux 2nd Earl of Essex ( 10 November 1566 &ndash 25 February 1601) a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I of England Earl of Essex is a title that has been held by several families and individuals of which the best-known and most closely associated with the title was Robert Devereux 2nd Earl of The city of London proved unwilling to rebel; Essex and most of his co-rebels were executed. Threats also came from abroad. In 1570, Pope Pius V issued a Papal bull, Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating Elizabeth, and releasing her subjects from their allegiance to her. Pope A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Regnans in Excelsis was a Papal bull issued on February 25, 1570 by Pope Pius V declaring " Elizabeth, the pretended An allegiance is a duty of fidelity said to be owed by a subject or a Citizen to his/her state or sovereign. Elizabeth came under pressure from Parliament to execute Mary, Queen of Scots to prevent any further attempts to replace her; though faced with several official requests, she vacillated over the decision to execute an anointed queen. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Finally, she was persuaded of Mary's (treasonous) complicity in the plotting against her, and she signed the death warrant in 1586. Death Warrant is a 1990 action movie starring Jean-Claude Van Damme. Mary was executed at Fotheringay Castle on February 8, 1587, to the outrage of Catholic Europe. Fotheringhay Castle was in the Village of Fotheringhay some 3½ miles (6 km to the north of the Market town of Oundle, Northamptonshire Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.

Last hopes of a Tudor heir

The Spanish Armada: Catholic Spain's attempt to depose Elizabeth and take control of England

Despite the uncertainty of Elizabeth's–and therefore the Tudor dynasty's–hold on England, Elizabeth never married. The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible The closest she came to marriage was between 1579 and 1581, when she was courted by Francis, Duke of Anjou, the son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. Hercule François Duke of Anjou and Alençon, often simply referred to as "the Duke of Alençon" ( March 18, 1555 &ndash June 19 Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 Catherine de' Medici (April 13 1519 &ndash January 5 1589 was born in Florence, Italy as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. Despite Elizabeth's government constantly begging her to marry in the early years of her reign, it now was persuading Elizabeth not to marry the French prince; his mother, Catherine de' Medici, was suspected of ordering the St Bartholomew's Day massacre of six thousand French Protestant Hugenots in 1572. Catherine de' Medici (April 13 1519 &ndash January 5 1589 was born in Florence, Italy as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. The St Bartholomew's Day massacre ( Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy in French) was a wave of Roman Catholic Mob violence against the Huguenots The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth Elizabeth bowed to public discontent against the marriage, learning from the mistake her sister made when she married Philip II of Spain, and sent the Duke of Anjou away. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Elizabeth knew that the continuation of the Tudor dynasty was now impossible; she was forty-eight in 1581, and too old to bear children.

By far the most dangerous threat to the Tudor dynasty during Elizabeth's reign was the Spanish Armada of 1588. The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible Launched by Elizabeth's old suitor Philip II of Spain, and commanded by Alonso de Guzmán El Bueno, the seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia, the Spanish had 22 galleons and 108 armed merchant ships; however, the English and the Dutch Republic outnumbered them. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Don Alonso Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia ( es: Don Alonso Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno séptimo duque de Medina Sidonia) ( September 10 The Dukes of Medina Sidonia are Grandees of Spain, holding the oldest dukedom in the Kingdom and were once the most prominent magnate family of the Andalusian "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Spanish lost as a result of bad weather on the English Channel and poor planning and supplies, and the skills of Sir Francis Drake and Charles Howard, the second Baron Howard of Effingham (later first Earl of Nottingham). Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician Charles Howard 1st Earl of Nottingham (1536 &ndash 14 December 1624) was an English statesman and admiral Earl of Effingham, in the County of Surrey is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. See also Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham Earl of Nottingham is a title that has been created six times in the Peerage of England.

While Elizabeth declined physically with age, her running of the country continued to benefit her people. In response to famine across England due to bad harvests in the 1590s, Elizabeth introduced the poor law, allowing peasants that were too ill to work a certain amount of money from the state. This article deals chiefly with the English Poor Laws covering England and Wales All the money Elizabeth had borrowed from Parliament in twelve of the thirteen parliamentary sessions was paid back; by the time of her death, Elizabeth not only had no debts, but was in credit. Elizabeth died childless at Richmond Palace on March 24, 1603. Richmond Palace was a royal residence from 1327 to 1649 on The Green Richmond, United Kingdom. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland She never named a successor. However, her chief minister Sir Robert Cecil had corresponded with the Protestant Stuart son of Mary, Queen of Scots, James VI of Scotland, and James's succession to the English throne was unopposed. Robert Cecil may refer to Robert Cecil 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563&ndash1612 statesman spymaster and minister to Elizabeth I of England and James I of England The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The Tudor dynasty had ended and the Stuart House became the English royal house.

Tudor monarchs of England

The six Tudor monarchs were:

Image	Name	Claim to the throne	Birth date	Accession date	Death date	Spouse(s)
	Henry VII	Right of conquest	January 28, 1457	August 22, 1485 (crowned October 30, 1485)	April 21, 1509	Elizabeth of York
	Henry VIII	Son of Henry VII	June 28, 1491	April 21, 1509 (crowned June 24, 1509)	January 28, 1547	(I) Catherine of Aragon, (II) Anne Boleyn, (III) Jane Seymour, (IV) Anne of Cleves, (V) Catherine Howard, (VI) Catherine Parr
	Edward VI	Son of Henry VIII by Jane Seymour	October 12, 1537	January 28, 1547 (crowned February 20, 1547)	July 6, 1553	—
	Jane	Granddaughter of Henry VII's daughter Mary Brandon (née Tudor), Duchess of Suffolk	1537	July 10, 1553	February 12, 1554	Lord Guildford Dudley
	Mary I	Daughter of Henry VIII by Catherine of Aragon	February 18, 1516	July 19, 1553 (crowned October 1, 1553)	November 18, 1558	Philip II of Spain
	Elizabeth I	Daughter of Henry VIII by Anne Boleyn	September 7, 1533	November 17, 1558 (crowned January 15, 1559)	March 24, 1603	—

To the Tudor period belongs the elevation of the English-ruled state in Ireland from a Lordship to a Kingdom (1541). The right of conquest is the purported Right of a conqueror to territory taken by force of arms Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Anne of Cleves Queen of England (22 September 1515&ndash16 July 1557 ( German: Anna von Jülich-Kleve-Berg) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII For other Catherine Howards see Catherine Howard (disambiguation Catherine Howard (between 1520 and 1525 – 13 February 1542 also called Catherine Parr ( c 1512 &ndash 5 September 1548 also known as Katherine or Katharine Parr(e, was the last of the six wives of Henry Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537&ndash 12 February 1554) also referred to as Queen Jane, a greatniece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant This article is about Mary Queen consort of France. For her niece and namesake Mary Tudor Queen regnant of England, see Mary I Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 - 1541) was the nominally all-island Irish state created in the wake of the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169-71 The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland.

Tudor Family Tree

^[1]

Patrilineal descent

Patrilineal descent, descent from father to son, is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations—which means that the historically accurate royal house of the Tudor monarchs was the House of Tudor. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during Patrilineality (aka agnatic kinship) is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage it generally involves the Inheritance of property names or titles A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period ^[2]

The dates are of birth and death, not of ruling years.

1. Marchudd ap Cynan, c. 846
2. Kerwit, Lord of Brnffenigl
3. Senylt, Lord of Brnffenigl
4. Nathen of Brnffenigl
5. Edryt ap Nathen, Prince in Wales
6. Idnerth ap Edryd
7. Gwgon of Brnffenigl
8. Iorwerth of Brnffenigl
9. Kendrig of Brnffenigl
10. Ednyfed Fychan, d. Ednyfed Fychan (died 1246 full name Ednyfed Fychan ap Cynwrig, was a Welsh warrior who became Seneschal to the Kingdom of Gwynedd in northern 1246
11. Goronwy, Lord of Tres-gastell, d. 1268
12. Tudur Hen, Lord of Pemmynydd, d. 1311
13. Goronwy ap Tudur, d. 1331
14. Tudur Fychan, Lord of Pemmynydd, d. 1367
15. Maredudd ap Tudur, d. 1406
16. Owen Tudor, 1400–1461
17. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, 1430–1456
18. Henry VII of England, 1457–1509
19. Henry VIII of England, 1491–1547
20. Edward VI of England, 1537–1553; Mary I of England, 1516–1558 and Elizabeth I of England, 1533–1603

See also

• England and Wales
• Wars of the Roses
• Tudor style
• Tudor rose
• Richmond Castle
• Richmond Palace
• Tudor re-conquest of Ireland
• The Tudors and the Royal Navy

Notes

References

• Guy, John (ed). The Tudor Monarchy. St Martin’s Press, 1997.
• Jones, Michael K. and Malcolm G. Underwood, "Beaufort, Margaret , countess of Richmond and Derby (1443–1509)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 27 August 2007. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• Thomas, R. S. "Tudor, Edmund, first earl of Richmond (c.1430–1456)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 27 August 2007. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• Turton, Godfrey. The Dragon’s Breed: The Story of the Tudors from Earliest Times to 1603. Peter Davies, 1970.

External links

• Tudor Place
• Tudor History
• House of Tudor Chronology
• Official British Royal Site Discussion on the Tudors
• Tudor and Stuart Family Tree from Official British Royal SitePDF (13. 4 KiB)
• Tudor History