Citizendia

The Clash
The Clash cover
Studio album by The Clash
ReleasedApril 8, 1977 (1977-04-08)
RecordedNational Film and Television School, Beaconsfield, CBS Studios London, February 10-27, 1977
GenrePunk rock
Length35:18
LabelCBS
ProducerMickey Foote
Professional reviews
The Clash chronology
The Clash
(1977)		Give 'Em Enough Rope
(1978)

The Clash is the first album-length recording released by the English punk band The Clash. A studio album is an original collection of new tracks by a recording artist For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays The National Film and Television School (NFTS was established in 1971 and is based at Beaconsfield Studios in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, 25 miles west A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music This article is about the record label founded in 2006 For the earlier CBS Records label see Columbia Records. In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing allmusic (previously All Music Guide) is a Metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide. Robert Christgau (born April 18 1942) is an American Essayist, Music journalist, and the self-declared "Dean of American For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were Give 'Em Enough Rope is the second album by The Clash, released in 1978 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were It was released in two different versions, both of which are still in print: the original version in 1977 and the revised U. S. version in 1979 (with several post-1977 single sides added to the album). [1]

Contents

Recording and production

Issued in the UK by CBS Records in 1977, engineered by CBS staff engineer Simon Humphrey and produced by Clash live soundman Mickey Foote, at the (now-razed) CBS Whitfield Street Studio No. Columbia Records is an American Record label founded in 1888 Columbia is the oldest surviving Brand name in pre-recorded sound being the first record company 3. [2] This first album by the Clash was unusually musically varied for a punk band, with reggae and early rock and roll influences plainly evident. Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African

Most of the album was conceived on the 18th floor of a council high rise on London's Harrow Rd, in a flat that was rented by Jones' grandmother, who frequently went to see their live concert. [3] The album was recorded over three weekend sessions at CBS Studio 3 in early February 1977. By the third of these sessions the album was recorded and mixed to completion, with the tapes being delivered to CBS at the start of March. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. It cost just £4000 to produce.

Songs

 Music samples:
  • "White Riot"
    Sample of single and U. S. album version of "White Riot"
    "Remote Control"
    Sample of "Remote Control"
    "Police & Thieves"
    Sample of "Police & Thieves"
  • Problems playing the files? See media help. " White Riot " was the first single put out by seminal punk band The Clash, in 1977. " Remote Control " is a song by The Clash, featured on their debut album, and is a rant against oppression and conformity " Police & Thieves " is a well known Reggae Song first recorded in the Jamaican reggae version with the falsetto singer Junior Murvin from 1976

The subject of the opening track, "Janie Jones", was a famous madam in London in the 1970s. " Janie Jones " is a song by The Clash on their eponymous debut album. Janie Jones (born Marion Mitchell, Seaham, County Durham) was a famous madam in London in the 1970s "Remote Control" was written by Mick Jones after the Anarchy Tour and contains pointed observations about the civic hall bureaucrats who had cancelled concerts, the police, big business and especially record companies. " Remote Control " is a song by The Clash, featured on their debut album, and is a rant against oppression and conformity Michael Geoffrey "Mick" Jones (born 26 June 1955 was the lead Guitarist and a vocalist of the British Punk rock band The CBS decided to release the song as a single without consulting the band. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. "I'm So Bored with the U. S. A. " was developed from a Mick Jones song, entitled "I'm So Bored With You". [4] The intro is borrowed from "Pretty Vacant" by the Sex Pistols. The Sex Pistols are an English Punk rock band that formed in London in 1975 "White Riot" was the first single put out by The Clash. " White Riot " was the first single put out by seminal punk band The Clash, in 1977. For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were The song is short and intense, punk style of two chords played very fast. This article describes musical chords in traditional Western styles Lyrically, the song is about class economics and race. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets [5]

"Career Opportunities", the opening track of the B-side, attacks the political and economic situation in England at the time, citing the lack of jobs available, and the dreariness and lack of appeal of those that were available. See Career Opportunities (film for the movie of this same title A-side and B-side originally referred to the two sides of 7 inch Vinyl records on which singles were released beginning in the 1950s England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland "Protex Blue", sung by Mick Jones, is about a 1970s brand of condom. A condom is a device most commonly used during Sexual intercourse. The song ends with the shouted phrase "Johnny Johnny!", "johnny" being a British slang term for a condom. The version of "White Riot" featured here was not recorded for the album. Instead they used the original demo version, recorded at Beaconsfield Studios before the band signed to CBS. The National Film and Television School (NFTS was established in 1971 and is based at Beaconsfield Studios in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, 25 miles west

"Police & Thieves" was added to the album when the band realised just how short the tracklist was. " Police & Thieves " is a well known Reggae Song first recorded in the Jamaican reggae version with the falsetto singer Junior Murvin from 1976 Another cover the band toyed with at these sessions was Bob Marley's "Dancing Shoes". "Garageland" was written in response to Charles Shaar Murray's damning review of the band's early appearance at the Sex Pistols Screen on the Green concert - "The Clash are the kind of garage band who should be returned to the garage immediately, preferably with the engine running". Charles Shaar Murray (born 1951 is an English Music Journalist. The Sex Pistols are an English Punk rock band that formed in London in 1975 [6][7] It was the final track recorded for the album.

Artwork

The album's front cover photo, shot by Kate Simon, was taken in the alleyway directly opposite the front door of the band's 'Rehearsal Rehearsals' building in Camden Market. The Camden Markets are a number of adjoining large markets in Camden Town near the Hampstead Road Lock of the Regent's Canal (which is usually Drummer Terry Chimes, though a full member of The Clash at the time, did not appear in the shot as he had already decided to leave the band. Terry Chimes (born 25 January 1955, Stepney, London) was the original Drummer of Punk rock The picture of the charging police officers on the rear, shot by Rocco Macauly, was taken during the 1976 riot at the Notting Hill Carnival—the inspiration for the track "White Riot". Notting Hill Carnival is an annual event which takes place on the streets of Notting Hill, London, UK each August over two days (Sunday

Reception and influence

The album received positive reviews from critics and peaked at number 12 in the UK charts. In December 1979, critic Robert Christgau named it his favorite album of the 1970s. Robert Christgau (born April 18 1942) is an American Essayist, Music journalist, and the self-declared "Dean of American [8] In February 1993, the New Musical Express magazine ranked the album number 13 in its list of the Greatest Albums Of All Time. The New Musical Express (better known as the NME) is a Popular music Magazine in the United Kingdom which has been [9]. NME also ranked The Clash number 3 in its list of the Greatest Albums of the '70s, and wrote in the review that "the speed-freaked brain of punk set to the tinniest, most frantic guitars ever trapped on vinyl. Lives were changed beyond recognition by it".

In December 1999, Q magazine rated the album 5 stars out of 5, and wrote about The Clash that they "would never sound so punk as they did on 1977's self-titled debut. Q is a Music Magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom, with a circulation of 130179 as of June 2007 . . . Lyrically intricate. . . it still howled with anger". [10] The same magazine placed The Clash at number forty-eight in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever in 2000,[11] and included The Clash in its "100 Best Punk Albums", giving it 5 stars out of 5, in May 2002. [12]

In 2000, Alternative press rated the album 5 out of 5. Alternative Press (or commonly referred to on the website and in the magazine as AP) is an American music magazine based in Cleveland Ohio which primarily Alternative press review saw The Clash as an eternal punk album, a blueprint for the pantomime of 'punkier' rock acts, and that for all of its forced politics and angst, The Clash continues to sound crucial. [13]

In May 2001, Spin magazine ranked the album number 3 in its "50 Most Essential Punk Records", and wrote "Punk as alienated rage, as anticorporate blather, as joyous racial confusion, as evangelic outreach and white knuckles and haywire impulses". Spin is a Music Magazine that reports on Music for Life Founded in 1985 by publisher Bob Guccione Jr [14]

In 2003, the album was ranked number 77 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published The album was described as a "youthful ambition bursts through the Clash's debut, a machine-gun blast of songs about unemployment, race, and the Clash themselves. "[15][16]

In March 2003, Mojo magazine ranked The Clash number 2 in its "Top 50 Punk Albums", writing about the album that it was "the ultimate punk protest album. Mojo is a popular Music Magazine published by Bauer, monthly in the United Kingdom. Searingly evocative of dreary late '70s Britain, but still timelessly inspiring". [17]

Lee Perry (credited with singer Junior Murvin with the composition of "Police and Thieves") heard the album whilst in London in 1977 and played it to Bob Marley, who in turn mentioned The Clash on his own track "Punky Reggae Party". Lee "Scratch" Perry (born Rainford Hugh Perry, on March 20, 1936, in Kendal Jamaica) is a reggae and dub artist who has been Junior Murvin (born Murvin Junior Smith, circa 1949 Port Antonio, Jamaica) is a Jamaican Reggae artist. Robert "Bob" Nesta Marley OM (February 6 1945 – May 11 1981 was a Jamaican Musician, Singer-songwriter and Rastafarian " Punky Reggae Party " is a Reggae song by Bob Marley & The Wailers, recorded and released in 1977.

Track listing

All tracks were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted. John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002 better known as Joe Strummer, was the co-founder lyricist Rhythm guitarist and lead singer of the Michael Geoffrey "Mick" Jones (born 26 June 1955 was the lead Guitarist and a vocalist of the British Punk rock band The

Side one

  1. "Janie Jones" – 2:08
  2. "Remote Control" – 3:03
  3. "I'm So Bored with the USA" – 2:24
  4. "White Riot" – 1:56
  5. "Hate and War" – 2:06
  6. "What's My Name?" (Jones, Levine, Strummer) – 1:41
  7. "Deny" – 3:06
  8. "London's Burning" – 2:12

Tracks 1, 3–4, 6–8 are sung by Joe Strummer. " Janie Jones " is a song by The Clash on their eponymous debut album. " Remote Control " is a song by The Clash, featured on their debut album, and is a rant against oppression and conformity " I'm So Bored with the USA " is a song by The Clash from their eponymous debut album. " White Riot " was the first single put out by seminal punk band The Clash, in 1977. Keith Levene (born Julian Keith Levene, July 18 1957 London) is an English Guitarist and Songwriter, best known as a member of Tracks 2 and 5 are sung by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones.

Side two

  1. "Career Opportunities" – 1:54
  2. "Cheat" – 2:06
  3. "Protex Blue" – 1:47
  4. "Police & Thieves" (Junior Murvin, Lee Perry) – 6:03
  5. "48 Hours" – 1:36
  6. "Garageland" – 3:12

Tracks 1–2 and 4–6 are sung by Joe Strummer. See Career Opportunities (film for the movie of this same title " Police & Thieves " is a well known Reggae Song first recorded in the Jamaican reggae version with the falsetto singer Junior Murvin from 1976 Junior Murvin (born Murvin Junior Smith, circa 1949 Port Antonio, Jamaica) is a Jamaican Reggae artist. Lee "Scratch" Perry (born Rainford Hugh Perry, on March 20, 1936, in Kendal Jamaica) is a reggae and dub artist who has been Track 3 is sung by Mick Jones.

Personnel

1979 U. Michael Geoffrey "Mick" Jones (born 26 June 1955 was the lead Guitarist and a vocalist of the British Punk rock band The The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with Speech. John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002 better known as Joe Strummer, was the co-founder lyricist Rhythm guitarist and lead singer of the Paul Gustave Simonon (born 15 December 1955 is an English musician best known as the Bass guitarist for Punk rock band The Clash. The electric bass guitar (also called electric bass, or simply bass; ˈbeɪs as in "base" is a Stringed instrument played primarily with the Terry Chimes (born 25 January 1955, Stepney, London) was the original Drummer of Punk rock A drum kit (also drum set or trap set) is a collection of Drums Cymbals and sometimes other Percussion instruments such as cowbells S. version

The Clash (1979 U. S. version)
The Clash (1979 U.S. version) cover
Studio album by The Clash
ReleasedJuly 1979 (1979-07)
Recorded1976–1979
GenrePunk rock
Length43:20
LabelEpic
ProducerMickey Foote, Lee Perry, The Clash, Bill Price
Professional reviews
The Clash U. A studio album is an original collection of new tracks by a recording artist For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music Epic Records is an American Record label. It is owned and operated by Sony Music Entertainment. In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing Lee "Scratch" Perry (born Rainford Hugh Perry, on March 20, 1936, in Kendal Jamaica) is a reggae and dub artist who has been For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were Bill Price is a producer and engineer famed for his work with The Clash, The Sex Pistols and Guns N' Roses He has remained out allmusic (previously All Music Guide) is a Metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide. Robert Christgau (born April 18 1942) is an American Essayist, Music journalist, and the self-declared "Dean of American For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were S. chronology
Give 'Em Enough Rope
(1978)		The Clash
(1979)		London Calling
(1979)

In the U. Give 'Em Enough Rope is the second album by The Clash, released in 1978 London Calling is the third album by English Punk rock band The Clash, released 14 December 1979 on CBS Records in the UK and in January 1980 S. the Clash's debut album was released one year after Give Em Enough Rope, so it was their second U. S. LP. CBS in America had decided that the album was 'not radio friendly', so it was initially only available in the States during 1977/1978 as an import, and as such became the biggest selling import of the year, shifting over 100,000 copies. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. [18]

In July 1979, Epic released a modified version of the album for the United States market. This version replaced four songs from the original version with five non-album singles and B-sides, some of which were recorded and released after The Clash's second album, Give 'Em Enough Rope. Give 'Em Enough Rope is the second album by The Clash, released in 1978 It also used the re-recorded single version of "White Riot", rather than the original take featured on the UK album. Initial copies of this American album came with a bonus 7" single which featured "Groovy Times" and "Gates of the West". [19]

This was another moderately successful American album for The Clash, even though the sales were likely diluted by the longstanding popularity of the UK version on the import market. The Clash peaked at #126 on the Billboard charts, setting the stage for the commercial breakthrough of London Calling later that year. London Calling is the third album by English Punk rock band The Clash, released 14 December 1979 on CBS Records in the UK and in January 1980

Since the Clash's first U. K. album had already been released in Canada by CBS Records, when CBS Canada released the U. S. version they changed the cover art so as to not confuse the record buying public. The CBS Canada version of the LP has a dark blue border instead of the green. Initial copies also contained the bonus "Groovy Times" 45.

Track listing (1979)

All tracks were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted. John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002 better known as Joe Strummer, was the co-founder lyricist Rhythm guitarist and lead singer of the Michael Geoffrey "Mick" Jones (born 26 June 1955 was the lead Guitarist and a vocalist of the British Punk rock band The

Side one (1979)

  1. "Clash City Rockers" – 3:55
  2. "I'm So Bored with the USA" – 2:24
  3. "Remote Control" – 3:00
  4. "Complete Control" – 3:14
  5. "White Riot" – 1:58
  6. "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais" – 3:58
  7. "London's Burning" – 2:10
  8. "I Fought the Law" (Sonny Curtis) – 2:40

Side two (1979)

  1. "Janie Jones" – 2:00
  2. "Career Opportunities" – 1:58
  3. "What's My Name?" (Jones, Levene, Strummer) – 1:40
  4. "Hate and War" – 2:05
  5. "Police & Thieves" (Junior Murvin, Lee Perry) – 5:58
  6. "Jail Guitar Doors" – 3:05
  7. "Garageland" – 3:12

Personnel (1979)

Notes

  1. ^ Letts Don; Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper Headon, Terry Chimes, Rick Elgood, The Clash. " Clash City Rockers " is a song and single by The Clash. " I'm So Bored with the USA " is a song by The Clash from their eponymous debut album. " Remote Control " is a song by The Clash, featured on their debut album, and is a rant against oppression and conformity " Complete Control " is a song by The Clash, released as a 7" single and featured on the U " White Riot " was the first single put out by seminal punk band The Clash, in 1977. " I Fought the Law " is a much- covered song originally recorded by Sonny Curtis and The Crickets (post Buddy Holly in 1959 Sonny Curtis (born May 9, 1937, in Meadow Texas) is an American singer and songwriter " Janie Jones " is a song by The Clash on their eponymous debut album. See Career Opportunities (film for the movie of this same title Keith Levene (born Julian Keith Levene, July 18 1957 London) is an English Guitarist and Songwriter, best known as a member of " Police & Thieves " is a well known Reggae Song first recorded in the Jamaican reggae version with the falsetto singer Junior Murvin from 1976 Junior Murvin (born Murvin Junior Smith, circa 1949 Port Antonio, Jamaica) is a Jamaican Reggae artist. Lee "Scratch" Perry (born Rainford Hugh Perry, on March 20, 1936, in Kendal Jamaica) is a reggae and dub artist who has been " Jail Guitar Doors " is a song by The Clash, recorded during October and November 1977 and released on February 17, 1978 as the b-side Michael Geoffrey "Mick" Jones (born 26 June 1955 was the lead Guitarist and a vocalist of the British Punk rock band The The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with Speech. John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002 better known as Joe Strummer, was the co-founder lyricist Rhythm guitarist and lead singer of the Paul Gustave Simonon (born 15 December 1955 is an English musician best known as the Bass guitarist for Punk rock band The Clash. The electric bass guitar (also called electric bass, or simply bass; ˈbeɪs as in "base" is a Stringed instrument played primarily with the Terry Chimes (born 25 January 1955, Stepney, London) was the original Drummer of Punk rock A drum kit (also drum set or trap set) is a collection of Drums Cymbals and sometimes other Percussion instruments such as cowbells Nicholas Bowen "Topper" Headon (born 30 May 1955, Bromley, Kent, England) known as 'Topper' (because of his resemblance Don Letts (born) is a British film director and musician He is credited as the man who through his DJing at clubs like The Roxy brought together punk and John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002 better known as Joe Strummer, was the co-founder lyricist Rhythm guitarist and lead singer of the Michael Geoffrey "Mick" Jones (born 26 June 1955 was the lead Guitarist and a vocalist of the British Punk rock band The Paul Gustave Simonon (born 15 December 1955 is an English musician best known as the Bass guitarist for Punk rock band The Clash. Nicholas Bowen "Topper" Headon (born 30 May 1955, Bromley, Kent, England) known as 'Topper' (because of his resemblance Terry Chimes (born 25 January 1955, Stepney, London) was the original Drummer of Punk rock For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World [Documentary]. The Clash Westway to the World is a 2000 Documentary film about the British Punk rock band The Clash. New York, NY: Sony Music Entertainment; Dorismo; Uptown Films. Sony Music Entertainment is a major global Record label controlled by the Sony Corporation of America, being one of the "big four" record companies Retrieved on 2007-11-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Event occurs at 25:00–25:35; 25:45–27:40; 34:00–36:00; 44:40–45:00. ISBN 0738900826. OCLC 49798077. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
  2. ^ The Clash. Mojo, Mojo Classic issue. p. 33.
  3. ^ "The Uncut Crap - Over 56 Things You Never Knew About The Clash" (March 16, 1991). Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. NME 3. The New Musical Express (better known as the NME) is a Popular music Magazine in the United Kingdom which has been London: IPC Magazines. ISSN 0028-6362. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. OCLC 4213418. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
  4. ^ Caws, Matthew (12 1995). Matthew Caws (born August 5, 1967, in New York City) is the lead singer of the band Nada Surf. "Mick Jones". Guitar World 12. New York: Harris Publications. ISSN 1045-6295. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. OCLC 7982091. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
  5. ^ Letts (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World. Event occurs at 25:45–27:40.
  6. ^ Letts (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World. Event occurs at 25:00–25:35.
  7. ^ Needs, Kris (11 2004). HOW I MET THE CLASH. trakMARX. com. Retrieved on 2007-11-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem.
  8. ^ Christgau, Robert (1979-12-17). Robert Christgau (born April 18 1942) is an American Essayist, Music journalist, and the self-declared "Dean of American Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Decade Personal Best: '70s (PHP). robertchristgau. com. Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  9. ^ NME (February 2, 1993), p. The New Musical Express (better known as the NME) is a Popular music Magazine in the United Kingdom which has been Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) 29
  10. ^ Q (December 1999), pp. Q is a Music Magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom, with a circulation of 130179 as of June 2007 152-153.
  11. ^ Q (June 2000), p. 70.
  12. ^ Q (May 2002). SE, p. 135.
  13. ^ Alternative Press (March 2000), pp. Alternative Press (or commonly referred to on the website and in the magazine as AP) is an American music magazine based in Cleveland Ohio which primarily 74-75.
  14. ^ Spin (May 2001), p. Spin is a Music Magazine that reports on Music for Life Founded in 1985 by publisher Bob Guccione Jr 108.
  15. ^ Rolling Stone (November 11, 2003), p. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. 114.
  16. ^ 77) The Clash: Rolling Stone. The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Rolling Stone (2003-11-01). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Retrieved on 2007-12-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
  17. ^ Mojo (March 2003), p. Mojo is a popular Music Magazine published by Bauer, monthly in the United Kingdom. 76.
  18. ^ Letts (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World. Event occurs at 34:00–36:00.
  19. ^ Letts (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World. Event occurs at 44:40–45:00.

References

External links

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