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For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation).

Sultan (Arabic: سلطان‎) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Originally it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership", derived from the Arabic masdar سلطة sulṭah, meaning "authority" or "power". A verbal noun is a Noun formed directly as an Inflexion of a Verb or a verb stem, sharing at least in part its constructions Later, it came to be used as the title of certain Muslim rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i. e. , the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall Caliphate, or it was used to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts.

Sultan Bayezid: Ottoman Empire - Oil on Canvas by Haydar Hatemi-1999
Sultan Bayezid: Ottoman Empire - Oil on Canvas by Haydar Hatemi-1999

The dynasty and lands ruled by a Sultan are called a Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة). Haydar Hatemi (born March 3 1945, Alamdar city in Iranian Azerbaijan is a Artist of Azeri origin whose work is Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language

Contents

Muslim ruler under the terms of shariah

Hussein Kamel, Sultan of Egypt, 1914-1917.
Hussein Kamel, Sultan of Egypt, 1914-1917. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.

The title carries moral weight and religious authority, as the ruler's role was defined in the Qur'an. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Sultan however is not a religious teacher himself. Of course in constitutional monarchies, the sultanship can be reduced to a more limited role.

The first to carry the title of 'Sultan' was the Turkmen chief Mahmud of Ghazni (ruled 998 - 1030). Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn Events By Place Europe Otto III retakes the city of Rome and reinstates his cousin Pope Gregory V, after mutilating Later, 'Sultan' became the usual title of rulers of Seljuk and Ottoman Turks and Ayyubid and Mamluk rulers in Egypt. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. In the later stages Sultan was used mostly for the wives of the emperor. The religious validation of the title was illustrated by the fact that the shadow Caliph in Cairo bestowed the title "Sultan" on Murad I, the third ruler of the emerging Ottoman Empire in 1383; its earlier sovereigns had been (protocollary 'mere') Beys or Emirs. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr - from Khodāvandgār - "the God-like One" (I Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain" traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر)

At later stages, lesser rulers assumed the style "sultan", as was the case for the earlier leaders of today's royal family of Morocco. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Today, only the Sultan of Oman, the Sultan of Brunei (both sovereign nations), the Sultans of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu (of constitutive states of the federation) in Malaysia, and some titular sultans in Insulinde, a few on the southern Philippines and Java (Indonesia) still use the title. List of Sultans of Oman (1406-Present Nabhan Dynasty (1406-1624 Ya'ariba Dynasty (first reign 1624-1724 Banu Ghafir Dynasty (1724-1728 Ya'ariba The Sultan of Brunei is the Head of state of Brunei. The royal lineage can be traced back to the 15th century Johor (alt English spelling Johore, Jawi scriptجوهر is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N Kedah ( Jawi: قدح pop 1778188 is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. Pahang ( Jawi: ڨهڠ is the third largest state on Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, occupying the huge Pahang River River Perak is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is the second largest state in Peninsular Malaysia bordering Kedah and Yala Province of Selangor ( Jawi script: سلاڠور population 72 million is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. Terengganu ( Jawi: ترڠڬانو, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu) is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. The sultan's domain is properly called a sultanate. A feminine form, used by Westerners, is sultana or sultanah; the very styling misconstrues the roles of wives of sultans. The term Sultana ( Arabic: سلطانه) is used for a few Muslim women rulers in history In a similar usage, the wife of a German Field-Marshal might be styled Feldmarschallin (in French, similar constructions of the type madame la maréchalle are quite common).

Among those modern hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law, the term is gradually being replaced by 'king' (e. The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law g. Malik in Arabic). Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to

Compound ruler titles

These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message; e. g. :

Former Sultans and Sultanates

Middle East & Central Asia

Audhali, Fadhli, Haushabi, Kathiri, Lahej, Lower Aulaqi, Lower Yafa, Mahra, Qu'aiti, Subeihi, Upper Aulaqi, Upper Yafa and the Wahidi sultanates

Hami

This was the authentic style, commonly rendered as sultan, of the Islamic monarchs of the ruling house of Oman, in both its realms:

North Africa

Horn of Africa

East Africa & Indian Ocean

Sultan

Maliki

This was the alternative native style (apparently derived from Malik, the Arabic word for King) of the Sultans of the Kilwa Sultanate, in Tanganyika (presently the continental part of Tanzania)

Swahili sultan

Mfalume is the (Ki)Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan:

Sultani

This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe

West & Central Africa

Southern Asia

In India:

In the Maldives:

Southeast & East Asia

In Brunei:

In China:

Furthermore, the Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader of the Community of Muslims) of Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State", a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province) is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan

In Indonesia (formerly in the Dutch East Indies):

In Malaysia, 9 states out of 13 states are sultanates, all on the Malay peninsula:

In the Philippines:

In Thailand (Siam):

Contemporary sultanates

Princely and aristocratic titles

The Sultan Valide.
The Sultan Valide. The Malay language has a complex system of Titles and Honorifics which is still extensively used in Malaysia and Brunei. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Muscat and Oman (مسقط وعمان was a country that encompassed the present day Sultanate of Oman and parts of the United Arab Emirates (UAE

In the Ottoman dynastic system, male descendants of the ruling Padishah (in the West also known as Great Sultan), enjoyed a style including Sultan, so this normally Monarchic title is used equivalent to a western prince of the blood: Daulatlu Najabatlu Shahzada Sultan (given name) Hazretleri Effendi; for the Heir Apparent however, the style was Daulatlu Najabatlu Vali Ahad-i-Sultanat' (given name) Effendi Hazlatlari, i. Padishah, Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah ( Persian پادشاه Pādeshāh) is a very prestigious Great Sultan is one of various informal Titles such as Grand Turk, used to refer to the Ottoman Sultan, known in Ottoman Turkish Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. e. Crown Prince of the sultanate.

In certain Muslim states, Sultan was also an aristocratic title, as in the Tartar Astrakhan Khanate

The Sultan Valide was the title reserved for the mother of the ruling sultan. The Khanate of Astrakhan ( Xacitarxan Khanate) was a Tatar Feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Valide Sultan (or Sultan valide) (literally Sultan's parent was the title held by the mother of a ruling Sultan in the Ottoman Empire.

Military rank

In a number of post-caliphal states under Mongol or Turkic rule, there was a feudal type of military hierarchy, often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles (Khan, Malik, Amir) as mere rank denominations. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر)

In the Persian empire, the rank of Sultan was roughly equivalent to a western Captain, socially in the fifth rank class, styled 'Ali Jah

Use in Western Popular Culture

The term Sultan is also used in modern pop vernacular to describe someone who has reached the peak of their profession, the elite of their class. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia

See also

Other Islamic titles

Further

Sources and references


Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) For the village in Azerbaijan see Atabəy. Atabeg, Atabek, or Atabey (in Turkic languages (Աթաբեկ Atabek is a hereditary Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain" traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Datu or datto is the title for ancient tribal chieftains and monarchs in pre-Hispanic Philippines. The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to Mir is a title which is derived from the Arabic title Emir or Amir (Arabic أمير) Padishah, Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah ( Persian پادشاه Pādeshāh) is a very prestigious Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages A number of ships and bases of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Sultan. The Great Western Railway Iron Duke Class 4-2-2 broad gauge steam Locomotives for express passenger train work Sultanism, another name for Despotism, is a form of authoritarian government characterized by the extreme personal presence of the ruler in all elements " Sultans of Swing " was the first single release of the British rock band Dire Straits.

Dictionary

sultan

-noun

  1. Originally, a secular office, formally subordinate to -, but de facto the power behind the throne of the (theoretically universal) caliph.
  2. A hereditary ruler in various Muslim states (sultanate), varying from petty principalities (as in Indonesia and in Yemen), often vassal of a greater ruler, to independent realms, such as Oman, Brunei, or an empire such as the Turkish Ottoman Empire.
  3. A variant of solitaire, played with two decks of cards.
  4. A breed of chicken originating in Turkey, kept primarily in gardens for ornamental reasons. See: sultan (chicken)
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