The status of religious freedom around the world varies from country to country. Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance
Countries
Afghanistan
The current government of Afghanistan has only been in place since 2002, following a U. The current government of Afghanistan has only been in place since 2002 following a U S. -led invasion which displaced the former Taliban government. The Constitution of Afghanistan is dated January 23, 2004, and its initial three articles mandate:
- Afghanistan shall be an Islamic Republic, independent, unitary, and indivisible state. The Constitution of Afghanistan became the official law of Afghanistan when the 2003 Loya jirga approved it by the Consensus on January 4, Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- The sacred religion of Islam shall be the religion of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Followers of other faiths shall be free within the bounds of law in the exercise and performance of their religious rights.
- No law shall contravene the tenets and provisions of the holy religion of Islam in Afghanistan.
Argentina
Article 2 of the Constitution of Argentina reads: The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion. The constitution of Argentina is one of the primary sources of exisiting law in Argentina. Article 14 guarantees all the inhabitants of the Nation the right to profess freely their religion. [1]
Austria
Austria guarantees freedom of religion through various constitutional provisions and through membership in various international agreements. In Austria, these instruments are deemed to allow any religious group to worship freely in public and in private, to proselytize, and to prohibit discrimination against individuals because of their religious allegiances or beliefs. However, part of the Austrian constitutional framework is a system of cooperation between the government and recognized religious communities. The latter are granted preferential status by being entitled to benefits such as a tax-exempt status and public funding of religious education. [2]p. 7
Currently, Austria recognizes twelve religions. In addition to various Christian denominations, these include Judaism, Buddhism, and Islam. To date, Austria has not granted full recognition to several newer and allegedly controversial religions such as the Church of Scientology and Jehovah's Witnesses. Some newer religious groups, however, have applied under the 1998 Act and thereby attained the preliminary status of communities of believers. [2]p. 7
Australia
Since the founding of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, religious freedom has been guaranteed and state religion has been outlawed. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Section 116 of the Australian Constitution says:
- The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth. The Constitution of Australia is the law under which the Australian Commonwealth Government operates [3]
Some Australian judges have gone so far as to say that the government cannot support religious schools, even if done in a non-discriminatory way. Parochial school is one term used (particularly in the United States) to describe a school that engages in Religious education in addition to conventional Education [4] The High Court of Australia, however, has consistently allowed funding of religious schools. The High Court of Australia is the final court of appeal in Australia the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy. State aid for non-Government schools became an issue in 1962 and was a major campaign issue in the 1963 federal election, following which federal and State Government funds have supported non-Government schools. See also 1961 in Australia, other events of 1962, 1963 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. Background The election was held following the early dissolution of the House of Representatives
The issue of separation between religion and state is generally less contentious than in the United States. The Australian Parliament still holds prayers at the start of each sitting day and has since federation. The Parliament of Australia or Commonwealth Parliament is the legislative branch of government of Australia. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" Attendance at the prayer services is optional but many Members of Parliament do attend. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament.
Burma (Myanmar)
Every year since 1999 the U.S. State Department has designated Burma as a country of particular concern with regard to religious freedom. [5]
Cambodia
Article 43 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia reads: Khmer citizens of either sex shall have the right to freedom of belief. Freedom of religious belief and worship shall be guaranteed by the State on the condition that such freedom does not affect other religious beliefs or violate public order and security. Buddhism shall be the State religion. [6]
Canada
Religious freedom in Canada is a constitutionally protected right, allowing believers the freedom to assemble and worship without limitation or interference. Religious freedom in Canada is a constitutionally protected right allowing believers the freedom to assemble and Worship without limitation or interference
There is no established church, however religious groups can qualify for tax-exemption. The amount of funding religious schools receive varies from province to province. In many provinces religious schools are government funded in the same way other independent schools are. In most parts of Canada there is a Catholic education system alongside the secular "public" education system. They all run on Catholic principles and include religious activities and instruction as a matter of course. They are not exclusively attended by practicing Catholics.
Again, like most countries, the specific form of separation unique to the US does not apply here. There is no restriction on government funding of "faith-based" activities. Religious activity in schools is not excluded constitutionally (though in public schools it is usually not undertaken). Some Canadian public schools have the students recite the Lord's Prayer daily, some schools do not recite it.
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is entrenched in the Constitution, states in the preamble that Canada "is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God and the rule of law. "[7] Freedom of religion as also guaranteed. The Supreme Court of Canada, in the case of Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] (1 S. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd, 1 SCR 295 is a landmark decision by Supreme Court of Canada where the Court struck down the Lord's Day Act Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) C. R. 295) ruled that a 1906 statute that required most places to be closed on Sunday did not have a legitimate purpose in a "free and democratic society," and was an unconstitutional attempt to establish a religious-based closing law (see Blue law. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A blue law is a type of law in the United States and Canada designed to enforce moral standards particularly the observance of Sunday as a day of worship )
China
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China provides for freedom of religious belief; however, the Government restricts religious practice to government-sanctioned organizations and registered places of worship and to control the growth and scope of the activity of religious groups. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China provides for freedom of Religious belief however the Government possibly due to the fact that Freedom of Despite formal recognition of religious liberty, "religious freedom is accorded little respect in China. "[8] Every year since 1999 the U.S. State Department has designated China as a country of particular concern with regard to religious freedom. [9]
Denmark
Denmark has freedom of worship, however the Church of Denmark does hold certain privileges. Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance The Danish National Church, Church of Denmark or Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark ( Danish: Den Danske Folkekirke or Folkekirken According to Section 4 in the Constitution of Denmark: "The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark, and, as such, it shall be supported by the State. The Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark (Danmarks Riges Grundlov was introduced on June 5, 1849 and effectively put an end to the Absolute monarchy "
- See also: Religion in Denmark. Of the religions in Denmark, the most prominent is the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark which is the official state religion
Egypt
Despite the fact that Egypt is a predominantly Islamic population, the prevailing belief is that the Coptic Orthodox Church is the unofficial state church of Egypt. Religion in Egypt controls many aspects of social life and is endorsed by law This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially It is not noted in the Constitution of Egypt (which is currently in use) what is the official State Church because Egypt is currently an Arab Republic that recognizes Islam as the State Religion, but most inhabitants of Egypt accept the Coptic Orthodox Church as the unofficial State Church mainly due to the fact that it incorporates Egypt's largest Christian population, which makes up approximately 10% of Egypt's total population. The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the supreme law of Egypt. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [10] The separation of the state's influence on religion and vice versa is often undetermined; many rights groups have claimed that some laws passed by the State are heavily influenced by the State Religion, and sometimes aims at particular minorities in Egypt. The Coptic Orthodox Church is in fairly good relations with the State. This was seen when the State officially declared January 7, the Coptic Orthodox Christmas, as an official holiday in Egypt. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental However, some laws (e. g. , the 19th century Hamayouni Decree, which requires the President of Egypt must approve any permits to build or repair any church in Egypt) still aim at persecuting the Coptic Orthodox Church. [11]
Other churches exist in Egypt, such as the Coptic Catholic Church as well as some Protestant denominations. The Coptic Catholic Church is an Alexandrian Rite Sui juris Particular Church in Full communion with the Pope of Rome rather Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. However, their population composes a very small portion of Egypt's population.
see also Egyptian identification card controversy. The Egyptian identification card controversy resulted from a ruling of the Supreme Administrative Council of Egypt on December 16, 2006 against the
Finland
As the national churches of Finland, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and the Finnish Orthodox Church have a status protected by law. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (in Finnish Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko; in Swedish Evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan Structure and organization Along with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland the Orthodox Church of Finland has a special position in Finnish law The special legal position of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is also codified in the constitution of Finland. Both churches have the right to levy an income tax on their members and every Finnish company as a part of Corporation Tax. The tax is collected by the state. The administration of the national churches is regulated by their respective church laws, which are drafted by the churches and enacted or rejected by the parliament. State universities, religiously non-aligned in themselves, provide the theological education that is required from those to be ordained as clergy of the national churches. The general direction has been to restrict and remove the privileges of the national churches, and as of 2004, in most other official business (such as officiating marriages) any registered religious community has a status comparable to that of the national churches. [12] [13]
Teaching Christian religion as a school subject is an old tradition in Finland. Excusing students, who are not members of either national church, from such teaching has usually been the practice since the early 1900'ies, though the exact regulations concerning who is entighteled to exclusion from such teaching have varied. Also requirements for teacher competency for the teaching of religion have varied [14].
Since 2003, world view related teaching is compulsory to all students in basic education (primary and secondary school). Each government funded primary or secondary school must arrange teaching in the religion, which the majority of the students are members of. Also, for every group of at least three students, who belong to some other organized religion, teaching in their own religion must be arranged. For a group of at least three students, who do not belong to any organized religion, teaching in the subject "secular world view" (in Finnish "elämänkatsomustieto"), must be arranged. If there are too few students for a teaching group for the student's own religion to be arranged, the student (or as most such students are minors, their parents) can choose between joining the teaching group for the majority religion, requesting secular world view teaching or arranging the teaching from their own religious organization. A teaching group for a minority religion or for secular world view can be arranged for several schools together. [14]
Current teacher education in Finland gives primary and secondary school teachers a basic competence to teach the national churches' religion, major world religions and secular world view as school subjects. The world's principal Religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups or world religions'. However, it is also noted that a teacher should not have to teach a particular religion, if that offends her or his conscience, and any conflicts between students' right to receive teaching and teachers' religious freedom should be solved on a case-by-case basis. [14]
France
Since 1905, France has had a law requiring separation of church and state, prohibiting the state from recognizing or funding any religion. Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu Martin ( July 22, 1847 &ndash December 10, 1943) was a French Socialist leader and cabinet officer Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. According to the French constitution, freedom of religion was already a constitutional right. The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958. A constitutional right is a Right granted by a Government 's Constitution (on the national or sub-national level and cannot be legally denied by that government The 1905 law on secularity was highly controversial at the time. The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State ( French: Loi du 9 décembre 1905 concernant la séparation des Églises et de l'État) was passed by France adheres to the notion of laïcité, that is, noninterference of the government into the religious sphere and noninterference of religion into government, and a strict neutrality of government in religious affairs. Laïcité (laisiˈte is the French concept of a Secular society, connoting the absence of religious involvement in government affairs
References to religious beliefs by politicians to justify public policies are considered a political faux pas, since it is widely believed that religious beliefs should be kept out of the public sphere.
Public tax money supports some church-affiliated schools, but they must agree to follow the same curriculum as the public schools and are prohibited from forcing students to attend religion courses or to discriminate against students on the basis of religion. In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University.
Churches, synagogues, temples and cathedrals built before 1905, at the taxpayers' expense, are now the property of the state and the communes; however they may be gratuitously used for religious activities provided this religious use stays continuous in time. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. Some argue
that this is a form of unfair subsidy for the established religions in comparison to Islam. In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector
The Alsace-Moselle area, which was administered by Germany at the time the 1905 law was passed and was returned to France only after World War I, is still under the pre-1905 regime established of the Concordat, which provides for the public subsidy of the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church, the Reformed church and the Jewish Religion as well as public education in those religions. Alsace-Moselle is the current legal name of the Alsace-Lorraine territory the part of France that was part of Germany from 1871 to 1919 (and then Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Concordat of 1801 is a reflection of an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut An original trait of this area is that priests are paid by the state; the bishops are named by the President on the proposal of the Pope. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of these and other extraordinary legal dispositions of Alsace-Moselle, as well as on the exclusion of other religions in Alsace-Moselle from this arrangement. See also laïcité
In recent years, some legislation such as the About-Picard law and government actions were taken against some groups considered to be dangerous or criminal. Laïcité (laisiˈte is the French concept of a Secular society, connoting the absence of religious involvement in government affairs The 2001 About-Picard law pikar (named after French parliament members Nicolas About and Catherine Picard) a piece of French legislation broadly speaking Officials and associations fighting excesses of such groups, justified these measures by the need to have appropriate legal tools and the need to fight criminal organizations masquerading as legitimate religious groups. Critics contended that those actions unfairly targeted minority religions, jeopardized freedom of religion, and were motivated by prejudice. The matters were made even more complex by the fact that some of the groups involved are based in the United States, which prompted the intervention of the government of that country. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Georgia
The Georgian Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice. The Georgian Constitution provides for Freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice
Germany
After the wars that followed the Reformation, the principle cuius regio, eius religio divided the Holy Roman Empire in statelets with a homogeneous faith. Cuius regio eius religio is a phrase in Latin that means "Whose region his Religion " The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in This principle was changed to religious freedom as a result of the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War.
Today, church and state are separate, but there is cooperation in many fields, most importantly in the social sector. Churches and religious communities, if they are large, stable and loyal to the constitution, can get special status from the state as a "corporation under public law" which allows the churches to levy taxes called Kirchensteuer (literally church tax) on their members. Church tax is a Tax imposed on members of some Religious congregations in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, This revenue is collected by the state without any fee.
Religious instruction (for members of the respective religions) is an ordinary subject in public schools (in most states). It is organized by the state, but also under the supervision of the respective religious community. Teachers are educated at public universities. Parents, or students 14 years old and above, can decide not to take those religion classes, but most federal states require classes in "ethics" or "philosophy" as replacements. A small but significant number of religious schools, which receive the majority of their funding (but never all of it) from the state, exist in most parts of the country; however nobody can be compelled to attend them. There was considerable public controversy when the Federal Constitutional Court declared a Bavarian law requiring a crucifix in every classroom to be unconstitutional in 1997; Bavaria replaced it with a law still demanding the same, unless parents file a formal protest with the state. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one fixed to a cross" is a cross with a representation of Jesus ' body or corpus Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar
As immigration has significantly increased the numbers of Muslim inhabitants, there is ongoing discussion about introducing an Islamic religious instruction for Muslim pupils, but such plans have yet been hampered by difficulties in organising a curriculum for the whole Islamic spectrum. The Federal Administrative Court has ruled that the Berlin Islamic Federation was a qualified religious community under Berlin law (which differs considerably from most of the rest of the country); hence, the Berlin State Government decided to begin Islamic religious instruction in public schools in areas with significant Islamic populations.
The government did not recognize several belief systems, including Scientology, as Non-profit organizations; however, the absence of recognition did not prevent their adherents from engaging in public and private religious activities. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage [15]
Greece
Greece is the only European Union (EU) country to ban proselytism in its constitution, and for this reason the only EU country to have been condemned by the European Court of Human Rights for a lack of religious freedom. Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion and particularly another religion The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights The position of the Church of Greece and its relations with the State are set forth in Article 3, par. The Church of Greece ( Greek: Ekklēsía tês Helládos, ekliˈsia tis eˈlaðos is one of the fifteen Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches 1 of the present Constitution (1975/1986/2001). Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. According to this article: (a) The Greek-Orthodox dogma is the prevailing religion, (b) The Church of Greece is inseparably united in doctrine with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and with all other Orthodox Churches, and (c) The Church is self-administered and autocephalous. History Early history Christianity in Byzantium existed from the time of the Twelve Apostles, but it was in the year 330 that the Roman Emperor Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose
About 98% of the population is Christian Orthodox. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world [16] The remaining percentage represents Muslims, Roman Catholics, Eastern-rite Catholics and Jews. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See The Government, under the direction of the Ministry of Education and Religion, provides some financial support by, for example, paying for the salaries and religious training of clergy, and financing the maintenance of Orthodox Church buildings. This special relation between the Greek State and the Orthodox Church has come about for historical reasons and long-established tradition, many Greeks attributing the preservation of Greek national identity during the 400 years of Ottoman occupation to the Orthodox Church. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish A separation of Church and State would require an amendment of the Constitution.
Being Greek Orthodox is a necessary requirement for those who wish to join the Hellenic Army special forces.
The relationship between church and state in Greece is partly responsible for the fact that Athens doesn't have a mosque. A Greek Government plan exists which would build an Islamic center and mosque on some 35,000 square meters of donated land in the Athens suburb of Peania. [17] The plan has drawn fire on grounds that Peania currently has no Muslim community. The Mayor of Peania has initiated legal action, pointing to a century-old deed which, municipal authorities say, proves that the land on which the Mosque would be built belongs to Peania and not the central government. [18] Muslim communities have also criticized the Peania project, noting that such a mosque would be located some 30 kilometers (19 miles) from Athens, where most of the capital's Muslim faithful live. [19]
The government financially supports the Greek Orthodox Church and also pays the salaries and some expenses of the two official Muslim religious leaders in Thrace. [20]
Das Leben des Jesus (The Life of Jesus), a satire in which Jesus is portrayed as an incense-addicted hippy, was banned in Greece in 2005 for blasphemy, and Haderer received a suspended six-month jail sentence. However, the ban and sentence were reversed on appeal and the book has since been unbanned. [21]
In 2006, an Athens court ha ordered the adulation of Zeus, Hera, Hermes, Athena, et al to be unbanned, paving the way for more religious freedom for Hellenic Polytheism. [22][23]
India
The Indian constitution's preamble states that India is a secular state. India is one of the most diverse nations in terms of religion Ahmedabad (અમદાવાદ Amdāvād, Hindi: अहमदाबाद) is the largest city in The 2002 Gujarat violence describes a series of communal Riots between the communities of Hindus and Muslims that took place in the Indian Freedom of religion is a fundamental right guaranteed by the constitution. Every citizen of India has a right to practise and promote their religions peacefully. But there have been many incidence of religious intolerance which resulted in riots.
The United States Department of State in its annual human rights report for 2006 noted attacks against religious minorities in India. [24] State Department's annual reports on religious freedom for 2007 expressed concern over organized societal attacks against religious minorities. [25] However in judging overall religious freedom, the report noted signs of improvement in India along with Saudi Arabia and Vietnam compared to Iran, Iraq, Burma, Eritrea, North Korea, China and Egypt. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. [26]
Indonesia
- See also: Islam in Indonesia, Christianity in Indonesia, Buddhism in Indonesia, and Confucianism in Indonesia
Religion plays a major role in life in Indonesia. Religion plays a major role in life in Indonesia. It is stated in the first principle of the state ideology Pancasila: "belief in the one and only God" Islam is Indonesia's dominant Religion with approximately 88% over 200 million of its population identifying as Muslims, making it the most Christianity in Indonesia is a minority religion About 585 % of the population of Indonesia are Protestants and about 3 % are Catholics Among the five official religions of Indonesia, according to the state ideology of Pancasila According to Suharto, Buddhism and Hinduism were Indonesia's classical Established in 1955 The Supreme Council for Kongzi Religion in Indonesia ( Majelis Tinggi Agama Konghucu Indonesia or MATAKIN is a religious organization to promote the development It is stated in the first principle of the state ideology, Pancasila: "belief in the one and only God". Pancasila, (pronounced panʧaˈsila is the official philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state A number of different religions are practiced in Indonesia and their collective influence on the country's political, economical and cultural life is significant. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. [27] As of 2007, 86. 1% of Indonesia's 234. 7 million people (July 2007 est. ) are Muslims, 5. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion 7% are Protestant, 3% are Catholic, 1. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". 8% are Hindu, and 3. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical 4% other or unspecified (percentages based on 2000 census). [28]
The Indonesian Constitution states "every person shall be free to choose and to practice the religion of his/her choice" and "guarantees all persons the freedom of worship, each according to his/her own religion or belief". The Constitution of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945, UUD '45) is the basis for the government of the Indonesia [29] The government, however, officially only recognises six religions, namely Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B [30][31]
Iran
The Iranian constitution was drafted during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1906;[32] While the constitution was modelled on Belgium's 1831 constitution, the provisions guaranteeing freedom of worship were omitted. Iran is an Islamic republic. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran mandates that the official religion of Iran is Islam (see Islam The Iranian Constitutional Revolution (also known as the Persian Constitutional Revolution or Constitutional Revolution of Iran) took place between 1905 and 1911 The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those [33] Subsequent legislation provided some recognition to the religious minorities of Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians, in addition to majority Muslim population, as equal citizens under state law, but it did not guarantee freedom of religion and "gave unprecedented institutional powers to the clerical establishment. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. "[33] The Islamic Republic of Iran, that was established after the Iranian revolution, recognizes four religions, whose status is formally protected: Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [34] Members of the first three minority religions receive special treatment under Iranian law.
However, adherents of the Bahá'í Faith, Iran's largest religious minority are not recognized and are persecuted. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind The persecution of Bahá'ís is the Religious persecution of Bahá'ís in various countries especially in Iran, where the Bahá'í Faith originated and Bahá'ís have been subjected to unwarranted arrests, false imprisonment, executions, confiscation and destruction of property owned by individuals and the Bahá'í community, denial of civil rights and liberties, and denial of access to higher education. [34] Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, Iranian Bahá'ís have regularly had their homes ransacked or been banned from attending university or holding government jobs, and several hundred have received prison sentences for their religious beliefs. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed [34] Bahá'í cemeteries have been desecrated and property seized and occasionally demolished, including the House of Mírzá Buzurg, Bahá'u'lláh's father. [35] The House of the Báb in Shiraz has been destroyed twice, and is one of three sites to which Bahá'ís perform pilgrimage. Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. A Bahá'í pilgrimage currently consists of visiting the holy places in Haifa, Akká, and Bahjí at the Bahá'í World Centre in Northwest [35][36][37]
Ireland
For most practical purposes, Ireland has separation of church and state. Article 44. 1 of the constitution states that 'The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. The Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann came into force on 29 December 1937 after having been passed by a national plebiscite the previous July It shall hold His name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion. ' However, Article 44. 2 goes on to state that '1˚Freedom of conscience and the free profession and practice of religion are, subject to pubic order and morality, guaranteed to every citizen. 2˚The State guarantees not to endow any religion. ' While many religious schools are publicly funded, the religious link is due to the way the national school system is funded - a board of management runs the school, which is usually privately owned, while teachers' salaries are paid by the state. A national school is a type of School. England and Wales See also Education in England, Education in Wales Historically The Fifth Amendment of the constitution removed the section which referred to the special position of the Catholic Church, though it has been argued that this section was more symbolic than of actual influence. The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland removed from the constitution a controversial reference to the "special position" of the Roman Catholic Church The Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann came into force on 29 December 1937 after having been passed by a national plebiscite the previous July The Irish President has to swear an oath that does contain an explicit religious reference, though this may be changed in future. The President of Ireland (Uachtarán na hÉireann n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ is the Head of state of Ireland. Occasionally, there is mild controversy that the Angelus bell is broadcast by RTE on RTÉ 1 TV and radio station, but it generally peters out, due to the indifference of the population at large to the issue. The Angelus ( Latin for Angel) is a Christian devotion in memory of the Incarnation. RTÉ is theorethically not state-owned, being a semi state corporation. A State-Sponsored Body is the name given in the Republic of Ireland to a State-owned enterprise (a government-owned corporation that is to say a commercial business Only one of RTÉ's eight radio stations and one of its two television stations shows this.
Israel
With some exceptions, such as laws relating to marriage and divorce, as well as policies concerning the Temple Mount, Israel is a secular state. Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle The Temple Mount ( הַר הַבַּיִת, Har haBáyit) also called the Noble Sanctuary ( الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-haram English Common Law, rather than Judaic Talmudic Law, is the legal tradition. Every citizen of Israel, regardless of his or her religious or national affiliation, enjoys full and equal civil rights. This of course includes the large Arab and Muslim minority.
However, the ultra-Orthodox minority parties in Israel, being a necessary element in almost every coalition government, try to increase religious influence over the state, and receive state funding for religious schools, and other benefits, such as exemption from service in the Israeli Defence Forces. The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit Israel also offers automatic citizenship to any Jew who wishes to become a citizen. Such benefits and funds are considered by many as discriminatory privileges, and as clear violations of the principle of separation of church and state.
Israel is commonly referred to as "the Jewish State" which is often a source of confusion, as the term "Jew" has the twin meaning of referring to both a religion and a nation. Israel's founders considered "Jew" as a nationality and hence Israel can be considered "the Jewish State" with regard to nationality only, just as Italy can be described as the "Italian State," France "the French Republic" and so on.
Notwithstanding, this definition is often cited as justification for enforcement of religious laws as official policies. Unlike other democracies, Israel enforces several religious laws, such as the ban on commerce on Sabbath or on the selling of pork. Civil marriage and public transport on Shabbat (sundown Friday until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night) are also against the Israeli law. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath Some religious schools are considered independent and are run without being monitored by the ministry of education, resulting in an alternative education system whereby parents can have their children educated in institutions which teach nothing but religion. This phenomenon, non- existent in any other democracy, is an official Israeli policy. Such controversial practices make Israel differ substantially from other, secular democracies, and may pose a problem if Israel is to apply for EU membership.
But according to almost all sources, kosher is not enforced in Israel. "Having said this, due to the secular nature of much of Israel, most foods can be found, and most restaurants aren't kosher. " http://wikitravel.org/en/Israel
Italy
There is no state religion; however, the Catholic Church enjoys a large number of privileges, stemming from its sovereign status and its historical political authority, not available to other religious groups.
Japan
Historically, Japan had long tradition of mixed religious practice between Shinto and Buddhism since the introduction of Buddhism in 7th century. The Constitution provides for freedom of religion and the Government generally respected this right in practice is the native religion of Japan and was once its State religion. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Though the Emperor of Japan is supposed to be the direct descendant of Amaterasu Oomikami, Shinto sun goddess, all Imperial family members, as well as almost all Japanese, were Buddhists who also practiced Shinto religious rites as well. The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. Christianity flourished when it was first introduced by Francis Xavier, but was soon violently suppressed. Saint Francis Xavier ( Konkani / Konknni: Sam Fransisku Xavier/ Sanv Fransisk Xavier Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa Spanish: San Francisco
After the Meiji Restoration, Japan tried to remodel the state in line of modern European constitutional monarchy. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure Upon learning that many European states sourced their constitutional authority to the Christian God, which Japanese religious tradition did not have, the emperor itself was substituted to its position. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Buddhism and Shintoism were officially separated and Shintoism was set as the state religion. has been called the State religion of the Empire of Japan. The term was not used until after World War II and in a broad sense is used to classify those Shinto The Constitution specifically stated that Emperor is "holy and inviolable" (Tennou ha shinsei nishite okasu bekarazu). SACRED was a Cubesat built by the Student Satellite Program of the University of Arizona. During the period of Emperor Showa, the status of emperor was further elevated to be a living god (Arahito gami). This ceased at the end of World War II, when the current constitution was drafted. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including (See Ningen-sengen. )
Article 20 of the constitution of Japan drafted in by the US occupation forces, in 1946 and currently in use, mandates a separation of religious organizations from the state, as well as ensuring religious freedom: "No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political authority. The has been the founding legal document of Japan since 1947 The constitution provides for a Parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious act, celebration, rite or practice. The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other religious activity. " However, like the CDU of Germany, Japan is not without a political party that has religious affiliation, namely the New Komeito Party which has affiliation with Sōka Gakkai. The, New Komeito Party, or NKP is a Centre-right political party in Japan founded by members of the Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai Less than one percent of Japanese population are Christian, and Soka Gakkai is a minor religion itself. Japanese in general mix Buddhism, Shinto, and secularism in practice, and often have "Christian" weddings, but have Buddhist funerals. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. A secular form of Christmas is widely observed. Tenrikyo and other Japan-centered faiths are also present. Tenrikyo ( 天[[wiktionary 理|理]] 教; Tenrikyō, lit Teaching of Divine Reason) is a panentheist Japanese New Religion
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (north)
The North Korean constitution guarantees freedom of belief; however according to one source which is generally considered authoritative, "Genuine religious freedom does not exist. The Constitution provides for "freedom of religious belief" however in practice the Government severely restricted religious freedom including organized religious activity except that "[38]
Korea, Republic of (south)
According to one source which is generally considered authoritative, "The constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in practice. "[39]
Article 11 [Equality], paragraph 1, of the Constitution decares: "All citizens are equal before the law, and there may be no discrimination in political, economic, social, or cultural life on account of sex, religion, or social status. "[40]
Malaysia
The status of religious freedom in Malaysia is a controversial issue. The status of religious freedom in Malaysia is a controversial issue Islam is the official state religion and the Constitution of Malaysia provides for limited freedom of religion, notably placing control upon the 'propagation' of religion other than Islam to Muslims, a fundamental part of a number of other religions. However, questions including whether Malays can convert from Islam and whether Malaysia is an Islamic state or secular state remains unresolved. For the most part the multiple religions within Malaysia interact peacefully and exhibit mutual respect. This is evident by the continued peaceful co-existence of cultures and ethnic groups.
Mexico
A precedent of limiting the rights of the church – especially the Roman Catholic Church– was set by President Valentín Gómez Farías in 1833. The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Valentín Gómez Farías ( 14 February 1781 &ndash 5 July 1858) was several times acting president of Mexico in the 1830s Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Later, President Benito Juárez enacted a set of laws that came to be known as the Leyes de Reforma between 1859 and 1863 in the backdrop of the Guerra de Reforma. Benito Pablo Juárez García (benit̪o paβ̞lo xwaɾes gaɾsia ( March 21, 1806 – July 18, 1872) was a Zapotec Amerindian Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The War of Reform was a Mexican Civil war fought from December 1857 to January 1861 These laws mandated, among other things, the separation of church and state, allowed for civil marriages and a civil registry, and confiscated the church's property. A civil registry or population registry is a repository or Database maintained by a State listing Vital statistics about all of its Citizens
Tensions also existed between the Roman Catholic Church and the post-Revolution Mexican government. The Mexican Revolution (Revolución Mexicana was a major armed struggle that started with an uprising led by Francisco I Severe restrictions on the rights of the Church and members of the clergy were written into the country's 1917 constitution that led to the eruption of the Cristero War in 1926. The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917 is the present Constitution of Mexico. The Cristero War (also known as the Cristiada of 1926 to 1929 was an uprising and Counter-revolution against the Anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time set Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1992 the government reestablished diplomatic relations with the Holy See and lifted almost all restrictions on the Catholic Church. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic This later action included granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them limited property rights, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country. However, the law continues to mandate a strict separation of church and state. The constitution still bars members of the clergy from holding public office, advocating partisan political views, supporting political candidates, or opposing the laws or institutions of the state.
The constitution provides that education should avoid privileges of religion, and that one religion or its members may not be given preference in education over another. Education stages The Mexican school system is organized into Basic Education, Secondary Education and Religious instruction is prohibited in public schools; however, religious associations are free to maintain private schools, which receive no public funds.
According to the Religious Associations and Public Worship Law, religious groups may not own or administer broadcast radio or television stations; however, the Catholic Church owns and operates a national cable television channel. Government permission is required to transmit religious programming on commercial broadcast radio or television, and permission is granted routinely. [41]
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, freedom of religion found its roots in the religious wars that took place in the 16th century and which led to the first limited form of constitutional recognition of the freedom of religion in 1579. With the last major revision of the Constitution in 1983 with respect to freedom of religion, the secularization between state and church that started in the 19th century was completed. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) In Article 6, all discrimination based on religion or philosophy of life is forbidden. With the insertion of the term "philosophy of life," the equal treatment of religious and non-religious philosophies of life is guaranteed in conformity with the international com- mitments of the Netherlands. This article briefly reviews the legal and constitutional background of the Netherlands and the constitutional provisions relevant to freedom of religion. It then lists the most important international agreements and laws affecting religious organizations. [2]p. 76
The Netherlands has separation of church and state, but the government does recognize religious communities, especially in cultural affairs. Schools founded by religious communities, whether Protestant, Catholic, Jewish or Islamic, receive government finance. A special school ("bijzonder onderwijs" in the education system of The Netherlands, is a separate category from a public or private school The Catholic Church in the Netherlands is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome Most history of the Jews in the Netherlands was generated between the end of the sixteenth century and World War II. History Treaty with Morocco In the early 1600s a delegation from the Dutch Republic visited Morocco to discuss a common alliance against Spain This was instituted in 1918 in what is known as the Pacification. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Religiously inspired broadcasting associations are also allowed to broadcast on Dutch national public television. Public-service broadcasting in the Netherlands is provided jointly by a number of broadcasting organizations under the tutelage of NPO ( Netherlands Public Broadcasting, Dutch Nederlandse As such the Netherlands does not have a strong separation between church and state, but instead the state sustains a plural society, which historically consisted out of multiple separated religious groups. Pillarisation ( verzuiling in Dutch, pilarisation in French) is a term used to describe the denominational segregation of Dutch One anomaly in this respect is the convention that the Dutch monarch has to be a member of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. The Netherlands has been an independent Monarchy since 16 March 1815, and has been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau The Protestant Church in the Netherlands ( Dutch: Protestantse Kerk in Nederland, abbreviated PKN) came into being on 1 May 2004
New Zealand
There has never been a state church in New Zealand, although prayers are said in Parliament. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Parliament of New Zealand consists of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives and until 1951 the New Zealand Legislative Council The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 codified freedom of religion and belief in Section 15. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (sometimes known by its acronym NZBORA or BORA) is a Statute of the New Zealand Parliament setting out
Nigeria
Nigeria allows freedom of religion. [42] Islam and Christianity are the two major religions. [43] Everyone is free to choose any religion and both religions live peacefully. Northern Nigeria is mainly Muslim while southern Nigeria is mainly Christian. The Roman catholic church leads in terms of population in Christianity.
Pakistan
Religious freedom in Pakistan has come into conflict with sharia law. Religious freedom in Pakistan has come into conflict with Sharia law. The Blasphemy law in Pakistan is found in several sections of the Pakistan Penal Code, including Section 295 B and C and 298 A B and C Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The original Constitution of Pakistan did not discriminate between Muslims and non-Muslims. The Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان is the supreme law of Pakistan. Blasphemy laws prohibit hate speech. Blasphemy is the disrespectful use of the name of one or more gods. Speaking in opposition to Islam and publishing an attack on Islam or its prophets are prohibited. Pakistan's penal code now mandates the death penalty for anyone defiling the name of the Prophet Muhammad. A penal code is a portion of a State 's Laws defining Crimes and specifying the Punishment. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics This penal code mandates life imprisonment for desecrating the Koran, and up to 10 years' imprisonment for insulting another's religious beliefs with intent to outrage religious feelings. Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran
Philippines
By passing through the numerous phases of colonial occupation, the relationship of the church and state in the Philippines has gradually changed from the collaboration of the Roman Catholic Church with the government during the Spanish era to the generally accepted separation today. Religious freedom in the Philippines is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
Poland
The Republic of Poland is predominantly a Roman Catholic state with more than 96 percent of the population Roman Catholic. Religious denominations in Poland Religion in Poland has changed throughout centuries of History of Poland (see also Historical demography of Poland [44] The remainder of the state encompasses more than 151 churches or other religious organizations. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Polish Constitution and major international conventions and agreements related to religion. Most of these have been signed and ratified by Poland. The Constitution provides, without any exception, separation of church and state, freedom of faith and religion, and equal rights for churches and other religious organizations. After registration, churches and other religious organizations may enjoy their rights provided by various laws. The relations between the State and the Roman Catholic Church are determined by the Concordat Between the Holy See and the Republic of Poland and by other laws. The relations between the State and other major churches and religious organizations are determined by laws adopted pursuant to agreements concluded between their appropriate representatives and the Council of Ministers. [2]p. 85
Portugal
Article 13 of the Portuguese Constitution states, in part, that "No one is privileged, favored, injured, deprived of any right, or exempt from any duty because of his ancestry, sex, race, language, territory of origin, religion, political or ideological convictions, education, economic situation, or social condition"[45]
The country is mostly Roman Catholic, although other Christian churches are on the rise since the 1974 Revolution which inserted the aforementioned article in the constitution. The most predominant religion in Portugal is Roman Catholicism. The first Portuguese Constitution was drafted in 1822 Several Revolutions led to the constitutions of 1826, 1838 ( Liberal Wars) 1911 (
Immigrants from ex-colonies are Muslim and Hindu.
Recent immigration from Eastern European countries also brought the presence of the Orthodox faith.
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Article 13 of the constitution of the Republic of China provides that the people shall have freedom of religious belief. [46]
Russia
From the foundation of the Kievan Rus dynasty until the institution of bolshevism, Russia maintained very close ties between the officially recognized religion, the Russian Orthodox Church, and the government. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure These bonds became tightest under tsar Peter I ("Peter the Great"); in 1721, the office of Patriarch of Moscow was eliminated and replaced with a "Holy Governing Synod," presided over by an Imperial appointee and regulated by Imperial law. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of From that point until 1917 the Russian Orthodox Church was explicitly a department of the Russian government. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government.
After the October Revolution and bolshevik coup, the government of the Soviet Union was quite active in religious affairs, even though it was theoretically atheist and purely secular. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Atheism Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. Between 1917 and 1922, Soviet authorities executed 28 Orthodox Bishops and over 1,000 priests. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A government-sponsored "renovation" known as the Living Church was instigated in May of 1922 as a replacement for the Russian Orthodox Church. The Living Church (Russian Живая Церковь, живоцерковники) also called Renovationist Church or Renovationism (Russian Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It was eliminated in 1943 during the Second World War, but state intervention in religious affairs did not end, and religion was highly regulated and controlled until the end of the Soviet Union. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
On October 9 and November 10 of 1990, the Russian Parliament passed two freedom of conscience laws that formally disestablished the Russian Orthodox Church as the state church of Russia (this step had never actually been explicitly taken in the Soviet Union). Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) In 1997, however, the Russian Parliament passed a law restricting the activities of religious organizations within Russia. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Complete freedom is given to any religious organization officially recognized by the Soviet government before 1985: the Orthodox Church, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The basis for consideration as an official religion of the Russian Federation is supposed to be a 50-year presence in the state. According to this criterion, Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and the Baptist faith should all enjoy official status as Russian religions. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. However, this is not the case. Non-official religions are strictly limited in that they are not permitted to operate schools or import non-Russian citizens to act as missionaries or clergy. Likewise, they must annually re-register with local officials.
This act has been sharply criticized as antithetical to the concept of freedom of religion, especially in countries with religious organizations that expend a great deal of money and effort in proselytizing. Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion and particularly another religion
The Russian government also engages in practices that have been accused of being discriminatory against citizens who profess faiths other than Orthodox Christianity. In the Russian armed forces — for which there continues to be universal conscription — no form of religious worship other than Orthodox Christian is permitted. Thus, conscripted Jews, Muslims, and Buddhists (despite their ostensible religious freedom granted in the 1997 law) are prohibited from engaging in prayer, even if they do so in solitude. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar
Despite these overtly religious practices listed above, The Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted on December 12, 1993, declares the state to be secular, and that no religion shall be declared an official or compulsory religion. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Constitution further provides for equality of all religious associations before the law and states in Article 14 that all religious organizations shall be separate from the state. This provision is contained in the chapter that constitutes the fundamental principles of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and cannot be changed except by a very complicated procedure established by the Constitution. No other legal acts may contradict the fundamental principles of the Russian constitutional system. [2]p. 107
Saudi Arabia
The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an Islamic theocratic monarchy in which Islam is the official religion; the law requires that all Saudi citizens be Muslims, but permits non-Muslim visitors or foreign workers to live among and deal with Muslims except in certain areas. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an Islamic Theocratic Monarchy in which Islam is the official religion the law requires that all Saudi citizens be Muslims The Saudi Mutaween (Arabic: مطوعين), or Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (i. e. , the religious police), prohibits the public practice of non-Muslim religions. The Government claims to recognize the right of non-Muslims to worship in private; however it does not always respect this right in practice.
Sweden
Church-state ties in Sweden were formally separated on 1 January 2000. Sweden was pagan before the 11th century, when the country underwent Christianization. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Lutheran church still maintains special status, but this is only for an adjustment period. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther It is now possible to register new religious organizations, but they lack the same special status and the ability to perform legally binding services such as marriage and burials.
The constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice. The Government at all levels seeks to protect this right in full and does not tolerate its abuse, either by governmental or private actors. The rights and freedoms enumerated in the constitution include the rights to practice one's religion and protection of religious freedom. The laws concerning religious freedoms are generally observed and enforced at all government levels and by the courts in a non-discriminatory fashion. Legal protections cover discrimination or persecution by private actors. [47]
Since the separation of church and state in 2000, eight recognized religious denominations, in addition to the Church of Sweden, raise revenues through member-contributions made through the national tax system. All recognized denominations are entitled to direct government financial support, contributions made through the national tax system, or a mix of both. The state does not favor the Church of Sweden at the expense of other religious groups in any noticeable way. The Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan Ruoŧa girkui is the largest church in Sweden. Since the population is predominantly Christian, certain Christian religious holy days are national holidays, but this does not appear to affect other religious groups negatively. School students from minority religious backgrounds are entitled to take relevant religious holidays. [47]
There are ongoing efforts to remove the special status from the former state church. Marriage can now be performed by anyone who has received a certificate. {[fact|date=May 2007}}
Turkey
- See also: Religion in Turkey and Secularism in Turkey
Nominally, 99. The Constitution provides for freedom of religion and the Government generally respected this right in practice however the Government imposes some restrictions on Muslim and other religious Islam is the largest religion of Turkey More than 99 percent of the population is Muslim, mostly Sunni. Secularism in Turkey was introduced with the Turkish Constitution of 1924 and later the Atatürk's Reforms set the administrative and political requirements to create 0% of the Turkish population is Muslim[48] (in practice it is less), of whom a majority belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A sizeable minority of the population is affiliated with the Alevi sect. Alevis (Aleviler Elewî are a religious sub-ethnic and cultural community in Turkey, numbering in the millions [49] The remainder of the population belongs to other beliefs, particularly Christian denominations (Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac Orthodox, Chaldean Catholic, Church of the East), Judaism, Yezidism and others are irreligious. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world The Chaldean Catholic Church or the Chaldean Church of Babylon (الكنيسة الكلدانية) is an Eastern particular church of the The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ‘Ittā Qaddishtā wa-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The Yazidi (also Yezidi, Kurdish: ئزیدی or Êzidî, Arabic: يزيدي or ايزدي Assyrian/Syriac: ܓ̰ܠܟܝܐ is a [50]
There were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice. Violent attacks and threats against non-Muslims during the reporting period created an atmosphere of pressure and diminished freedom for some non-Muslim communities. Although proselytizing is legal in the country, some Muslims, Christians, and Baha'is faced a few restrictions and occasional harassment for alleged proselytizing or unauthorized meetings. The Government continued to oppose "Islamic fundamentalism. " Authorities continued their broad ban on wearing Muslim religious headscarves in government offices, universities, and schools (upheld by the European Court of Human Rights); a 2006 court ruling, some argue, has extended this ban to the private sphere.
Religious minorities said they were effectively blocked from careers in state institutions because of their faith. Christians, Baha'is, and some Muslims faced societal suspicion and mistrust, and more radical Islamist elements continued to express anti-Semitic sentiments. Additionally, persons wishing to convert from Islam to another religion sometimes experienced social harassment and violence from relatives and neighbors.
According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005,[51] Turkey is a country with a strong stance of secularism since the republican revolution of October 29, 1923 and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's modernization movement in March 3, 1924 which, among other things, abolished the Caliphate and removed all religious influence over the affairs of the state. Eurobarometer is a series of surveys regularly performed on behalf of the European Commission since 1973 Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Even though the state has no official religion nor promotes any, it actively monitors the area between the religions. The constitution recognises freedom of religion for individuals, whereas religious communities are placed under the protection of the state; but the constitution explicitly states that they cannot become involved in the political process (by forming a religious party, for instance) or establish faith-based schools. Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance No party can claim that it represents a form of religious belief; nevertheless, religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties. [52]
In reverse, the mainstream Hanafite school of Sunni Islam is largely organised by the state, through the Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (Religious Affairs Directorate), which controls all mosques and Islamic clerics. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger All Islamic views which are deemed political are censored in accordance with the principle of secularism. All mosques are state funded and it is the state that appoints their imams. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community The content of the weekly seminars of these mosques has to be approved a priori by the DRI. As such, independent Sunni communities and mosques are illegal. Minority religions, like Alevi Islam or Armenian or Greek Orthodoxy, are guaranteed by the constitution as individual faiths and are mostly tolerated, but this guarantee does not give any rights to religious communities. Alevis (Aleviler Elewî are a religious sub-ethnic and cultural community in Turkey, numbering in the millions The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan The Church of Greece ( Greek: Ekklēsía tês Helládos, ekliˈsia tis eˈlaðos is one of the fifteen Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches However, the Treaty of Lausanne gives certain minority religious rights to Jews, Greeks and Armenians, but not, for example, to Syriac-Orthodox or Roman Catholics. The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning Jews {ref|name|§}} have lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) for more than 2400 years Greeks in Turkey (Rumlar are Greek -speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul and on the two Armenians in Turkey (Türkiye Ermenileri Թուրքահայեր Պոլսահայեր the latter meaning Istanbul-Armenian have an estimated population of 40000 (1995 to 70000 The question over the re-establishment of an ancient Greek Orthodox seminary in Istanbul has became a political issue in regard to the accession of Turkey to the European Union. Turkey's application to acceede to the European Union (previously the European Communities) was made on 14 April 1987 The EU considers such prohibition to amount to suppression of religious freedom. However, it is pointed out that, if the Greek Orthodox are allowed to reopen the school, they will become the only religion in Turkey with the right to independent religious schools.
Moreover, Turkey, like France, prohibits by law the wearing of religious headcover and theo-political symbolic garments for both genders in government buildings, schools, and universities;[53] the law was upheld by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights as "legitimate" in Leyla Şahin v. Islam and clothing Hijab or ħijāb ( ar حجاب, pronounced) is the Arabic term for "cover" (noun based on the root حجب meaning "to The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights Turkey on November 10, 2005. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [54]
United Kingdom
Freedom of religion and worship is a fundamental feature of Britain's traditions, except for the provisions of the Act of Settlement (1701)[2]which ensures that no Catholic shall ever be the monarch of the United Kingdom, nor shall they be married to one. The status of religious freedom in the United Kingdom varies across the constituent countries of the United Kingdom, as the three legal systems (see English Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance For a mature democracy, the freedom was achieved relatively late, and some discriminatory laws against minority religions survived into modern times. A minority religion is a Religion held by a minority of the population of a country state or region The role of Britain's "established" (i. e. , state) churches remains incongruous. The new Human Rights Act 1998, which incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law, guarantees the protection of individual rights, including freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, and the freedom to hold or adopt a religion or belief of one's choice. The Human Rights Act 1998 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal Assent on 9 November 1998 and mostly came into force The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the Religious organizations are generally accorded the status of tax exempt public charities. Religious activities generally need some infrastructure to be conducted A tax exemption is an exemption from all or certain Taxes of a state or nation in which part of the taxes that would normally be collected from an individual or an organization A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage Religious education is mandated in state schools based on a syllabus reflecting the country's Christian traditions, but taking into account the other principal represented religions. In Secular usage religious education is the Teaching of a particular Religion (although in England the term religious instruction would refer State school is an expression used in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to distinguish schools provided by the government from privately A syllabus is an Outline and Summary of topics to be covered in a course. Christian tradition is a collection of Traditions of practice or belief associated with Christianity. Students may be excused from attendance at religious worship or instruction upon the request of a parent. Recent laws have shown sensitivity towards religious practices of different groups. A greater role for the judiciary in protecting religious liberties is envisaged under the Human Rights Act. [2]p. 159
Britain is a predominantly Christian country with two established, i. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located e. state, churches, the Church of England (COE), the mother church of the Anglican Communion and the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. Roman Catholics, Baptists, Lutherans, Methodists and Orthodox are among the other Christian faiths present. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to The Eastern Orthodox Church: the Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Most of the world's religions are also represented, including a large number of Muslims (1 million), Sikhs (400,000), Hindus (400,000), and Jews (285,000). A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. There are smaller communities of Bahá'í (6,000), Buddhists (over 500 groups and centers), Jains (25,000) and Zoroastrians (5,000), as well as followers of new religious movements and pagans. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind A number of noted individuals have been Buddhists. Historical Buddhist thinkers and founders of schools Individuals are grouped by nationality except in cases where the Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Many Britons consider themselves agnostic. Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the [2]p. 159
The Church of Scotland is Presbyterian while the Church of England is Anglican (Episcopalian). Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Episcopal polity is a form of church governance which is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a Bishop (Greek The former is a national church guaranteed by law to be separate from the state, while the latter is a state-established church and any major changes to doctrine, liturgy, or structure must have parliamentary approval. A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Neither Wales nor Northern Ireland currently have established churches: the Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920, the Church of Ireland in 1871. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Church in Wales (Yr Eglwys yng Nghymru is a member Church of the Anglican Communion, consisting of six Dioceses in Wales. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The Church of Ireland (Eaglais na hÉireann is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating across the island of Ireland. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The king or queen must promise to uphold the rights of the Presbyterian church in Scotland and the Anglican church in England. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He or she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, holding the title of Defender of the Faith, but an ordinary member of the Church of Scotland. The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British Monarchs which signifies their titular leadership over the Church of England. "Defender of the Faith" redirects here For the 1984 platinum album of British heavy metal group Judas Priest, see Defenders of the Faith Neither church receives direct funding from taxation. State schools must provide religious instruction and regular religious ceremonies, though parents may withdraw their children from either; the choice of religion is left up to the school governors, but in the absence of an explicit choice it is by default "broadly Christian;" the Church of England and the Catholic Church operate many state-funded schools and there are a small number of Jewish and Muslim ones. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Senior Church of England bishops have a right to sit in the House of Lords, the upper chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories
United States
 | The quality of this article or section may be compromised by wording which promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. In the United States Freedom of religion is a constitutionally guaranteed right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. The Separation of church and state is a legal and political principle derived from the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reads "Congress You can help Wikipedia by removing peacock terms or finding content which backs the claims. |  |
In the 1600s and 1700s, many Europeans emigrated to what would later become the United States. "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For some this was driven by the desire to worship freely in their own fashion. These included a large number of nonconformists such as the Puritans and the Pilgrims as well as English Catholics. Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, A pilgrim is one who undertakes a Pilgrimage, literally 'far afield' Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". However, with some exceptions, such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island or the Roman Catholic Lord Baltimore in Maryland, most of these groups did not believe in religious toleration and in some cases came to America with the explicit aim of setting up an established religion. Roger Williams ( December 21, 1603 &ndash April 1, 1683) was an English theologian, a notable proponent of Religious Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Baron Baltimore, of Baltimore in County Cork, is an extinct title in the Peerage of Ireland. Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially
The original U.S. Constitution said ". The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. . . no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. ". The people's belief in religious freedom was further integrated into the U. S. Constitution with the passing of the Bill of Rights containing the First Amendment. A Bill of Rights is a list or summary of rights that are considered important and essential by a group of people The clauses of the First Amendment that adopted the founders' principles that the federal government should not establish an official religion and should allow religious freedom are known respectively as the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment refers to the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that " The Free Exercise Clause is the accompanying clause with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. They state, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . . ".
The interpretation of those clauses is subject to disagreement. According to Conservatives, the first clause has been interpreted as requiring official indifference, whereas the second half (the free exercise portion) has been emasculated.
Public education is a case in point. Some conservatives doubt that restricting religious speech in public school classrooms was the original intent of the first amendment and believe that ending government-funded or government-endorsed religious activities for students constitutes censorship of religion, contrary to the intent of the First Amendment. Further, many feel that educators sometimes deliberately abuse their authority by imposing personal views on their students.
Some hold that the founders' intent was to prevent the state from mandating or banning any religion, while others, including the ACLU, hold to the view that no government — federal, state or local — can perform any action or make any policy which blatantly favors one faith or church over the others, or which favors belief in God or the Supreme being over non-belief. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses The latter position has been gradually adopted by the Supreme Court since the latter half of the nineteenth century, though the Court is not unanimous on this: Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, an "originalist" who favors the stricter interpretation and application of the Constitution (e. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American Jurist. He has been serving as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United g. ,no government can blatantly favor one faith or church over the others, or favor belief in God or the Supreme being over non-belief) disagrees with the modern view.
The court-enforced separation does not extend to all elements of civil religion. The intended meaning of the term civil religion often varies according to whether one is a sociologist of religion or a professional political commentator By law, the country's currency now carries the motto "In God We Trust. " Congress begins its sessions with a prayer, and since 1954 the Pledge of Allegiance contains the phrase, "one nation, under God. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) History The Pledge of Allegiance was written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855-1931 a Baptist minister a Christian Socialist, and the cousin of Socialist Utopian " Court rulings have upheld these apparently religious references, viewing them as non-substantive "ceremonial deism" or utilizing other legal theories. Ceremonial deism is a Legal term used in the United States for nominally religious statements and practices deemed to be merely ritual and non-religious through long Recent lawsuits have unsuccessfully attempted to challenge this view. Some expressions of religion on public property, such as certain displays of the Ten Commandments in courtrooms or Nativity scenes on public land have been ruled to be unconstitutional. The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given A nativity scene may be used to describe any depiction of the Nativity of Jesus in art, but in the sense covered here also called a crib or manger in the The government is also permitted to restrict religious activities so long as these restrictions do not target religion specifically. For instance, a religious group cannot perform human sacrifice under the veil of separation of church and state because the government views it as murder and murder is illegal.
Religion plays a strong role in national politics, especially in controversial issues like abortion, euthanasia, and homosexuality. An Euthanasia (literally "good death" in Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Direct church-state issues also arise, currently including the question of whether or not school vouchers should be used to help parents pay for education at private schools which may have religious affiliations, and the status of the faith-based initiatives of the current President, George W. Bush. A school voucher, also called an education voucher, is a certificate issued by the government by which parents can pay for the Education of their children at a The White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives ( OFBCI) is a department under the Office of the President of the United States that was established George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.
While there are numerous Catholics in the government, the most prominent religious participants in national politics are Evangelical Christians, Conservative Catholics, some Orthodox Jews, and Mormons, largely allied with the Republican Party and in the Bible Belt of the Southern and Midwestern United States, comprising what is known as the "religious right. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized The Bible Belt is an informal term for an area of the United States of America in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive " Some religious groups wish to increase the ability of government to make various religious expressions; they often emphasize the largely Christian demographics and history of the country, however it is also often used as an attempt to give state sanction to a majoritarian faith at the direct expense of the rights of minority religious groups. See Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe
It is common practice for national politicians with strongly religious constituencies to cite religious texts or beliefs in support of certain policies. Santa Fe Independent School Dist v Doe, 530 US 290 ( 2000) was a case heard before the United States Supreme Court. In other areas voters may be more disapproving of expressions of religious faith by political candidates and government officials.
Vietnam
The Constitution formally allows religious freedom. The earliest established religions in Vietnam are Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism (called the "triple religion" or The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Hiến pháp Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam is the current Constitution of Vietnam, adopted The earliest established religions in Vietnam are Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism (called the "triple religion" or [55] Every citizen is declared to be allowed to freely follow no, one, or more religions, practice his or her religion without violating the law, be treated equally regardless of his or her religion, be protected from being violated his or her religious freedom, but is prohibited to use religion to violate the law. [55]
Despite the official position, Freedom House states that, although the conditions had improved in recent years, "freedom of religion and expression are again under attack in Vietnam" and "that the country’s recent economic liberalization is not equally matched by necessary improvements in political rights and civil liberties. Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political ” [56]
All religious groups and most clergy must join a party controlled supervisory body, religions must obtain permission to build or repair houses of worship, run schools, engage in charity or ordain or transfer clergy, and some clergy remain in prison or under serious state repression. [57]
References
- ^ Constitution of the Argentine Nation
- ^ a b c d e f g Religious Liberty: The legal framework in selected OSCE countries.. Law Library, U. S. Library of Congress (May 2000). MAY ( also known as: Mei メイ 메이 is a Korean singer well known in South Korea for singing the song "Miracle" 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
- ^ Australian Constitution - Section 116 - Commonwealth not to legislate in respect of religion
- ^ Black v. The Commonwealth, [1] (High Court of Australia 2 February 1981). Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981
- ^ U.S. State Dept. International Religious Freedom Report 2007, Executive Summary
- ^ The Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia
- ^ The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Constitution Act, 1982. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Canada Department of Justice. Retrieved on 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Freedom House 2007 County report: China
- ^ U.S. State Dept. International Religious Freedom Report 2007, Executive Summary
- ^ The World Factbook - Egypt. U. S. Central Intelligence Agency (2006-12-19). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2006-12-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II “Religions: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 90%, Coptic 9%, other Christian 1%”
- ^ Copts demand equality.... Retrieved on 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Suomen perustuslaki 11.6.1999/731, Finlex, May 15, 2007, <http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1999/19990731>
- ^ Church and state in Finland, Finnish Evangelist-Lutheran Church, May 15, 2007, <http://evl.fi/EVLfi.nsf/Documents/85BBFB4816F713BEC2256FEA003A7232?OpenDocument&lang=FI>
- ^ a b c Perusopetuslain muutoksen vaikutukset uskonnon ja elämänkatsomustiedon opetukseen sekä koulun toimintaan, Opetushallitus, August 27, 2007, <http://www.edu.fi/peruskoulu/uskonto/perusopetuslaki.pdf>
- ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 (Germany), U. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 6, 2007, <http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78814.htm>
- ^ The World Factbook - Greece. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. U. S. Central Intelligence Agency (2006-12-19). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2006-12-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II “Religions: Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1. 3%, other 0. 7%”
- ^ Cross Reference - Athens Mosque Controversy. The Pluralism Project. Retrieved on 2006-11-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days
- ^ A planned new mosque ignites resentment and anger of the Greeks. The Greco Report. Retrieved on 2006-11-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days
- ^ Greek Orthodox church softens stance on Muslim prayer sites. WorldWide Religious News. Retrieved on 2006-12-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II
- ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 (Greece), U. S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 6, 2007, <http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78815.htm>
- ^ Greek court lifts ban on Jesus cartoon book. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Reuters - appeared in theage, com. au (14 April 2005). Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Greek gods prepare for comeback
- ^ Also see GREECE: Religious freedom, the Achilles' Heel
- ^ 'India respects rights, but problems remain'
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2007:India.
- ^ US reports on religious freedom
- ^ Instant Indonesia: Religion of Indonesia. Swipa. Retrieved on 2006-10-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule
- ^ Indonesia. The World Factbook. CIA (July 19, 2007). Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-08-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting
- ^ The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved on 2006-10-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule
- ^ Yang, Heriyanto (2005). "The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia". Religion 10 (1).
- ^ Hosen, N (2005-09-08). "Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2007). A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran. Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. Retrieved on 2007-03-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
- ^ a b Afary, Janet (2005). "Civil Liberties and the Making of Iran's Constitution, Retrospectives on the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1909". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 25 (2): pp. 341–359. Duke University Press.
- ^ a b c International Federation for Human Rights (2003-08-01). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran. fdih. org. Retrieved on 2006-10-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony
- ^ a b Affolter, Friedrich W. (2005). "The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Bahá'ís of Iran". War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity 1 (1): 59– 89.
- ^ Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (2006-03-08). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Iran, Islamic Republic of. Netherlands Institute of Human Rights. Retrieved on 2006-05-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ Bahá'í International Community (2005-04-14). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Bahá'í International Community dismayed at lack of Human Rights Resolution on Iran. Religion News Service. Retrieved on 2006-03-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion.
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2006— Korea, Democratic People's Republic of. U. S. Department of state; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (1996). Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2006— Korea, Republic of. U. S. Department of state; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (1996). Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ South Korea - Constitution. International Constitutional Law (17 July 1948). Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 (Mexico), U. S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 6, 2007, <http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35546.htm>
- ^ “Chapter IV — Fundamental Rights”, Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, nigeria-law. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. org, <http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Chapter_4>. Retrieved on 2008-04-23 (Article 38)
- ^ World Factbook:Nigeria, Central Intelligence Agency, <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html#People>. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Retrieved on 2008-04-23
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Poland (2006). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Retrieved on 2007-06-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ Portugal - Constitution. Berne university, Department of Law, International constitutional Law. Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chapter II - Rights and Duties of the People
- ^ a b International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Sweden. U. S. Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Social values, Science and Technology (PDF) (English). Eurobarometer (June 2005). Eurobarometer is a series of surveys regularly performed on behalf of the European Commission since 1973 Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ Shankland, David (2003). The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition. Routledge (UK), 20. ISBN 0-7007-1606-8. “Some [researchers] claim that the number of Alevis is as high as 30 per cent of Turkey's population. Others state that there are as few as 10 per cent. My own feeling . . . offered purely tentatively, is that the proportion of Turkeys' population that today holds itself to be Alevis is . . . perhaps nearer to 15 per cent. ”
- ^ United Nations Population Fund (2006). The United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA) began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987 Turkey - A Brief Profile. United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
- ^ Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 - page 11. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
- ^ Çarkoǧlu, Ali (2004). Religion and Politics in Turkey. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-4153-4831-5.
- ^ "The Islamic veil across Europe", British Broadcasting Corporation, 2006-11-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Retrieved on 2006-12-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
- ^ European Court of Human Rights (2005-11-10). The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Leyla Şahin v. Turkey. ECHR. Retrieved on 2006-11-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
- ^ a b Constitution Chapter Five: Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Citizen. Embassy of the Socialist republic of Vietnam in the United States of America. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again (See Article 70)
- ^ Loss of New Freedoms in Vietnam April 2, 2007
- ^ Freedom House 2007 County report: Vietnam
See also
External links
- International Religious Freedom Report 2006. Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially U. S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2006-10-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses
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