The timeline of environmental events is a historical account of events that have shaped humanity's perspective on the environment. This timeline includes some major natural events, human induced disasters, environmentalists that have had a positive influence, and environmental legislation.

Contents 1 Other events and periods 2 Holocene 2.1 10th millennium BC 2.2 9th millennium BC 2.3 8th millennium BC 2.4 7th millennium BC 2.5 6th millennium BC 2.6 4th millennium BC 2.7 3rd Millennium BC 2.8 2nd millennium BC 2.9 1st millennium BC 2.10 1st millennium AD 2.10.1 7th century 2.10.2 8th century 2.10.3 9th century 2.11 2nd millennium AD 2.11.1 13th century 2.11.2 14th century 2.11.3 15th century 2.11.4 16th century 2.11.5 17th century 2.11.6 18th century 2.11.7 19th century 2.11.8 20th century 2.11.8.1 1910s 2.11.8.2 1920s 2.11.8.3 1930s 2.11.8.4 1940s 2.11.8.5 1950s 2.11.8.6 1960s 2.11.8.7 1970s 2.11.8.8 1980s 2.11.8.9 1990s 2.11.9 21st century 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading

Other events and periods

• See Timeline of meteorology
• See Timeline of evolution
• See Geologic time scale
• See Pleistocene
• See Older Dryas stadial
• See Younger Dryas stadial

Holocene

10th millennium BC

• Circa 10,000 BC — North America: Dire Wolf, Smilodon, Giant beaver, Ground sloth, Mammoth, and American lion all become extinct. The timeline of meteorology contains events of scientific and technological advancements in the area of Atmospheric sciences. This timeline of the evolution of life outlines the major events in the development The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period The Older Dryas was a somewhat variable cold dry Blytt-Sernander period of North Europe, roughly equivalent to Pollen zone 1c A stadial is a period of colder Temperatures during an Interglacial, of insufficient duration or intensity to be considered a Glaciation, or glacial period The Younger Dryas Stadial, named after the alpine / tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, and also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a brief (approximately The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC The Dire Wolf ( Canis dirus) is an extinct carnivorous Mammal of the genus Canis, and was most common in North Smilodon (ˈsmаɪləˌdɒn sometimes called saber-toothed tiger, is an extinct Genus of large machairodontine Saber-toothed The Giant Beaver ( Castoroides ohioensis) was a huge species of rodent with a length up to 2 Ground sloths are a diverse group of Extinct Sloths Mammals in the edentate Superorder Xenarthra. A mammoth is any Species of the Extinct Genus Mammuthus. These Proboscideans are members of the elephant family and The American lion (Panthera leo atrox also known as the North American lion, American Cave lion,or Panthera is an Extinct

— Bering Sea: Land bridge from Siberia to North America sinks. The Bering (or Imarpik) Sea is a body of water in the Pacific Ocean that comprises a deep water basin (the Aleutian Basin) which rises through Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving

— North America: Long Island becomes an island when waters break through on the western end to the interior lake

— Homo floresiensis, the human's last known surviving close relative, becomes extinct. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches Homo floresiensis ("Man of Flores " nicknamed Hobbit) is a possible Species in the Genus Homo Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus

— World: Sea levels rise abruptly and massive inland flooding occurs due to glacier melt. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period.

• Circa 9700 BC — Lake Agassiz forms. Lake Agassiz was an immense Glacial lake located in the center of North America.
• Circa 9600 BC — Younger Dryas cold period ends. The Younger Dryas Stadial, named after the alpine / tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, and also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a brief (approximately Pleistocene ends and Holocene begins. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC Large amounts of previously glaciated land become habitable again.
• Circa 9500 BC — Ancylus Lake, part of the modern-day Baltic Sea, forms. Ancylus lake is a name given by geologists to the body of fresh water that replaced the Yoldia Sea after the latter had been severed from its saline intake across central The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude.
• Circa 9000 BC - end of the pre-Boreal period of European climate change. The 9th millennium BC marks the beginning of the Neolithic period Pollen Zone IV Pre-boreal, associated with juniper, willow, birch pollen deposits.

9th millennium BC

• Circa 8000 BC — World - Rising Sea levels. The 9th millennium BC marks the beginning of the Neolithic period In the 8th millennium BC, Agriculture becomes widely practiced in the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place

— Antarctica - long-term melting of the Antarctic ice sheets is commencing.

— Asia - rising sea levels caused by postglacial warming.

— World - Obliteration of more than 40 million animals about this time. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place

— World population reaches 1 million. The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time

— North America - The glaciers were receding and by 8,000 BC the Wisconsin had withdrawn completely.

— World - Inland flooding due to catastrophic glacier melt takes place in several regions. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place

8th millennium BC

• Circa 7640 BC — Date theorized for impact of Tollmann's hypothetical bolide with Earth and associated global cataclysm. In the 8th millennium BC, Agriculture becomes widely practiced in the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia. In the 8th millennium BC, Agriculture becomes widely practiced in the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia. Alexander Tollmann's bolide, proposed by Kristen-Tollmann and Tollmann (1994 is a hypothesis presented by Austrian Geologist Dr EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 This article is about the Greek expression For the event in the Dragonlance series of books see Cataclysm (Dragonlance.

7th millennium BC

• Circa 6500 BC — English Channel formed
• Circa 6200 BC — The 8.2 kiloyear event, a sudden significant cooling episode
• Circa 6100 BC — The Storegga Slide, causing a megatsunami in the Norwegian Sea
• Circa 6000 BC — Climatic or Thermal Maximum, the warmest period in 125,000 years, with minimal glaciation and highest sea levels. During the 7th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from Anatolia to the Balkans. During the 7th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from Anatolia to the Balkans. During the 7th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from Anatolia to the Balkans. The 82 kiloyear event is the term that climatologists have adopted for a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8200 years before the present or During the 7th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from Anatolia to the Balkans. The three Storegga Slides are considered to be amongst the largest known Landslides They occurred under water at the edge of Norway's continental shelf (Storegga is Old Mega-tsunami (also known as iminami or "wave of purification" is an informal term to indicate a Tsunami that has initial Wave heights that are Currents In the Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea surface water descends two to three kilometres down to the bottom of the ocean forming cold oxygen-rich groundwater During the 6th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from the Balkans to Italy and Eastern Europe and from Mesopotamia to Egypt. The Holocene Climate Optimum was a warm period during roughly the interval 9000 to 5000 years B (McEvedy)

— Rising sea levels form the Torres Strait, separate Australia from New Guinea. The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known

— Increasing desiccation of the Sahara. End of the Saharan Pluvial period. The Neolithic Subpluvial, sometimes called the Holocene Wet Phase, was an extended period (from about 7000 BC to about 3000 BC of wet and rainy conditions in the Climate

— Associated with Pollen Zone VI Atlantic, oak-elm woodlands, warmer and maritime climate. The Atlantic in palaeoclimatology was the warmest and most moist Blytt-Sernander period Pollen zone and chronozone of Holocene north Europe. Modern wild fauna plus, increasingly, human introductions, associated with the spread of the Neolithic farming technologies.

— Rising sea levels from glacial retreat flood what will become the Irish Sea, separating the island of Ireland from the British Isles and Continental Europe. The Irish Sea ( Irish: Muir Éireann or Muir Meann; Scottish Gaelic: Muir Eireann Welsh: Môr Iwerddon, Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European

6th millennium BC

• Circa 5600 BC — According to the Black Sea deluge theory, the Black Sea floods with salt water. During the 6th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from the Balkans to Italy and Eastern Europe and from Mesopotamia to Egypt. During the 6th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from the Balkans to Italy and Eastern Europe and from Mesopotamia to Egypt. The Black Sea deluge is a hypothesized Prehistoric Flood that occurred when the Black Sea filled rapidly The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Some 3000 cubic miles (12,500 km³) of salt water is added, significantly expanding it and transforming it from a fresh-water landlocked lake into a salt water sea. Seawater is Water from a Sea or Ocean. On average seawater in the world's oceans has a Salinity of about 3
• Circa 5500 BC — Beginning of the desertification of north Africa, which ultimately lead to the creation of the Sahara desert. During the 6th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from the Balkans to Italy and Eastern Europe and from Mesopotamia to Egypt. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest It's possible this process pushed some natives into migrating to the region of the Nile in the east, thereby laying the groundwork for the rise of Egyptian civilization. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.
• Circa 5000 BC — The Older Peron transgression, a global warm period, begins. The 5th millennium BC saw the spread of Agriculture from the Near East throughout southern and central Europe The Older Peron transgression was a period of unusually warm Climate during the Holocene Epoch.
• 5000 BC — Use of a sail begins. The 5th millennium BC saw the spread of Agriculture from the Near East throughout southern and central Europe A sail is any type of surface intended to generate Thrust by being placed in a Wind &mdashin essence a vertically-oriented Wing. The first known picture is on an Egyptian urn found in Luxor. Luxor (in Arabic: الأقصر al-Uqṣur) is a city in Upper (southern Egypt and the capital of Luxor

4th millennium BC

• Circa 3600 BC - 2800 BC — Climatic deterioration in Western Europe and the Sahara. The 4th millennium BC saw major changes in human culture It marks the beginning of the Bronze Age and of Writing. Events Civilization of Sumer (? Ggantija, Malta Mnajdra solar temple complex Malta The 28th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2800 BC to 2701 BC In Europe Pollen zone VII Sub Boreal, oak and beech. Pollen zones are a system of subdividing late Pleistocene and early Holocene paleoclimate using the data from Pollen cores The sequence provides a Glacial advances of the Priora oscillation, with lower economic prosperity in areas not able to irrigate in the Middle East. The Piora Oscillation was an abrupt cold and wet period in the Climate history of the Holocene Epoch; it is generally dated to the period of c
• Circa 3100 BC — The Indus Valley Civilization constructs the first advanced system of drainage. Events c 3100 BC — Narmer (Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt into one country he rules this new country from Memphis The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area

3rd Millennium BC

• 2900 BC — Floods at Shuruppak from horizon to horizon, with sediments in Southern Iraq, stretching as far north as Kish, and as far south as Uruk, associated with the return of heavy rains in Nineveh and a potential damming of the Karun River to run into the Tigris. The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. It represents a period of time in which Imperialism, or the desire to conquer grew to prominence The 29th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2900 BC to 2801 BC Shuruppak (also Shuruppag "the healing place" modern Tell Fara, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian city situated south of Nippur Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Nineveh ( Akkadian: Ninua; Aramaic: ܢܝܢܘܐ Hebrew נינוה Nīnewē; Arabic نينوى Naīnuwa) This ends the Jemdet Nasr period and ushers in the Early Dynastic Period of Sumer cultures of the area. Jemdet Nasr is an archaeological site in Iraq 's Babil Governorate, situated to the north-east of Babylon and Kish and east of Kutha The history of Sumer, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC ending with the downfall of the Third Possible association of this event with the Biblical deluge. Noah's Ark, according to the Book of Genesis (chapters 6-9 is the story of a large vessel built at God 's command to save Noah, his family
• 2650 BC — Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh describes vast tracts of cedar forests in what is now southern Iraq. The 27th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2700 BC to 2601 BC Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC Gilgamesh was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk (Early Dynastic II first dynasty of Uruk ruling circa 2600 BC according to the Sumerian king Cedar ( Cedrus) is a genus of Coniferous Trees in the Plant family Pinaceae. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Gilgamesh defies the gods and cuts down the forest, and in return the gods say they will curse Sumer with fire (or possibly drought). Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply By 2100 BC, soil erosion and salt buildup have devastated agriculture. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind One Sumerian wrote that the "earth turned white. " Civilization moved north to Babylonia and Assyria. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Again, deforestation becomes a factor in the rise and subsequent fall of these civilizations.

— Some of the first laws protecting the remaining forests decreed in Ur. Ur ( Sumerian:urim; Akkadian: ?) is modern Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer.

• 2600 BC — First artificial sewage systems constructed in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro of the Indus valley. The 26th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2600 BC to 2501 BC Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization There were networks of brick-lined sewage drains and outdoor flush toilets connected.
• 2500 BC — Sahara becomes fully desiccated. The 25th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2500 BC to 2401 BC Desiccation had been proceeding from 6000 BC, as a result of the shift in the West African tropical monsoon belt southwards from the Sahel. During the 6th millennium BC, Agriculture spreads from the Balkans to Italy and Eastern Europe and from Mesopotamia to Egypt. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months See also Sahel Tunisia, a region of eastern Tunisia. The Sahel or Sahel Belt (from Arabic ساحل sāḥil Subsequent rates of evaporation in the region led to a drying of the Sahara, as shown by the drop in water levels in Lake Chad. Lake Chad (in French Lac Tchad) is a historically large shallow lake in Africa, whose size has varied greatly over the centuries Tehenu of the Sahara attempt to enter into Egypt, and there is evidence of a Nile drought in the pyramid of Unas. A pyramid is a Building where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point Unas (also Wenis, Oenas, Unis, or Ounas) was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, and one of the rulers of the Old Kingdom
• 2200 BC — Beginning of a severe centennial-scale drought in northern Africa, southwestern Asia and midcontinental North America, which very likely caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt as well as the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia. The 22nd century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply The Old Kingdom is the name commonly given to that period in the 3rd millennium BCE when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding

2nd millennium BC

• 1900 BC — The Atra-Hasis Epic describes Babylonian flood, with warnings of the consequences of human overpopulation. The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. The 19th century BC was the century which lasted from 1900 BC to 1801 BC The 18th century BCE Akkadian Atra-Hasis epic, named after its human hero
• 1450 BC — Minoan civilization in the Mediterranean declines, but scholars are divided on the cause. Possibly a volcanic eruption was the source of the catastrophe (see Minoan eruption). The Minoan eruption of Thera, also referred to as the Thera eruption or Santorini eruption was a major catastrophic volcanic eruption ( VEI On the other hand, gradual deforestation may have led to materials shortages in manufacturing and shipping. Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Loss of timber and subsequent deterioration of its land was probably a factor in the decline of Minoan power in the late Bronze Age, according to John Perlin in A Forest Journey. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for
• 1206 BC - 1187 BC — Evidence of major droughts in the Eastern Mediterranean. Hittite and Ugarit records show requests for grain were sent to Egypt, probably during the reign of Pharaoh Merenptah. Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Carpenter has suggested that droughts of equal severity to those of the 1950s in Greece, would have been sufficient to cause the Late Bronze Age collapse. The Bronze Age collapse is the name given by those historians who see the transition from the The cause may have been a temporary diversion of winter storms north of the Pyrenees and Alps. Central Europe experienced generally wetter conditions, while those in the Eastern Mediterranean were substantially drier. There seems to have been a general abandonment of peasant subsistence agriculture in favour of nomadic pastoralism in Central Anatolia, Syria and northern Mesopotamia, Palestine, the Sinai and NW Arabia.
• c 2000 BC-1000 BC - The Sarasvati River dries up. The 20th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC The Sarasvati River ( Sanskrit: sa सरस्वती नदी sárasvatī nadī) is one of the chief Rigvedic rivers mentioned in ancient Hindu Desertification of the Thar Region begins. The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is

1st millennium BC

• 800 BC - 500 BC — Sub-Atlantic period in Western Europe. The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires Pollen Zone VIII, sub-Atlantic. End of last Sea Level rise. Spread of "Celtic fields", Iron Age A, and Haalstadt Celts. The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Increased prosperity in Europe and the Middle East.
• 500 BC — Roman Republic, Cloaca Maxima (big sewer) is built in Rome by Etruscan dynasty of Tarquins. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 As Rome grows, a network of cloacae (sewers) and aqueducts are built. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another

— World population reached 100 million^[1]. The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time

• 250 BC — Ashoka introduces animal welfare legislation in India
• Circa 225 BC — The Sub-Atlantic began about 225 BC (estimated on the basis of radiocarbon dating) and has been characterized by increased rainfall, cooler and more humid climates, and the dominance of beech forests. Events By place Egypt Ptolemy II encourages the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their Bible translated The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Events By place Roman Republic A coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes ( Taurini, Taurisces Insubres, Lingones The fauna of the Sub-Atlantic is essentially modern although severely depleted by human activities. The Sub-Atlantic is correlated with pollen zone IX; sea levels have been generally regressive during this time interval, though North America is an exception.
• Circa 200 BC — Sri Lanka first country in the world to have a nature reserve, King Devanampiyatissa established a wildlife sanctuary

1st millennium AD

• 100 to 400 — Decline of Roman Empire may have been partly due to lead poisoning, according to modern historian and toxicologist Jerome Nriagu. Events By place Seleucid Empire Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Tissa, later Devanampiyatissa, c 247 BC - 207 BC was one of the earliest rulers of Sri Lanka based at the ancient capital of Anuradhapura The first millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1, and ended on December 31, 1000, of the Julian calendar. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Italy is first invaded by Alaric (probable date The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms Romans used lead acetate ("sugar of lead") to sweeten old wine and turn grape pulp into a sweet condiment. Lead(II acetate is a Chemical compound, a white crystalline substance with a Sweetish taste Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Usually the acidic wine or pulp was simply left in a vat with sheets of lead. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly An aristocrat with a sweet tooth might have eaten as much as a gram of lead a day. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Widespread use of this sweetener would have caused gout, sterility, insanity and many of the symptoms which were, in fact, present among the Roman aristocrats. Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid. Female infertility|Male infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a Man or a Woman to contribute to conception. Traditionally insanity or madness is the behaviour whereby a person flouts societal norms and may become a danger to himself and others High levels of lead have been found in the bones of aristocratic Romans. Far more than simply using lead pipes or lead utensils, the direct consumption of lead-sweetened wine and foods created serious and widespread lead poisoning among upper-class Romans.
• 535-536: global climate abnormalities affecting several civilizations.

7th century

• 676 — Cuthbert of Lindisfarne enacts protection legislation for birds on the Farne Islands (Northumberland, UK). The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Events By Place Europe Æthelred invades Kent. Asia In Japan Emperor Temmu For the Dungeons & Dragons deity see Saint Cuthbert (Dungeons & Dragons St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne (c The Farne Islands (also referred to less formally as the Farnes) are a group of islands off the coast of Northumberland, England. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

8th century

• Circa 750 — Start of the Medieval Warm Period

9th century

• Circa 850 — Severe drought exacerbated by soil erosion causes collapse of Central American city states and the end of the Classic Maya civilization. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Events By Geography Asia Gopala is proclaimed as the first ruler of the Pala Empire. The Medieval Warm Period (MWP or Medieval Climate Optimum was a time of unusually Warm Climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from about The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Events By Place Asia Emperor Montoku succeeds Emperor Nimmyō as Emperor of Japan. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas

2nd millennium AD

13th century

• Circa 1250 — Start of the Little Ice Age

14th century

• 1347 to 1350s — Bubonic plague decimates Europe, creating the first attempts to enforce public health and quarantine laws. The second millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1001, and ended on December 31, 2000. The Little Ice Age (LIA was a period of cooling occurring after a warmer era known as the Medieval Warm Period or Medieval Climate Optimum Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as
• 1366 — City of Paris forces butchers to dispose of animal wastes outside the city (Ponting); similar laws would be disputed in Philadelphia and New York nearly 400 years later. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous
• 1388 — Parliament passes an act forbidding the throwing of filth and garbage into ditches, rivers and waters. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features City of Cambridge also passes the first urban sanitary laws in England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

15th century

• 1420 to 1427, Madeira islands : destruction of the laurisilva forest, or the woods which once clothed the whole island when the Portuguese settlers decided to clear the land for farming by setting most of the island on fire. History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the It is said that the fire burned for seven years.

16th century

• 1546 — Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro outlines theory of contagious disease. Girolamo Fracastoro ( Fracastorius) (1478‑ August 8, 1553) was an Italian Physician, Scholar (in Mathematics He reasoned that infectious diseases could be passed on in 3 ways: simple contact, indirect contact, and minute bodies over distance through the air.
• 1560 to 1600 — Rapid industrialization in England leads to heavy deforestation and increasing substitution of coal for wood. Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs

17th century

• 1609 — Hugo Grotius publishes Mare Liberum (The Free Sea) with arguments for the new principle that the sea was international territory and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Hugo Grotius or Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; ( Delft, 10 April 1583 Rostock, 28 August 1645 The ensuing debate had the British empire and France claim sovereignty over territorial waters to the distance within which cannon range could effectively protect it, the three mile limit. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Territorial waters, or a territorial sea, as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is a belt of coastal waters extending at most
• 1640 — Isaac Walton writes The Compleat Angler about fishing and conservation. Izaak Walton ( August 9, 1593 - December 15, 1683) was an English writer, author of The Compleat Angler.
• 1662 — John Graunt publishes a book of mortality statistics compiled by parish and municipal councils in England. John Graunt ( April 24, 1620 - April 18, 1674) was one of the first Demographers though by profession he was a Haberdasher Although the numbers are inaccurate, a start was made in epidemiology and the understanding of disease and public health.
• 1690 — Colonial Governor William Penn requires Pennsylvania settlers to preserve one acre of trees for every five acres cleared. William Penn ( October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) was founder and "Absolute Proprietor" of the Province of Pennsylvania, The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern

— The last Mauritius dodo dies. Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République The dodo ( Raphus cucullatus) was a Flightless bird endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius. The extinction was due to hunting, but also by the pigs, rats, dogs and cats brought to the island by settlers. Later the species has become an icon on animal extinction^[2].

18th century

• 1700 — Some 600 ships are engaged in hauling "sea coal" from Newcastle to London, an enormous increase compared to 1650, when only two ships regularly carried sea coal. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Rapid industrialization and the demand for iron and naval supplies has stripped England's forests. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria
• 1711 — Jonathan Swift notes the contents of London's gutters: "sweepings from butchers' stalls, dung, guts and blood, drowned puppies, stinking sprats, all drenched in mud. Year 1711 ( MDCCXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 . . "
• 1720 — In India, hundreds of Bishnois Hindus of Khejadali go to their deaths trying to protect trees from the Maharaja of Jodhpur, who needed wood to fuel the lime kilns for cement to build his palace. Year 1720 ( MDCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Gaj Singh (born 13 January 1948) was Maharaja of Jodhpur, India and is head of the Rathore clan of Rajputs This event has been considered as the origins of the 20th century Chipko movement. The Chipko movement (literally "to stick" in Hindi) was a group of female peasants in the Uttaranchal region of India who acted to prevent the cutting
• 1739 — Benjamin Franklin and neighbors petition Pennsylvania Assembly to stop waste dumping and remove tanneries from Philadelphia's commercial district. Year 1739 ( MDCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. Foul smell, lower property values, disease and interference with fire fighting are cited. The industries complain that their rights are being violated, but Franklin argues for "public rights. " Franklin and the environmentalists win a symbolic battle but the dumping goes on.
• 1748 — Jared Eliot, clergyman and physician, writes Essays on Field Husbandry in New England promoting soil conservation. Year 1748 ( MDCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Jared Eliot ( November 7, 1685 &ndash April 22, 1763) was a Connecticut minister physician and agriculture writer who was born in Guilford
• 1762 to 1769 — Philadelphia committee led by Benjamin Franklin attempts to regulate waste disposal and water pollution. Year 1762 ( MDCCLXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities
• 1773 — William Bartram, (1739-1823). Year 1773 ( MDCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common William Bartram ( April 20, 1739 — July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist, the son of John Bartram. Year 1739 ( MDCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common American naturalist sets out on a five year journey through the US Southeast to describe wildlife and wilderness from Florida to the Mississippi. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States His book, Travels, is published in 1791 and becomes one of the early literary classics of the new United States of America.

19th century

• 1815 — Eruption of Mt. Tambora in what is now Indonesia, largest of Holocene. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Mount Tambora (or Tomboro) is an active Stratovolcano, also known as a Composite volcano, on Sumbawa island Indonesia.
• 1816 — "The year without a summer. Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Year Without a Summer, also known as the Poverty Year, The Year There Was No Summer or Eighteen hundred and froze to death "
• 1820 — World population reached 1 billion^[3]. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time
• 1828 — Carl Sprengel formulates the Law of the Minimum stating that growth is limited not by the total of resources available, but by the scarcest resource. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap There is another botanist from this time Kurt Sprengel. Karl or Carl Philipp Sprengel ( March 29 1787 &ndash Liebig's Law of the Minimum, often simply called Liebig's Law or the Law of the Minimum, is a principle developed in Agricultural science by Carl Sprengel
• 1845 — First use of the term Carrying capacity in a report by the US Secretary of State to the Senate. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The supportable Population of an Organism, given the food habitat, water and other necessities available within an environment is known as the environment's
• 1849 — Establishment of the U.S. Department of Interior. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States Department of the Interior ( DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally
• 1851 — Henry David Thoreau delivers an address to the Concord (Massachusetts) Lyceum declaring that "in Wildness is the preservation of the World. 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year " In 1863, this address is published posthumously as the essay "Walking" in Thoreau's Excursions. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
• 1854 — Henry David Thoreau publishes Walden; or, Life in the Woods. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Walden (first published as Walden or Life in the Woods) by Henry David Thoreau is one of the best-known Non-fiction books written
• 1859 — Publication of second edition of William Elliott's Carolina Sports by Land and Water (first published in 1846), an early example of the hunter-as-conservationist, a phenomenon which became increasingly important for conservationism. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common William Elliott may refer to William Elliott (RAF officer (1896&ndash1971 senior RAF commander during WWII William Yandell Elliott Conservation can be confused with Conversation and vice versa
• 1860 — Henry David Thoreau delivers an address to the Middlesex (Massachusetts) Agricultural Society, entitled "The Succession of Forest Trees," in which he analyzes aspects of what later came to be understood as forest ecology and urges farmers to plant trees in natural patterns of succession; the address is later published in (among other places) Excursions, becoming perhaps his most influential ecological contribution to conservationist thought. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns processes Flora, Fauna and ecosystems in Forests. An excursion is a trip by a group of people usually made for Leisure or Educational purposes The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including
• 1864 — George Perkins Marsh publishes Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action (revised 1874 as The Earth as Modified by Human Action), the first systematic analysis of humanity's destructive impact on the natural environment and a work which becomes (in Lewis Mumford's words) "the fountain-head of the conservation movement. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year George Perkins Marsh ( March 15, 1801 &ndash July 23, 1882) an American Diplomat and Philologist, is considered Man and Nature is a book written by George Perkins Marsh in 1864. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and Lewis Mumford ( October 19, 1895 &ndash January 26, 1990) was an American Historian of Technology and Science The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including "
• 1866 — The term Ecology is coined (in German as Oekologie by Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (1834-1919) in his Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel ( February 16, 1834 — August 9, 1919)also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Haeckel was an anatomist, zoologist, and field naturalist appointed professor of zoology at the Zoological Institute, Jena, in 1865. Haeckel was philosophically an enthusiastic Darwinian. Darwinism is a term used for various different movements or concepts related to a greater or lesser extent to Charles Darwin 's work on Evolution. Ecology is from the Greek oikos, meaning house or dwelling and logos, meaning discourse or the study of.
• 1869 — Samuel Bowles publishes Our New West. Records of Travel between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean, an influential traveller's account of the wilds and peoples of the West, in which he advocates preservation of other scenic areas such as Niagara Falls and the Adirondacks. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Samuel Bowles (III (February 9 1826 - January 16 1878 was an American journalist born in Springfield Massachusetts. Our New West Records of Travel between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean is a book by Samuel Bowles, ( 1826 - 1878) The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario The Adirondack Mountains are a Mountain range located in the northeastern part of New York, that runs through Clinton, Essex, Franklin
• 1872 — The term acid rain is coined by Robert Angus Smith in the book Air and Rain. Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure Robert Angus Smith ( February 15, 1817 &ndash May 12, 1884) was a Scottish Chemist, who investigated numerous Environmental

— US first national park, Yellowstone National Park.

— Arbor Day was founded by J. Sterling Morton of Nebraska City, Nebraska. Arbor Day is a Holiday in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant and care for Trees Arbor Day originated in Nebraska City Nebraska, Julius Sterling Morton ( April 22, 1832 &ndash April 27, 1902) was President Grover Cleveland 's Secretary of Agriculture Nebraska City is a city in Otoe County, Nebraska, United States. It occurs every year on the last Friday in April in the US.

• 1874 — Charles Hallock establishes Forest and Stream magazine sparking a US national debate about ethics and hunting. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Charles Hallock ( March 13, 1834 &ndash December 2, 1917) was an American author born in New York City to Gerard Hallock and Elizabeth

— German graduate student Othmar Zeidler first synthesises DDT, later to be used as an insecticide. Othmar Zeidler ( 1859 - 26 June 1911) was a German Austrian chemist DDT (from its trivial name D ichloro- D iphenyl- T richloroethane is one of the best known synthetic Pesticides It is a chemical with a long

• 1876 — British River Pollution Control Act makes it illegal to dump sewage into a stream. Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year
• 1879 — U.S. Geological Survey formed. Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. John Wesley Powell, explorer of the Colorado River a decade earlier, will become its head in March 1881. John Wesley Powell ( March 24, 1834 - September 23, 1902) was a U The Colorado River (' Aha Kwahwat in Mojave) is a River in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, approximately Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
• 1883 - Eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Krakatoa ( Indonesian: Krakatau) also spelled Krakatao or Krakatowa, is a volcanic island in the Sunda Strait The sound of the explosion is heard as far as Australia and China, the altered air waves causes strange colours on the sky and the volcanic gases reduce global temperatures during the following years. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
• 1890 — Yosemite National Park Bill, established the Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks in California. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sequoia National Park is a National park in the southern Sierra Nevada, east of Visalia California, in the United States of America. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.
• 1891 — Oscar Baumann, Austrian explorer of East Africa, publishes an eye-witness account of the extreme drought period 1883-1902 called Emutai by the maasai^[4]. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Oscar Baumann ( June 25, 1864 - October 12, 1899) was an Austrian Cartographer with a keen interest in Ethnography. The Maasai are an indigenous African Ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and northern Tanzania.

— General Revision Act. The General Revision Act of 1891 repealed the Timber Culture and Preemption Acts and authorized the President of the United States, under the Forest Reserve Act

• 1892 — John Muir, (1838 - 1914), founded the Sierra Club. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year John Muir ( April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914) was a Scottish -born American Naturalist, author and early Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Mission statement To explore enjoy and protect the wild places of the earth To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources To educate and
• 1895 — Sewage cleanup in London means the return of some fish species (grilse, whitebait, flounder, eel, smelt) to the River Thames. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England.

20th century

• 1900 - The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 hits Galveston, Texas and reverses the city's previously rapid growth. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar "Galveston" redirects here For the town in the US state of Indiana see Galveston Indiana.
• 1902 — George Washington Carver writes How to Build Up Worn Out Soils. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting George Washington Carver (January 1864 – January 5 1943 was an African American Scientist, Botanist, Educator, and Inventor
• 1903 — March 14, US President Theodore Roosevelt creates first National Bird Preserve, (the beginning of the Wildlife Refuge system), on Pelican Island, Florida. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Pelican Island may refer to Pelican Island Antigua and Barbuda Pelican Island (Barbados Pelican Island (British Virgin Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the

— 7300 hectares of land in the Lake District of the Andes foothills in Patagonia are donated by Francisco Moreno as the first park, Nahuel Huapi National Park, in what eventually becomes the National Park System of Argentina. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Llao LLaojpg|thumb|250px| Lake Nahuel Huapi, near Bariloche, Argentina Francisco Pascacio Moreno ( May 31 1852 – November 22 1919) was an Argentine explorer born in Buenos Aires. Nahuel Huapi National Park is the oldest Argentine national park, in Patagonia in the foothills of the Andes mountains The National Parks of Argentina make up a network of 29 National parks in Argentina.

• 1905 — The term smog is coined by Henry Antoine Des Voeux in a London meeting to express concern over air pollution. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort
• 1906 — Antiquities Act, passed by US Congress which authorized the president to set aside national monument sites. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Antiquities Act of 1906 officially An Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities (16 USC 431-433 is an act passed by the United States

— San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fires destroy much of the city.

• 1908 — Muir Woods National Monument was established on January 9 and now governed by the National Park Service. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Muir Woods National Monument is a unit of the National Park Service in Marin County The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation

— The National Conservation Commission, appointed in June by President Roosevelt. The National Conservation Commission was appointed in June 1908 by President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt and composed of representatives of the United

— An article by Robert Underwood Johnson in Century magazine, "A High Price to Pay for Water," helps bring the Hetch Hetchy controversy to national attention. Robert Underwood Johnson ( January 12, 1853 &ndash October 14, 1937) was a U

• 1909 — US President Theodore Roosevelt convenes the North American Conservation Conference, held in Washington, D.C. and attended by representatives of Canada, Newfoundland, Mexico, and the United States. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 (before which the territory had the status of a British colony to 1949 The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

1910s

• 1913 — US Congress enacts law which destroyed the Hetch Hetchy Valley. The 1910s decade ran from January 1 1910 through December 31 1919 Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common History The name "Hetch Hetchy" comes from a grass with edible seeds that grows in the valley in the Native American Sierra Miwok language.
• 1916 — US Congress created the National Park Service. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation
• 1918 — The Save-the-Redwoods League is founded to the protect the remaining Coast Redwood trees. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Save-the-Redwoods League is an organization dedicated to the protection of the remaining Coast Redwood Trees in the U Sequoia sempervirens is the sole living Species of the Genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae (formerly Over 60% of the redwoods in California's state redwood parks have been protected by the organization.

— Scientific American reports alcohol-gasoline anti-knock blend is "universally" expected to be the fuel of the future. Scientific American is a Popular science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly since August 28, 1845, making it Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional Fuels are any Materials or substances that can be used as a Fuel, other than conventional fuels Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy Seven years later, in Public Health Service hearings, General Motors and Standard Oil spokesmen will claim that there are no alternatives to leaded gasoline as an anti-knock additive. Tetra-ethyl lead, abbreviated TEL, is an organometallic compound with the formula ( CH3CH2)4 Pb.

— Congress approves the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which implements a 1916 Convention (between the U. Under United States Code Title 16 Chapter 7 Subchapter II the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 is the United States legislation implementing the convention between the U S. and Britain, acting for Canada) for the Protection of Migratory birds, and establishes responsibility for international migratory bird protection. Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability

- Spanish Flu kills between 50 to 100 million people worldwide

1920s

• 1921 — Thomas Midgley discovers lead components to be an efficient antiknock agent in gasoline engines. The 1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was an Influenza Pandemic that spread to nearly every part of the world The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Thomas Midgley Jr ( May 18, 1889 – November 2, 1944) was an American mechanical engineer turned Chemist Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly An antiknock agent is a Gasoline additive used to reduce Engine knocking and increase the fuel's Octane rating. In spite of the well known toxic effects, lead was in ubiquitous use. First banned from use in Japan 1986. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) ^[5]
• 1927 — Great Mississippi Flood. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 For the Mississippi Flood of 1993 see Great Flood of 1993.
• 1928 — Thomas Midgley develops chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) as a non-toxic refrigerant. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Thomas Midgley Jr ( May 18, 1889 – November 2, 1944) was an American mechanical engineer turned Chemist The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane The first warnings of damage to stratospheric ozone were published by Molina and Rowland 1974. Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's José Mario Molina-Pasquel Henríquez (born March 19, 1943 in Mexico City) is a Mexican -born U Frank Sherwood Rowland (born June 28, 1927) is an American Nobel laureate and a professor of Chemistry at the University of California They shared the 1995 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their work. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Since 1987 world production is reduced under the Montreal Protocol and banned in most countries. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) For other similarly-named agreements see Montreal Convention (disambiguation.
• 1929 — the Swann Chemical Company develops polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for transformer coolant use. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB s are a class of Organic compounds with 1 to 10 Chlorine atoms attached to Biphenyl which is a molecule composed Research in the 1960s revealed PCBs to be potent carcinogens. Banned from production in the US 1976, probably 1 million tonnes of PCBs were manufactured in total globally. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

1930s

• 1930 — World population reached 2 billion^[3]. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• 1932 to 1937 — Exceptional precipitation absence in northern hemisphere exacerbated by human activities causes the Dust Bowl drought of the US plains and the Soviet famine of 1932-1933 (harsh economic damage in US and widespread death in USSR)
• 1933 — First legislation on Animal rights adopted, Germany^[6]. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Dust Bowl, or the dirty thirties, was a period of severe Dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and The Soviet famine of 1932-1933 affected most major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union: Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, Volga Region, South Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

— Publication of Game Management by Aldo Leopold. Aldo Starker Leopold ( January 11, 1887 – April 21, 1948) was an American Ecologist, Forester and Environmentalist

• 1934 — Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA provides the basic authority for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service 's (FWS involvement in evaluating impacts to Fish
• 1935 — Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (PL 74-46 of April 27, 1935) is a United States federal law that allowed the government to pay farmers
• 1939 — The insecticidal properties of DDT discovered by Paul Hermann Müller, who was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his efforts. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. DDT (from its trivial name D ichloro- D iphenyl- T richloroethane is one of the best known synthetic Pesticides It is a chemical with a long Paul Hermann Müller also known as Pauly Mueller ( January 12, 1899 &ndash October 12, 1965) was a Swiss Chemist and Nobel Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature The first ban on its use came in 1970. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

1940s

• 1944 — Flood Control Act of 1944 was signed by President Franklin D. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Pick-Sloan Flood Control Act of 1944 (PL 78–534 enacted in the 2nd session of the 78th Congress, is U Roosevelt on December 22.
• 1945 — Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at First use of atomic weapons during war.
• 1947 — Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
• 1948 — World Conservation Union or International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (or FIFRA) Et seq. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Founded in 1948, its headquarters is located in Gland, Switzerland. Gland is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
• 1949 — First known dioxin exposure incident, in a Nitro, West Virginia herbicide production plant. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Not to be confused with Dioxane or Digoxin. Dioxin is a heterocyclic, organic, antiaromatic compound Nitro is a city in West Virginia, along the Kanawha River. Most of the city lies in Kanawha County, with the remainder in Putnam County. Extensively used during the Vietnam War 1961 - 1971 as Agent Orange. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Agent Orange is the code name for a powerful Herbicide and Defoliant used by the U Production ban in the US on some component from 1970.

1950s

• 1951 — The Nature Conservancy is an environmental organization founded in the United States. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The Nature Conservancy is a US charitable Environmental organization working to preserve the Plants, Animals, and natural communities

— World Meteorological Organization (WMO) established by the United Nations.

• 1954 — The first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a power grid started operations at Obninsk, Soviet union on 27 June. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of Electricity to consumers is the bulk transfer of electrical power Obninsk (О́бнинск is a city in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located 102 km southwest of Moscow, on the main rail line between Moscow The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The first substantial accident happened on 10 October 1957 in Windscale, England. On October 10, 1957, the Graphite core of a British Nuclear reactor at Windscale, Cumbria, caught fire releasing substantial amounts England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

— Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act

• 1956 — Minamata disease, a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. The United States Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954 ( has been amended several times Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. sometimes referred to as, is a neurological syndrome caused by severe Mercury poisoning.

— Fish and Wildlife Act. Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 of the United States of America establishes a comprehensive national fish shellfish and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on the commercial

• 1958 — Mauna Loa Observatory initiates monitoring of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) levels. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO is an atmospheric baseline station on Mauna Loa volcano, on the big island of Hawaii. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single The time series eventually became the main reference on global atmospheric change. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared

1960s

• 1960 — World population reached 3 billion^[3]. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

— Mobilisation in France to preserve the Vanoise National Park in the Alpes (Val d'Isère, Tignes, etc. Vanoise National Park (Parc national de la Vanoise is a French National park in the Alps, created in 1963 after mobilization from the Environmentalist Alpes may refer to Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (formerly Basses-Alpes a French department in the south of France Hautes-Alpes, a department ) from an important touristic project. The park itself was created three years later, in 1963, and was the first French natural park.

• 1961 — World Wildlife Fund (WWF) registered as a charitable trust in Morges, Switzerland, an international organization for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Morges ( Latin: Morgiis) is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges
• 1962 — Wallace Stegner publishes the Wilderness Essay. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Wallace Earle Stegner ( February 18, 1909 — April 13, 1993) was an American Historian, Novelist, Short story

— Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring. Rachel Louise Carson (May 27 1907 – April 14 1964 was an American marine biologist and Nature writer whose writings are credited with advancing the global

• 1964 — Norman Borlaug takes position as the director of the International Wheat Improvement Program in Texcoco, Mexico. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Norman Ernest Borlaug (born March 25 1914 is an American Agronomist, Humanitarian, Nobel laureate, and has been called the father of the The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The program leads to the green revolution. The Green Revolution refers to the transformation of Agriculture that began in 1945 at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to

— Wilderness Act. The Wilderness Act of 1964 ( was written by Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society.

• 1965 — Hurricane Betsy flooded large areas of New Orleans (USA) drowning around 40 people. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Hurricane Betsy was a powerful Hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season which caused enormous damage in the Bahamas, Florida, and
• 1966 — National Wildlife Refuge System Act. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The provided guidelines and directives for administration and management of all areas in National Wildlife Refuge system including "wildlife refuges areas for the protection and conservation

— Fur Seal Act.

• 1968 — The Apollo 8 picture of earthrise. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the upcoming MMORPG see Earthrise (video game. For other uses see Earthrise (disambiguation.

— National Trails System Act.

— Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. National Wild and Scenic River is a designation for certain Protected areas in the United States.

• 1969 — National Environmental Policy Act including the first requirements on Environmental impact assessment. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA) is a United States environmental law that was signed into law on January 1, 1970 by U An ( EIA) is an assessment of the possible impact&ndashpositive or negative&ndashthat a proposed project may have on the Natural environment.

— Accidental pollution of the Rhine in Europe, by 500 liters of Endosulfan, a kind of insecticide. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Endosulfan is a neurotoxic Organochlorine Insecticide of the Cyclodiene family of Pesticides It is an Endocrine disruptor The river was contaminated on more than 600 km and more than 20 million fish died ^[7].

— The Icelandic summer-spawning herring stock collapses as a result of a combination of high fishing pressure and deteriorating environmental conditions. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus) is one of the most abundant species of Fish on the planet From being a stock that was distributed over large areas in the North Atlantic, the stock was reduced to a small stock in Norwegian coastal waters. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional International efforts have later started to rebuild the stock.

— Category 5 Hurricane Camille caused damage and destruction across much of the Gulf Coast of the United States. Hurricane Camille was the third and strongest tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season

1970s

• 1970 — Earth Day, millions of people gather in the United States for the first Earth day organized by Gaylord Nelson, former senator of Wisconsin, and Denis Hayes, Harvard graduate student. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Earth Day is one of two Observances both held annually during spring in the Northern hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern hemisphere. Gaylord Anton Nelson ( June 4, 1916 July 3, 2005) was an American Democratic politician from Wisconsin. Denis Hayes (1944-) is a leading environmental activist and proponent of Solar power.

— US Environmental Protection Agency established.

— Clean Air Act. A Clean Air Act describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of Smog and Air pollution in general

— Resource Recovery Act. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA enacted in 1976, is a Federal law of the United States contained in 42 U

— Francis A. Schaeffer publishes Pollution and the Death of Man. Francis August Schaeffer ( 30 January 1912 &ndash 15 May 1984) a forerunner of the Presbyterian Church in America. Pollution and the Death of Man is a philosophical work by Presuppositionalist theologian Francis A

— Arne Næss leads the non-violent civil disobedience protest against damming of the Mardalsfossen waterfall, later publishing on the deep ecology philosophy. Arne Dekke Eide Næss (born January 27, 1912) is widely regarded as the foremost Norwegian Philosopher of the 20th century and is the founder Mardalsfossen is one of the ten highest Waterfalls in Europe It is located in the municipality of Nesset, Norway. Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment.

• 1971 — The international environmental organisation Greenpeace founded in Vancouver, Canada. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Greenpeace has later developed national and regional offices in 41 countries worldwide.

— International Institute for Environment and Development established in London, UK. The '''International Institute for Environment and Development''' (IIED is a London-based policy research centre and think tank London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. One offshoot is the World Resources Institute with its biannual report World Resources since 1984. The World Resources Institute (WRI is an environmental Think tank founded in 1982 based in Washington D

— Nonprofit Keep America Beautiful launches the nationwide "Crying Indian" television public service advertisement, reaching nearly every American household. Keep America Beautiful is an environmental organization founded in 1953 Iron Eyes Cody ( April 3, 1904 &ndash January 4, 1999) was an American Actor born in Kaplan

• 1972 — The Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden 5 to 16 June, the first of a series of world environmental conferences. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (also known as the Stockholm Conference) was an international conference convened under United Nations auspices ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the

— United Nations Environment Programme founded as a result of the Stockholm conference. The UN Environment Programme (or UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies

— the Oslo Convention on dumping waste at sea, later merged with the Paris Convention on land-based sources of marine pollution into the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic or OSPAR Convention is the current legislative instrument regulating international

— The Club of Rome publishes its report Limits to Growth, which has sold 30 million copies in more than 30 translations, making it the best selling environmental book in world history. The Club of Rome is a global Think tank that deals with a variety of international political issues Limits to Growth is a 1972 book modeling the consequences of a rapidly growing World population and finite resource supplies commissioned by the

— Marine Mammal Protection Act. The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 prohibits with certain exceptions the taking of Marine mammals in United States waters and by U

— Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (also known as Ocean Dumping Act). Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 ( or MPRSA originally authorized the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate ocean dumping of Industrial wastes

— Noise Control Act. The Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972 (or Noise Control Act of 1972, 92-574 86 Stat

— Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act is the primary Federal law in the United States governing Water pollution.

— Coastal Zone Management Act. The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 USC 1451-1464 Chapter 33 P

— First photograph of the whole illuminated Earth taken from space, Apollo 17, resulting in the famous "Blue Marble" photograph, said to have been at least partly responsible for launching the modern environmental movement.

— Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) - major amendments

• 1973 — OPEC announces oil embargo against United States. The Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (or FIFRA) Et seq. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador

— World Conservation Union (IUCN) meeting drafts the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

— Endangered Species Preservation Act. CITES (the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments drafted The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( et seq or ESA is the most wide-ranging of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s

— E. F. Schumacher publishes Small Is Beautiful. Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher ( 16 August 1911 &ndash 4 September 1977) was an internationally influential Economic Small Is Beautiful Economics As If People Mattered is a collection of Essays by British economist E

• 1974 — Chlorofluorocarbons are first hypothesized to cause ozone thinning. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane

— National Reserves Management Act.

— World population reached 4 billion^[3].

— State Natural Heritage Program Network launched in the US.

• 1975 — Energy Policy and Conservation Act. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA declared it to be U
• 1976 — Dioxin accidental release in Seveso, Italy on 10 July, killing animals and traumatizing the population. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Not to be confused with Dioxane or Digoxin. Dioxin is a heterocyclic, organic, antiaromatic compound The Seveso disaster was an industrial accident that occurred around 1237 pm July 10, 1976, in a small chemical manufacturing plant approximately 25 km north of

— Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

• 1977 — Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA enacted in 1976, is a Federal law of the United States contained in 42 U Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of Coal mining in the United States

— Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act.

• 1978 — Brominated flame-retardants replaces PCBs as as the major chemical flame retardant. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Brominated flame retardants are a group of Flame retardants that consist of organic compounds containing Bromine. Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB s are a class of Organic compounds with 1 to 10 Chlorine atoms attached to Biphenyl which is a molecule composed Swedish scientists noticed these substances to be accumulating in human breast milk 1998. First ban on use in the EU 2004. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• 1979 — The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution is established to reduce air pollutant emissions and acid rain. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, often abbreviated as Air Pollution or CLRTAP, is intended to protect the human environment against Air Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure

— Three Mile Island, worst nuclear power accident in US history. Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station is a civilian Nuclear power plant located on an island (Three Mile Island in the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg

— Hans Jonas publishes The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of Ethics for the Technological Age. Hans Jonas ( May 10 1903 - February 5 1993) was a German -born philosopher who was from 1955 to 1976 Alvin Johnson Professor of Philosophy

1980s

• 1980 — Mount St. Helens erupts explosively in Washington state. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Mount St Helens is an active Stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

— Superfund (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act or CERCLA)

• 1982 — Coastal Barrier Resources Act. Superfund is the common name for the United States environmental policy officially known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The Coastal Barrier Resources Act of the United States (CBRA Public Law 97-348 enacted October 18, 1982, designated various undeveloped coastal barriers
• 1984 — Bhopal disaster in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh (Methyl isocyanate leakage). Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) The Bhopal disaster was an Industrial disaster that occurred in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, resulting in the immediate deaths Methyl isocyanate (MIC is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H3NO arranged as H3C-N=C=O
• 1986 — Chernobyl, world's worst nuclear power accident occurs at a plant in Ukraine. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Soviet Union.

— Emergency Wetlands Resources Act. Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986, approved November 10, 1986, authorized the purchase of wetlands from Land and Water Conservation Fund monies

— Tetra-ethyl lead phase-out was completed in the US. Tetra-ethyl lead, abbreviated TEL, is an organometallic compound with the formula ( CH3CH2)4 Pb.

— Northern Rivers Rerouting Project abandoned by the USSR government. The Northern river reversal or Siberian river reversal was a grandiose project to divert the flow of the Northern rivers in the Soviet Union, which "uselessly"

• 1987 — World population reached 5 billion^[3]. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar)

— The Report of the Brundtland Commission, Our Common Future on sustainable development, is published. The Brundtland Commission, formally the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED known by the name of its Chair Gro Harlem Brundtland, was convened Our Common Future is a report from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED and was published in 1987 Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present

• 1988 — Ocean Dumping Ban Act. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act or Ocean Dumping Act was one of several key environmental laws passed by the US Congress in 1972.

— Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess the "risk of human-induced climate change". The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The UN Environment Programme (or UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences

• 1989 — Exxon Valdez creates largest oil spill in US history. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)

— Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer entered into force on January 1. For other similarly-named agreements see Montreal Convention (disambiguation. The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were worked out by the British physicist Sidney Chapman in 1930 Since then, it has undergone five revisions, in 1990 (London), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999 (Beijing).

1990s

• 1990 — National Environmental Education Act. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The National Environmental Education Act of 1990 is an act of Congress of the United States of America to promote Environmental education.

— European Environment Agency was established by EEC Regulation 1210/1990 and became operational in 1994. European Environment Agency (EEA agency of the European Union devoted to establishing a monitoring network for the monitoring of the European environment Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) It is headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe

— The IPCC first assessment report was completed, and served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Annex I and Annex II Countries and Developing Countries Signatories to the UNFCCC are split into three groups Annex I countries (industrialized countries

— Clean Air Act - major amendment

• 1991 — The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October. The 1990 Clean Air Act is a piece of United States environmental policy relating to the reduction of Smog and Air pollution. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, also known as the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol is part of the Antarctic Treaty System. The agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas. It prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific.

— World's worst oil spill occurs in Kuwait during war with Iraq. For the fictional character see Oil Slick (Transformers. An oil spill is the release of a Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbon into The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.

— Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established by donor governments. The Global Environment Facility (GEF claims to unite 178 countries in partnership with international institutions non-governmental organizations (NGOs and the private sector to

• 1992 — The Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to June 14, was unprecedented for a United Nations conference, in terms of both its size and the scope of its concerns. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

— United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change opened for signature on 9 May ahead of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Annex I and Annex II Countries and Developing Countries Signatories to the UNFCCC are split into three groups Annex I countries (industrialized countries

— The international Convention on Biological Diversity opened for signature on 5 June in connection with the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The Convention on Biological Diversity, known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is an international Treaty that was adopted in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992

— World Ocean Day began on 8 June at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. World Ocean Day began on 8 June, 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

— The Canadian government closes all eastern seaboard fishing grounds due to insufficient recovery of the stock. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada.

— Ireland's Environmental Protection Agency established.

— The metaphor Ecological footprint is coined by William Rees. The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's Ecosystems. William Rees may refer to William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog (1802–1883 writer William Rees (cinematographer (1904–1961

• 1993 — The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the most destructive floods in United States history involving the Missouri and Mississippi river valleys. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Great Flood of 1993 occurred in the American Midwest, along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries from April to October The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to
• 1994 — United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification Particularly in Africa is a Convention to combat Desertification

— The first genetically modified food crop released to the market. Genetically modified (GM foods are food items that have had their DNA changed through Genetic engineering. It remains a strongly controversial environmental issue. The genetically modified food controversy is a dispute over the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified (GM food crops

• 1995 — Scotland's Environmental Protection Agency is established. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995
• 1996 — Western Shield, a wildlife conservation project is started in Western Australia, and through successful work has taken several species off of the state, national, and international (IUCN) Endangered Species Lists. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Western Shield, managed by Western Australia's Department of Environment and Conservation, is a Nature conservation program safeguarding Western Australia's native .
• 1997 — July, U.S. Senate unanimously passed by a 95–0 vote the Byrd-Hagel Resolution, which stated that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations.

— The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan in December. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. It is actually an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Annex I and Annex II Countries and Developing Countries Signatories to the UNFCCC are split into three groups Annex I countries (industrialized countries Countries that ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared

• 1999 — World population reached 6 billion^[3]. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)

21st century

• 2001 — U. The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. S. rejects the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort

— The IPCC release the IPCC Third Assessment Report. The IPCC Third Assessment Report, Climate Change 2001, is an assessment of available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change by an intergovermental panel

• 2002 — Earth Summit, held in Johannesburg a United Nations conference. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The World Summit on Sustainable Development, WSSD or Earth Summit 2002 took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa.
• 2003 — The world's largest reservoir, the Three Gorges Dam begins filling 1 June. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Zh-yue三峽大壩 The Three Gorges Dam ( is a hydroelectric River Dam that spans the Yangtze River in Sandouping,

— European Heat Wave resulting in the premature deaths of at least 35,000 people.

• 2004 — Earthquake causes large tsunamis in the Indian Ocean, killing nearly a quarter of a million people. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of

— FBI initiates Operation Backfire - an anti-terrorist law enforcement operation against "Eco-Radicals. "

• 2005 — Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma cause widespread destruction and environmental harm to coastal communities in the US Gulf Coast region. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States Hurricane Rita was the fourth-most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded and the most intense Tropical cyclone ever observed in the Gulf of Mexico Hurricane Wilma was the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic basin.

— The Kyoto Protocol came into force on February 16 following ratification by Russia on November 18, 2004. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

• 2006 — Former U. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. S. vice president Al Gore releases An Inconvenient Truth, a documentary that describes global warming. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former An Inconvenient Truth is an American Documentary film about Global warming, presented by former United States Vice President Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the The next year, Gore is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (jointly with the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change) for this and related efforts.

— The BBC's "Climate Chaos" season includes Are We Changing Planet Earth?, a two-part investigation into global warming by David Attenborough. Are We Changing Planet Earth? and Can We Save Planet Earth? are two programmes that form a documentary about Global warming, presented Sir David Frederick Attenborough OM, CH, CVO, CBE, FRS (born 8 May 1926 in London, England

— The Stern Review is published. The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released on October 30, 2006 by economist Lord Stern of Brentford for the The British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, says that it shows that scientific evidence of global warming was "overwhelming" and its consequences "disastrous". Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to

— World population reached 6. 5 billion^[8]

• 2007 — The IPCC release the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4 of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) is the fourth

— Power Shift 2007 - the first National Youth Climate Conference, held in College Park, MD and Washington, D. C. November 2-5, 2007. Power Shift 2007: Rise to the Climate Challenge saw over 5,000 youth converge in Washington, D. C. to build their movement, lobby congress, and make a statement about the way youth feel about Global Warming.

See also

• List of environmental issues
• Timeline of environmental history of New Zealand

References

Further reading

• Environmental History Timeline
• Firstgov.gov - various United States government sites
• The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, (1850-1920)' — The Library of Congress
• The Global Environmental Movement, John McCormick (London: John Wiley, 1995). John McCormick can refer to one of several people John Wesley McCormick ( 1754 &ndash 1837) - namesake of McCormick's

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