The Tehran Conference (codenamed EUREKA) was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. It was the first World War II conference among the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) in which Stalin was present. List of World War II conferences of the Allied forces The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located It succeeded the Cairo Conference and was followed by the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference. The Cairo Conference (codenamed "SEXTANT" of November 22 - 26 November 1943 held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed the Allied The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 16, The chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe. At the same time a separate protocol pledged the three countries to recognize Iran's independence:
- "The Three Governments realize that the war has caused special economic difficulties for Iran, and they are agreed that they will continue to make available to the Government of Iran such economic assistance as may be possible, having regard to the heavy demands made upon them by their world-wide military operations, and to the world-wide shortage of transport, raw materials, and supplies for civilian consumption. " (Declaration of the Three Powers Regarding Iran—December 1, 1943)
Most importantly the conference was organized to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers
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Major conclusions
- An agreement was made stating that the Partisans of Yugoslavia should be supported by supplies and equipment and also by commando operations. The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian In Military science, the term commando can refer to an individual a Military unit, or a raiding style of military operation.
- It was agreed that it would be most desirable if Turkey should come into war on the side of the Allies before the end of the year. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
- If Turkey found themselves at war, the Soviet Union was to support them.
- Took note on November 30 that Operation Overlord would be launched during May 1944, in conjunction with an operation against southern France. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
- It was agreed that the military staff of the Three Powers should from then on keep in close touch with each other. A military staff is a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commander and subordinate units
- Britain and the U. S. promised Stalin that they would send troops to Western Europe. It was agreed that they would arrive in the spring of 1944.
- At the insistence of Stalin, the borders of post-war Poland were determined along the Oder and Neisse rivers and the Curzon line. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and The Curzon Line was a Demarcation line proposed in 1920 by the British Foreign Secretary George Nathaniel Curzon 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
- A United Nations Organization was tentatively agreed to.
- The Soviet Union agreed to wage war against Japan once Germany was defeated.
Overview
The key Allied leaders—Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill—were known as the "Big Three" because of the might of the nations they represented and their peaceful collaboration during World War II. These three leaders met together only twice during World War II, but when they did confer, their decisions changed the course of history.
The first of these two conferences, the Tehran Conference, took place in Tehran, Iran. It only came about after much pleading and threats from Roosevelt who wished to strengthen the cooperation between the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR. In fact, Roosevelt wanted this meeting so much that he was willing to make numerous concessions to Stalin, and the choice of the location itself was a place that was more convenient for Stalin.
Churchill and the British diplomats hoped to establish a method for dealing with Stalin before the conference, and therefore they arranged the Cairo Conference. However, the Cairo Conference did not go as planned. Roosevelt was withdrawn and edgy, ignoring the Stalin issue, and the conference was spent discussing mainly future policy with China and Japan. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. From the Cairo Conference, it appeared that Roosevelt planned to deal with Stalin alone, but his health would not permit him to negotiate with Stalin from a strong, focused position. In fact, Roosevelt arrived in Tehran on November 28, 1943 with little bargaining power and in poor physical condition. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In contrast, Stalin arrived jubilant and swaggering because of the USSR’s most recent victories in Eastern Europe, and he clearly held the upper hand. Churchill was calm and focused, hoping to promote his Mediterranean plan.
The Tehran Conference was the first three-power war conference of World War II, so the first thing the United States and Great Britain did was to ensure full cooperation and assistance from the Soviet Union for any and all war policies. Stalin agreed, but at a price: Roosevelt and Churchill would have to support his reign and the partisans in Yugoslavia, and also allow for the manipulation of the border between Poland and the USSR. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin then moved on to more important matters, mainly Operation Overlord and general war policy. Operation Overlord was scheduled to begin in May 1944, in conjunction with the Soviet attack on Germany’s eastern border. The attacks would combine the force of Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and numerous other countries, and would later be known as "D-Day", the series of battles that decided the war’s end. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote The “Big Three” spent days wrangling about when Operation Overlord should take place, who should command it, and where operations should begin.
Next, Roosevelt gave Stalin a pledge that he had been waiting for since June 1941: that the Anglo-Americans would open a second front in France in the spring of 1944. This was Stalin’s major political objective of the war, so he was well-satisfied. Churchill up to this point had been seeking a joint United Kingdom, United States and Commonwealth forces push through the Mediterranean that would have secured British interests in the Middle East and India. Roosevelt was determined to break up the British Empire and so the concessions to Stalin served this purpose. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Concerning general war policy, the Soviet Union requested backup troops in Western Europe, and it was agreed that these troops would arrive in the spring of 1944. It was also agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin also concurred that the Axis powers would face unconditional terms of surrender, and that once defeated, the nations in league with the Axis powers would be divided into territories to be controlled by the USSR, the U. S. , and the UK. In regard to common alliances and international relations, Iran and Turkey were mainly discussed. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin all agreed to support Iran’s government, as addressed in the following declaration:
- The Three Governments realize that the war has caused special economic difficulties for Iran, and they all agreed that they will continue to make available to the Government of Iran such economic assistance as may be possible, having regard to the heavy demands made upon them by their world-wide military operations, and to the world-wide shortage of transport, raw materials, and supplies for civilian consumption.
In addition, the Soviet Union was required to pledge support to Turkey if they found themselves at war, and Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided that it would also be most desirable if Turkey entered the war on the Allies’ side before the year was out. Despite being forced to accept the above arrangements of the conference, Stalin dominated, using the Soviet victory at the Battle of Kursk and military might, as well as key positions on the German front, to get his way. The Battle of Kursk (Курская битва refers to a series of German and Soviet operations on the Eastern Front of World War II Roosevelt attempted to cope with the crushing onslaught of demands, but with few strategic positions and various other bargaining powers, he was able to do little except appease Stalin. Churchill mostly argued for his Mediterranean plan instead of Operation Overlord, something that annoyed all diplomats and officials. Therefore, Stalin plowed his way through the conference, checking off items on his to-do list. One of Roosevelt and Churchill's main concessions concerned post-war Poland. Stalin wished for an area in the Eastern part of Poland to be added to the USSR, and for the border to be lengthened elsewhere in the country. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to this demand, and Poland’s borders were declared to lie along the Oder and Neisse rivers and the Curzon line, despite protests of the Polish government-in-exile in London. The Government of the Polish Republic in Exile was the government of Poland after the country had been occupied by Germany and the Soviet Union during September–October London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Churchill and Roosevelt also gave Stalin free rein in his own country, and allowed the USSR to set up puppet communist governments in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Baltic states, Romania, and other Eastern European countries. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The Baltic states (Balti riigid Baltijas valstis Baltijos valstybės or Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe, all members of the Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. After the aforementioned conclusions were made, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin returned to their own countries to carry out war policies, with the agreement that military leaders of the three countries would meet together often, for further discussion. So, thus ended the friendliest and most productive conference of World War II.
Tripartite dinner meeting
Before the dinner meeting Churchill presented Stalin with a specially commissioned ceremonial sword (the "Sword of Stalingrad") commemorating the victory in the battle of Stalingrad as a gift from king George VI to the citizens of Stalingrad and the people of the Soviet Union. The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the When Stalin received the sheathed sword, he took it with both hands, kissed the scabbard and handed it to marshal Voroshilov who mishandled it causing the sword to fall to the ground. A scabbard is a Sheath for holding a Sword or other large blade Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches (Климе́нт Ефре́мович Вороши́лов Kliment Efremovič Vorošilov, Климент Єфремович Ворошилов popularly known as Klim Voroshilov [1]
During the Tripartite Dinner Meeting at the Tehran Conference, Stalin who, according to the US report of the dinner, continuously needled Churchill for his perceived "affection" for the Germans, proposed executing 50,000–100,000 German staff officers. Roosevelt joked that perhaps 49,000 would do. Churchill denounced the idea of "the cold blooded execution of soldiers who fought for their country. " He said that, "war criminals must pay for their crimes and individuals who had committed barbarous acts, and in accordance with the Moscow Document, which he himself had written, they must stand trial at the places where the crimes were committed. The Moscow Declaration was signed during the Moscow Conference on October 30 1943. " He objected vigorously, however, "to executions for political purposes. "[2]
German assassination attempt
When Hitler's agents made him aware of the location of the conference, he made plans to assassinate the three leaders of the Allies. German paratroopers, some in Russian uniforms, were dropped in several locations, including the outskirts of Teheran, Ghasvin and Qom. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of The assassination of the Big Three and the destruction of some of the railroad tunnels near Qom were their goals, but they were apprehended almost as soon as they touched ground. The British, Soviet, and American troops also rounded the Nazi accomplices, and the Big Three completed their conference without incident. See also Persian Corridor The Persian Gulf Command was a United States Army service command established in December 1943 to assure the supply of U Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German
Declaration of the Three Powers
Declaration of the Three Powers, December 1, 1943 "We the President of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, and the Premier of the Soviet Union, have met these four days past, in this, the Capital of our Ally, Iran, and have shaped and confirmed our common policy. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "
See also
- Western betrayal
- List of World War II conferences
- Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
- Iran-Britain relations
- Iran-Russia relations
Footnotes
- ^ Stalingrad, by Antony Beevor, ISBN 0-14-024985-0
- ^ He declared that he would rather be taken outside and shot rather than agree to Stalin's proposal of summary executions for German officers. Western betrayal or Yalta betrayal are popular terms in many Central European countries especially in Poland and the Czech Republic which refers List of World War II conferences of the Allied forces The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran was the invasion of Iran by British and Commonwealth forces and the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation Countenance Written by Anthony Beevor, Stalingrad is a narrative history of the epic battle fought in and around the city of Stalingrad during World War II Antony James Beevor (born 14 December 1946) is a British Historian, educated at Winchester College and Sandhurst. He stormed out of the room but was brought back in by Stalin who convinced him that he wasn't serious. Tehran Conference: Tripartite Dinner Meeting November 29, 1943 Soviet Embassy, 8:30 PM
Bibliography
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- “Portraits of Presidents: Franklin D. Roosevelt. ” School Arts Magazine Feb. 1999: 37. Student Research Center. EBSCO Host. Philadelphia. 2 April 2006. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Keyword: FDR.
- Snyder, Louis L. World War II. New York: Grolier Company, 1981.
- Sulzberger, C L. American Heritage New History of World War II. Ed. Stephen E. Ambrose. New York: Viking Penguin, 1998.
- "Teheran Conference. " Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 24 March 2006. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Wikipedia Foundation. 26 March 2006. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference>.
- "Western Betrayal. " Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 29 March 2006. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Wikipedia Foundation. 2 April 2006. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_betrayal>.
- “Yalta Conference. ” Funk and Wagnells New Encyclopedia. World Almanac Education Group, 2003. SIRS DISCOVER. Philadelphia. 2 April 2006. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Keyword: Yalta Conference.
- Miscellaneous No. 8 (1947) Military Conclusions of the Tehran Conference. Tehran, 1st December, 1943. British Parliamentary Papers. By Royal Command. CMD 7092 Presented by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to Parliament by Command of His Majesty.
External links
- The Division of Europe Online Documents Collection
- United States Department of
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