Ville de Strasbourg
City flag	City coat of arms
The spire of Strasbourg Cathedral towering above the Old Town
Location
Time Zone	CET (UTC +1)
Coordinates	48°35′04″N, 07°44′55″E
Administration
Country	France
Region	Alsace
Department	Bas-Rhin (67)
Intercommunality	Urban Community of Strasbourg
Mayor	Roland Ries (PS)
City Statistics
Land area¹	78. Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Strasbourg Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg is a Roman Catholic Grande Île, the historic centre of Strasbourg, France, is an Island in the Ill River. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Bas-Rhin is a ''département'' of France. The name means "Lower Rhine " The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. The Urban Community of Strasbourg ( French: Communauté urbaine de Strasbourg) also known by its French initials CUS, is the intercommunal A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. 26 km²
Population² (2004 estimate)	272. As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. 800
- Ranking	7th in France
- Density	3. This is a list of communes in France with a population over 20000 at the March 8 1999 census. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 486/km² (2004)
Urban Spread
Urban Area	222 km² (1999[1])
- Population	427. In France an unité urbaine (literally "urban unit" is a statistical area defined by INSEE, the French national statistics office for the measurement of contiguously 245 (1999[1])
Metro Area	1. The aire urbaine is an INSEE (the national statistics office of France statistical region comprising a Couronne périurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous 351. 5 km² (1999[1])
- Population	702. 412 (2007[2])
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open
2 Population sans doubles comptes: residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel) only counted once. C D E

Strasbourg (French: Strasbourg, pronounced [stʁazbuʁ]; Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊʁk]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace région in northeastern France, with 702,412 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2007, it is the ninth largest in France. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Alsatian ( Elsässerditsch; Alsacien Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in most of Alsace, a region The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The aire urbaine is an INSEE (the national statistics office of France statistical region comprising a Couronne périurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous Located close to the border with Germany, it is the préfecture (capital) of the Bas-Rhin département. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A prefecture ( préfecture) in France can refer to: the Chef-lieu de département, the town in which the administration of a ''département'' Bas-Rhin is a ''département'' of France. The name means "Lower Rhine " In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division

Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions such as the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory, the Eurocorps as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines of the Council of Europe (EDQM came into being in its current form in 1996 The European Audiovisual Observatory was set up by the Council of Europe as a Partial Agreement Eurocorps is a multinational army corps within the framework of European Union and NATO common defence initiatives The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The European Ombudsman (or sometimes Euro-Ombudsman) is an Ombudsman for the European Union, based in the Winston Churchill Building in The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Strasbourg is an important centre of manufacturing and engineering, as well as of road, rail, and river communications. The port of Strasbourg is the second largest on the Rhine after Duisburg, Germany^[3]. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Duisburg (ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k is a German city in the western part of the Ruhr Area ( Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The city is the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine. The Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine ( CCNR) (Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin is an International organisation whose function is to encourage

Strasbourg's historic centre, the Grande Île ("Grand Island"), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honor was placed on an entire city centre. Grande Île, the historic centre of Strasbourg, France, is an Island in the Ill River. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Strasbourg is fused into the Franco-German culture, and has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially because of its University and the co-existence of catholic and protestant culture. The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

Etymology

The city's Gallicized name is of Germanic origin and means "town (at the crossing) of roads". Francization or Gallicization (and informally Frenchification) is a process of Cultural assimilation that gives a French character to a The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The modern Stras- is cognate to the German Straße / Strasse which itself is derived from Latin strata ("street"), while -bourg is cognate to the German -burg ("fortress, town, citadel"), the English borough and the French bourg ("village"). Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A street is a Public thoroughfare in the built environment It is a Public parcel of land adjoining Buildings in an urban context English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A borough is an Administrative division of various countries In principle the term borough designates a self-governing Township although in practice Bourg is the French rendering of the germanic root Borg and Burg from Gmc *bergan = protect shelter and may refer to In France

Geography and climate

Climate diagram of Strasbourg

Strasbourg is situated on the Ill River, where it flows into the Rhine on the border with Germany, across from the German town Kehl. The Ill (all capitals ILL pronounced) is a River in Alsace, in north-eastern France. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Kehl is a town in southwestern Germany in the Ortenaukreis, Baden-Württemberg. The city is situated in the Rhine valley, approximately 20 kilometers east of the Vosges Mountains and 25 kilometers west of the Black Forest. The Vosges (voːʒ or Vosges Mountains are a Mountain range in eastern France, stretching along the west side of the Rhine valley For the suburb of Adelaide, please see Black Forest South Australia; for the CDP in Colorado, please see Black Forest Colorado. Winds coming from either direction being often deflected by these natural barriers, the average annual precipitation is low^[4] and the perceived summer temperatures can be inordinately high. The defective natural ventilation also makes Strasbourg one of the most atmospherically polluted cities of France^{[5], [6]}, although the progressive disappearance of heavy industry on both banks of the Rhine as well as effective measures of traffic regulation in and around the city are showing encouraging results. ^[7].

History

From Romans to Renaissance

Reichsstadt Straßburg (de) Ville libre de Strasbourg (fr) Imperial City of Strasbourg Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire ← 1262 – 1681 → Capital Strasbourg Government Republic Historical era Middle Ages  - City founded 12 BC  - Acquired by the Empire 923, 1262  - Gained Reichsfreiheit 1262  - Straßburger Revolution 1332  - Annexed by France 1681  - Annexation recognised by     the Holy Roman Empire   1697

At the site of Strasbourg, the Romans established a military outpost and named it Argentoratum. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a City formally ruled by the Emperor only &mdash The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany Early Modern France is the Early modern period of French history from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Events By Place Europe June 15 — Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed and King Charles the Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit) was a privileged feudal and political status a form of statehood which a City, religious The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th Early Modern France is the Early modern period of French history from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial (Hence the town is commonly called Argentina in medieval Latin. ^[8]) It belonged to the Germania Superior Roman province. Germania Superior ("Upper Germania " so called for the reason that it lay upstream of Germania Inferior, was a province of the In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The name was first mentioned in the year 12 BC; the city celebrated its 2,000th birthday of continuous settlement in 1988. While the centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande Île (Cardo : current Rue du Dôme, Decumanus : current Rue des Hallebardes) most Roman artifacts have been found along the current Route des Romains in the suburb of Koenigshoffen, on the road that lead to it. Grande Île, the historic centre of Strasbourg, France, is an Island in the Ill River. In Ancient Roman City planning, a cardo or cardus was a north-south-oriented street in cities military camps and coloniae Sometimes called In Roman city planning, a decumanus was an east-west-oriented road in a Roman city Castra (military camp or colonia. ^[9] From the 4th century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Archbishopric of Strasbourg. The Bishopric was a client state of the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th century until 1803

The Alemanni fought a Battle of Argentoratum against Rome in 357. The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main river ( Germany They were defeated by Julian, later Emperor of Rome, and their king Chonodomarius was taken prisoner. Flavius Claudius Julianus, known also as Julian or Julian the Apostate (331 or 332 to 26 June 363) was Roman Emperor (Caesar The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC On January 2, 366 the Alemanni crossed the frozen Rhine in large numbers, to invade the Roman Empire. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Events By Place Roman Empire January 2 — The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers invading the Roman The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Early in the 5th century the Alemanni appear to have crossed the Rhine, conquered, and then settled what is today Alsace and a large part of Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation

The town was occupied successively in the 5th century by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group In the 9th century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. The Oaths of Strasbourg ( Modern French: les serments de Strasbourg, Modern German: die Straßburger Eide, Latin Sacramenta This trilingual text is considered to contain, besides Latin and Old High German, also the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The Gallo-Romance branch of Romance languages includes French, Occitan, Arpitan, and several other languages spoken in modern France Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg by the French.

A major commercial centre, the town came under control of the Holy Roman Empire in 923, through the homage paid by the Duke of Lorraine to German King Henry I. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The rulers of Lorraine have held different posts under different governments over different regions The early history of Strasbourg consists of a long conflict between its bishop and its citizens. The Bishopric was a client state of the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th century until 1803 The citizens emerged victorious after the Battle of Oberhausbergen in 1262, when King Philip of Swabia granted the city the status of an Imperial Free City. Philip of Swabia (1177 &ndash June 21, 1208) was king of Germany and duke of Swabia, the rival of the emperor Otto IV. In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a City formally ruled by the Emperor only &mdash

Around 1200, Gottfried von Straßburg wrote the Middle High German courtly romance Tristan, which is regarded, alongside Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival and the Nibelungenlied, as one of great narrative masterpieces of the German Middle Ages. Gottfried von Strassburg (died c 1210 is the author of the Middle High German Courtly romance Tristan, which is regarded alongside Wolfram Middle High German (MHG German Mittelhochdeutsch) is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350 The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German.

A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The murderous bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on February 14, 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: several hundred Jews were publicly burnt to death, and the rest of them expelled from the city. Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ ^[10] Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signaled by a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn (see below, "Museums", Musée historique)^[11]; a high-pitched Cathedral bell still rings today. A herald, or more correctly a herald of arms, is an officer of arms, ranking between Pursuivant and King of arms. A church bell is a bell which is rung in a (especially Christian) church either to signify the Hour or the time for worshippers to go to A special tax, the Pflastergeld ("pavement money") was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to^[12].

View of the city and the Strasbourg Cathedral from 1493

Strasbourg Cathedral which began undergoing construction in the 12th century, was completed in 1439 (though only the north tower was built) and became the World's Tallest Building, surpassing the Great Pyramid of Giza. Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Strasbourg Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg is a Roman Catholic Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Strasbourg Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg is a Roman Catholic These are lists of Skyscrapers, ranked by structural height (vertical elevation from the base to the highest architectural or integral structural element of the The Great Pyramid of Giza, also called Khufu's Pyramid or the Pyramid of Khufu, and Pyramid of Cheops, is the oldest and largest of the three A few years later, Johannes Gutenberg created the first European moveable type printing press in Strasbourg. Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( 1398 &ndash February 3, 1468) was a German Goldsmith and printer who is credited Movable type is the system of Printing and Typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image

In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation, the city, under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther, whose adherents established a Gymnasium, headed by Johannes Sturm, made into a University in the following century. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Jacob (or Jakob, or Jacques) Sturm von Sturmeck ( August 10, 1489 - October 30, 1553) German Martin Bucer (or Butzer) ( 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a Protestant reformer whose principal ministry was Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total Johannes (or Jean) Sturm (1507 - 1589 was a German educator He was born in Schleiden and studied at the University of Leuven The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. The Tetrapolitan Confessian, also called the Confessio Tetrapolitana, Strasburg Confession, or Swabian Confession, was the official confession The Augsburg Confession, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name Confessio Augustana is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Protestant iconoclasm caused much destruction to churches and cloisters. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Iconoclasm, Greek for "image-breaking" is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious Icons and other symbols or monuments Strasbourg was a centre of humanist scholarship and early book-printing in the Holy Roman Empire and its intellectual and political influence contributed much to the establishment of Protestantism as an accepted denomination in the southwest of Germany (John Calvin had spent several years as a political refugee in the city). John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Together with four other free cities, Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The Diet of Augsburg were the meetings of the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire in the German city of Augsburg. The Augsburg Confession, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name Confessio Augustana is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was

After the reform of the Imperial constitution in the early 16th century and the establishment of "Imperial Circles", Strasbourg was part of the "Upper Rhenish Circle", a corporation of Imperial estates in the southwest of Holy Roman Empire, mainly responsible for maintaining troops, supervising coining, and ensuring public security. An Imperial Circle (Reichskreis, plural Reichskreise was a regional grouping of territories of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organizing The Upper Rhenish Circle (Oberrheinischer Reichskreis was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in

After the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, who had spent more than a decade in Strasbourg, the first printing offices anywhere outside the inventor's hometown Mainz were established around 1460 in the Alsatian capital by pioneers Johannes Mentelin and Heinrich Eggestein. Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( 1398 &ndash February 3, 1468) was a German Goldsmith and printer who is credited Mainz (ˈmaɪ̯nʦ (Mayence is a City in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Johannes Mentelin, sometimes also spelled Mentlin, (born around 1410 in Schlettstadt today Sélestat; died December 12, 1478 in Strasbourg Heinrich Eggestein (born around 1415/20 in Rosheim, Alsace; died 1488 or later also spelled Eckstein or Eggesteyn) is considered along Subsequently, the first modern newspaper was published in Strasbourg in 1605, when Johann Carolus received the permission by the City of Strasbourg to print and distribute a weekly journal written in German by reporters from several central European cities. Johann Carolus (1575 - 1634 was the publisher of the first Newspaper, called Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien (Collection of all distinguished

From Thirty Years' War to First World War

The Free City of Strasbourg remained neutral during the Thirty Years' War. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. In September 1681 it was seized by King Louis XIV of France, whose unprovoked annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic. The official policy of religious intolerance which drove many Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1598) by the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of The Edict of Fontainebleau (October 1685 was an Edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes of Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was handed over from the Lutherans to the Catholics. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Famous students were Goethe and Herder. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Johann Gottfried von Herder ( August 25, 1744 December 18, 1803) was a German philosopher, Poet, and Literary

During a dinner in Strasbourg organized by Mayor Frédéric de Dietrich on April 25, 1792, Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle composed "La Marseillaise". Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle ( May 10, 1760 in Lons-le-Saunier, Jura – June 26, 1836 in Choisy-le-Roi, " La Marseillaise " (la maʁsɛˡjɛz in English The Song of Marseille) is the National anthem of France. However, Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an During this time, many churches and cloisters were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it hurt the principle of equality. A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building particularly a church Tower. The tower was saved, however, when citizens of Strasbourg proposed to crown it with a giant phrygian cap. Towers are tall human-made Structures that are always taller than they are wide usually by a significant Margin. The Phrygian cap is a soft red conical cap with the top pulled forward worn in antiquity by the inhabitants of Phrygia, a region of central Anatolia ^[13]

1888 German map of Strasbourg in 1888 as part of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification

With the growth of industry and commerce, the city's population tripled in the 19th century to 150,000. During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 The Siege of Strasbourg took place during the Franco-Prussian War, and resulted in the French surrender of the fortress on 28 September The Prussian Army (Preußische Armee was the Army of the Kingdom of Prussia. On August 24, 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican Church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books and Roman artifacts. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Hortus deliciarum ( Latin: Garden of Delights) is a Medieval Manuscript compiled by Herrad of Landsberg at the Hohenburg In 1871 after the war's end, the city was annexed to the newly-established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen (via the Treaty of Frankfurt) without a plebiscite. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 The Treaty of Frankfurt (Le traité de Francfort Friede von Frankfurt was a Peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on May 10, 1871, at the end of A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale (the Neue Stadt, or "new city") and included a new museum and a new library. The University of Strasbourg, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment, was reopened in 1872. The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stand today : Fort Roon (now Desaix) and Podbielski (now Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Kléber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Foch) in Niederhausbergen, and Fort Grossherzog von Baden (now Frère) in Oberhausbergen. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for Mundolsheim is a French commune, located in the département of Bas-Rhin and the région of Alsace. Reichstett is a French commune, located in the département of Bas-Rhin and the région of Alsace. Niederhausbergen is a French commune, located in the département of Bas-Rhin and the région of Alsace. Oberhausbergen is a French commune, located in the département of Bas-Rhin and the région of Alsace. ^[14] Those forts subsequently served the French army, and were used as POW-camps in 1918 and 1945.

Following the defeat of Germany in World War I, the city was restored to France; city residents were again not offered a plebiscite. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Twentieth century and now

A lost, then restored, symbol of modernity in Strasbourg : a room in the Aubette building designed by Theo van Doesburg, Hans Arp and Sophie Taeuber-Arp

Having been influenced by Germanic culture since the Frankish Realm, Strasbourg remained largely Alsatian-speaking well into the 20th century, and Germany continued to covet it under Nazi rule. Theo van Doesburg ( Utrecht, August 30, 1883 &ndash Davos, March 7, 1931) was a Dutch artist practicing in Sophie Taeuber-Arp ( January 19, 1889 - January 13, 1943) (often ˈtɔɪbɚ ˈɑrp in English) was a Swiss Artist, The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Following the Fall of France in 1940 during World War II, the city was annexed by Nazi Germany. In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers As one of the first official acts, the new rulers burnt and razed the main synagogue that had been a major architectural landmark and one of the largest in Europe since its completion in 1897. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of ^[15] After the war, Strasbourg was returned to France, and while the First World War did not notably damage the city, Anglo-American bombers caused extensive destruction in 1944 in raids of which at least one was allegedly carried out by mistake. ^[16] On November 22, 1944, the city was officially liberated by General Leclerc, although he entered the city the next day; a major street now commemorates the day of liberation. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque ( November 22, 1902 – November 28, 1947) was a French general during World War II ^[17] An unrelated tragedy that added, however, to the wartime losses, was the 1947 fire that destroyed a valuable part of the collection of the new Museum of Fine Arts.

In 1920, Strasbourg became the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, previously located in Mannheim, one of the very first European institutions. The Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine ( CCNR) (Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin is an International organisation whose function is to encourage Mannheim is a City in Germany. With 327318 inhabitants it is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg after the capital Stuttgart In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights The European Pharmacopoeia of the Council of Europe is a listing of a wide range of Active substances and Excipients used to prepare Pharmaceutical Since 1952, Strasbourg has been the official seat of the European Parliament, although only plenary sessions are held in Strasbourg each month, while all other business is being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU Brussels ( Belgium) is considered to be the de facto Capital of the European Union, having a long history of hosting the Institutions The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The Palace of Europe (Palais de l'Europe is the seat of the Council of Europe, located in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. ^[18] In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte. Arte (Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne is a Franco-German TV network.

In 2000, an Islamist plot to blow up the cathedral was prevented by German authorities. The Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot was an Al-Qaeda plan to bomb the Christmas market ( Marché de Noël) at the feet of Strasbourg (France Cathedral On July 6, 2001, during an open-air concert in the Parc de Pourtalès, a single falling Platanus caused one of the worst disasters of its kind in history, killing thirteen people and injuring 97. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Platanus is a small genus of Trees native to the Northern Hemisphere. On March 27, 2007, the city was found guilty of neglect over the accident and fined € 150. 000^[19]

In 2006, after a long and careful restoration, the inner decoration of the Aubette, made in the 1920s by Hans Arp, Theo van Doesburg, and Sophie Taeuber-Arp and destroyed in the 1930s, was made accessible to the public again. Theo van Doesburg ( Utrecht, August 30, 1883 &ndash Davos, March 7, 1931) was a Dutch artist practicing in Sophie Taeuber-Arp ( January 19, 1889 - January 13, 1943) (often ˈtɔɪbɚ ˈɑrp in English) was a Swiss Artist, The work of the three artists had been called "the Sistine Chapel of abstract art". Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. Abstract art uses a Visual language of form color and line to create a composition which exists independently of visual references to the world ^[20]

Main sights

Panorama from the Barrage Vauban with the medieval bridge Ponts Couverts in the foreground (the fourth tower being hidden by trees at the left) and the cathedral in the distance. The Barrage Vauban ( Vauban Weir) is a weir erected in the 17th century on the river Ill west of the " Petite France " district Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Strasbourg Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg is a Roman Catholic

Architecture

Strasbourg, Cathedral of Our Lady. Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Strasbourg Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg is a Roman Catholic

The city is chiefly known for its sandstone Gothic Cathedral with its famous astronomical clock, and for its medieval cityscape of Rhineland black and white timber-framed buildings, particularly in the Petite-France district alongside the Ill and in the streets and squares surrounding the cathedral, where the renowned Maison Kammerzell stands out. Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Strasbourg Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg is a Roman Catholic The Strasbourg astronomical clock is located in the Strasbourg Cathedral, in the city of Strasbourg, Alsace, which was annexed by France The Rhineland ( Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. Petite-France is an area in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. It is located on the Grande Île (Main Island where the river Ill

Notable medieval streets include Rue Mercière, Rue des Dentelles, Rue du Bain aux Plantes, Rue des Juifs, Rue des Frères, Rue des Tonneliers, Rue du Maroquin, Rue des Charpentiers, Rue des Serruriers, Grand' Rue, Quai des Bateliers, Quai Saint-Nicolas and Quai Saint-Thomas. Notable medieval squares include Place de la Cathédrale, Place du Marché Gayot, Place Saint-Etienne, Place du Marché aux Cochons de Lait and Place Benjamin Zix.

Place du Marché aux Cochons de Lait

Maison des tanneurs

In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque Église Saint-Etienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Anglo-American bombing raids, the part Romanesque, part Gothic, very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played ^[21], the Gothic Eglise Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Protestant with its crypt dating back to the 5th century and its cloister partly from the 11th century, the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture, the Gothic Église Saint-Jean etc. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which For other churches with the same or similar name please see St Gottfried Silbermann ( January 14, 1683 - August 4, 1753) was an influential German constructor of keyboard instruments Albert Schweitzer, MD, OM, (January 14 1875 &ndash September 4 1965 was an Alsatian theologian, Musician, Philosopher A cloister (from Latin claustrum) is a part of Cathedral, Monastic and Abbey architecture The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display. The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began An altar is any structure upon which Sacrifices or other offerings are made for religious purposes or some other sacred place where ceremonies take place Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out.

The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i. The German Renaissance, part of the Northern Renaissance, was a cultural and artistic movement that spread among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th A city hall or town hall is the chief administrative building of a City or Town 's administration and usually houses the city or This article part of the French art history series covers the history of the visual and plastic arts in France in the 17th century e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. The Palais Rohan (Rohan Palace) is one of the most important buildings in the city of Strasbourg in Alsace, France. Other buildings of its kind are the Hôtel du Préfet, the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts and the city-hall Hôtel de Ville etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil. As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and

Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damages during World War II. Eclecticism is a kind of mixed style in the Fine arts: "the Borrowing of a variety of styles from different sources and combining them" (Hume 1998 Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. The Palais du Rhin ( English: Palace of the Rhine) former Kaiserpalast (Imperial palace is a building situated in the German section (north-east But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles ^[22] and the École des Arts décoratifs with its lavishly ornate facade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica ^[23].

The baroque organ of Saint-Thomas church

• Notable streets of the German district include: Avenue de la Forêt Noire, Avenue des Vosges, Avenue d'Alsace, Avenue de la Marseillaise, Avenue de la Liberté, Boulevard de la Victoire, Rue Sellénick, Rue du Général de Castelnau, Rue du Maréchal Foch, and Rue du Maréchal Joffre
• Notable squares of the German district include: Place de la République, Place de l'Université, Place Brant, and Place Arnold

Impressive examples of Prussian military architecture of the 1880s can be found along the newly reopened Rue du Rempart, displaying large scale fortifications among which the aptly named Kriegstor (war gate). For other churches with the same or similar name please see St The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising

As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (the huge Palais des Fêtes, some houses and villas on Avenue de la Robertsau and Rue Sleidan), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cité Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Européen, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights Richard George Rogers Baron Rogers of Riverside, CH, FRIBA (born 23 July 1933) is a British Architect noted Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid. A university school of music or college of music, or academy of music or conservatoire ( French, but used in British English) &mdash The Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain de Strasbourg (MAMCS Museum of modern and contemporary art opened at the end of 1998. Hoenheim (also spelled Hœnheim) is a town and commune, located in the Bas-Rhin département Zaha Hadid (زها حديد CBE (born October 31 1950 Baghdad, Iraq) is a notable British Iraqi deconstructivist Architect

The city is also home to many bridges, including the medieval, four-towered Ponts Couverts.

Place Kléber

Next to it is a part of the 17th-century Vauban fortifications, the Barrage Vauban. Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to The Barrage Vauban ( Vauban Weir) is a weir erected in the 17th century on the river Ill west of the " Petite France " district Other nice bridges are the ornate 19th-century Pont de la Fonderie (1893, stone) and Pont d'Auvergne (1892, iron), as well as architect Marc Mimram's futuristic Passerelle over the Rhine, opened in 2004.

The largest square at the centre of the city of Strasbourg is the Place Kléber. The Place Kléber is the central square of Strasbourg, France. Located in the heart of the city’s commercial area, it was named after general Jean-Baptiste Kléber, born in Strasbourg in 1753 and slaughtered in 1800 in Cairo. Jean Baptiste Kléber ( 9 March, 1753 &ndash 14 June, 1800) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. In the square is a statue of Kléber, under which is a vault containing his remains. On the north side of the square is the Aubette (Orderly Room), built by Jacques François Blondel, architect of the king, in 1765-1772. Jacques-François Blondel ( Rouen, January 17, 1705 — January 9 1774) was a French architect

Parks

The Pavillon Joséphine (rear side) in the Parc de l'Orangerie

The Château de Pourtalès (front side) in the park of the same name

Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban ^[24]; the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses the Schiller International University, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture ^[25]. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human André Le Nôtre ( March 12, 1613 &ndash September 15 1700) was a Landscape architect and the gardener of King Louis XIV Joséphine de Beauharnais (born Marie Josèphe Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie June 23 1763 &ndash May 29 1814) was the first A zoological garden, shortened to zoo, is an institution in which living animals are exhibited in captivity Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Schiller International University is a private American university with seven campuses in six countries The Jardin Botanique (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Observatory of Strasbourg is an Observatory in Strasbourg, France. A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse or hothouse) is a building where plants are cultivated The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine, is the most recent (2004) and most extended (60 hectare) park of the agglomeration. Kehl is a town in southwestern Germany in the Ortenaukreis, Baden-Württemberg. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture,

Museums

For a city of comparatively small size, Strasbourg displays a large quantity and variety of museums:

1. The Musée des Beaux-Arts owns paintings by Hans Memling, Francisco de Goya, Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese, Giotto di Bondone, Sandro Botticelli, Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, El Greco, Correggio, Cima da Conegliano and Piero di Cosimo, among others. Hans Memling (Memlinc (c 1430 &ndash 11 August, 1494) was an Early Netherlandish painter, born in Seligenstadt / Germany, who Tintoretto (real name Jacopo Comin; September 29, 1518 - May 31, 1594) was one of the greatest painters of the Venetian school and Paolo Veronese (1528 – April 19 1588 was an Italian painter of the Renaissance in Venice, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana El Greco' ("The Greek " 1541 &ndash April 7 1614 was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance Giovanni Battista Cima, also called Cima da Conegliano (c 1459 &ndash c Piero di Cosimo (also known as Piero di Lorenzo) ( January 2, 1462 &ndash April 12, 1522) was an Florentine painter ^[26]
2. The Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre-Dame (located in a part-Gothic, part-Renaissance building next to the Cathedral) houses a large and renowned collection of medieval and Renaissance upper-Rhenish art, among which original sculptures, plans and stained glass from the Cathedral and paintings by Hans Baldung and Sebastian Stoskopff. Hans Baldung known as Hans Baldung Grien/Grün (c 1480 - 1545 Sebastian (or Sébastien) Stoskopff (born July 13 1597 in Strasbourg; died February 10 1657 in Idstein ^[27]
3. The Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain is among the largest museums of its kind in France. The Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain de Strasbourg (MAMCS Museum of modern and contemporary art opened at the end of 1998.
4. The Musée des Arts décoratifs, located in the sumptuous former residence of the cardinals of Rohan, the Palais Rohan displays a reputable collection of 18th century furniture and china. The Palais Rohan (Rohan Palace) is one of the most important buildings in the city of Strasbourg in Alsace, France. ^[28]
5. The Musée archéologique presents a vast display of regional findings from the first ages of man to the 6th century, focussing especially on the Roman and Celtic period.
6. The very large Musée Alsacien is dedicated to every aspects of traditional Alsatian daily life.
7. The Musée zoologique is one of the oldest in France and is especially famous for its gigantic collection of birds. The Musée zoologique de l'ULP et de la ville de Strasbourg is a natural history museum managed and curated by the Université Louis-Pasteur of Strasbourg.
8. Le Vaisseau (the vessel) is a science and technology centre, especially designed for children.
9. The Musée historique (historical museum) is dedicated to the tumultuous history of the city and displays many artifacts of the times. It previously displayed the Grüselhorn, the medieval horn that was blown every evening at 10 to order the Jews out of the city, but this item was accidentally dropped and shattered into many small fragments and thus is no longer displayed.
10. The Cabinet des estampes et des dessins displays six centuries of drawings and engravings. Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it
11. The Musée Tomi Ungerer - centre international de l'illustration, located in a large former villa next to the Theatre, displays original works by Ungerer and other artists (Saul Steinberg, Ronald Searle. Tomi (Jean-Thomas Ungerer (born November 28, 1931) in Strasbourg is a French illustrator best known for his erotic and political illustrations This page is about the artist there is also an Investor named Saul Steinberg. Ronald William Fordham Searle CBE (b 3 March 1920, Cambridge England) is an influential English Artist and Cartoonist . . ) as well as Ungerer's large collection of ancient toys.
12. The Musée de la Navigation sur le Rhin, also going by the name of Naviscope, located in an old ship, is dedicated to the history of commercial navigation on the Rhine. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge
13. The Musée de Sismologie et Magnétisme terrestre,
14. the Musée Pasteur and
15. the Musée d'Égyptologie are all three part of the University and only open to public some hours a week. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek grc -λογία -logia. علم المصريات مصر شناسی is a major field of Archaeology The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total

Gallery

Half-timbered houses in Petite-France	Medieval bridge Ponts Couverts	Place des Tripiers	Maison Kammerzell on Place de la Cathédrale
Strasbourg Cathedral seen through Rue Mercière	Église Saint-Thomas	Église Saint-Guillaume	Église Saint-Jean
Temple Saint-Paul, former Protestantische Garnisonskirche	Église Saint-Maurice, former Katholische Garnisonskirche	Église Saint-Pierre le Jeune catholique, largest dome in Alsace, with monument to Charles de Foucauld	Église Saint-Nicolas with a tram passing by
The Monument to General Leclerc on Place Broglie, with the neo-classical Strasbourg Opera building right behind	The Palais du Rhin, former imperial palace	The Théâtre national de Strasbourg, former regional parliament (Landtag)	University Palace
The Lycée des Pontonniers	Bridge Passerelle over the Rhine	The Musée Alsacien, consisting of three adjacent old buildings with their respective courtyards and rear aisles. Timber framing (Fachwerk or Half-timbering, is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with pegged Mortise and tenon joints Petite-France is an area in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. It is located on the Grande Île (Main Island where the river Ill Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Strasbourg Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg is a Roman Catholic For other churches with the same or similar name please see St Blessed Charles Eugène de Foucauld ( Strasbourg, 15 September 1858 &ndash Tamanrasset, 1 December 1916 Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque ( November 22, 1902 – November 28, 1947) was a French general during World War II L' Opéra national du Rhin is an Opera company in Eastern France which includes the Opéra in Strasbourg, the company's Ballet in The Palais du Rhin ( English: Palace of the Rhine) former Kaiserpalast (Imperial palace is a building situated in the German section (north-east The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The entrance is seen on the far right	The Historical Museum by night
The baroque Palais Rohan, housing the Museum of Fine Arts (first and second floor), the Museum of Decorative Arts (ground floor) and the Archeological Museum (basement)	Saint Madeleine and Saint Catherine, by Konrad Witz in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame	Triptych by Hans Memling in the Museum of Fine Arts	13th century stained glass window "bespectacled emperor" in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame
The Foolish Virgins in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame	The Synagogue de la Paix	Immeuble Louise Weiss of the European Parliament in Strasbourg	The IPE IV seen from the other side
Assembly building (right) and secretariat building (left) of the Council of Europe	The European Court of Human Rights	The European Court of Human Rights seen from the side	The Arte Building

Demographics

Evolution of the city's population

River Ill, seen from the terrace of the Palais Rohan

The metropolitan area of Strasbourg includes 702. The Palais Rohan (Rohan Palace) is one of the most important buildings in the city of Strasbourg in Alsace, France. Konrad Witz (c 1400-1410 probably in Rottweil (Württemberg/ Germany) - c A triptych (pronounced "trip-tick" trip'tik (or US: 'tɹʷɪp Hans Memling (Memlinc (c 1430 &ndash 11 August, 1494) was an Early Netherlandish painter, born in Seligenstadt / Germany, who The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The Palace of Europe (Palais de l'Europe is the seat of the Council of Europe, located in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights Arte (Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne is a Franco-German TV network. The Ill (all capitals ILL pronounced) is a River in Alsace, in north-eastern France. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central 412 inhabitants (2007), while the Eurodistrict had 868,000 inhabitants in 2005. A eurodistrict is a European administrative entity that contains urban agglomerations which lie across the border between two or more states ^[29]

Culture

Strasbourg is the seat of some internationally reputed institutions in the musical and dramatic domain :

• The philharmonic orchestra Orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg, founded in 1855, one of the oldest symphonic orchestras in western Europe.
• The Opéra national du Rhin
• The Théâtre national de Strasbourg
• The Percussions de Strasbourg
• The Théâtre du Maillon
• The "Laiterie"

Other theatres are the Théâtre jeune public, the TAPS Scala, the Kafteur. L' Opéra national du Rhin is an Opera company in Eastern France which includes the Opéra in Strasbourg, the company's Ballet in . .

Events

• Musica, international festival of contemporary classical music (autumn)
• Festival international de Strasbourg (founded in 1932), festival of classical music and jazz (summer)
• Festival des Artefacts, festival of contemporary non-classical music
• Les Nuits de l'Ososphère
• The Spectre Film Festival is an annual film festival that is devoted to science fiction, horror and fantasy. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States The Spectre Film Festival is an annual film festival which was created by the french association Les Films du Spectre The festival is devoted to Science fiction, Fantasy Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting

Education

Universities and schools

Strasbourg, which was a humanism centre, has a long history of higher-education excellence, merging French and German intellectual traditions. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, including Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Maximilian Josef Garnerin Count von Montgelas ( September 12, 1759 &ndash June 14, 1838) was a Bavarian statesman from a noble Nowadays, Strasbourg is known to offer among the best university courses in France, after Paris.

There are three universities in Strasbourg, with an approximate total of 48,500 students as of 2007 (another 4,500 students are being taught at one of the diverse post-graduate schools)^[30]:

• Strasbourg I - Louis Pasteur University
• Strasbourg II - Marc Bloch University
• Strasbourg III - Robert Schuman University

The prestigious Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg is part of Robert Schuman University. The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total Louis Pasteur University ( Université Louis-Pasteur) also known as Strasbourg I or ULP is a large university in Strasbourg, Alsace The Université Marc Bloch, also known as Strasbourg II or UMB is a University in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. The Université Robert Schuman, also known as Strasbourg III or URS, is a university in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. The Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Strasbourg, also known as IEP Strasbourg or Sciences Po Strasbourg was the second IEP, founded

The campus of the École nationale d'administration (ENA) is located in Strasbourg (the former one being in Paris). The École Nationale d'Administration ( ÉNA) one of the most prestigious French schools ( Grandes écoles) was created in 1945 by Charles de Gaulle Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The location of the "new" ENA - which trains most of the nation's high-ranking civil servants - was meant to give a European vocation to the school.

The École supérieure des Arts décoratifs (ESAD) is an art school of Europe-wide reputation.

The permanent campus of the International Space University (ISU) is located in the south of Strasbourg (Illkirch-Graffenstaden)

Other important schools include the INSA (Institut national des sciences appliquées), the INET (Institut national des études territoriales), the ENGEES (École nationale du génie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg), and the CUEJ (Centre universitaire d'enseignement du journalisme). International Space University is a private University founded in 1987 by Peter Diamandis, Todd B Illkirch-Graffenstaden is a commune in the département of Bas-Rhin and the Alsace region of France The Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA (National Institute of Applied Sciences is a Grande école - a French Engineering University

Libraries

Lateral view of the National Library

The Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg (BNUS) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles ^[31], the second largest library in France after the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a student's and a national library.

The municipal library Bibliothèque municipale de Strasbourg (BMS) administrates a network of ten medium-sized librairies in different areas of the town. A six story high Grande bibliothèque, the Médiathèque André Malraux, is currently being built in former port areas close to the centre and is scheduled to open mid-2008. André Malraux (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976 was a French Author, adventurer and Statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture Among the cities of the Communauté urbaine, most have their own library, Illkirch-Graffenstaden's being the largest and most modern as of 2007.

Transport

The tram

Strasbourg has its own airport, serving a limited number of destinations. Strasbourg Airport or Aéroport de Strasbourg is an airport located in Entzheim and 10 km west-southwest of Strasbourg Train services operate eastward to Offenburg and Karlsruhe in Germany, westward to Metz and Paris, and southward to Basel. Offenburg is also the German name of Baia de Arieş in Romania Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Since June 10, 2007, Strasbourg is linked to the European high-speed train network by the TGV Est (Paris-Strasbourg). Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The LGV Est européenne (sometimes referred to as LGV Est) is an extension to the French high-speed TGV network connecting Paris and Strasbourg Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The TGV Rhin-Rhône (Strasbourg-Lyon) is currently under construction and due to open in 2012. The LGV Rhin-Rhône is a high-speed Railway line under construction running between Strasbourg and Lyon, in France. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France.

City transportation in Strasbourg is served by a modern-looking tram system that has been operated since 1994 by the regional transit company Compagnie des transports strasbourgeois. The Strasbourg tram system run by the CTS, consists of five lines A B C D and E A former tram system, partly following different routes, had been operating since 1878 but was ultimately dismantled in 1960.

Being a city next to the Rhine and along some of its most important canals (Marne-Rhine Canal, Grand Canal d'Alsace), while crossed by the Ill, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation, as is attested by archeological findings as well as the important activity of the Port autonome de Strasbourg. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The Marne-Rhine Canal (French Canal de la Marne au Rhin) is a Canal in eastern France. The Grand Canal of Alsace (Grand Canal d'Alsace Rheinseitenkanal is a canal in eastern France, channeling the Rhine river The Ill (all capitals ILL pronounced) is a River in Alsace, in north-eastern France. Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly.

European role

The Palace of Europe surrounded by buildings of the European Parliament

Institutions

Strasbourg is the seat of over twenty international institutions ^[32], most famously of the Council of Europe and of the European Parliament, of which it is the official seat. The Palace of Europe (Palais de l'Europe is the seat of the Council of Europe, located in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU Strasbourg is considered the legislative and democratic capital of the European Union, while Brussels is considered the executive and administrative capital and Luxembourg the judiciary and financial capital. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city

Strasbourg is:

• since 1920 the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine. The Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine ( CCNR) (Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin is an International organisation whose function is to encourage
• since 1949 the seat of the Council of Europe with all the bodies and organisations affiliated to this institution
• since 1952 the seat of the European Parliament
• the seat of the European Ombudsman
• the seat of the Eurocorps headquarters,
• the seat of the Franco-German television channel Arte
• the seat of the European Science Foundation
• the seat of the International Institute of Human Rights
• the seat of the Human Frontier Science Program
• the seat of the International Commission on Civil Status
• the seat of the Assembly of European Regions
• the seat of the Centre for European Studies

Eurodistrict

France and Germany have created a Eurodistrict straddling the Rhine, combining the Greater Strasbourg and the Ortenau district of Baden-Württemberg, with some common administration. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The European Ombudsman (or sometimes Euro-Ombudsman) is an Ombudsman for the European Union, based in the Winston Churchill Building in Eurocorps is a multinational army corps within the framework of European Union and NATO common defence initiatives Arte (Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne is a Franco-German TV network. The European Science Foundation (ESF is an association of 77 member organisations devoted to scientific research in 30 European countries The International Institute of Human Rights (French Institut international des droits de l'homme IIDH is an association under French local law based in in Strasbourg The Assembly of European Regions (AER is the largest independent network of regions in wider Europe. A eurodistrict is a European administrative entity that contains urban agglomerations which lie across the border between two or more states Ortenaukreis is a district ( Kreis) in the west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states ( Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany. The combined population of this district was 868,000 as of 2006. ^[33]

Sports

Internationally-renowned teams from Strasbourg are the "Racing Club" (football), the "SIG" (basketball) and the "Étoile noire" (hockey)^[34]. Racing Club de Strasbourg, commonly known as RC Strasbourg, is a French football team playing in the city of Strasbourg. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Strasbourg Illkirch Graffenstaden Basket, named SIG, is a French Basketball club based in Strasbourg. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Hockey is any of a family of Sports in which two teams compete by trying to maneuver a Ball, or a hard round rubber or heavy plastic disc called a puck The women's tennis tournament "Internationaux de Strasbourg" is one of the most important French tournaments of its kind outside Roland-Garros. Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) The Internationaux de Strasbourg is a Tennis Tournament held in Strasbourg, France. The French Open ( Les Internationaux de France de Roland Garros or Tournoi de Roland-Garros) is a major Tennis tournament held over

Famous people

Main article: Famous people of Strasbourg

See also: University of Strasbourg#famous teachers or students

See also: Archbishop of Strasbourg

In chronological order, famous people born in Strasbourg include: Johannes Tauler, Sebastian Brant, Jean Baptiste Kléber, Louis Ramond de Carbonnières, Ludwig I of Bavaria, Gustave Doré, Émile Waldteufel, Jean/Hans Arp, Charles Münch, Hans Bethe, Marcel Marceau, Tomi Ungerer and Arsène Wenger. The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total These persons were Bishop, Archbishop or Prince-bishop of the Archbishopric of Strasbourg: Amandus Justinus von Straßburg Johannes Tauler (c 1300 &ndash 15 June 1361) was a German mystic theologian. Sebastian Brant (also Brandt) (1457 &ndash May 10, 1521) Alsatian humanist and Satirist, was born in Strasbourg Jean Baptiste Kléber ( 9 March, 1753 &ndash 14 June, 1800) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. Louis François Élisabeth Ramond baron de Carbonnières ( January 4, 1755 Strasbourg – May 14, 1827) was a French Ludwig I (also rendered in English as Louis I) ( August 25 1786 in Strasbourg &ndash February 29, 1868 in Nice WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Émile Waldteufel ( 9 December 1837 &ndash 12 February WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Charles Münch (September 26 1891 &ndash November 6 1968 was an Hans Albrecht Bethe (/hans ˈalbʀɛçt ˈbeːtə/ ( July 2 1906 &ndash March 6, 2005) was a German - American Physicist Marcel Marceau (born Marcel Mangel) ( 22 March 1923 &ndash 22 September 2007) was a well-known French Mime artist Tomi (Jean-Thomas Ungerer (born November 28, 1931) in Strasbourg is a French illustrator best known for his erotic and political illustrations Arsène Wenger OBE (born October 22, 1949 in Strasbourg) is a French football manager, in charge of Arsenal

In chronological order, famous residents of Strasbourg include: Johannes Gutenberg, Hans Baldung, Martin Bucer, John Calvin, Joachim Meyer, Johann Carolus, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Georg Büchner, Louis Pasteur, Ferdinand Braun, Albrecht Kossel, Georg Simmel, Albert Schweitzer, Otto Klemperer, Marc Bloch, Alberto Fujimori, Paul Ricoeur and Jean-Marie Lehn. Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( 1398 &ndash February 3, 1468) was a German Goldsmith and printer who is credited Hans Baldung known as Hans Baldung Grien/Grün (c 1480 - 1545 Martin Bucer (or Butzer) ( 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a Protestant reformer whose principal ministry was John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Joachim Meyer (1537? - 1571 was a self described Freifechter (literally Free Fencer living in the then Free Imperial City of Strassburg in the 16th century Johann Carolus (1575 - 1634 was the publisher of the first Newspaper, called Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien (Collection of all distinguished ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz ( 23 January, 1751, or 12 January in the Julian calendar &ndash 4 June, 1792, or 24 May in the Julian Karl Georg Büchner ( October 17, 1813 &ndash February 19, 1837) was a German Dramatist and Writer of prose Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and Karl Ferdinand Braun ( 6 June 1850 in Fulda, Germany &ndash 20 April 1918 in New York City, U Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel ( September 16, 1853 &ndash July 5, 1927) was a German medical doctor Georg Simmel (March 1 1858 &ndash September 28 1918 was one of the first generation of German sociologists. Albert Schweitzer, MD, OM, (January 14 1875 &ndash September 4 1965 was an Alsatian theologian, Musician, Philosopher WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Otto Klemperer (born Breslau, May 14, 1885 Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch ( July 6, 1886 – June 16, 1944) was a French Historian of medieval France in the Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven Paul Ricœur (born February 27, 1913 in Valence France; died May 20, 2005 in Chatenay Malabry, France was a Jean-Marie Lehn (born September 30, 1939) is a French Chemist.

Twin towns

Strasbourg is twinned with:

• Boston, United States (since 1960)
• Leicester, United Kingdom (since 1960)
• Stuttgart, Germany (then West-Germany) (since 1962)
• Dresden, Germany (ex-East-Germany) (since 1990)
• Ramat Gan, Israel (since 1991)
• Istanbul, Turkey
• Jacmel, Haiti (since 1996) (Coopération décentralisée)
• Novgorod, Russia (since 1997) (Coopération décentralisée)
• Fes, Morocco (Coopération décentralisée)

Strasbourg in popular culture

• One of the longest chapters of Lawrence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy ("Slawkenbergius's tale") takes place in Strasbourg. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Ramat Gan (רָמַת גַּן is a city in the Tel Aviv district of Israel, which borders Tel Aviv to its west For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Jacmel, ( Jakmèl in Kréyòl) also known by its indigenous name of Yaquimel, is a city in southern Haiti founded in 1698 Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Laurence Sterne ( November 24, 1713 &ndash March 18, 1768) was an Irish -born English Novelist and an Anglican The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy Gentleman (or more briefly Tristram Shandy) is a novel by Laurence Sterne. Hafen Slawkenbergius is fictional character in Laurence Sterne 's Tristram Shandy. ^[35]
• An episode of Matthew Gregory Lewis's novel The Monk takes place in the forests then surrounding Strasbourg. ( 9 July 1775 &ndash 14 May 1818) was an English Novelist and Dramatist, often referred to as "Monk" Ambrosio or the Monk is a Gothic novel by Matthew Gregory Lewis which first appeared in 1796.
• British art-punk band The Rakes had a minor hit in 2005 with, their song "Strasbourg". The Rakes are an English Indie rock band from London. History The Rakes formed in 2004 This song features witty lyrics with themes of espionage and vodka and includes a cleverly-placed count of 'eins, zwei, drei, vier!!', even though Strasbourg's most common spoken language is French.
• On their 1974 album Hamburger Concerto, Dutch progressive band Focus included a track called "La Cathédrale de Strasbourg", which included chimes from a cathedral-like bell. Focus is a Dutch Progressive rock band It was founded by classically trained organist / Flautist

See also

• Strasbourg Cathedral
• University of Strasbourg
• Observatory of Strasbourg
• Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg
• Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art
• Strasbourg Convention (Patent law)
• List of mayors of Strasbourg

Notes

References

• Connaître Strasbourg by Roland Recht, Georges Foessel and Jean-Pierre Klein, 1988, ISBN 2-7032-0185-0
• Histoire de Strasbourg des origines à nos jours, four volumes (ca. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 2000 pages) by a collective of historians under the guidance of Georges Livet and Francis Rapp, 1982, ISBN 2-7165-0041-X

External links

• Strasbourg official website
• Strasbourg in the Structurae database
• Eurodistrict official site (French) (German)
• Port of Strasbourg (French)
• Webcam of Strasbourg
• The museums of Strasbourg (French) + some English
• The city archives of Strasbourg (French)
• The European institutions in Strasbourg
• Education network for universities and high schools at Strasbourg (French)
• National Theater of Strasbourg (Théâtre National de Strasbourg)
• The Opéra du Rhin
• The Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra (French)
• The Strasbourg Art School (French)
• The National and University Library (French)
• The organs of Strasbourg (French)
• English Speaking Community of Strasbourg
• Visiting Strasbourg
• Photos through the city (French)
• Public transport in Strasbourg
• Strasbourg travel guide from Wikitravel