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Amendment XIII in the National Archives

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery, and with limited exceptions, such as those convicted of a crime, prohibits involuntary servitude. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Article One of the United States Constitution describes the powers of the legislative branch of the United States government, known as Congress Article Two' of the United States Constitution creates the Executive branch of the government, comprising the President and other executive Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the Judicial branch of the federal government. Article Four of the United States Constitution relates to the states Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution may be altered Article Six establishes the United States Constitution and the Laws and treaties of the United States made in accordance with it as the supreme Article Seven of the United States Constitution describes the process by which the entire document is to be ratified and take effect This is a complete full list of all ratified and unratified amendments to the United States Constitution which have received the approval of the Congress. In the United States the Bill of Rights is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress The Second Amendment (Amendment II to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights that protects the pre-existing The Third Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment III is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. The Fourth Amendment' ( Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is a part of the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment ( Amendment V) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, is related to legal procedure The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions in federal courts The Eighth Amendment ( Amendment VIII) to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights which took effect in 1791 Amendment IX (the Ninth Amendment) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, addresses rights of the people that are The Tenth Amendment ( Amendment X) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, The Eleventh Amendment ( Amendment XI) of the United States Constitution was passed by the U The Twelfth Amendment ( Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure by which the President and Vice President are The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that The The Seventeenth Amendment ( Amendment XVII) of the United States Constitution was passed by the Senate on June 12 1911 and by the House on May 13 1912 Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, along with the Volstead Act (which defined "intoxicating liquors" The Nineteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits each of the states and the federal government from The Twentieth Amendment ( Amendment XX) of the United States Constitution establishes some of the details dealing with the beginning and ending of the terms of The Twenty-first Amendment ( Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, The Twenty-second Amendment ( Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution sets a Term limit for the President of the United States. Amendment XXIII was the twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution which permits the District of Columbia to choose Electors Amendment XXIV (the Twenty-fourth Amendment) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in The Twenty-fifth Amendment ( Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution partially replaced the ambiguous wording of Article II Section 1 Clause The Twenty-sixth Amendment ( Amendment XXVI) of the United States Constitution, ratified on July 1, 1971, standardized the voting age to 18 The Twenty-seventh Amendment ( Amendment XXVII) is the most recent Amendment to the United States Constitution, having been ratified in 1992, The following is a list of existing or former national Constitutions by country and by Codification. The United States National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Involuntary servitude is a United States legal and Constitutional term for a person laboring against that person's will to benefit another under some form

At the time of its ratification, slavery remained legal only in Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and New Jersey. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Slavery in New Jersey was instituted in the Seventeenth Century (1600&ndash1700 shortly after Dutch first settled in the colony Everywhere else in the United States slaves had been freed by state action and the federal government's Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln (who had issued the Proclamation) and others were concerned that the Emancipation Proclamation would be seen as a temporary war measure, and so, besides freeing slaves in those states where slavery was still legal, they supported the Amendment as a means to guarantee the permanent abolition of slavery. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal

Text

Proposal and ratification

The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several states by the Thirty-Eighth United States Congress, on January 31, 1865. The Thirty-eighth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government consisting of the United States Senate and Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The amendment was adopted on December 6, 1865, when Georgia ratified the amendment. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule It was declared, in a proclamation of Secretary of State William Henry Seward, dated December 18, 1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the then thirty-six states. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Although it was ratified by the necessary three-quarters of the states within a year of its proposal, its most recent ratification occurred in 1995 in Mississippi, which was the last of the thirty-six states in existence in 1865 to ratify it. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States The dates of ratification were:^[1]

1. Illinois (February 1, 1865)
2. Rhode Island (February 2, 1865)
3. Michigan (February 3, 1865)
4. Maryland (February 3, 1865)
5. New York (February 3, 1865)
6. Pennsylvania (February 3, 1865)
7. West Virginia (February 3, 1865)
8. Missouri (February 6, 1865)
9. Maine (February 7, 1865)
10. Kansas (February 7, 1865)
11. Massachusetts (February 7, 1865)
12. Virginia (February 9, 1865)
13. Ohio (February 10, 1865)
14. Indiana (February 13, 1865)
15. Nevada (February 16, 1865)
16. Louisiana (February 17, 1865)
17. Minnesota (February 23, 1865)
18. Wisconsin (February 24, 1865)
19. Vermont (March 8, 1865)
20. Tennessee (April 7, 1865)
21. Arkansas (April 14, 1865)
22. Connecticut (May 4, 1865)
23. New Hampshire (July 1, 1865)
24. South Carolina (November 13, 1865)
25. Alabama (December 2, 1865)
26. North Carolina (December 4, 1865)
27. Georgia (December 6, 1865)

Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:

1. Oregon (December 8, 1865)
2. California (December 19, 1865)
3. Florida (December 28, 1865, reaffirmed on June 9, 1869)
4. Iowa (January 15, 1866)
5. New Jersey (January 23, 1866, after having rejected it on March 16, 1865)
6. Texas (February 18, 1870)
7. Delaware (February 12, 1901, after having rejected it on February 8, 1865)
8. Kentucky (March 18, 1976, after having rejected it on February 24, 1865)
9. Mississippi (March 16, 1995, after having rejected it on December 5, 1865)

History

The first twelve amendments had been adopted within fifteen years of the Constitution’s creation and approval. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The first ten (the Bill of Rights) were passed in 1791, the Eleventh Amendment in 1795 and the Twelfth Amendment in 1804. In the United States the Bill of Rights is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Eleventh Amendment ( Amendment XI) of the United States Constitution was passed by the U Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Twelfth Amendment ( Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure by which the President and Vice President are Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a When the Thirteenth Amendment was proposed there had been no new amendments adopted in more than sixty years.

The Thirteenth Amendment marked a profound change in policy. During the crises of secession and prior to the outbreak of the Civil War, the majority of bills passed by Congress had protected slavery. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South There had been very little proposed legislation to abolish slavery. Congressman John Quincy Adams had made a proposal in 1839, but there were no new proposals until December 14, 1863, when a bill to support an amendment to abolish slavery throughout the entire United States was introduced by Representative James Mitchell Ashley (Republican, Ohio). The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. James Mitchell Ashley ( November 14, 1824 September 16, 1896) was a U Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads This was soon followed by a similar proposal made by Representative James Falconer Wilson, (Republican, Iowa). James Falconer Wilson ( October 19, 1828 &ndash April 22, 1895) was a U The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America.

Eventually the Congress and the public began to take notice and a number of additional legislative proposals were brought forward. Senator John Brooks Henderson of Missouri submitted a joint resolution for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, January 11, 1864. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives John Brooks Henderson ( November 16, 1826 &ndash April 12, 1913) was a United States Senator from Missouri and a co-author Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee In the United States Congress, a joint resolution is a legislative measure that requires approval by the Senate and the House and is presented Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The abolition of slavery had, historically, been associated with Republicans, but Henderson was a War Democrat. War Democrats were those who broke with the majority of the Democratic Party and supported the military policies of President Abraham Lincoln during the The Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Lyman Trumbull (Republican, Illinois), became involved in merging different proposals for an amendment. The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a Standing committee of the United States Senate, the Lyman Trumbull ( October 12, 1813 &ndash June 25, 1896) was a United States Senator from Illinois during the The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Another Republican, Senator Charles Sumner (Radical Republican, Massachusetts), submitted a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery as well as guarantee equality on February 8 the same year. Charles Sumner (January 6 1811 &ndash March 11 1874 was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. The Radical Republicans is a term applied to a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. As the number of proposals and the extent of their scope began to grow, the Senate Judiciary Committee presented the Senate with an amendment proposal combining the drafts of Ashley, Wilson, and Henderson. ^[2]

Originally the amendment was co-authored and sponsored by Representatives James Mitchell Ashley (Republican, Ohio) and James Falconer Wilson (Republican, Iowa) and Senator John B. Henderson (Democrat, Missouri). James Mitchell Ashley ( November 14, 1824 September 16, 1896) was a U Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads James Falconer Wilson ( October 19, 1828 &ndash April 22, 1895) was a U The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives John Brooks Henderson ( November 16, 1826 &ndash April 12, 1913) was a United States Senator from Missouri and a co-author The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee It was followed by the other Reconstruction Amendments, the Fourteenth (intended to protect the civil rights of former slaves) and Fifteenth (which banned racial restrictions on voting). The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, passed between 1865 The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that

After debating the amendment, the Senate passed it on April 8, 1864, by a vote of 38 to 6. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Although they initially rejected the amendment, the House of Representatives passed it on January 31, 1865, by a vote of 119 to 56. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year President Abraham Lincoln signed a Joint Resolution, February 1, 1865, and submitted the proposed amendment to the states for ratification. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Ratification is the act of giving official sanction or approval to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution Secretary of State William Henry Seward issued a statement verifying the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment on December 18, 1865. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

The Thirteenth Amendment completed legislation to abolish slavery, which had begun with the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Approximately 40,000 slaves remaining in Kentucky were freed by the Thirteenth Amendment. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. ^[3]

Since the Thirteenth Amendment was proposed before the Southern states had been restored to the Union after the Civil War, it should have easily passed the Congress. However, while the Senate did pass it in April 1864, the House declined to do so. After it was reintroduced by Congressman James Mitchell Ashley, President Lincoln took an active role to ensure its passage through the House by ensuring the amendment was added to the Republican Party platform for the upcoming Presidential elections. James Mitchell Ashley ( November 14, 1824 September 16, 1896) was a U His efforts came to fruition when the House passed the bill in January 1865. The Thirteenth Amendment's archival copy bears an apparent Presidential signature, under the usual ones of the Speaker of the House and the "President of the Senate" (Vice President of the US) ^[4], after the words "Approved February 1, 1865".

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments are collectively the post-Civil War legislative measures that effected a paradigm change in civil rights in the U. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that S. A. ^[5]

Interpretation

Scope of legislation

In Butler v. Perry 240 U.S. 328 (1916) the Supreme Court ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment does not prohibit mandatory military service in the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The Draft redirects here For other uses see Draft. Conscription in the United States has been employed several times usually during

Offenses against the Thirteenth Amendment have not been prosecuted since 1947. ^[6][7]

Prior to 1988, inflicting involuntary servitude through psychologically coercive means was included in the interpretation of the Thirteenth Amendment. In 1988 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that compulsion of servitude through psychological coercion is not prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment. ^[8][9] Psychological coercion had been the primary means of forcing involuntary servitude in the case of Elizabeth Ingalls in 1947. ^[10] In United States v. Kozminski 487 U.S. 931 (1988), this was circumscribed to mean only physical coercion. However, the Court held that there are exceptions. ^[11] The court decision circumscribed involuntary servitude to be limited to those situations when the master subjects the servant to

(1) threatened or actual physical force,

(2) threatened or actual state-imposed legal coercion, or

(3) fraud or deceit where the servant is a minor, an immigrant or mentally incompetent.

The federal anti-slavery statutes were updated in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, P. L. 106-386, which expanded the federal statutes' coverage to cases in which victims are enslaved through psychological, as well as physical, coercion. ^[12][13]

Free versus unfree labor

Labor is defined as work of economic or financial value. Unfree labor, or labor not willingly given, is obtained in a number of ways:

• causing or threatening to cause serious harm to any person;
• physically restraining or threatening to physically restrain another person;
• abusing or threatening to abuse the law or legal process;
• knowingly destroying, concealing, removing, confiscating or possessing any actual or purported passport or other immigration document, or any other actual or purported government identification document, of another person;
• blackmail;
• causing or threatening to cause financial harm [using financial control over] to any person.

Definitions of conditions addressed by Thirteenth Amendment

Peonage^[14]

Refers to a person in "debt servitude," or involuntary servitude tied to the payment of a debt. Compulsion to servitude includes the use of force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion to compel a person to work against his or her will.

Involuntary Servitude^[15]

Refers to a person held by actual force, threats of force, or threats of legal coercion in a condition of slavery – compulsory service or labor against his or her will. This also includes the condition in which people are compelled to work against their will by a "climate of fear" evoked by the use of force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion (i. e. , suffer legal consequences unless compliant with demands made upon them) which is sufficient to compel service against a person's will. The first U. S. Supreme Court case to uphold the ban against involuntary servitude was Bailey v. Alabama (1911).

Forced Labor^[16]

Labor or service obtained by:

• by threats of serious harm or physical restraint;
• by means of any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe they would suffer serious harm or physical restraint if they did not perform such labor or services:
• by means of the abuse or threatened abuse of law or the legal process,

Enforcement

Main article: Congressional power of enforcement

Threat of legal consequences

Victims of human trafficking and other conditions of forced labor are commonly coerced by threat of legal actions to their detriment. A leading example is deportation of illegal immigrants. "The prospect of being forced to leave the United States, no matter how degrading the current living conditions, sometimes serves as a deterrent to reporting the situation to law enforcement. "^[17] Victims of forced labor and trafficking are protected by Title 18 of the U. S. Code^[18]

• Title 18, U. S. C. , Section 241 - Conspiracy Against Rights^[19]:

• Title 18, U. S. C. , Section 242 - Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law^[20]:

Earlier proposed Thirteenth Amendments

Twice before the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment, the Congress submitted to the States proposed Constitutional amendments that, if adopted, would have become the Thirteenth Amendment.

• Titles of Nobility Amendment, approved by Congress in 1810, would have revoked the citizenship of anyone either (1) accepting a foreign title of nobility or (2) accepting any foreign payment without Congressional authorization. The Titles of Nobility Amendment (TONA is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution dating from 1810

• Corwin Amendment, approved by Congress in 1861 and ratified by two states, which would have forbidden any constitutional amendment that would interfere with slavery, or any "domestic institutions" in a state. The Corwin Amendment was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States Congress on February 28 1861

Notes

References

• Herman Belz, Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era (1978)
• Mitch Kachun, Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808-1915 (2003)
• C. Peter Ripley, Roy E. Finkenbine, Michael F. Hembree, Donald Yacovone, Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation (1993)
• Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of mavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (2001)
• Model State Anti-trafficking Criminal Statute U. S. Dept of Justice

See also

• Corwin Amendment — A proposed amendment that would have protected slavery
• Crittenden Compromise
• Lyman Trumbull
• Titles of Nobility Amendment — Alleged by some to be "the missing thirteenth amendment"
• Slave state

External links

• Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery
• Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Thirteenth Amendment
• Text, historic document and research on the amendment Proposing Abolition of Slavery
• Thirteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of Congress
• National Archives: Thirteenth Amendment
• Ghost Amendment: The Thirteenth Amendment that Never Was (Description of the Corwin Amendment)
• CRS Annotated Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment