In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or See List of King Priam's children Paris ( Greek:; also known as Alexander or Alexandros, c This article is about the mythological figure Helen of Troy For other uses see Helen (disambiguation and Helen of Troy (disambiguation. In Greek mythology, Menelaus ( Ancient Greek:) was a king of Ancient Sparta, the husband of Helen, and a central figure in the The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology, and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. The Epic Cycle (Επικός Κύκλος was a collection of Ancient Greek Epic poems that related the story of the Trojan War, which includes the Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid. Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language remains an enduring legacy of the culture of Ancient Rome. Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including
The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer Eris ( Greek Ἔρις, "Strife" is the Greek Goddess of strife her name being translated into Latin as Discordia The golden apple is an element that appears in some countries' legends or Fairy tales. An apple of discord is a reference to the Golden Apple of Discord which according to Greek mythology, the goddess Eris ( Gr The goddesses went to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. The Judgement of Paris is a story from Greek mythology, which was one of the events that led up to the Trojan War and (in slightly later versions of the story to In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. This article is about the mythological figure Helen of Troy For other uses see Helen (disambiguation and Helen of Troy (disambiguation. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years. In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae "Lion Gate" redirects here For other uses see Lions' Gate (disambiguation. In Greek mythology, Menelaus ( Ancient Greek:) was a king of Ancient Sparta, the husband of Helen, and a central figure in the After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. "Aias" redirects here For other uses of this name see AIAS and Ajax. In Greek mythology, Hectōr ( "holding fast" or Hektōr, is a Trojan prince and one of the greatest fighters in the The Trojan Horse was part of the Trojan War, as told in Virgil 's Latin Epic poem The Aeneid. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to Italy. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC This article is about the Roman hero For other uses see Aeneas (disambiguation. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
The Ancient Greeks thought the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern day Turkey near the Dardanelles. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches See also [[Hellespont]] The Dardanelles ( Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı Greek: Δαρδανέλλια Dardanellia) formerly By modern times both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in this area which he identified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Heinrich Schliemann (ˈʃliːman ( January 6 1822 in Neubukow Mecklenburg-Schwerin - December 26 1890, Naples) was a German [1] Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War derive from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th centuries BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa. Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC was a Greek Mathematician, Poet, athlete, Geographer and Troy VII, in the mound at Hisarlik, is an archaeological layer of Troy spanning late Hittite Empire to Neo-Hittite times (ca
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The events of the Trojan War are found in many works of Greek literature and depicted in numerous works of Greek art. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance The ancient Greeks proposed many different ideas about primordial deities in their mythology, which would later be largely adapted by the In Greek mythology, the Titans ( Greek: Tītā́n; plural Tītânes) were a race of powerful Deities that ruled during the legendary Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology The Twelve Olympians, also known as the Dodekatheon ( Greek: Δωδεκάθεον Pan ( Greek, Genitive) is the Greek god of shepherds and flocks of mountain wilds hunting and rustic music paein means to pasture In Greek mythology, a nymph is any member of a large class of mythological entities in human female form In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman The ancient Greeks had a large number of sea deities. The philosopher Plato once remarked that the Greek people were like frogs sitting around a pond -- their Chthonic (from Greek χθόνιος khthonios "of the earth" from khthōn "earth" pertaining to the Earth; earthy subterranean In Greek mythology, Heracles or Herakles ("glory of Hera " or The Twelve Labours of Hercules (Greek Δωδεκαθλος, dodekathlos) age a series of archaic episodes connected by a later continuous narrative concerning "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. Jason ( Greek: Ἰάσων, Etruscan: Easun, Laz: Yason) was a late ancient Greek mythological In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας is the fleece of the winged ram Chrysomallos (Χρυσόμαλλος Perseus, Perseos, or Perseas ( Greek: Περσεύς, Περσέως, Περσέας) the Legendary founder In Greek mythology, Medusa ( Greek: Μέδουσα (Médousa "guardian protectress" was a monstrous Chthonic female character gazing upon In Greek mythology, a gorgon ( Greek: γοργώ or γοργών transl Oedipus (pronounced /ˈɛdəpəs/ in American English or /ˈiːdəpəs/ in British English; Greek: Oidípous meaning "swollen-footed" The Seven against Thebes (Επτά επί Θήβας Epta epi Thēbas) is a mythic narrative whose classic statement is found in the play by Aeschylus (467 BCE For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered In Greek mythology, the Minotaur ( Greek:, Mīnṓtauros) was a creature that was part man and part bull. Buzyges redirects here For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Buzyges (butterfly. The Eleusinian Mysteries (Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια were initiation ceremonies held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone Mystery Religions, Sacred Mysteries or simply Mysteries, were "religious cults of the Graeco-Roman In Greek mythology, satyrs (Σάτυροι Satyroi) are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus – " Satyresses quot In Greek mythology, the centaurs (from Ancient Greek: Κένταυροι - Kéntauroi are a race of creatures composed of part Human Dragons play a role in Greek mythology. Ladon was a Dragon -like beast that was slain by Heracles in the garden of the Hesperides during the Twelve Greek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs and rituals practiced in Ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices. Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the Greece has a rich and varied artistic history spanning some 5000 years There is no single, authoritative text which tells the entire events of the war. Instead, the story is assembled from a variety of sources, some of which report contradictory versions of the events. The most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey, composed sometime between the ninth and sixth centuries BC. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. Each poem narrates only a part of the war. The Iliad covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey concerns Odysseus's return to his home island of Ithaca, following the sack of Troy. Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km²
Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle, also known as the Cyclic Epics: the Cypria, Aethiopis, Little Iliad, Iliou Persis, Nostoi, and Telegony. The Epic Cycle (Επικός Κύκλος was a collection of Ancient Greek Epic poems that related the story of the Trojan War, which includes the The Cypria ( Ancient Greek: Kypria; Latin form Cypria) is an epic of ancient Greek literature that was quite The Little Iliad ( Greek:, Ilias mikra; Latin: Ilias parva The Iliou persis ( Greek:; also known as Iliupersis, esp in Latin; English: Sack of Ilium) is a lost epic of ancient The Nostoi (Νόστοι also known as Nosti in Latin, Returns in English) is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature. The Telegony ( Greek:, Tēlegoneia; Latin: Telegonia) is a lost Ancient Greek epic poem about Telegonus Though these poems survive only in fragments, their content is known from a summary included in Proclus' Chrestomathy. Eutychius Proclus (Latin Greek Eutychios Proklos) was a Grammarian who flourished in the 2nd century CE Chrestomathy (from the Greek words khrestos, useful and mathein, to know is a collection of choice literary passages used especially as an aid in learning [2] The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain. It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the seventh and sixth century BC, after the composition of the Homeric poems, though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions. [3] Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition. Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges Even after the composition of the Iliad, Odyssey, and the Cyclic Epics, the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally, in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling. Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems. Visual art, such as vase-painting, was another medium in which myths of the Trojan War circulated. [4]
In later ages playwrights, historians, and other intellectuals would create works inspired by the Trojan War. A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. The three great tragedians of Athens, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, wrote many dramas that portray episodes from the Trojan War. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright Sophocles (ˈsɒfəkliːz Ancient Greek, sopʰoklɛ̂ːs circa Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus Among Roman writers the most important is the 1st century BC poet Virgil. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or In Book 2 of the Aeneid, Aeneas narrates the sack of Troy; this section of the poem is thought to rely on material from the Cyclic Epic Iliou Persis. For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in This article is about the Roman hero For other uses see Aeneas (disambiguation. The Iliou persis ( Greek:; also known as Iliupersis, esp in Latin; English: Sack of Ilium) is a lost epic of ancient
Legend
The following summary of the Trojan War follows the order of events as given in Proclus' summary, along with the Iliad, Odyssey, and Aeneid, supplemented with details drawn from other authors.
Origins of the war
The plan of Zeus
- For the foundation of Troy and her first fall to Heracles, see Troy: "Legendary Troy". Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or
According to Greek mythology, Zeus had become king of the gods by overthrowing his father Cronus; Cronus in turn had overthrown his father Ouranos. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology Cronus or Kronos, ( Ancient Greek Κρόνος Krónos) was the leader and the youngest of the first generation of Titans, divine descendants Uranus (ˈjʊərənəs jʊˈreɪnəs is the Latinized form of Ouranos () the Greek word for Sky. Zeus was not faithful to his wife and sister Hera, and had many relationships from which many children were born. In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer Since Zeus believed that there were too many people populating the earth, he envisaged the notion of Momus[5] or Themis,[6] which was to use the Trojan war as a means to depopulate the Earth, especially of his demigod descendants. For the Scottish artist and singer see Momus (artist Momus or Momos (μῶμος in Greek For other uses see Themis (disambiguation. In Greek mythology, Hesiod mentions Themis (Θέμις among the six sons and six daughters of Gaia [7]
The marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the Apple of Discord, and the Judgement of Paris
- See also Judgement of Paris. The Judgement of Paris is a story from Greek mythology, which was one of the events that led up to the Trojan War and (in slightly later versions of the story to
Zeus came to learn from either Themis[8] or Prometheus, after Heracles had released him from Caucasus,[9] that, like his father Cronus, one of his sons would overthrow him. For other uses see Themis (disambiguation. In Greek mythology, Hesiod mentions Themis (Θέμις among the six sons and six daughters of Gaia In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Προμηθεύς "forethought" is a Titan known for his wily intelligence who stole Fire from Zeus In Greek mythology, Heracles or Herakles ("glory of Hera " or The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Another prophecy stated that a son of the sea-nymph Thetis, with whom Zeus had an affair, would become greater than his father. This article is about the Greek sea nymph Thetis should not be confused with Themis, the embodiment of the laws of nature but see the sea-goddess Tethys. [10] Possibly for one or both of these reasons,[11] Thetis was betrothed to an elderly human king, Peleus son of Aiakos, either upon Zeus' orders,[12] or because she wished to please Hera, who had raised her. In Greek mythology, Pēleús (Πηλεύς was a hero who was already known to Homer. Aeacus (also spelled Eäcus, Greek, "bewailing" or "earth borne" was a mythological king of the island of Aegina [13] All of the gods were invited to Peleus and Thetis' wedding and brought gifts,[14] except Eris ("Discord"), who was stopped at the door by Hermes, on Zeus' order. Eris ( Greek Ἔρις, "Strife" is the Greek Goddess of strife her name being translated into Latin as Discordia Hermes ( Greek,, ˈhɝmiːz in Greek mythology, is the Olympian god of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them of Shepherds and [15] Insulted, she threw from the door a gift of her own:[16] a golden apple (το μήλον της έριδος) on which were inscribed the words Tēi Kallistēi ("To the fairest"). The golden apple is an element that appears in some countries' legends or Fairy tales. The apple was claimed by Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. They quarreled bitterly over it, and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favoring one, for fear of earning the enmity of the other two. Eventually, Zeus ordered Hermes to lead the three goddesses to Paris, a prince of Troy, who, unaware of his ancestry, was being raised as a shepherd in Mount Ida,[17] because of a prophecy that he would be the downfall of Troy. Hermes ( Greek,, ˈhɝmiːz in Greek mythology, is the Olympian god of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them of Shepherds and Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or A shepherd is a person who tends to feeds or guards Sheep, especially in flocks Two sacred mountains are called Mount Ida in Greek mythology, equally named "Mount of the Goddess Prophecy, generally describes the disclosing of Information that is not known to the Prophet by any ordinary means [18] The goddesses appeared to him naked, and because he was unable to decide between them, they resorted to bribes. Athena offered Paris wisdom, skill in battle, and the abilities of the greatest warriors; Hera offered him political power and control of all of Asia, and Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black This article is about the mythological figure Helen of Troy For other uses see Helen (disambiguation and Helen of Troy (disambiguation. Paris awarded the apple to Aphrodite, and, after several adventures, returned to Troy, where he was recognized by his royal family.
Peleus and Thetis bore a son, whom they named Achilles. "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. It was foretold that he would either die of old age after an uneventful life, or die young in a battlefield and gain immortality through poetry. [19] Furthermore, when Achilles was nine years old, Calchas had prophesied that Troy could not again fall without his help. In Greek mythology, Calchas ("bronze-man" son of Thestor was a Argive Seer, with a gift for interpreting the flight of birds that he received [20] A number of sources credit Thetis with attempting to make Achilles immortal when he was an infant. Some of these state that she held him over fire every night to burn away his mortal parts and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day, but that Peleus discovered her actions and stopped them. In ancient Greek mythology, ambrosia is sometimes the food sometimes the drink of the gods, often depicted as conferring ageless Immortality [21] According to some versions of this story, Thetis had already destroyed several sons in this manner, and Peleus' action therefore saved his son's life. [22] Other sources state that Thetis bathed Achilles in the River Styx, the river that runs to the under world, making him invulnerable wherever he had touched the water. [23] Because she had held him by the heel, that part remained a mortal not a god, hence the expressions "Achilles heel" for an isolated weakness. This article deals with the phrase For other uses see Achilles Heel. He grew up to be the greatest of all mortal warriors. After Calchas' prophesy, Thetis hid Achilles in Skyros at the court of king Lycomedes, where he was disguised as a girl. Skyros (Σκύρος is the southernmost Island of the Sporades, a Greek archipelago in the Aegean Sea. Lycomedes (also known as Lycurgus) in Greek mythology, was the King of Scyros during the Trojan War. [24]
Elopement of Paris and Helen
The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen, one of the daughters of Tyndareus, king of Sparta. This article is about the mythological figure Helen of Troy For other uses see Helen (disambiguation and Helen of Troy (disambiguation. In Greek mythology, Tyndareus Τυνδαρεύς (or Tyndareos Τυνδάρεως) was a Spartan king son of Oebalus Her mother was Leda, who had been either raped or seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan. In Greek mythology, Leda ( Λήδα) was daughter of the Aetolian king Thestius, and wife of the king Tyndareus, of Sparta Swans are Birds of the family Anatidae, which also includes geese and Ducks Swans are grouped with the closely related geese in [25] Accounts differ over which of Leda's four children, two pairs of twins, were fathered by Zeus and which by Tyndareus. However, Helen is usually credited as Zeus' daughter,[26] and sometimes Nemesis is credited as her mother. Nemesis (in Greek,) also called Rhamnousia/Rhamnusia ("the Goddess of Rhamnous " at her sanctuary at [27] Helen had scores of suitors, and her father was unwilling to choose one for fear the others would retaliate violently. This article is about the mythological figure Helen of Troy For other uses see Helen (disambiguation and Helen of Troy (disambiguation.
Finally, one of the suitors, Odysseus of Ithaca, proposed a plan to solve the dilemma. grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km² In exchange for Tyndareus' support of his own suit towards Penelope,[28] he suggested that Tyndareus require all of Helen's suitors to promise that they would defend the marriage of Helen, regardless of whom he chose. In Homer 's Odyssey, Penelópē ( Πηνελόπεια/Πηνελόπη) is the faithful wife of Odysseus, who keeps her suitors The suitors duly swore the required oath on the severed pieces of a horse, although not without a certain amount of grumbling. [29]
Tyndareus chose Menelaus. In Greek mythology, Menelaus ( Ancient Greek:) was a king of Ancient Sparta, the husband of Helen, and a central figure in the Menelaus was a political choice on her father's part. He had wealth and power. He had humbly not petitioned for her himself, but instead sent his brother Agamemnon on his behalf. In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae He had promised Aphrodite a hecatomb, a sacrifice of 100 oxen, if he won Helen, but forgot about it and earned her wrath. In Ancient Greece, a Hecatomb ( Ancient Greek ἑκατόμβη / hekatómbê) was a sacrifice to the gods of 100 cattle ( hecaton = one hundred [30] Menelaus inherited Tyndareus' throne of Sparta with Helen as his queen when her brothers, Castor and Pollux, became gods,[31] and when Agamemnon married Helen's sister Clytemnestra and took back the throne of Mycenae. For the stars see Castor (star and Pollux (star, for the sculptural group in the Prado Museum, see Castor and Pollux (Prado, and for Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king [32]
On a diplomatic mission to Sparta, Paris fell in love with Helen. Menelaus had left for Crete[33] to bury his uncle, Crateus. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the [34] Paris, with Aphrodite's help, kidnapped[35] or seduced her[36] and sailed to Troy carrying off part of Menelaus' treasure. Hera, still jealous over his judgement, sent a storm. In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer [33] The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt, where the gods replaced Helen with a likeness of her made of clouds, Nephele. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. In Greek mythology, Nephele (from Greek: nephos, "cloud" Latinized to Nubes) was a cloud Nymph who figured prominently [37] The myth of Helen being switched is attributed to the 6th century BC Sicilian poet Stesichorus. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. Stesichorus ( Ancient Greek:, English translation: "he who sets up the chorus" was a Greek lyric poet from Himera in For Homer the true Helen was in Troy. The ship then landed in Sidon before reaching Troy. Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh Paris, fearful of getting caught, spent some time there and then sailed to Troy. [38]
Paris' abduction of Helen had several precedents. Io was taken from Mycenae, Europa was taken from Phoenicia, Jason took Medea from Colchis,[39] and the Trojan princess Hesione had been taken by Heracles, who gave her to Telamon of Salamis. In Greek mythology, Io (ˈaɪoʊ or /ˈiːoʊ/ World Book «EYE oh», in Ancient Greek Ἰώ) was a priestess of Hera in Argos "Lion Gate" redirects here For other uses see Lions' Gate (disambiguation. Europa ( Greek Εὐρώπη was a Phoenician woman of high lineage in Greek mythology, from whom the name of the Continent Europe Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Jason ( Greek: Ἰάσων, Etruscan: Easun, Laz: Yason) was a late ancient Greek mythological Medea (Μήδεια Mēdeia) in Greek mythology was the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís In Greek mythology, the most prominent Hesione was a Trojan princess daughter of King Laomedon of Troy, sister of Priam and second In Greek mythology, Heracles or Herakles ("glory of Hera " or In Greek mythology, Telamon (in Greek, Τελαμών) son of the king Aeacus, of Aegina, and Endeis and brother of Salamis ( Greek, Modern: Σαλαμίνα Salamína, Ancient / Katharevousa: Σαλαμίς Salamís) is the largest [40] According to Herodotus, Paris was emboldened by these examples to steal himself a wife from Greece, and expected no retribution, since there had been none in the other cases. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash [41]
The gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition
Menelaus asked Agamemnon to uphold his oath. He agreed and sent emissaries to all the Achaean kings and princes to call them to observe their oaths and retrieve Helen. [42]
Odysseus and Achilles
Since Menelaus's wedding, Odysseus had married Penelope and fathered a son, Telemachus. grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs In Homer 's Odyssey, Penelópē ( Πηνελόπεια/Πηνελόπη) is the faithful wife of Odysseus, who keeps her suitors This article is about the figure in greek mythology For the Christian saint see Saint Telemachus, and for the South African cricketer, see Roger In order to avoid the war, he feigned madness and sowed his fields with salt. Palamedes outwitted him by placing his infant son in front of the plough's path, and Odysseus turned aside, unwilling to kill his son, so revealing his sanity and forcing him to join the war. In Greek mythology, Palamedes was the son of Nauplius and either Clymene or Philyra or Hesione. [33][43]
At Scyros, Achilles had an affair with the king's daughter Deidamea, resulting in a child, Neoptolemus. Skyros (Σκύρος is the southernmost Island of the Sporades, a Greek archipelago in the Aegean Sea. "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. In Greek mythology, Deidamea (or Deidamia) was the daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. In Greek mythology, Neoptolemus (also Neoptólemos or Pyrrhus; Greek Νεοπτόλημος "New War" was the son of the warrior Achilles [44] Odysseus, Telamonian Ajax, and Achilles' tutor Phoenix went to retrieve Achilles. "Aias" redirects here For other uses of this name see AIAS and Ajax. In Homer's Iliad, Phoenix, son of Amyntor, is one of the Myrmidons led by Achilles who along with Odysseus and Ajax Achilles' mother disguised him as a woman so that he would not have to go to war, but, according to one story, they blew a horn, and Achilles revealed himself by seizing a spear to fight intruders, rather than fleeing. [45] According to another story, they disguised themselves as merchants bearing trinkets and weaponry, and Achilles was marked out from the other women for admiring weaponry instead of clothes and jewelry. [46]
Pausanias said that, according to Homer, Achilles did not hide in Scyros, but rather conquered the island, as part of the Trojan War. Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus [47]
First gathering at Aulis
The Achean forces first gathered at Aulis. All the suitors sent their forces except King Cinyras of Cyprus. According to Greek mythology, the king Cinyras (in Greek, Κινύρας &ndash Kinuras) of Cyprus was a son of Though he sent breastplates to Agamemnon and promised to send 50 ships, he sent only one real ship, led by the son of Mygdalion, and 49 ships made of mud. [48] Idomeneus was willing to lead the Cretan contingent in Mycenae's war against Troy, but only as a co-commander, which he was granted. In Greek mythology, Idomeneus was a Cretan warrior father of Orsilochus, son of Deucalion, grandson of Minos and king of Crete [49] The last commander to arrive was Achilles, who was then 15 years old.
Following a sacrifice to Apollo, a snake slithered from the altar to a sparrow's nest in a plane tree nearby. It ate the mother and her nine babies, then was turned to stone. Calchas interpreted this as a sign that Troy would fall in the tenth year of the war. [50]
Telephus
When the Achaeans left for the war, they did not know the way, and accidentally landed in Mysia, ruled by King Telephus, son of Heracles, who had led a contingent of Arcadians to settle there. The Achaean League (Ἀχαϊκὴ Συμμαχία or (Ἀχαϊκὴ Συμπολιτεία was a Confederation of Greek city states in Achaea Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey) This article is about Telephus the son of Heracles. The name also refers to the father of Cyparissus. Arcadia or Arkadía ( Greek Αρκαδία is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. [51] In the battle, Achilles wounded Telephus,[52] who had killed Thersander. In Homer 's Iliad, Thersander was one of the Epigoni, who attacked the city of Thebes in retaliation for the deaths of their fathers [53] Because the wound would not heal, Telephus asked an oracle, "What will happen to the wound?". The oracle responded, "he that wounded shall heal". The Achaean fleet then set sail and was scattered by a storm. Achilles landed in Scyros and married Deidameia. A new gathering was set again in Aulis. [33]
Telephus went to Aulis, and either pretended to be a beggar, asking Agamemnon to help heal his wound,[54] or kidnapped Orestes and held him for ransom, demanding the wound be healed. In Greek mythology, Orestes (in English /ɔ'ɹɛstiːz/ and in Greek,) was the son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon [55] Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Odysseus reasoned that the spear that had inflicted the wound must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound, and Telephus was healed. [56] Telephus then showed the Achaeans the route to Troy. [57]
Some scholars have regarded the expedition against Telephus and its resolution as a derivative reworking of elements from the main story of the Trojan War, but it has also been seen as fitting the story-pattern of the "preliminary adventure" that anticipates events and themes from the main narrative, and therefore as likely to be "early and integral". [58]
The second gathering
Eight years after the storm had scattered them,[59] the fleet of more than a thousand ships was gathered again. But when they had all reached Aulis, the winds ceased. The prophet Calchas stated that the goddess Artemis was punishing Agamemnon for killing either a sacred deer or a deer in a sacred grove, and boasting that he was a better hunter than she. In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister [33] The only way to appease Artemis, he said, was to sacrifice Iphigenia, who was either the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra,[60] or of Helen and Theseus entrusted to Clytemnestra when Helen married Menelaus. 112 Iphigenia is an Asteroid. Iphigeneia (Eng /ɪfədʒə'naɪə/, also Iphigenia Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered [61] Agamemnon refused, and the other commanders threatened to make Palamedes commander of the expedition. [62] According to some versions, Agamemnon relented, but others claim that he sacrificed a deer in her place, or that at the last moment, Artemis took pity on the girl, and took her to be a maiden in one of her temples, substituting a lamb. [33] Hesiod says that Iphigenia became the goddess Hecate. Hesiod ( Greek: Hesiodos) was an early Greek Poet and Rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BCE Hecate ( Greek: Ἑκάτη, "far-shooting") Hekate ( Hekátê [63]
The Achaean forces are described in detail in the Catalogue of Ships, in the second book of the Iliad. The Catalogue of Ships (νεῶν κατάλογος neōn katalogos) is a passage in Book They consisted of 28 contingents from mainland Greece, the Peloponnese, the Dodecanese islands, Crete, and Ithaca, comprising 1178 pentekontoroi, ships with 50 rowers. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula The Dodecanese ( Greek Δωδεκάνησα Dodekánisa 'twelve islands' are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km² Thucydides says[64] that according to tradition there were about 1200 ships, and that the Boeotian ships had 120 men, while Philoctetes' ships only had the fifty rowers, these probably being maximum and minimum. Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the In Greek mythology, Philoctetes (also Philoktêtês or Philocthetes, Φιλοκτήτης was the son of King Poeas of Meliboea These numbers would mean a total force of 70,000 to 130,000 men. Another catalogue of ships is given by Apollodorus that differs somewhat but agrees in numbers. Some scholars have claimed that Homer's catalogue is an original Bronze Age document, possibly the Achaean commander's order of operations. [65][66][67] Others believe it was a fabrication of Homer.
The second book of the Iliad also lists the Trojan allies, consisting of the Trojans themselves, led by Hector, and various allies listed as Dardanians led by Aeneas, Zeleians, Adrasteians, Percotians, Pelasgians, Thracians, Ciconian spearmen, Paionian archers, Halizones, Mysians, Phrygians, Maeonians, Miletians, Lycians led by Sarpedon and Carians. The Trojan Battle Order or Trojan Catalogue is a section of the second book of the Iliad listing the allied contingents that fought for Troy In Greek mythology, Hectōr ( "holding fast" or Hektōr, is a Trojan prince and one of the greatest fighters in the Dardania in Greek mythology is the name of a City founded on Mount Ida by Dardanus from which also the region and the people took their name This article is about the Roman hero For other uses see Aeneas (disambiguation. Zeleia (Ζέλεια is the name of an ancient town or city according to the Iliad, which was allied to Troy. In Greek mythology, Adrasteia ( Greek: Ἀδράστεια ( Ionic Greek: Ἀδρήστεια "inescapable" also spelled Adrastia Percote was a town or city on the southern (Asian side of the Hellespont, to the northeast of Troy. The name Pelasgians (from Ancient Greek grc Πελασγοί Pelasgoí, singular Πελασγός Pelasgós) was used by some ancient Greek Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The Cicones or Ciconians (Κίκονες were a Thracian tribe whose stronghold in the time of Odysseus was the city of Ismara (or For the flower genus see Peony. Paionia or Paeonia (Παιονία was in ancient geography the land of the Paeonians The Halizones ( Greek `Αλιζωνες, also Halizonians Alazones, etc Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey) In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient "Sidyma" redirects here For the Moth Genus named thus see Sidyma (moth. In Greek mythology, Sarpedon (Σαρπηδὠν referred to at least three different people The Carians ( Greek: Κάρες Kares) were the inhabitants of Caria. Nothing is said of the Trojan language; the Carians are specifically said to be barbarian-speaking, and the allied contingents are said to have spoken multiple languages, requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders. The language spoken by the Trojans in the Iliad is Homeric Greek. The Carian language was the language of the Carians. It was an Anatolian language, apparently closer to Lycian than to Lydian. [68] It should be noted, however, that the Trojans and Acheans in the Iliad share the same religion, same culture and the enemy heroes speak to each other in the same language, though this could be dramatic effect.
Nine years of war
Philoctetes
Philoctetes was Heracles' friend, and because he lit Heracles's funeral pyre when no one else would, he received Heracles' bow and arrows. In Greek mythology, Philoctetes (also Philoktêtês or Philocthetes, Φιλοκτήτης was the son of King Poeas of Meliboea In Greek mythology, Heracles or Herakles ("glory of Hera " or [69] He sailed with seven ships full of men to the Trojan War, where he was planning on fighting for the Acheans. They stopped either at Chryse for supplies,[70] or in Tenedos, along with the rest of the fleet. This article is about the people and places of Greek myth Chryse Planitia is also an extremely large impact basin on Mars In For the ant spider genus see Tenedos (genus. For the 19th century fort in Zululand, see Fort Tenedos Tenedos, officially [71] Philoctetes was then bitten by a snake. The wound festered and had a foul smell; on Odysseus's advice, the Atreidae ordered Philoctetes to stay on Lemnos. In Greek mythology, King Atreus ( Greek: Ατρεύς Atreús) (fearless of Mycenae was the son of Pelops and Hippodamia Lemnos (Λήμνος is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. [33] Medon took control of Philoctetes's men. In Greek mythology, there were three people called Medon (Greek) An Ithacan herald who was polite towards Penelope when all of her suitors While landing on Tenedos, Achilles killed king Tenes, son of Apollo, despite a warning by his mother that if he did so he would be killed himself by Apollo. In Greek mythology, Tenes was the Eponymous hero of the island of Tenedos. [72] From Tenedos Agamemnon sent an embassy to Priam composed of Menelaus, Odysseus, and Palamedes asking for Helen's return. The embassy was refused. [73]
Philoctetes stayed on Lemnos for ten years, which was a deserted island according to Sophocles' tragedy Philoctetes, but according to earlier tradition was populated by Minyans. According to Greek mythology, the Minyans ( Greek: Μινύες were an Autochthonous group inhabiting the Aegean region [74]
Arrival
Calchas had prophesied that the first Achean to walk on land after stepping off a ship would be the first to die. [75] Thus even Achilles hesitated to land. Finally, Protesilaus, leader of the Phylaceans, landed first. In Greek mythology, Protesilaus ( Ancient Greek:, Protesilaos) was a hero in the Iliad who was venerated in Thessaly and Thrace Phylace ( Greek:Φυλάκη was a Thessalian city west of the Gulf of Pagasae. [76] Achilles jumped second and killed Cycnus, son of Ares. In Greek mythology, four people were known as Cycnus or Cygnus. The Trojans then fled to the safety of the walls of their city. [77] Protesilaus had killed many Trojans but was killed by either Hector,[78] Aeneas, Achates, or Ephorbus. In Greek mythology, Hectōr ( "holding fast" or Hektōr, is a Trojan prince and one of the greatest fighters in the For the 15th century composer from Basel, see Leonardus Achates de Basilea In Roman mythology, Achates (good [79] The Acheans buried him as a god on the Thracian peninsula, across the Troad. Troas or The Troad is the historical name of the Biga peninsula ( modern Turkish: Biga Yarımadası) in the northwestern part of Anatolia [80] After Protesilaus' death, his brother, Podarces, joined the war in his place. In Greek mythology, Podarces was a son of Iphicles and brother of Protesilaus.
Achilles' campaigns
The Achaeans besieged Troy for nine years. This part of the war is the least developed among surviving sources, which prefer to talk about events in the last year of the war. After the initial landing the army was gathered in its entirety again only in the tenth year. Thucydides deduces that this was due to lack of money. They raided the Trojan allies and spent time farming the Thracian peninsula. [81] Troy was never completely besieged, thus it maintained communications with the interior of Asia Minor. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Reinforcements continued to come until the very end. The Acheans controlled only the entrance to the Dardanelles, and Troy and her allies controlled the shortest point at Abydos and Sestus and communicated with allies in Europe. Abydos (Greek Άβυδος an ancient city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, situated at Nara Burnu or Nagara Point on the best harbor on the Asiatic shore of Sestos was an ancient town of the Thracian Chersonese, the modern Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey. [82]
Achilles was the most active of the Achaeans. According to Homer, he conquered 11 cities and 12 islands. [83] According to Apollodorus, he raided the land of Aeneas in the Troad region and stole his cattle. [84] He also captured Lyrnassus, Pedasus, and many of the neighbouring cities, and killed Troilus, son of Priam, who was still a youth; it was said that if he reached 20 years of age, Troy would not fall. Pedasus was the name of several places in Greek mythology. There was a Pedasus in (or near the Troad, on the Satnioeis river said to be inhabited by a Troilus (also Troilos, Troylus) ( Ancient Greek: Τρωίλος Troïlos Latin: Troilus is a legendary character associated with the story According to Apollodorus,
- He also took Lesbos and Phocaea, then Colophon, and Smyrna, and Clazomenae, and Cyme; and afterwards Aegialus and Tenos, the so-called Hundred Cities; then, in order, Adramytium and Side; then Endium, and Linaeum, and Colone. Lesbos (Λέσβος also transliterated Lesvos, Midilli is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. This article is about the ancient city For the modern city see Foça Phocaea, or Phokaia, (Φώκαια (modern-day Foça Colophon ( Greek) was a city in the region of Lydia in antiquity dating from about the turn of the first millennium-BC This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day Klazomenai (also spelled Clazomenae, Greek: Κλαζομεναί, modern-day Kilizman near İzmir in Turkey) was an Tinos (Τήνος Italian: Tine) is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. Side (ˈsiːdǝ is one of the best-known classical sites in Turkey, and was an ancient harbour whose name meant pomegranate He took also Hypoplacian Thebes and Lyrnessus, and further Antandrus, and many other cities. Antandrus was a Greek colony on the north side of the Adramyttian Gulf in the Troad region of Anatolia near the modern village of Avcilar in Turkey. [85]
Kakrides comments that the list is wrong in that it extends too far into the south. [86] Other sources talk of Achilles taking Pedasus, Monenia,[87] Mythemna (in Lesbos), and Peisidice. In Greek mythology, Pisidice (Πεισιδίκη was one of four individuals a daughter of Pelias. [88]
Among the loot from these cities was Briseis, from Lyrnessus, who was awarded to him, and Chryseis, from Hypoplacian Thebes, who was awarded to Agamemnon. In Greek mythology, Brisēís ( Greek Βρισηίς was a Trojan widow (from Lyrnessus) In Greek mythology, Chryseis ( Greek: Χρύσηίς Khrysēís) was a Trojan woman the daughter of Chryses. [33] Achilles captured Lycaon, son of Priam,[89] while he was cutting branches in his father's orchards. Lycaon, in Greek mythology, was a son of Priam and Laothoe. During the Trojan War, Lycaon was captured by Achilles while Patroclus sold him as a slave in Lemnos,[33] where he was bought by Eetion of Imbros and brought back to Troy. In Greek mythology, as recorded in the Iliad by Homer, Patroclus, or Patroklos (Gr Imbros, officially referred to as Gökçeada in Turkey (older name in Turkish İmroz; Greek: Ίμβρος – Imvros) is the largest island Only 12 days later Achilles slew him, after the death of Patroclus. [90]
Ajax and a game of petteia
Telamonian Ajax laid waste the Thracian peninsula of which Polymestor, a son-in-law of Priam, was king. "Aias" redirects here For other uses of this name see AIAS and Ajax. In Greek mythology, Polymestor was a King of Thrace. His wife was Ilione the eldest daughter of King Priam. Polymestor surrendered Polydorus, one of Priam's children, of whom he had custody. In Greek mythology, Polydorus referred to several different people He then attacked the town of the Phrygian king Teleutas, killed him in single combat and carried off his daughter Tecmessa. Tecmessa in Greek mythology was the daughter of Teuthras king of Teuthrania in Mysia, or Teleutas king of Phrygia. [91] Ajax also hunted the Trojan flocks, both on Mount Ida and in the countryside. Two sacred mountains are called Mount Ida in Greek mythology, equally named "Mount of the Goddess
Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions. At some point in the war Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game (petteia). A board game is a Game in which counters or pieces that are placed on removed from or moved across a "board" (a premarked surface usually specific to that game [92][93] They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle. [94] The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes, who were only saved by an intervention of Athena. [95]
The death of Palamedes
Odysseus was sent to Thrace to return with grain, but came back empty-handed. When scorned by Palamedes, Odysseus challenged him to do better. In Greek mythology, Palamedes was the son of Nauplius and either Clymene or Philyra or Hesione. Palamedes set out and returned with a shipload of grain. [96]
Odysseus had never forgiven Palamedes for threatening the life of his son. In revenge, Odysseus conceived a plot[97] where an incriminating letter was forged, from Priam to Palamedes,[98] and gold was planted in Palamedes' quarters. The letter and gold were "discovered", and Agamemnon had Palamedes stoned to death for treason.
However, Pausanias, quoting the Cypria, says that Odysseus and Diomedes drowned Palamedes, while he was fishing, and Dictys says that Odysseus and Diomedes lured Palamedes into a well, which they said contained gold, then stoned him to death. Diomēdēs or Diomed ( Greek: Διομήδης English translation: "God-like cunning" or "advised by Zeus" is a Hero Dictys was a name attributed to four men in Greek mythology. Dictys was a Fisherman and brother of King Polydectes of Seriphos [99]
Palamedes' father Nauplius sailed to the Troad and asked for justice, but was refused. In revenge, Nauplius traveled among the Achaean kingdoms and told the wives of the kings that they were bringing Trojan concubines to dethrone them. Many of the Greek wives were persuaded to betray their husbands, most significantly Agamemnon's wife, Clytemnestra, who was seduced by Aegisthus, son of Thyestes. Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king In Greek mythology, Aegisthus ( Ancient Greek:, " goat strength " &mdash also transliterated as Aegisthos In Greek mythology, Thyestes (Θυέστης was the son of Pelops, King of Olympia, and Hippodamia and father of Pelopia and [100]
Mutiny
Near the end of the ninth year since the landing, the Achean army, tired from the fighting and from the lack of supplies, mutinied against their leaders and demanded to return to their homes. According to the Cypria, Achilles forced the army to stay. [33] According to Apollodorus, Agamemnon brought the Wine Growers, daughters of Anius, son of Apollo, who had the gift of producing by touch wine, wheat, and oil from the earth, in order to relieve the supply problem of the army. In Greek mythology, Anius was the son of Apollo and Rhoeo. Anius was born on the island of Delos, which was sacred to his father Apollo after [101]
The Iliad
Chryses, a priest of Apollo and father of Chryseis, came to Agamemnon to ask for the return of his daughter. The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient In Greek mythology, Chryses ( English: /'krai siz/ Greek: Χρύσης Khrýsēs) was a priest of Apollo at Chryse near the In Greek mythology, Chryseis ( Greek: Χρύσηίς Khrysēís) was a Trojan woman the daughter of Chryses. In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae Agamemnon refused, and insulted Chryses, who prayed to Apollo to avenge his ill-treatment. In Greek mythology, Chryses ( English: /'krai siz/ Greek: Χρύσης Khrýsēs) was a priest of Apollo at Chryse near the Enraged, Apollo afflicted the Achaean army with plague. Agamemnon was forced to return Chryseis to end the plague, and took Achilles' concubine Briseis as his own. In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. In Greek mythology, Brisēís ( Greek Βρισηίς was a Trojan widow (from Lyrnessus) Enraged at the dishonor Agamemnon had inflicted upon him, Achilles decided he would no longer fight. He asked his mother, Thetis, to intercede with Zeus, who agreed to give the Trojans success in the absence of Achilles, the best warrior of the Achaeans.
After the withdrawal of Achilles, the Achaeans were initially successful. Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing. Menelaus and Paris fought a duel, which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Paris from the field. With the truce broken, the armies began fighting again. Diomedes won great renown amongst the Achaeans, killing the Trojan hero Pandaros and nearly killing Aeneas, who was only saved by his mother, Aphrodite. Diomēdēs or Diomed ( Greek: Διομήδης English translation: "God-like cunning" or "advised by Zeus" is a Hero In Homer 's Iliad, Pandarus or Pandaros is a famous archer and the son of Lycaon. This article is about the Roman hero For other uses see Aeneas (disambiguation. With the assistance of Athena, Diomedes then wounded the gods Aphrodite and Ares. In Greek mythology, Ares ( Ancient Greek:, Μodern Greek Άρης) is the son of Zeus and Hera. During the next days, however, the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon. The next day, though, with Zeus' help, the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships. An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected, but after Hector burned Protesilaus' ship, he allowed his close friend[102] and relative Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles' armor and lead his army. In Greek mythology, Hectōr ( "holding fast" or Hektōr, is a Trojan prince and one of the greatest fighters in the Patroclus drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy, and was only prevented from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo. Patroclus was then killed by Hector, who took Achilles' armor from the body of Patroclus.
Achilles, maddened with grief, swore to kill Hector in revenge. In its most general sense a panorama is any wide view of a physical space Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or Achilleion ( Greek: Αχίλλειο or Αχίλλειον) is a palace built in Corfu by Empress (Kaiserin of Austria Elisabeth of Bavaria He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis back, untouched by Agamemnon. He received a new set of arms, forged by the god Hephaestus, and returned to the battlefield. Hephaestus (hɨˈfiːstəs or /hɨˈfɛstəs/ Greek Hēphaistos) was a Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan. He slaughtered many Trojans, and nearly killed Aeneas, who was saved by Poseidon. Achilles fought with the river god Scamander, and a battle of the gods followed. In Greek mythology, Scamander ( Skamandros) was a river god son of Oceanus and Tethys according to Hesiod. The Trojan army returned to the city, except for Hector, who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena. ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. Achilles killed Hector, and afterwards he dragged Hector's body from his chariot and refused to return the body to the Trojans for burial. The Achaeans then conducted funeral games for Patroclus. Afterwards, Priam came to Achilles' tent, guided by Hermes, and asked Achilles to return Hector's body. Hermes ( Greek,, ˈhɝmiːz in Greek mythology, is the Olympian god of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them of Shepherds and The armies made a temporary truce to allow the burial of the dead. The Iliad ends with the funeral of Hector.
After the Iliad
Penthesilea and the death of Achilles
Shortly after the burial of Hector, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, arrived with her warriors. In Greek mythology, Penthesilea (Greek Πενθεσίλεια or Penthesileia was an Amazonian queen daughter of Ares and Otrera The Amazons (in Greek, grc Ἀμαζόνες are a nation of all-female warriors in Classical and Greek mythology, who were possibly historical [103] Penthesilea, daughter of Otrere and Ares, had accidentally killed her sister Hippolyte. In Greek mythology, Hippolyta or Hippolyte (Ἱππολύτη is the Amazonian queen who possessed a magical Girdle she was given by her father She was purified from this action by Priam,[104] and in exchange she fought for him and killed many, including Machaon[105] (according to Pausanias, Machaon was killed by Eurypylus),[106] and according to another version, Achilles himself, who was resurrected at the request of Thetis. In Greek mythology, Eurypylus ( Ancient Greek: Εὐρύπυλος was the name of several different people [107] Penthesilia was then killed by Achilles[108] who fell in love with her beauty after her death. Thersites, a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean, taunted Achilles over his love[105] and gouged out Penthesilea's eyes. In Greek mythology, Thersites, son of Agrius, was a rank-and-file soldier of the Greek army during the Trojan War. [109] Achilles slew Thersites, and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos, where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo, Artemis, and Leto. [108]
While they were away, Memnon of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus and Eos,[110] came with his host to help his stepbrother Priam. In Greek mythology, Memnon was an Ethiopian king and son of Tithonus and Eos. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page In Greek mythology, Tithonus or Tithonos was the lover of Eos, Titan of the dawn For other uses of the name Eos see Eos (disambiguation. For the Slavic goddesses called the Auroras see The Zorya. [111] He did not come directly from Ethiopia, but either from Susa in Persia, conquering all the peoples in between,[112] or from the Caucasus, leading an army of Ethiopians and Indians. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East [113] Like Achilles, he wore armor made by Hephaestus. [114] In the ensuing battle, Memnon killed Antilochus, who took one of Memnon's blows to save his father Nestor. In Greek mythology, Antilochus (also transliterated as Antílokhos) was the son of Nestor, king of Pylos. In Greek mythology, Nestor of Gerênia ( Greek: Νέστωρ) was the son of Neleus and Chloris, and the King of Pylos. [115] Achilles and Memnon then fought. Zeus weighed the fate of the two heroes; the weight containing that of Memnon sank,[116] and he was slain by Achilles. [108][117] Achilles chased the Trojans to their city, which he entered. The gods, seeing that he had killed too many of their children, decided that it was his time to die. He was killed after Paris shot a poisoned arrow that was guided by Apollo. [108][118][119] In another version he was killed by a knife to the back (or heel) by Paris, while marrying Polyxena, daughter of Priam, in the temple of Thymbraean Apollo,[120] the site where he had earlier killed Troilus. For the Christian Saint please see Acts of Xanthippe Polyxena and Rebecca Polyxena (pəˈlɪksɪnə was known to be a beautiful Both versions conspicuously deny the killer any sort of valour, saying Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield. His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus, and funeral games were held. [121] Like Ajax, he is represented as living after his death in the island of Leuke, at the mouth of the Danube River,[122] where he is married to Helen. For the Bulgarian island in the Black Sea and often referred to as Snake Island see St The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj [123]
The Judgment of the Arms: Achilles' armour and the death of Ajax
A great battle raged around the dead Achilles. Ajax held back the Trojans, while Odysseus carried the body away. [108] When Achilles' armour was offered to the smartest warrior, the two that had saved his body came forward as competitors. Agamemnon, unwilling to undertake the invidious duty of deciding between the two competitors, referred the dispute to the decision of the Trojan prisoners, inquiring of them which of the two heroes had done most harm to the Trojans. [124] Alternatively, the Trojans and Pallas Athena were the judges[125][126] in that, following Nestor's advice, spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said. A girl said that Ajax was braver:
- For Aias took up and carried out of the strife the hero, Peleus'
- son: this great Odysseus cared not to do.
- To this another replied by Athena's contrivance:
- Why, what is this you say? A thing against reason and untrue!
- Even a woman could carry a load once a man had put it on her
- shoulder; but she could not fight. For she would fail with fear
- if she should fight. (Scholiast on Aristophanes, Knights 1056 and Aristophanes ib)
According to Pindar, the decision was made by secret ballot among the Acheans. [127] In all story versions, the arms were awarded to Odysseus. Driven mad with grief, Ajax desired to kill his comrades, but Athena caused him to mistake the cattle and their herdsmen for the Achean warriors. [128] In his frenzy he scourged two rams, believing them to be Agamemnon and Menelaus. [129] In the morning, he came to his senses and killed himself by jumping on the sword that had been given to him by Hector, so that it pierced his armpit, his only vulnerable part. [130] According to an older tradition, he was killed by the Trojans who, seeing he was invulnerable, attacked him with clay until he was covered by it and could no longer move, thus dying of starvation.
The prophecies
After the tenth year, it was prophesied[131] that Troy could not fall without Heracles' bow, which was with Philoctetes in Lemnos. In Greek mythology, Philoctetes (also Philoktêtês or Philocthetes, Φιλοκτήτης was the son of King Poeas of Meliboea Odysseus and Diomedes[132] retrieved Philoctetes, whose wound had healed. [133] Philoctetes then shot and killed Paris.
According to Apollodorus, Paris' brothers Helenus and Deiphobus vied over the hand of Helen. Helenus was a Trojan soldier and prophet in the Trojan War. In Greek mythology, Helenus was the son of King Priam and Queen List of King Priam's children In Greek mythology, Deiphobus was a son of Priam and Hecuba. Deiphobus prevailed, and Helenus abandoned Troy for Mt. Ida. Chalcas said that Helenus knew the prophecies concerning the fall of Troy, so Odysseus waylaid Helenus. [126][134] Under coercion, Helenus told the Acheans that they would win if they retrieved Pelops' bones, persuaded Achilles' son Neoptolemus to fight for them, and stole the Trojan Palladium. In Greek mythology, Pelops ( Greek Πέλοψ, from pelios: dark and ops: face eye king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus was venerated In Greek mythology, Neoptolemus (also Neoptólemos or Pyrrhus; Greek Νεοπτόλημος "New War" was the son of the warrior Achilles In Greek and Roman mythology, a palladium or palladion was an image of great antiquity on which the safety of a city was said to depend [135]
The Greeks retrieved Pelop's bones,[136] and sent Odysseus to retrieve Neoptolemus, who was hiding from the war in King Lycomedes's court in Scyros. Lycomedes (also known as Lycurgus) in Greek mythology, was the King of Scyros during the Trojan War. Skyros (Σκύρος is the southernmost Island of the Sporades, a Greek archipelago in the Aegean Sea. Odysseus gave him his father's arms. [126][137] Eurypylus, son of Telephus, leading, according to Homer, a large force of Kêteioi,[138] or Hittites or Mysians according to Apollodorus,[139] arrived to aid the Trojans. In Greek mythology, Eurypylus ( Ancient Greek: Εὐρύπυλος was the name of several different people This article is about Telephus the son of Heracles. The name also refers to the father of Cyparissus. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey) He killed Machaon[140] and Peneleus,[141] but was slain by Neoptolemus. In Greek mythology, Machaon was a son of Asclepius. With Podalirius, his brother he led an army from Thessaly (or possibly Messenia
Disguised as a beggar, Odysseus went to spy inside Troy, but was recognized by Helen. Homesick,[142] Helen plotted with Odysseus. Later, with Helen's help, Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium. [126][143]
Trojan Horse
The end of the war came with one final plan. Odysseus devised a new ruse—a giant hollow wooden horse, an animal that was sacred to the Trojans. It was built by Epeius and guided by Athena,[144] from the wood of a cornel tree grove sacred to Apollo,[145] with the inscription:
- The Greeks dedicate this thank-offering to Athena for their return home. There were two characters named Epeius in Greek mythology. One was a Greek soldier during the Trojan War. The Dogwoods comprise a group of 30-50 species of mostly Deciduous Woody plants growing as Shrubs and Trees some species are herbaceous perennial [146]
The hollow horse was filled with soldiers[147] led by Odysseus. The rest of the army burned the camp and sailed for Tenedos. For the ant spider genus see Tenedos (genus. For the 19th century fort in Zululand, see Fort Tenedos Tenedos, officially [148]
When the Trojans discovered that the Greeks were gone, believing the war was over, they "joyfully dragged the horse inside the city",[149] while they debated what to do with it. Some thought they ought to hurl it down from the rocks, others thought they should burn it, while others said they ought to dedicate it to Athena. [150][151]
Both Cassandra and Laocoön warned against keeping the horse. In Greek mythology, Cassandra ( Greek: Κασσάνδρα "she who entangles men" (also known as Alexandra) was the daughter of King [152] While Cassandra had been given the gift of prophecy by Apollo, she was also cursed by Apollo to never be believed. Serpents then came out of the sea and devoured either Laocoön and one of his two sons,[150] Laocoön and both his sons,[153] or only his sons,[154] a portent which so alarmed the followers of Aeneas that they withdrew to Ida. [150] The Trojans decided to keep the horse and turned to a night of mad revelry and celebration. [126] Sinon, an Achaean spy, signaled the fleet stationed at Tenedos when "it was midnight and the clear moon was rising"[155] and the soldiers from inside the horse emerged and killed the guards. In Greek mythology, Sinon, a son of Aesimus (son of Autolycus) or of the crafty Sisyphus, was a Greek warrior during the Trojan War. [156]
The sack of Troy
The Acheans entered the city and killed the sleeping population. A great massacre followed which continued into the day.
- Blood ran in torrents, drenched was all the earth,
- As Trojans and their alien helpers died.
- Here were men lying quelled by bitter death
- All up and down the city in their blood. [157]
The Trojans, fuelled with desperation, fought back fiercely, despite being disorganized and leaderless. With the fighting at its height, some donned fallen enemies' attire and launched surprise counterattacks in the chaotic street fighting. Other defenders hurled down roof tiles and anything else heavy down on the rampaging attackers. The outlook was grim though, and eventually the remaining defenders were destroyed along with the whole city.
Neoptolemus killed Priam, who had taken refuge at the altar of Zeus of the Courtyard. [150][158] Menelaus killed Deiphobus, Helen's husband after Paris' death, and also intended to kill Helen, but, overcome by her beauty, threw down his sword[159] and took her to the ships. List of King Priam's children In Greek mythology, Deiphobus was a son of Priam and Hecuba. [150][160]
Ajax the Lesser raped Cassandra on Athena's altar while she was clinging to her statue. For other uses of this name see Ajax. Ajax ( Greek:) was a Greek mythological hero son of Oileus Because of Ajax's impiety, the Acheaens, urged by Odysseus, wanted to stone him to death, but he fled to Athena's altar, and was spared. [150][161]
Antenor, who had given hospitality to Menelaus and Odysseus when they asked for the return of Helen, and who had advocated so, was spared, along with his family. In Greek mythology, Antenor was a son of the Dardanian noble Aesyetes by Cleomestra. [162] Aeneas took his father on his back and fled, and, according to Apollodorus, was allowed to go because of his piety. [158]
The Greeks then burned the city and divided the spoils. Cassandra was awarded to Agamemnon. Neoptolemus got Andromache, wife of Hector, and Odysseus was given Hecuba, Priam's wife. This page is about the mythological figure for the Butterfly, see Morpho hecuba; for the Asteroid, see 108 Hecuba [163]
The Achaeans[164] threw Hector's infant son Astyanax down from the walls of Troy,[165] either out of cruelty and hate[166] or to end the royal line, and the possibility of a son's revenge. This article is about the mythological character for the Fish Genus, see Astyanax (fish. [167] They (by usual tradition Neoptolemus) also sacrificed the Trojan princess Polyxena on the grave of Achilles as demanded by his ghost, either as part of his spoil or because she had betrayed him. For the Christian Saint please see Acts of Xanthippe Polyxena and Rebecca Polyxena (pəˈlɪksɪnə was known to be a beautiful [168]
Aethra, Theseus' mother, and one of Helen's handmaids,[169] was rescued by her grandsons, Demophon and Acamas. For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered In Greek mythology, Demophon referred to two different persons Demophon, a king of Athens, according to Pindar, son of Theseus This article is about Acamas in Greek mythology for the promontory in Cyprus see Akamas Acamas ( English translation: "unwearying" [150][170]
The returns
The gods were very angry over the destruction of their temples and other sacrilegious acts by the Acheans, and decided that most would not return home. After the fall of Troy most Achaean heroes did not return to their homes A storm fell on the returning fleet off Tenos island. Tinos (Τήνος Italian: Tine) is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. Additionally, Nauplius, in revenge for the murder of his son Palamedes, set up false lights in Cape Caphereus (also known today as Cavo D'Oro, in Euboea) and many were shipwrecked. For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash [171]
Nestor, who had the best conduct in Troy and did not take part in the looting, was the only hero who had a fast and safe return. [172] Those of his army that survived the war also reached home with him safely, but later left and colonised Metapontium in Southern Italy. Metapontum or Metapontium ( Greek:: Thuc Strab and all Greek writers have this form the Latins almost universally Metapontum was an important city Geography Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio the toe (Calabria and the heel [173]
Ajax the Lesser, who had endured more than the others the wrath of the Gods, never returned. For other uses of this name see Ajax. Ajax ( Greek:) was a Greek mythological hero son of Oileus His ship was wrecked by a storm sent by Athena, who borrowed one of Zeus' thunderbolts and tore it to pieces. The crew managed to land in a rock, but Poseidon struck it, and Ajax fell in the sea and drowned. He was buried by Thetis in Myconos[174] or Delos. Mykonos ( Greek: Μύκονος is a Greek island and a mass tourist destination renowned for its cosmopolitan character and its intense nightlife The island of Delos ( Greek: Δήλος Dhilos) isolated in the centre of the roughly circular ring of islands called the Cyclades, near Mykonos [175]
Teucer, son of Telamon and half-brother of Ajax, stood trial by his father for his half-brother's death. This article is about Teucer son of King Telamon of Salamis, for Teucer son of Scamander and Idaea, see King Teucer. He was not allowed to land and was at sea near Phreattys in Peiraeus. Piraeus (pɪˈræʊs Πειραιάς, piɾeˈas Πειραιεύς, piɾeˈefs is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece, and a [176] He was acquitted of responsibility but found guilty of negligence because he did not return his dead body or his arms. He left with his army (who took their wives) and founded Salamis in Cyprus. [177] The Athenians later created a political myth that his son left his kingdom to Theseus' sons (and not to Megara). Megara ( Greek:, "Big Houses" is an ancient city (pop
Neoptolemus, following the advice of Helenus, who accompanied him when he traveled over land, was always accompanied by Andromache. In Greek mythology, Neoptolemus (also Neoptólemos or Pyrrhus; Greek Νεοπτόλημος "New War" was the son of the warrior Achilles He met Odysseus and they buried Phoenix, Achilles' teacher, on the land of the Ciconians. They then conquered the land of the Molossians (Epirus) and had a child by Andromache, Molossus, to whom he later gave the throne. The Molossians (Μολοσσοί English: Molossoi were an ancient Greek tribe that settled Epirus during Mycenaean times Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian [178] Thus the kings of Epirus claimed descendance from Achilles, and so did Alexander the Great, whose mother was of that royal house. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Alexander the Great and the kings of Macedon also claimed descendance from Heracles. Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Helenus founded a city in Molossia and inhabited it, and Neoptolemus gave him his mother Deidamia as wife. After Peleus died he succeeded Phtia's throne. [179] He had a feud with Orestes, son of Agamemnon, over Menelaus' daughter Hermione, and was killed in Delphi, where he was buried. In Greek mythology, Orestes (in English /ɔ'ɹɛstiːz/ and in Greek,) was the son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon In Greek mythology, Hermione (in greek Ἑρμιόνη was the only daughter of Menelaus and Helen. Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western [180] In Roman myths, the kingdom of Phtia was taken over by Helenus, who married Andromache. They offered hospitality to other Trojan refugees, including Aeneas, who paid a visit there during his wanderings.
Diomedes was first thrown by a storm on the coast of Lycia, where he was to be sacrificed to Ares by king Lycus, but Callirrhoe, the king's daughter, took pity upon him, and assisted him in escaping. Diomēdēs or Diomed ( Greek: Διομήδης English translation: "God-like cunning" or "advised by Zeus" is a Hero Callirhoe, the poppy mallows, is a Genus of nine species in the Mallow family ( Malvaceae) native to the Prairies and [181] He then accidentally landed in Attica, in Phaleron. Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece Faliro (Ancient Greek: Φάληρον Phálēron; Modern Greek: Φάληρο, Fáliro; Latin: Phaleron and The Athenians, unaware that they were allies, attacked them. Many were killed, and Demophon took the Palladium. In Greek mythology, Demophon referred to two different persons Demophon, a king of Athens, according to Pindar, son of Theseus [182] He finally landed in Argos, where he found his wife Aegialeia committing adultery. Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor In disgust, he left for Aetolia. Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth forming the eastern part of the modern prefecture of Aetolia-Acarnania [183] According to later traditions, he had some adventures and founded Canusium and Argyrippa in Southern Italy. Canosa should not be confused with Canossa in northern Italy Canosa di Puglia (or simply Canosa; Latin: Canusium [184]
Philoctetes, due to a sedition, was driven from his city and emigrated to Italy, where he founded the cities of Petilia, Old Crimissa, and Chone, between Croton and Thurii. In Greek mythology, Philoctetes (also Philoktêtês or Philocthetes, Φιλοκτήτης was the son of King Poeas of Meliboea Petilia or Petelia was a city on the coast of Bruttium on the Italian peninsula traditionally founded by Philoctetes. Thurii &ndash Greek:, called also by some Latin writers and by Ptolemy, Thurium ( Ptol [185] After making war on the Leucanians he founded there a sanctuary of Apollo the Wanderer, to whom also he dedicated his bow. [186]
According to Homer, Idomeneus reached his house safe and sound. In Greek mythology, Idomeneus was a Cretan warrior father of Orsilochus, son of Deucalion, grandson of Minos and king of Crete [187] Another tradition later formed. After the war, Idomeneus's ship hit a horrible storm. In Greek mythology, Idomeneus was a Cretan warrior father of Orsilochus, son of Deucalion, grandson of Minos and king of Crete Idomeneus promised Poseidon that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw when he returned home if Poseidon would save his ship and crew. In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" The first living thing he saw was his son, whom Idomeneus duly sacrificed. The gods were angry at his murder of his own son and they sent a plague to Crete. His people sent him into exile to Calabria in Italy,[188] and then to Colophon, in Asia Minor, where he died. Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Colophon ( Greek) was a city in the region of Lydia in antiquity dating from about the turn of the first millennium-BC Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black [189] Among the lesser Acheans very few reached their homes.
House of Atreus
According to the Odyssey, Menelaus's fleet was blown by storms to Crete and Egypt, where they were unable to sail away due to calm winds. The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. In Greek mythology, Menelaus ( Ancient Greek:) was a king of Ancient Sparta, the husband of Helen, and a central figure in the Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. [190] Only five of his ships survived. [191] Menelaus had to catch Proteus, a shape-shifting sea god, to find out what sacrifices to which gods he would have to make to guarantee safe passage. In Greek mythology, Proteus (Πρωτεύς is an early sea-god one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea" whose name suggests the [192] According to some stories the Helen who was taken by Paris was a fake, and the real Helen was in Egypt, where she was reunited with Menelaus. Proteus also told Menelaus that he was destined for Elysium (Heaven) after his death. In Greek mythology, Elysium ( Greek:) was a section of the Underworld (the spelling Elysium is a Latinization of the Menelaus returned to Sparta with Helen eight years after he had left Troy. [193]
Agamemnon returned home with Cassandra to Argos. In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae His wife Clytemnestra (Helen's sister) was having an affair with Aegisthus, son of Thyestes, Agamemnon's cousin who had conquered Argos before Agamemnon himself retook it. Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king In Greek mythology, Aegisthus ( Ancient Greek:, " goat strength " &mdash also transliterated as Aegisthos In Greek mythology, Thyestes (Θυέστης was the son of Pelops, King of Olympia, and Hippodamia and father of Pelopia and Possibly out of vengeance for the death of Iphigenia, Clytemnestra plotted with her lover to kill Agamemnon. 112 Iphigenia is an Asteroid. Iphigeneia (Eng /ɪfədʒə'naɪə/, also Iphigenia Cassandra foresaw this murder, and warned Agamemnon, but he disregarded her. He was killed, either at a feast or in his bath,[194] according to different versions. Cassandra was also killed. [195] Agamemnon's son Orestes, who had been away, returned and conspired with his sister Electra to avenge their father. In Greek mythology, Electra ( Greek:Ηλέκτρα was an Argosian princess and daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra [196] He killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus and succeeded to his father's throne. Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king In Greek mythology, Aegisthus ( Ancient Greek:, " goat strength " &mdash also transliterated as Aegisthos [197][198]
The Odyssey
Odysseus' ten year journey home to Ithaca was told in Homer's Odyssey. grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km² Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Odysseus and his men were blown far off course to lands unknown to the Achaeans; there Odysseus had many adventures, including the famous encounter with the Cyclops Polyphemus, and an audience with the seer Teiresias in Hades. In Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, a cyclops (ˈsaɪklɒps or kyklops ( Greek) is a member of a primordial race of Polyphemus ( English launguage: fvmdkofmsdk transliterated as Polyphemos in Robert Fitzgerald 's translation is a character in Greek Everes redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Everes (genus. Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient On the island of Thrinacia, Odysseus' men ate the cattle sacred to the sun-god Helios. For Trinakria as an alternate name for modern Sicily and for its triskeles symbol also known as the island of the sun see Thrinakria. In Greek mythology the Sun was personified as Helios (ˈhiliˌɑs ( Ἥλιος Latinized as Helius) For this sacrilege Odysseus' ships were destroyed, and all his men perished. Odysseus had not eaten the cattle, and was allowed to live; he washed ashore on the island of Ogygia, and lived there with the nymph Calypso. Ogygia ( Greek:) is an island mentioned in Homer 's Odyssey book V as the home of the Nymph Calypso, the daughter of the Titan Calypso ( Greek: Καλυψώ Kālupsō; English translation: "I will conceal" was a Nymph and a daughter of Atlas After seven years, the gods decided to send Odysseus home; on a small raft, he sailed to Scheria, the home of the Phaeacians, who gave him passage to Ithaca. Scheria ( ancient Greek or) also Scherie or Phaeacia, was a region of land in the eastern Mediterranean in Greek mythology, first mentioned Scheria ( ancient Greek or) also Scherie or Phaeacia, was a region of land in the eastern Mediterranean in Greek mythology, first mentioned Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km²
Once in his home land, Odysseus traveled disguised as an old beggar. He was recognised by his dog, Argos, who died in his lap. In Greek mythology, Argos was Odysseus ' faithful dog He waited for his master's return to Ithaca for over twenty years while most presumed Odysseus dead He then discovered that his wife, Penelope, had been faithful to him during the 20 years he was absent, despite the countless suitors that were eating his food and spending his property. In Homer 's Odyssey, Penelópē ( Πηνελόπεια/Πηνελόπη) is the faithful wife of Odysseus, who keeps her suitors With the help of his son Telemachus, Athena, and Eumaeus, the swineherd, he killed all of them except Medon, who had been polite to Penelope, and Phemius, a local singer who had only been forced to help the suitors against Penelope. This article is about the figure in greek mythology For the Christian saint see Saint Telemachus, and for the South African cricketer, see Roger For the Butterfly Genus, see Eumaeus (butterfly. In Greek mythology, Eumaeus, or Eumaios (Εὔμαιος In Greek mythology, there were three people called Medon (Greek) An Ithacan herald who was polite towards Penelope when all of her suitors In the Odyssey Phemius ( Greek: Φήμιος Phêmios) is an Ithacan poet who performs narrative songs in the house of the absent Odysseus Penelope tested him and made sure it was him, and he forgave her. The next day the suitors' relatives tried to take revenge on him but they were stopped by Athena.
The Telegony
The Telegony picks up where the Odyssey leaves off, beginning with the burial of the dead suitors, and continues until the death of Odysseus. The Telegony ( Greek:, Tēlegoneia; Latin: Telegonia) is a lost Ancient Greek epic poem about Telegonus The Telegony ( Greek:, Tēlegoneia; Latin: Telegonia) is a lost Ancient Greek epic poem about Telegonus [199] Some years after Odysseus' return, Telegonus, the son of Odysseus and Circe, came to Ithaca and plundered the island. In Greek mythology, Telegonus ( Greek: Τηλέγονος English translation: born afar was the youngest son of Circe and Odysseus In Greek mythology, Circe ( sərsē; Greek Κίρκη Kírkē, falcon is a Queen Goddess (or sometimes a Nymph Odysseus, attempting to fight off the attack, was killed by his unrecognized son. After Telegonus realized he had killed his father, he brought the body to his mother Circe, along with Telemachus and Penelope. Circe made them immortal; then Telegonus married Penelope and Telemachus married Circe.
The Aeneid
Aeneas led a group of survivors away from the city, including his son Ascanius, his trumpeter Misenus, father Anchises, the healer Iapyx, all the Lares, and Penates and Mimas as a guide. For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in Federico Barocci (1528&ndash1612 was an Italian Renaissance painter and Printmaker. The Borghese Gallery (Italian Galleria Borghese) in Rome is an art gallery housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana, a building that was from the first In Greek and Roman mythology, Ascanius was the son of Aeneas and Creusa. In Greek mythology, Misenus was a name attributed to two individuals In Greek mythology, Anchises was a son of Capys and Themiste (daughter of Ilus son of Tros or Hieromneme, a Naiad. In Roman mythology, Iapyx or Iapux was Aeneas 's healer during the Trojan War and then escaped to Italy after the war and founded Lares (sing Lar, also called Genii loci or more archaically Lases) were ancient Roman deities protecting the house and In Roman mythology, the Di Penates or briefly Penates were originally Patron gods (really geniuses of the storeroom later becoming household His wife Creusa was killed during the sack of the city. In Greek mythology, four people had the name Creusa (or Kreousa - Κρέουσα the name means simply "princess" They fled Troy with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They landed in several nearby countries that proved inhospitable, and were finally told by a sibyl that they had to return to the land of their forebears. The word sibyl probably comes (via Latin) from the Greek word sibylla, meaning Prophetess (Other schools of thought suggest that the word They first tried to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but found it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the In Greek mythology, Dardanus ( Greek: Δάρδανος English translation: "burned up" from the verb δαρδάπτω ( dardapto In Greek mythology, Idomeneus was a Cretan warrior father of Orsilochus, son of Deucalion, grandson of Minos and king of Crete They found the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but declined to remain. After seven years they arrived in Carthage, where Aeneas had an affair with Dido. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Dido was according to Greek and Roman sources the founder and first Queen of Carthage (in modern-day Tunisia) Eventually the gods ordered him to continue onward (Dido committed suicide), and he and his people arrived at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains There, a sibyl took him to the underworld and foretold the majesty of Rome, which would be founded by his people. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 He negotiated a settlement with the local king, Lavinius, and was wed to his daughter, Lavinia. In Roman mythology, Lavinia was the daughter of Latinus and Amata. This triggered a war with other local tribes, which culminated in the founding of the settlement of Alba Longa, ruled by Aeneas and Lavinia's son Silvius. Alba Longa (in Italian sources occasionally written Albalonga) was an ancient city of Latium in central Italy southeast of Rome in the Alban Three hundred years later, according to Roman myth, his descendants Romulus and Remus founded Rome. Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its Romulus (c 771 BC– c 717 BC and Remus (c 771 BC–c 753 BC are the traditional founders of Rome, appearing in Roman mythology Romulus (c 771 BC– c 717 BC and Remus (c 771 BC–c 753 BC are the traditional founders of Rome, appearing in Roman mythology Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The details of the journey of Aeneas, his affair with Dido, and his settling in Italy are the subject of the Roman epic poem The Aeneid by Virgil. For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or According to tradition, though Carthage was founded in 814 BC, so the true Aeneas, if he had ventured to the West he would have found little more than villages. Events and trends 817 BC — Pedubastis I declares himself king of Egypt, founding the Twenty-third Dynasty.
Dates of the Trojan War
Since this war was considered among the ancient Greeks as either the last event of the mythical age or the first event of the historical age, several dates are given for the fall of Troy. They usually derive from genealogies of kings. Ephorus gives 1135 BC,[200] Sosibius 1172 BC,[201] Eratosthenes 1184 BC/1183 BC,[202] Timaeus 1193 BC,[203] the Parian marble 1209 BC/1208 BC,[204] Dicaearchus 1212 BC,[205] Herodotus around 1250 BC,[206] Eretes 1291 BC,[207] while Douris 1334 BC. Ephorus or Ephoros ( Ancient Greek:, c 400 - 330 BC) of Cyme in Aeolia, in Asia Sosibius (in Greek Σωσιβιoς; lived 3rd century BC) was the chief minister of Ptolemy Philopator ( 221 &ndash 203 BC Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC was a Greek Mathematician, Poet, athlete, Geographer and For other persons named Timaeus (including Timaeus of Locri, the character who appears in Plato's Socratic dialogues see Timaeus. The Parian Marble (or Parian Chronicle or Marmor Parium) is a Greek chronological table, covering the years from 1581 BC to 264 Dicaearchus (or Dicearchus, Δικαίαρχος of Messana, who lived c Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Douris (Δούρις (ca 352 BC - ca 260 BC) was a Tyrant of Samos and a descendant of Alcibiades of Athens [208] As for the exact day Ephorus gives 23/24 Thargelion (July 6 or 7), Hellanicus 12 Thargelion (May 26)[209] while others give the 23rd of Sciroforion (July 7) or the 23rd of Ponamos (October 7). Ephorus or Ephoros ( Ancient Greek:, c 400 - 330 BC) of Cyme in Aeolia, in Asia Hellanicus of Lesbos (in Ancient Greek) (born in Mytilene on the isle of Lesbos in 490 BC was an ancient Greek logographer who flourished Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
The glorious and rich city Homer describes was believed to be Troy VI by many twentieth century authors, destroyed in 1275 BC, probably by an earthquake. Its follower Troy VIIa, destroyed by fire at some point during the 1180s BC, was long considered a poorer city, but since the excavation campaign of 1988 it has risen to the most likely candidate. Troy VII, in the mound at Hisarlik, is an archaeological layer of Troy spanning late Hittite Empire to Neo-Hittite times (ca
Historical basis
See also: Historicity of the Iliad
The historicity of the Trojan War is still subject to debate. Most classical Greeks thought that the war was a historical event, but many believed that the Homeric poems had exaggerated the events to suit the demands of poetry. For instance, the historian Thucydides, who is known for his critical spirit, considers it a true event but doubts that 1,186 ships were sent to Troy. Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek Euripides started changing Greek myths at will, including those of the Trojan War. Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus Around 1870 it was generally agreed in Western Europe that the Trojan War never had happened and Troy never existed. Then Heinrich Schliemann discovered the ruins of Troy and of the Mycenaean cities of Greece. Heinrich Schliemann (ˈʃliːman ( January 6 1822 in Neubukow Mecklenburg-Schwerin - December 26 1890, Naples) was a German "Lion Gate" redirects here For other uses see Lions' Gate (disambiguation. Today many scholars agree that the Trojan War is based on a historical core of a Greek expedition against the city of Illium, but few would argue that the Homeric poems faithfully represent the actual events of the war.
In November 2001, geologists John C. Kraft from the University of Delaware and John V. The University of Delaware ( UD) is the largest University in the U Luce from Trinity College, Dublin presented the results[210][211][212] of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977. Trinity College Dublin ( TCD; Irish Coláiste na Tríonóide Baile Átha Cliath; Latin: Collegium Sacrosanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the Iliad and other classical sources, notably Strabo's Geographia. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann (and other locations such as the Greek camp), the geological evidence, and descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the Iliad. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets
In the twentieth century scholars have attempted to draw conclusions based on Hittite and Egyptian texts that date to the time of the Trojan War. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now While they give a general description of the political situation in the region at the time, their information on whether this particular conflict took place is limited. Andrew Dalby notes that while the Trojan War most likely did take place in some form and is therefore grounded in history, its true nature is and will be unknown. [213] Hittite archives, like the Tawagalawa letter mention of a kingdom of Ahhiyawa (Achaea, or Greece) that lies beyond the sea (that would be the Aegean) and controls Milliwanda, which is identified with Miletus. The Tawagalawa letter ( CTH 181 was written by a Hittite king (generally accepted as Hattusili III) to a king of Ahhiyawa around 1250 BC Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Also mentioned in this and other letters is the Assuwa confederation made of 22 cities and countries which included the city of Wilusa (Ilios or Ilium). The Assuwa league was a confederation of states in western Anatolia, defeated by the Hittites under an earlier Tudhaliya I around 1400 BC. Wilusa (URU Wi-lu-ša) was a city of the late Bronze Age Assuwa confederation of western Anatolia The Milawata letter implies this city lies on the north of the Assuwa confederation, beyond the Seha river. The Milawata letter (CTH 182 is a diplomatic correspondence from a Hittite king at Hattusa to a Client king in western Anatolia around 1240 Bakırçay (ancient name Caicus, also Caecus; Καϊκός Transliterated as Kaïkos; formerly Astraeus) is the ancient name of While the identification of Wilusa with Ilium, that is Troy, is always controversial in the 1990s it gained majority acceptance. In the Alaksandu treaty (ca. 1280 BC) the king of the city is named Alakasandu, and it must be noted that Paris' son of Priam's name in the Iliad (among other works) is Alexander. The Tawagalawa letter (dated ca. The Tawagalawa letter ( CTH 181 was written by a Hittite king (generally accepted as Hattusili III) to a king of Ahhiyawa around 1250 BC 1250 BC) which is addressed to the king of Ahhiyawa actually says:
- Now as we have come to an agreement on Wilusa over which we went to war. . .
Formerly under the Hittites, the Assuwa confederation defected after the battle of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hittites (ca. } The Battle of Kadesh (also Qadesh) took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under 1274 BC). In 1230 BC Hittite king Tudhaliya IV (ca. Tudhaliya IV was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom and the younger son of Hattusili III. 1240–1210 BC) campaigned against this federation. Under Arnuwanda III (ca. Arnuwanda III was the penultimate king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom (ca 1210–1205 BC) the Hittites were forced to abandon the lands they controlled in the coast of the Aegean. It is possible that the Trojan War was a conflict between the king of Ahhiyawa and the Assuwa confederation. This view has been supported in that the entire war includes the landing in Mysia (and Telephus' wounding), Achille's campaigns in the North Aegean and Telamonian Ajax's campaigns in Thrace and Phrygia. "Aias" redirects here For other uses of this name see AIAS and Ajax. Most of these regions were part of Assuwa. [214][66] It has also been noted that there is great similarity between the names of the Sea Peoples, which at that time were raiding Egypt, as they are listed by Ramesses III and Merneptah, and of the allies of the Trojans. The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political Usimare Ramses III (also written Ramesses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last great Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. [1]
That most Achean heroes did not return to their homes and founded colonies elsewhere was interpreted by Thucydides as being due to their long absence. [215] Nowadays the interpretation followed by most scholars is that the Achean leaders driven out of their lands by the turmoil at the end of the Mycenean era preferred to claim descendance from exiles of the Trojan War. [216]
Trojan War in art and literature
A full listing of works inspired by the Trojan War has not been attempted, since the inspiration provided by these events produced so many works that a list that merely mentions them by name would be larger than the full tale of the events of the war. The legends of the Trojan War have inspired many works of art and literature including Art Painting The pre-war episodes of Leda and the Swan and The siege of Troy provided inspiration for many works of art, most famously Homer's Iliad, set in the last year of the siege. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient Some of the others include Troades by Euripides, Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Cressida by William Shakespeare, Iphigenia and Polyxena by Samuel Coster, Palamedes by Joost van den Vondel and Les Troyens by Hector Berlioz. Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus Troilus and Criseyde (circa 1380-87 is Geoffrey Chaucer 's Poem in Rhyme royal ( rime royale) re-telling the tragic love story of Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. Troilus and Cressida is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1602 William Shakespeare ( baptised 112 Iphigenia is an Asteroid. Iphigeneia (Eng /ɪfədʒə'naɪə/, also Iphigenia For the Christian Saint please see Acts of Xanthippe Polyxena and Rebecca Polyxena (pəˈlɪksɪnə was known to be a beautiful Joost van den Vondel ( November 17, 1587 - February 5, 1679) was a Dutch writer and playwright Les Troyens (in English The Trojans) is a French Opera in five acts by Hector Berlioz.
Films based on the Trojan War include Troy (2004). Troy is an epic movie released on May 14, 2004 concerning the Trojan War. The war has also been featured in many books, television series, and other creative works.
Notes
- ^ Rutter, Jeremy B. . Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
- ^ It is unknown whether this Proclus is the Neoplatonic philosopher, in which case the summary dates to the fifth century AD, or whether he is the lesser-known grammarian of the second century AD. See Burgess, p. 12.
- ^ Burgess, pp. 10–12; cf. W. Kullmann (1960), Die Quellen der Ilias.
- ^ Burgess, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Scholium on Homer A. 5.
- ^ Plato, Republic 2,379e.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 1, Hesiod Fragment 204,95ff.
- ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4. 757.
- ^ Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 767.
- ^ Scholiast on Homer’s Iliad; Hyginus, Fabulae 54; Ovid, Metamorphoses 11. 217.
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3. 168.
- ^ Pindar, Nemean 5 ep2; Pindar, Isthmian 8 str3–str5.
- ^ Hesiod, Catalogue of Women fr. 57; Cypria fr. 4.
- ^ Photius, Myrobiblion 190.
- ^ P. Oxy. 56, 3829 (L. Koppel, 1989)
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 92.
- ^ Pausanias, 15. 9. 5.
- ^ Euripides Andromache 298; Div. i. 21; Apollodorus, Library 3. 12. 5.
- ^ Homer Iliad I. 410
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3. 174.
- ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4.869–879; Apollodorus, Library 3.13.6.
- ^ Frazer on Apollodorus, Library 3.13.6.
- ^ Alluded to in Statius, Achilleid 1.269–270.
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 96.
- ^ Apollodorus 3. 10. 7.
- ^ Pausanias 1. 33. 1; Apollodorus, Library 3. 10. 7.
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3. 10. 5; Hyginus, Fabulae 77.
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3. 10. 9.
- ^ Pausanias 3. 20. 9.
- ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History 4 (as summarized in Photius, Myriobiblon 190).
- ^ Pindar, Pythian 11 ep4; Apollodorus, Library 3. 11. 15.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 2. 15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Proclus Chrestomathy 1
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 3.
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 92.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 3. 441; Odyssey 4. 261.
- ^ Euripides, Helen 40.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 4.
- ^ Herodotus, Histories 1. 2.
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3. 12. 7.
- ^ Herodotus, 1. 3. 1.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 6.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 7.
- ^ Statius, Achilleid 1. 25
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3. 13. 8.
- ^ Scholiast on Homer's Iliad 19. 326; Ovid, Metamorphoses 13. 162 ff.
- ^ Pausanias, 1. 22. 6.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 11. 19 ff. ; Apollodurus, Epitome 3. 9.
- ^ Philostratus, Heroicus 7.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 15.
- ^ Pausanias, 1. 4. 6.
- ^ Pindar, Isthmian 8.
- ^ Pausanias, 9. 5. 14.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 20.
- ^ Aeschylus fragment 405–410
- ^ Pliny, Natural History 24. 42, 34. 152.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 20.
- ^ Davies, esp. pp. 8, 10.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 19.
- ^ Philodemus, On Piety.
- ^ Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 27.
- ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History 5 (as summarized in Photius, Myriobiblon 190).
- ^ Pausanias, 1. 43. 1.
- ^ History of the Pelloponesian War 1,10.
- ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους (History of the Greek Nation) vol. A, Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1968.
- ^ a b Pantelis Karykas, Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές (Mycenian Warriors), Athens 1999.
- ^ Vice Admiral P. E. Konstas R. H. N. ,Η ναυτική ηγεμονία των Μυκηνών (The naval hegemony of Mycenae), Athens 1966
- ^ Homer, Iliad Β. 803–806.
- ^ Diodorus iv,38.
- ^ Pausanias 8. 33. 4
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 27.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 26.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 28.
- ^ Herodotus 4. 145. 3.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 29.
- ^ Pausianias 4. 2. 7.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 31.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 30.
- ^ Eustathius on Homer, Iliad ii. 701.
- ^ Scholiast on Lycophron 532.
- ^ Thucydides 1. 11.
- ^ Papademetriou Konstantinos, "Τα όπλα του Τρωϊκού Πολέμου" ("The weapons of the Trojan War"), Panzer Magazine issue 14, June–July 2004, Athens.
- ^ Iliad I. 328
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 32.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 33; translation, Sir James George Frazer.
- ^ Volume 5 p. 80
- ^ Demetrius (2nd century BC) Scholium on Iliad Z,35
- ^ Parthenius Ερωτικά Παθήματα 21
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3. 12. 5.
- ^ Homer, Iliad Φ 35–155.
- ^ Dictis Cretensis ii. 18; Sophocles, Ajax 210.
- ^ "Petteia".
- ^ "Greek Board Games".
- ^ "Latrunculi".
- ^ Kakrides vol. 5 p. 92.
- ^ Servius, Scholium on Virgil's Aeneid 2. 81
- ^ According to other accounts Odysseus, with the other Greek captains, including Agamemnon, conspired together against Palamedes, as all were envious of his accomplishments. See Simpson, Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus, p. 251.
- ^ According to Apollodorus Epitome 3. 8, Odysseus forced a Phrygian prisoner, to write the letter.
- ^ Pausanias 10. 31. 2; Simpson, Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus, p. 251.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6. 9.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3. 10
- ^ The exact nature of Achilles' relationship to Patroclus is the subject of some debate. See Achilles and Patroclus for details. The relationship between Achilles and Patroclus is a key element of the myths associated with the Trojan War.
- ^ Scholiast on Homer, Iliad. xxiv. 804.
- ^ Quintus of Smyrna, Posthomerica i. 18 ff.
- ^ a b Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 1.
- ^ Pausanias 3. 26. 9.
- ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Bk6 (as summarized in Photius, Myriobiblon 190)
- ^ a b c d e Proclus, Chrestomathy 2, Aethiopis.
- ^ Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 999.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 3.
- ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 18.
- ^ Pausanias 10. 31. 7.
- ^ Dictys Cretensis iv. 4.
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 8. 372.
- ^ Pindarus Pythian vi. 30.
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus ii. 224.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 75. 4.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 3.
- ^ Pausanias 1. 13. 9.
- ^ Euripedes, Hecuba 40.
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica iv. 88–595.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 5.
- ^ Pausanias 3. 19. 13.
- ^ Scholiast on Homer's Odyssey λ. 547.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey λ 542.
- ^ a b c d e Proclus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Iliad.
- ^ Pindar, Nemean Odes 8. 46(25).
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 6.
- ^ Zenobius, Cent. i. 43.
- ^ Sophocles, Ajax 42, 277, 852.
- ^ Either by Calchas, (Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 8; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 9. 325–479), or by Paris' brother Helenus (Proclus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Illiad; Sophocles, Philoctetes 604–613; Tzetzes, Posthomerica 571–595). Helenus was a Trojan soldier and prophet in the Trojan War. In Greek mythology, Helenus was the son of King Priam and Queen
- ^ This is according to Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 8, Hyginus, Fabulae 103, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 9. 325–479, and Euripides, Philoctetes—but Sophocles, Philoctetes says Odysseus and Neoptolemus, while Proclus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Illiad says Diomedes alone.
- ^ Philoctetes was cured by a son of Asclepius, either Machaon, (Proclus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Illiad; Tzetzes, Posthomerica 571–595) or his brother Podalirius (Apollodorus, Epitome 5. Asclepius (pronounced /æsˈkliːpiːəs/, Greek, transliterated Asklēpiós; Latin Aesculapius) is the god of Medicine In Greek mythology, Machaon was a son of Asclepius. With Podalirius, his brother he led an army from Thessaly (or possibly Messenia The former Butterfly Genus Podalirius is nowadays included in Heliconius. 8; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 9. 325–479).
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 9.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 10; Pausanias 5. 13. 4.
- ^ Pausanias 5. 13. 4–6, says that Pelop's sholder-blade was brought to Troy from Pisa, and on its return home was lost at sea, later to be found by a fisherman, and identified as Pelop's by the Oracle at Delphi. PYTHIA is a computer simulation program for particle collisions at very high energies (see Event (particle physics) in Particle accelerators
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 11.
- ^ Odyssey λ. 520
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 12.
- ^ Pausanias 3. 26. 9.
- ^ Pausanias 9. 5. 15.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 4. 242 ff.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 13.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 8. 492–495; Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 14.
- ^ Pausanias, 3. 13. 5.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 15, Simpson, p 246.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 14, says the hollow horse held 50, but attributes to the author of the Little Iliad a figure of 3,000, a number that Simpson, p 265, calls "absurd", saying that the surviving fragments only say that the Greeks put their "best men" inside the horse. Tzetzes, Posthomerica 641–650, gives a figure of 23, while Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xii. John (Johannes Tzetzes (Ιωάννης Τζέτζης (c 1110 &ndash 1180 was a Byzantine Poet and Grammarian known to have lived at Constantinople Quintus Smyrnaeus (or Quintus of Smyrna, also known as Kointos of Smyrna) ( Κόιντος Σμυρναίος) was a Greek epic 314–335, gives the names of thirty, and says that there were more. In late tradition it seems it was standardized at 40.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 8. 500–504; Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 15.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 16, as translated by Simpson, p. 246. Proculus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Iliad, says that the Trojans pulled down a part of their walls to admit the horse.
- ^ a b c d e f g Proclus, Chrestomathy 4, Iliou Persis.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 8. 505 ff. ; Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 16–15.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 17 says that Cassandra warned of an armed force inside the horse, and that Lacoön agreed.
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 2. 199–227; Hyginus, Fabulae 135;
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xii. 444–497; Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 18.
- ^ Scholiast on Lycophroon, 344.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 19–20.
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii. 100–104,Translation by A. S. Way, 1913.
- ^ a b Apollodorus. Epitome 5. 21.
- ^ Aristophanes, Lysistrata 155; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii. 423–457.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 22.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 22; Pausanias 10. 31. 2; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii. 462–473; Virgil, Aeneid 403–406. The rape of Cassandra was a popular theme of ancient Greek paintings, see Pausanias, 1. 15. 2, 5. 11. 6, 5. 19. 5, 10. 26. 3.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 3. 203–207, 7. 347–353; Apollodorus, Epitome, 5. 21; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii. 322–331, Livy, 1. 1; Pausanias, 10. 26. 8, 27. 3 ff. ; Strabo, 13. 1. 53.
- ^ Apollodorus. Epitome 5. 23.
- ^ Proclus, Chrestomathy 4, Ilio Persis, says Odysseus killed Astyanax, while Pausanias, 10. 25. 9, says Neoptolemus.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 23.
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii. 279–285.
- ^ Euripides, Trojan Women 709–739, 1133–1135; Hyginus, Fabulae 109.
- ^ Euripides, Hecuba 107–125, 218–224, 391–393, 521–582; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiv. 193–328.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 3. 144.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 22; Pausanias, 10. 25. 8; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii. 547–595.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6. 11.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 24.
- ^ Strabo, 6. 1. 15.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6. 6.
- ^ Scholiast on Homer, Iliad 13. 66.
- ^ Pausanias, 1. 28. 11.
- ^ Pausanias, 8. 15. 7
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6. 12
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6. 13.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6. 14.
- ^ Plutarch, 23.
- ^ Pausanias, 1. 28. 9.
- ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 609.
- ^ Strabo, 6. 3. 9.
- ^ Strabo, 6. 1. 3.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6. 15b; Strabo, 6. 1. 3.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 3. 191.
- ^ Vergil, Aeneid 3. 400
- ^ Scholiast on Homer's Odyssey 13. 259.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 4. 360.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5. 24.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 4. 382.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6. 29.
- ^ Pausanias, 2. 16. 6.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6. 23.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 1. 30, 298.
- ^ Pausanias, 2. 16. 7.
- ^ Sophocles, Electra 1405.
- ^ Proclus Chrestomathy 2, Telegony
- ^ FGrHist 70 F 223
- ^ FGrHist 595 F 1
- ^ Chronographiai FGrHist 241 F 1d
- ^ FGrHist 566 F 125
- ^ FGrHist 239, §24
- ^ Bios Hellados
- ^ Histories 2,145
- ^ FGrHist 242 F 1
- ^ FGrHist 76 F 41
- ^ FGrHist 4 F 152
- ^ Confex.
- ^ Nature.
- ^ Iliad, Discovery.
- ^ Was The Iliad written by a woman? - By Emily Wilson - Slate Magazine
- ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους (History of the Greek Nation) vol. A, Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1968
- ^ The Peloponnesian War 1. 12. 2
- ^ Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, The Returns
References and further reading
Ancient authors
- Apollodorus, Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus, translated by Michael Simpson, The University of Massachusetts Press, (1976). The Bibliotheca (in English: Library) in three books provides a grand summary of traditional Greek mythology and heroic Legends ISBN 0-87023-205-3.
- Apollodorus, Apollodorus: The Library, translated by Sir James George Frazer, two volumes, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press and London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Volume 1: ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Volume 2: ISBN 0-674-99136-2.
- Euripides, Andromache, in Euripides: Children of Heracles, Hippolytus, Andromache, Hecuba, with an English translation by David Kovacs. Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus Cambridge. Harvard University Press. (1996). ISBN 0-674-99533-3.
- Euripides, Helen, in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 1. Helen, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.
- Euripides, Hecuba, in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 1. Hecuba, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.
- Herodotus, Histories, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920; ISBN 0-674-99133-8. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Alfred Denis Godley (1856--1925 was a classical scholar and author of humorous poems Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol 1, Books I–II, ISBN 0-674-99104-4; Vol 2, Books III–V, ISBN 0-674-99207-5; Vol 3, Books VI–VIII. 21, ISBN 0-674-99300-4; Vol 4, Books VIII. 22–X, ISBN 0-674-99328-4.
- Proclus, Chrestomathy, in Fragments of the Kypria translated by H. G. Evelyn-White, 1914 (public domain).
- Proclus, Proclus' Summary of the Epic Cycle, trans. Gregory Nagy.
- Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica, in Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy, Arthur Sanders Way (Ed. Quintus Smyrnaeus (or Quintus of Smyrna, also known as Kointos of Smyrna) ( Κόιντος Σμυρναίος) was a Greek epic The Posthomerica is an epic poem by Quintus of Smyrna, probably written in the latter half of the 4th century, and telling the story of the period between & Trans. ), Loeb Classics #19; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA. (1913). (1962 edition: ISBN 0-674-99022-6).
- Strabo, Geography, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. (1924)
Modern authors
- Burgess, Jonathan S. 2004. The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle (Johns Hopkins). ISBN 0-8018-7890-X.
- Castleden, Rodney. The Attack on Troy. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-84415-175-1).
- Davies, Malcolm (2000). "Euripides Telephus Fr. 149 (Austin) and the Folk-Tale Origins of the Teuthranian Expedition" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 133: 7–10.
- Durschmied, Erik. The Hinge Factor:How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History. Coronet Books; New Ed edition (7 Oct 1999).
- Frazer, Sir James George, Apollodorus: The Library, two volumes, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press and London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Volume 1: ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Volume 2: ISBN 0-674-99136-2.
- Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths, Penguin (Non-Classics); Cmb/Rep edition (April 6, 1993). ISBN 0-14-017199-1.
- Kakridis, J. , 1988. Ελληνική Μυθολογία ("Greek mythology"), Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens.
- Karykas, Pantelis, 2003. Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ("Mycenean Warriors"), Communications Editions, Athens.
- Latacz, Joachim. Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-926308-6).
- Simpson, Michael. Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus, The University of Massachusetts Press, (1976). The Bibliotheca (in English: Library) in three books provides a grand summary of traditional Greek mythology and heroic Legends ISBN 0-87023-205-3.
- Strauss, Barry. The Trojan War: A New History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7432-6441-X).
- Thompson, Diane P. The Trojan War: Literature and Legends from the Bronze Age to the Present. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1737-4 (paperback).
- Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic, edited by Martin M. Winkler. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2007 (hardcover, ISBN 1-4051-3182-9; paperback, ISBN 1-4051-3183-7).
- Wood, Michael. In Search of the Trojan War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 (paperback, ISBN 0-520-21599-0); London: BBC Books, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-563-53415-X).
External links
- Was There a Trojan War? Maybe so. From Archeology, a publication of the Archeological Institute of America. May/June 2004
- The Trojan War at Greek Mythology Link
- The Legend of the Trojan War
- Mortal Women of the Trojan War
- The Historicity of the Trojan War The location of Troy and possible connections with the city of Teuthrania.
- Videos : Ruins of Ancient Troy City
- The Greek Age of Bronze "Trojan war"
- Solid evidence for the "Real Story Of Troy" and the Trojan War
- Physical evidence for the "The Trojan war"
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