The Syrian occupation of Lebanon is one of several terms for the period 1976-2005 when Syria had a military presence in and significant control over Lebanon. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية [1]
During the Lebanese Civil War, Lebanon requested Syrian assistance as an Arab peacekeeping force. The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990 was a multifaceted Civil war whose antecedents can be traced back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace The Arab League agreed to send a peacekeeping force mostly formed by Syrian troops. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية Initially Syria's mission was to protect the Christians and help them from being overun by the Muslims, who were allied in the Lebanese National Movement (LNM); two years later, in 1978, Syria changed its position and sided with the PLO. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Lebanese National Movement (LNM ( Arabic: الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية) was a front of parties and organizations active during the early years Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary
Analyzing whether and when the Syrian presence was a military occupation under international law, Gerhard von Glahn writes that "The mandate of the Force was renewed several times before it officially expired on July 27, 1982, at the time of the Israeli siege of Beirut. Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Historical Setting The PLO moved its primary base of operations to Beirut in the late 1960s after an attempt on their part to overthrow the government The Lebanese government refused to request that the mandate be renewed by the Arab League. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية Instead, in September 1986, Lebanon requested an end to the Syrian presence in Lebanon. It would appear that, lacking legal authority from both Lebanon and the Arab League, Syria's military forces had to be regarded henceforth as illegal occupants of Lebanon. "[2]
In the late 1980s, General Michel Aoun was appointed President of the Council of Ministers by President Amine Gemayel, a controversial move since Aoun was a Maronite Christian and the post was by unwritten convention reserved for a Sunni Muslim. Michel Naim Aoun ( Arabic: ميشال عون (born 19 february 1935 in Haret Hreik, Lebanon) is a former Lebanese Amine Pierre Gemayel (أمين بيار الجميٌل (born 22 January 1942) was President of Lebanon from 1982 Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac The National Pact is an unwritten agreement that laid the foundation of Lebanon as a multi-confessional state and has shaped the country to this day Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim ministers refused to serve in Aoun's government, which was not recognised by Syria. Two rival administrations were formed: a military one under Aoun in East Beirut and a civilian one under Selim el-Hoss based in West Beirut; the latter gained the support of the Syrians. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Selim Ahmed El-Hoss (spelled "Salim El-Hoss" on his website Arabic: سليم أحمد الحص (born 1929 is a veteran Lebanese politician Aoun opposed the Syrian presence in Lebanon, citing the 1982 UN Security Council Resolution 520. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 was adopted by the UN Security Council on September 17 1982 after the assassination of Lebanese President [1] The Syrian military remained in Lebanon; after a successful campaign against the Lebanese Forces militia who had controlled Beirut port, Aoun, now with massive popular support in his East Beirut enclave, declared a "War of Liberation" against the Syrian forces. The Lebanese Forces (LF ( Arabic: القوات اللبنانية al-quwat al-lubnāniyya) is a Lebanese political party and a former Fighting began on 14 March 1989. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Casualties among civilians on both sides from indiscriminate artillery bombardments across the front line were numerous. Aoun initially received a greater degree of international support than el-Hoss, but this ended abruptly with the American build-up for war with Iraq over Kuwait. Aoun had received considerable support from the Iraqi government, anxious to weaken the rival Baathist regime in Damascus; in return for Syrian support in the Kuwait war, the United States and Israel agreed to allow Syria to evict Aoun, and in October 1990 Syrian forces took the presidential palace at Baabda by storm. Aoun took refuge in the French embassy and was later exiled from Lebanon to France. Circumstances surrounding his exile are controversial; his apprehension and exile are variously attributed to Syrian forces, Israeli Defense Forces, Shii' militias, and the Lebanese Forces militia of Samir Geagea. The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit Samir Farid Geagea ( Arabic: سمير فريد جعجع, also Samir Ja`ja`) born October 25, 1952 is the leader of the right wing
Syrian forces remained in Lebanon, exercising considerable influence over its government from 1990 to 2005.
After the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon and the death of Hafez Al-Assad in 2000, the Syrian occupation faced fierce criticism and resistance from the Lebanese population. Hafez al-Assad (حافظ الأسد) ( October 6, 1930 &ndash June 10, 2000) was president of Syria, for three The occupation ended on 26 April 2005 after the Cedar Revolution that took place as a reaction to the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on 14 February 2005. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Cedar Revolution ( Arabic: ثورة الأرز - thawrat al-arz) or Independence Intifada ( intifāḍat al-istiqlāl) was a chain of demonstrations Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Notes
- ^ Occupied from 1976:
- "Syria, a supporter of Hezbollah, has occupied Lebanon since 1976. " Talbot, Stephen. "SYRIA/LEBANON: The Occupied/Occupied", PBS FRONTLINE/World, Dispatches from a small planet: Elections 2004. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Frontline is a public affairs television program of varying length produced at WGBH in Boston Massachusetts, and distributed through the Retrieved Oct 27, 2006.
- "1979-1981 Syrian opposition group, the Muslim Brotherhood, launches guerrilla attacks and armed uprisings against the government to protest Syrian oppression of Palestinian peoples in occupied Lebanon. " In depth Syria: Timeline, CBC News Online, October 12, 2005. Retrieved Oct 27, 2006.
- "Syria. . . occupied Lebanon for the last 30 years". Rice, Condoleezza, "Interview on NBC's Meet the Press with Tim Russert", August 6, 2006. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Meet the Press is a weekly American television news/interview program produced by NBC. Timothy John Russert II (May 7 1950 &ndash June 13 2008 was an American television Journalist and lawyer who appeared for more than 16 years as the longest-serving Retrieved Oct 27, 2006.
- "Syria occupied Lebanon for 30 years. " Rice, Condoleezza, "Interview With Israel Radio One", August 12, 2006. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States Retrieved Oct 27, 2006.
- "Hours after the 17 May agreement was signed - Draper's signature represented the Americans - Syria announced that Philip Habib, Reagan's senior negotiator in the Middle East, was no longer welcome in Damascus. For more than a day, all roads through the Syrian lines in the mountains above Beirut were closed. The implications of this were obvious: if Gemayel ratified the treaty with Israel, then he would have no influence in Syrian-occupied Lebanon. " Fisk, Robert. Robert Fisk (born July 12 1946 in Maidstone, Kent) is a British Journalist and is Middle East correspondent Pity the Nation, Oxford University Press, Oct 1, 2001, p. 483. ISBN 0-19-280130-9
- "In October 1976 the various parties achieved a cease-fire in the civil war. . . This force was mainly Syrian in composition - 25,000 out of a total of 30,000; so that new arrangement amounted in effect to another form of Syrian occupation. The cumulative effects of these events was a drastic loss of Lebanese independence, and what amounted to a partition of the country between the Syrian-occupied north (the major part of Lebanese territory) and an area in the south where the Palestinians, Phalangists, and Israelis fought sporadically with one another. " Bell, Philip M. H. The World Since 1945: An International History, Oxford University Press US, Jun 1, 2001, p. 409. ISBN 0-340-66236-0
- ". . . Syrian forces entered Lebanese territory in 1975 and incrementally spread the net of their military control and political occupation across the country. . . ". Nisan, Mordechai. Mordechai Nisan is a professor and scholar of Middle East studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and consultant for the Jerusalem Institute for "The Syrian occupation of Lebanon", NATIV, Ariel Center for Policy Research, Volume Thirteen, Number 3 (74), June 2000.
- "The Syrian occupation of Lebanon began nearly a quarter-century ago. . . On October 13, 1990, as international attention was focused on the Kuwait crisis, Syrian military units forced their way into east Beirut, routed Lebanese Army troops, and ousted the last remnant of Lebanon's beleaguered constitutional government. This event completed a Syrian occupation that began over a decade earlier". Pipes, Daniel & Abdelnour, Ziad. Daniel Pipes (born September 9 1949 is a American historian and political commentator who particularly focuses on the Middle East and Islam. "Ending Syria's Occupation of Lebanon: The U.S. Role", Middle East Forum, Report of the Lebanon Study Group, May 2000. The Middle East Forum (MEF is an American Think tank founded in 1990 by historian and columnist Daniel Pipes, who also serves as its director Retrieved October 31, 2006.
- "In March 1976 Syrian troops entered Lebanon to restore the military balance between the Lebanese and the Palestinians. . . Although Israel tacitly approved the Syrian intervention, Israel was concerned that Syrian occupation of Lebanon did not extend to its border. . . " Long, David E. , and Reich, Bernard. The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa, Westview Press, 2002, p. 243. ISBN 0-8133-3899-9
- "Against this backdrop, 'Awn launched a "war of liberation" from Syrian occupation. " Stedman, Stephen John & Rothchild, Donald & Cousens, Elizabeth M. Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002, p. 570. ISBN 1-58826-083-6
- "Due to such military-mercantile collusion, the Syrian occupation of Lebanon, which lasted nearly thirty years. . . ". Brandell, Inga. State Frontiers: borders and boundaries in the Middle East, I. B. Tauris, 2006, p. 93. ISBN 1-84511-076-5
- "The Palestinian presence had been a major contributing factor to the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war in 1975, which caused the country to decline into chaos and had triggered the Syrian occupation. " Pollack, Kenneth M. Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, p. 524. ISBN 0-8032-3733-2
- "On April 9, 1976, Syrian special forces stealthily moved three miles into Lebanese territory, occupying the strategic hillside border crossing at Masnaa. The following day, reports of their presence reached the Lebanese capital. The Syrian occupation of Lebanon had begun. " Antoine J. Abraham, The Lebanon War, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 0275953890, p. Greenwood Publishing Group (GPG located in Westport Connecticut is a leading educational publisher ( Middle school through University level and is part 52.
- ^ Von Glahn, Gerhard (1992). Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co, 687-688. ISBN 0-02-423175-4.
External links
- The Syrian Occupation of Lebanon
- The Syrian Occupation of Lebanon
- Pining for Freedom: Syrian occupation suffocates Lebanon, and the world shrugs
- Ending Syria's Occupation of Lebanon: The U.S. Role
- Forecast of the Lebanese economy in the post Syrian occupation era
- "SYRIA/LEBANON: The Occupied/Occupied", PBS FRONTLINE/World
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