Suzerainty (pronounced /ˈsjuːzərənti/ or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/) is a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy to control its foreign affairs. The article is about the geographic sense of the term For other uses including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered The term tributary state refers to one of the two main ways in which a pre-modern state might be subordinate to a more powerful neighbour The more powerful entity in the suzerainty relationship, or the head of state of that more powerful entity, is called a suzerain. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The term suzerainty was originally used to describe the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding regions. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish It differs from sovereignty in that the tributary has some (limited) self-rule. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord, to whom vassals must pay tribute. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, It is similar to the notion of hegemony. Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social

Although it is a concept which has existed in a number of historical empires, it is a concept that is very difficult to describe using 20th- or 21st-century theories of international law, in which sovereignty either exists or does not. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself While a sovereign nation can agree by treaty to become a protectorate of a stronger power, modern international law does not recognize any way of making this relationship compulsory on the weaker power. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect

Contents 1 China 1.1 History 1.1.1 Tibet 2 India 2.1 Sikkim 2.2 Bhutan 2.3 Lakshadweep 3 South African Republic 4 Second World War 5 Other countries 6 Historically suzerain 7 References 8 See also

China

See also: List of tributaries of Imperial China

History

Historically, the Emperor of China saw himself as the center of the entire civilized world, and diplomatic relations in East Asia were based on the theory that all rulers of the world derived their authority from the Emperor. The following is a list of tributaries of Imperial China. Chronological list Many entities have paid Tribute to Imperial China The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National All under heaven, or literally "heaven under" ( is a phrase in the Chinese language and a cultural concept in China. The degree to which this authority existed in fact changed from dynasty to dynasty. However, even during periods when political power was distributed evenly across several political entities, Chinese political theory recognized only one emperor and asserted that his authority was paramount throughout the entire world. Diplomatic relations with the Chinese emperor were made on the theory of tributary states, although in practice tributary relations would often result in a form of trade under the theory that the emperor in his kindness would reward the tributary state with gifts of equal or greater value.

This system broke down in the 18th and 19th centuries in two ways. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar First during the 17th century, China was ruled by the ethnically Manchu Qing dynasty which ruled a multi-ethnic empire and justified their rule through different theories of rulership. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China While not contradicting traditional Han Chinese theories of the emperor as universal rule, the Qing did begin to make a distinction between areas of the world which they ruled and areas which they did not. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The system also broke down as China faced European powers whose theories of sovereignty were based on international law and relations between equal states.

One way European states attempted to describe the relations between the Qing Dynasty and its outlying regions was in terms of suzerainty, although this did not at all match the traditional Chinese diplomatic theory. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China

Tibet

Main article: Tibetan sovereignty debate

The claims of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China to Tibet are based on the principle of "succession of states", as the Mongol Yuan. Tibet was once an independent kingdom which later became a part of China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai ^[1] and Manchu Qing Dynasties had exercised authority over Tibet. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China ^[1][2][3][4]

India

Sikkim

Following India's independence in 1947, a treaty signed between the Chogyal and the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru gave India suzerainty over Sikkim in exchange for it retaining its independence. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Chogyal ( were the monarchs of the former kingdom of Sikkim. The Prime Minister of India is head of the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sikkim ( Nepali:, also Sikhim) is a Landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas It is the least populous state in India This continued until 1975, when the Sikkimese monarchy was abrogated in favour of a merger into India. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one Sikkim is now one of the states of India. India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories.

Bhutan

India no longer looks after the external, defence, communications, and foreign affairs of Bhutan. The Kingdom of Bhutan (buːˈtɑːn is a Landlocked nation in South Asia. However India provides substantial support to the Royal Bhutan Army and guarantees its support against external aggression. This is one of several situations in international politics where two sovereign states agree to have the more powerful administer the defense of the weaker. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population.

Lakshadweep

Located in the Arabian Sea, Lakshadweep is a Union Territory of India off the coast of the south western state of Kerala. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: Lakshadweep ( (ലക്ഷദ്വീപ്,) the smallest Union territory of India, is a group of islands 200 to 300 km off of the coast of A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; The Amindivi group of islands (Amini, Kadmat, Kiltan, Chetlat and Bitra) came under the rule of Tipu Sultan in 1787. Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common They passed on to British control after the Third Anglo-Mysore War and were attached to the South Canara district. The Third Anglo-Mysore War ( 1789 - 1792) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the English East India Company. The rest of the islands became a suzerainty of the Arakkal family of Cannanore in return for a payment of annual tribute. After a while, the British took over the administration of those islands for non-payment of arrears. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British These islands were attached to the Malabar district of the Madras Presidency. Malabar (മലബാര്‍ is a region of southern India, lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. Madras Presidency, also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act separated these islands from the mainland administrative units, forming a new union territory by combining all the islands. The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries and governance of India 's states and territories.

South African Republic

After the First Boer War (1880–81), the South African Republic was granted its independence, albeit under British suzerainty. See also Second Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The First Boer War ( Dutch: Eerste Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: This article is about the former country in Africa For the present-day country see South Africa; for the region where both are located see Southern Africa During the Second Boer War (1899–1902), the South African Republic was annexed as the Colony of the Transvaal, which existed until 1910, when it became the Province of Transvaal in the Union of South Africa. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: For the Russian theme park see Transvaal Park. The Transvaal (Afrikaans lit } The Union of South Africa is the historic predecessor to the present-day state of the Republic of South Africa.

Second World War

Despite being occupied by the Axis powers, several Western and Asian countries were allowed to exercise self-rule. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Several states were created in order to facilitate their occupation, including Vichy France, Manchukuo, the Empire of Vietnam, the Republic of Užice in Serbia and the Lokot Autonomy in Central Russia. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern The Empire of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, or (Việt Nam Đế quốc) was a short-lived Puppet state of Imperial Japan The Republic of Užice ( Serbo-Croatian: Ужичка република Užička Republika) was a short-lived military mini-state that existed in Autumn The Lokot Autonomy (Локотскoe самоуправление was a semi-autonomous region in Nazi -occupied Central Russia under an all-Russian administration

Other countries

In modern geopolitics, it is common for larger countries to look after the defense and foreign relations of nearby smaller countries. Usually, this differs from traditional suzerainty in that the lesser party retains the right to abrogate the arrangement following a referendum. Some prominent examples include:

• Italy/San Marino
• Italy/Vatican City
• France/Monaco
• France/Andorra
• Spain/Andorra
• New Zealand/Niue
• New Zealand/Cook Islands
• New Zealand/Tokelau
• Australia/Nauru
• England/Isle of Man until 1765
• United States/Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, and Republic of Palau (governed now by Compacts of Free Association)

Historically suzerain

(to the Ottoman Empire):

• Wallachia
• Moldova
• Principality of Serbia

References

• Garver, John W. Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century. Seattle: U of Washington P, 2001.

See also

• Satrap
• Imperialism
• Associated state

See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude An associated state is the minor partner in a formal free relationship between a political territory with a degree of statehood and a (usually larger nation for which no other specific

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