The seal of the Spanish Inquisition depicts the cross, the branch and the sword.

The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. The Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". It was not definitively abolished until 1834, during the reign of Isabel II. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

The Inquisition, as an ecclesiastical tribunal, had jurisdiction only over baptized Christians. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Inquisition worked in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of recent converts.

The tribunal was an institution that had precedents in other Inquisitions. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and In the 15th century, as the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon united under the Catholic monarchs and concluded the Reconquista with the conquest of Granada, anxiety about the cultural unity of the country grew. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Suspicions were especially raised against Jews who had recently converted to Christianity, called conversos or derogatively marranos, as many doubted the sincerity of these conversions. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or Indeed, many Jews had been baptized to escape violent anti-Jewish outbursts around 1400. In 1492, the Alhambra Decree ordered all remaining Jews to leave the kingdoms. The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March, 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of

Various motives have been proposed for the monarchs' decision to found the Inquisition, such as increasing political authority, weakening opposition, doing away with conversos and sheer profit.

Ferdinand II of Aragon pressured pope Sixtus IV to agree to let him set up an Inquisition controlled by the monarchy by threatening to withdraw military support at a time when the Turks were a threat to Rome. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 Sixtus IV later accused the Spanish inquisition of being overzealous and accused the monarchs of being greedy. The Pope issued a bull to stop the Inquisition but eventually was pressured into withdrawing it. A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. ^[1]

During the 16th century a new target was found: Protestants. About 100 were burned as heretics. An index of prohibited books was drawn up that were alleged to contain heresy. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief In time, converts from Islam, called Moriscos, were also persecuted by the Holy Office. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal The Spanish Inquisition was an institution at the service of the monarchy, but had to follow procedures set up by the Holy See. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Most of the inquisitors had a university education in law. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The procedures would start with Edicts of Grace, where people were invited to step forward to confess heresy freely and to denounce others. Denunciations were followed by detentions. A defense counsel was assigned to the defendant, a member of the tribunal itself, whose role was simply to advise the defendant and to encourage him or her to speak the truth. A Notary of the Secreto meticulously wrote down the words of the accused. The archives of the Inquisition, in comparison to those of other judicial systems of the era, are striking in the completeness of their documentation. The percentage of cases where torture was used, which was as a means of getting confessions, varied. Sentences varied from fines to execution and those condemned had to participate in the ceremony of auto de fe (act of faith). The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition The arrival of the 18th century slowed inquisitorial activity and it was definitively abolished on July 15, 1834. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common From 1476 to 1834 an estimated 2,000 people were executed.

In the mid-16th century to the mid-17th century, a time when Europe was torn apart by Catholic-Protestant strife, there began to appear from the pens of various European Protestant intellectuals, who generally had minimal or no direct access or experience of the Inquisition, what has come to be known as the Black Legend, as part of the Protestant polemic in support of the Protestant Revolution. The Black Legend ( La Leyenda Negra) is a term coined by Julián Juderías in his 1914 book La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica ( The Black Legend Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time With the gradual ebbing of religious hostilities professional historians began investigations, giving a detailed, nuanced and less exaggerated picture of the Inquisition.

Precedents

An inquisition was created through papal bull Ad Abolendam, issued at the end of the 12th century by Pope Lucius III as a way to combat the Albigensian heresy in southern France. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Ad abolendam ("On abolition" or "Towards abolishing" was the November 1184 Decretal and bull of Pope Lucius III, written Pope Lucius III (1097– November 25, 1185) born Ubaldo Allucingoli, was Pope from September 1, 1181 to his death This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. There were a huge number of tribunals of the Papal Inquisition in various European kingdoms during the Middle Ages. A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring. The Medieval Inquisition is a series of Inquisitions ( Roman Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing Heresy) from around 1184, including the In the Kingdom of Aragon, a tribunal of the Papal Inquisition was established by the statute of Excommunicamus of Pope Gregory IX, in 1232, during the era of the Albigensian heresy. The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was Pope from March 19, 1227 to August Its principal representative was Raimundo de Peñafort. Saint Raymond of Peñafort, OP (c 1175 &ndash 1275 ( Sant Ramon de Penyafort, San Raimundo de Peñafort) was born in Vilafranca del Penedès With time, its importance was diluted, and, by the middle of the 15th century, it was almost forgotten although still there according to the law.

There was never a tribunal of the Papal Inquisition in Castile. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Members of the episcopate were charged with surveillance of the faithful and punishment of transgressors. The episcopate is the collective body of all Bishops of a church However, in Castile during the Middle Ages, little attention was paid to heresy.

Background

The Spanish Inquisition was motivated in part by the multi-religious nature of Spanish society following the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors (Muslims). The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Much of the Iberian Peninsula was dominated by Moors following their invasion of the peninsula in 711 until they were expelled by means of a long campaign of reconquest. However, the reconquest did not result in the full expulsion of Muslims from Spain, but instead yielded a multi-religious society made up of Catholics, Jews and Muslims. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Granada to the south, in particular remained under Moorish control until 1492, and large cities, especially Seville, Valladolid, and Barcelona, had large Jewish populations centered in Juderías. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia ^[2]

The reconquest produced a relatively peaceful co-existence — although not without periodic conflicts — among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the peninsula's kingdoms. There was a long tradition of Jewish service to the crown of Aragon. Ferdinand's father John II named the Jewish Abiathar Crescas to be Court Astronomer. John II ( March 6 1405 &ndash July 20 1454) was King of Castile from 1406 to 1454 Abiathar Crescas was a 15th-century Jewish Physician and Astrologer in the kingdom of Aragon (now part of Spain) Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena Jews occupied many important posts, religious and political. Castile itself had an unofficial rabbi. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master

Nevertheless, in some parts of Spain towards the end of the 14th century, there was a wave of anti-Judaism, encouraged by the preaching of Ferrant Martinez, Archdeacon of Ecija. Anti-Judaism has been called "a total or partial opposition to Judaism &mdashand to Jews as adherents of it&mdashby persons who accept a competing system A position of archdeacon is a senior position in Anglicanism, Syrian Malabar Nasrani, and in some other Christian denominations above that of most Écija is a city belonging to the province of Seville, Spain. The pogroms of June 1391 were especially bloody: in Seville, hundreds of Jews were killed, and the synagogue was completely destroyed. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of The number of people killed was equally high in other cities, such as Córdoba, Valencia and Barcelona. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous ^[3]

One of the consequences of these disturbances was the mass conversion of Jews. A forced conversion is the conversion to a Religion or philosophy under duress with the threatened consequence of earthly penalties or harm Before this date, conversions were rare and tended to be motivated more for social rather than religious reasons. But from the 15th century, a new social group appeared: conversos, also called New Christians, who were distrusted by Jews and Christians alike for their religious beliefs. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form By converting, Jews could not only escape eventual persecution, but also obtain entry into many offices and posts that were being prohibited to Jews through new, more severe regulations. But converting was a hard long process involving many crucial steps and could not be done overnight. Many conversos attained important positions in 15th century Spain. Among many others, physicians Andrés Laguna and Francisco Lopez Villalobos (Ferdinand's court physician), writers Juan del Enzina, Juan de Mena, Diego de Valera and Alonso de Palencia, and bankers Luis de Santangel and Gabriel Sanchez (who financed the voyage of Christopher Colombus) were all conversos. Andrés Laguna de Segovia ( Segovia, 1499 - Guadalajara, 1559 was a Spanish humanist physician pharmacologist, and botanist Juan de la Encina (1469 &ndash c 1533 a composer poet and playwriter often called the founder of Spanish drama was born in 1469 near Salamanca, probably at Juan de Mena (1411 Córdoba &ndash 1456 Torrelaguna) was one of the most significant Spanish poets of the fifteenth century Luis de Santangel, (d 1498 (or Luis de Santander a baptized Jew and finance minister to Ferdinand II who made the case to Isabella I in favor of Christopher Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Conversos - not without opposition - managed to attain high positions in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, at times becoming severe detractors of Judaism. ^[4] Some even received titles of nobility, and as a result, during the following century some works attempted to demonstrate that virtually all of the nobles of Spain were descended from Jews. ^[5]

Motives for instituting the Spanish Inquisition

Historians differ about Ferdinand and Isabella's motives for introducing the Inquisition into Spain. A number of possible reasons have been suggested:

1. To establish political and religious homogeneity. The Inquisition allowed the monarchy to intervene actively in religious affairs, without the interference of the Pope. At the same time, Ferdinand and Isabella's objective was the creation of state machinery that allowed them to maximize their control, thus one priority was to achieve religious unity to promote more centralized political authority.
2. To weaken local political opposition to the Catholic monarchs. Strengthening centralized political authority also entailed weakening local political opposition. Resistance to the installation of the Inquisition in the Kingdom of Aragon, for example, was often couched in terms of local legal privileges (fueros).
3. Out of fear. The Encyclopaedia Judaica of 1991 (Vol XI, p. The Encyclopaedia Judaica is a 26-volume English-language Encyclopedia of the Jewish people and their faith Judaism. 485) states that, "It remains a fact that the Jews, either directly or through their correligionists in Africa, encouraged the Mohammedans to conquer Spain. Mohammedan (variant forms Muhammadan Mahommedan or Mahometan is a term used as both a Noun and an Adjective meaning belonging or relating to either " Whether real or imagined there was a great fear among 15th Century Spaniards that they had a Fifth column living among them. A fifth column is a group of people who clandestinely undermine a larger group to which it is expected to be loyal such as a Nation. ^[6]
4. To do away with the powerful converso minority. Many members of influential families such as the Santa Fés, the Santangels, the Caballerias and the Sanchezes, were prosecuted in the Kingdom of Aragon. However the King of Aragon, Ferdinand, continued to employ many conversos in his administration.
5. Profit. The property of people found guilty by the Inquisition was confiscated. Sixtus IV openly accused the monarchs of this sin.

Activity of the Inquisition

The Start of the Inquisition

Alonso de Hojeda, a Dominican from Seville, convinced Queen Isabel of the existence of Crypto-Judaism among Andalusian conversos during her stay in Seville between 1477 and 1478. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews" ^[7] A report, produced at the request of the monarchs by Pedro González de Mendoza, Archbishop of Seville and by the Segovian Dominican Tomás de Torquemada, corroborated this assertion. Pedro González de Mendoza ( May 3, 1428 &ndash January 11, 1495) was a Spanish cardinal and Statesman. Tomás de Torquemada (1420 – September 16, 1498) was a fifteenth century Spanish Dominican, first Inquisitor General of Spain and The monarchs decided to introduce the Inquisition to Castile to uncover and do away with false converts, and requested the Pope's assent. At first the request was turned down for a number of reasons. One reason was that they had requested the Spanish Inquisition to be under the control of the monarchs of Spain. This in turn would lessen papal authority over the clergy involved and make methods difficult to keep in line with official papal rules of inquisition, and instead easily become a mere political and semi-military tool of Spain. Ferdinand pressured Sixtus IV by threatening to withdraw militarily support during a time when the Turks were a major threat to Rome. On November 1, 1477, Pope Sixtus IV published the bill Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus, through which the Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 The bill also gave the monarchs exclusive authority to name the inquisitors. The first two inquisitors, Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martín were not named, however, until two years later, on September 27, 1480 in Medina del Campo. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Geography Medina is situated in the southwest of the province of Valladolid, 45km from the capital of the same name

At first, the activity of the Inquisition was limited to the dioceses of Seville and Cordoba, where Alonso de Hojeda had detected the centre of converso activity. The first auto de fe was celebrated in Seville on February 6, 1481: six people were burned alive. The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio The sermon was given by the same Alonso de Hojeda whose suspicions had given birth to the Inquisition. From there, the Inquisition grew rapidly in the Kingdom of Castile. By 1492, tribunals existed in eight Castilian cities: Ávila, Córdoba, Jaén, Medina del Campo, Segovia, Sigüenza, Toledo and Valladolid. This article is about the Spanish city For other uses see Avila Ávila de los Caballeros ( Latin: Abila and Óbila ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Jaén (جيان: Jayyān is a city in south-central Spain, the name is probably derived from the Arabic word Jayyan (crossroads of caravans Geography Medina is situated in the southwest of the province of Valladolid, 45km from the capital of the same name Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Segovia in Castile-Leon. Sigüenza (in Latin Segontia) is a city in the Province of Guadalajara in Spain. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region

Establishing the new Inquisition in the Kingdom of Aragón was more difficult. In reality, Ferdinand did not resort to new appointments, he simply resuscitated the old Pontifical Inquisition, submitting it to his direct control. The population of Aragón was obstinately opposed to the Inquisition. In addition, differences between Ferdinand and Sixtus IV prompted the latter to promulgate a new bull categorically prohibiting the Inquisition's extension to Aragon. In this bull, the Pope unambiguously criticized the procedures of the inquisitorial court, affirming that,

many true and faithful Christians, because of the testimony of enemies, rivals, slaves and other low people--and still less appropriate--without tests of any kind, have been locked up in secular prisons, tortured and condemned like relapsed heretics, deprived of their goods and properties, and given over to the secular arm to be executed, at great danger to their souls, giving a pernicious example and causing scandal to many. ^[8]

Nevertheless, pressure by Ferdinand caused the Pope to suspend this bull, ^[9] and even promulgate another one, on October 17, 1483, naming Tomás de Torquemada Inquisidor General of Aragón, Valencia and Catalonia. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII attempted to allow appeals to Rome against the Inquisition, but Ferdinand in December 1484 and again in 1509 decreed death and confiscation for anyone trying to make use of such procedures without royal permission. Pope Innocent VIII (1432 &ndash July 25, 1492) born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo) was Pope from 1484 until his death ^[10] With this, the Inquisition became the only institution that held authority across all the realms of the Spanish monarchy, and, in all of them, a useful mechanism at the service of the crown. However, the cities of Aragón continued resisting, and even saw periods of revolt, like in Teruel from 1484 to 1485. Teruel is a city in Aragon, Spain, the capital of Teruel Province. However, the murder of inquisidor Pedro Arbués in Zaragoza on September 15, 1485, caused public opinion to turn against the conversos and in favour of the Inquisition. Pedro de Arbués (c 1441 &ndash September 17, 1484) was an official of the Spanish Inquisition who was assassinated in Saragossa Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. In Aragón, the inquisitorial courts were focused specifically on members of the powerful converso minority, ending their influence in the Aragonese administration.

The Inquisition was extremely active between 1480 and 1530. Different sources give different estimates of the number of trials and executions in this period; Henry Kamen estimates about 2,000 executed, based on the documentation of the Autos de Fé, the great majority being conversos of Jewish origin. ^[11]

Repression of Jews

The number of Jews who left Spain is not even approximately known. Historians of the period give extremely high figures: Juan de Mariana speaks of 800,000 people, and Don Isaac Abravanel of 300,000. Juan de Mariana (1536 Talavera, Toledo Spain - February 17 1624, Madrid, Spain was a Spanish Jesuit priest Isaac ben Judah or Yitzchak ben Yehuda Abravanel (1437 - 1508 (יצחק בן יהודה אברבנאל was a Jewish Statesman, philosopher Modern estimates are much lower: Henry Kamen estimates that, of a population of approximately 80,000 Jews, about one half or 40,000 chose emigration. ^[12] The Jews of the kingdom of Castile emigrated mainly to Portugal (from where they were expelled in 1497) and to Morocco. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa However, according to Henry Kamen, the Jews of the kingdom of Aragon, went "to adjacent Christian lands, mainly to Italy," rather than to Muslim lands as is often assumed. ^[13] Much later the Sefardim, descendants of Spanish Jews, established flourishing communities in many cities of Europe, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

Many Jews were baptised in the three months before the deadline for expulsion, some 40,000 if one accepts the totals given by Kamen: probably most were to avoid expulsion, rather than a sincere change of faith. These conversos were the principal concern of the Inquisition; continuing to practice Judaism put them at risk of denunciation and trial.

The most intense period of persecution of conversos lasted until 1530. From 1531 to 1560, however, the percentage of conversos among the Inquisition trials dropped to 3% of the total. There was a rebirth of persecutions when a group of crypto-Jews was discovered in Quintanar de la Orden in 1588; and there was a rise in denunciations of conversos in the last decade of the 16th century. Quintanar de la Orden is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. At the beginning of the 17th century, some conversos who had fled to Portugal began to return to Spain, fleeing the persecution of the Portuguese Inquisition, founded in 1532. The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of the King of Portugal, João III. This led to a rapid increase in the trials of crypto-Jews, among them a number of important financiers. In 1691, during a number of Autos de Fe in Mallorca, 36 chuetas, or conversos of Mallorca, were burned. Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain.

During the 18th century the number of conversos accused by the Inquisition decreased significantly. Manuel Santiago Vivar, tried in Cordoba in 1818, was the last person tried for being a crypto-Jew.

Repression of Protestants

Conversos saw the 1516 arrival of Charles I, the new king of Spain, as a possible end to the Inquisition, or at least a reduction of its influence. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Nevertheless, despite reiterated petitions from the Cortes of Castile and Aragon, the new monarch left the inquisitorial system intact. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. ^[14]

During the 16th century, however, the majority of trials were not focused on conversos. Instead, the Inquisition became an efficient mechanism to prune the few buds of Protestantism that had begun to appear in Spain. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Some claim that a large percentage of these Protestants were of Jewish origin. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

Despite much popular myth about the Inquisition relating to Protestants, it dealt with very few cases involving actual Protestants, as there were so few in Spain. About 100 persons in Spain were found to be Protestants and turned over to the secular authorities for execution in the 1560s and in the last decades of the century, an additional 200 Spaniards were accused of being followers of Luther. “Most of them were in no sense Protestants. . . Irreligious sentiments, drunken mockery, anticlerical expressions, were all captiously classified by the inquisitors (or by those who denounced the cases) as ‘Lutheran. ’ Disrespect to church images, and eating meat on forbidden days, were taken as signs of heresy. ”^[15]

The first of these trials were those against the sect of mystics known as the "Alumbrados" of Guadalajara and Valladolid. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity The Alumbrados ( Illuminated) was a term used to loosely describe practitioners of a mystical form of Christianity in Spain during the 15th-16th centuries Guadalajara is a province of central/north-central Spain, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region The trials were long, and ended with prison sentences of differing lengths, though none of the sect were executed. Nevertheless, the subject of the "Alumbrados" put the Inquisition on the trail of many intellectuals and clerics who, interested in the Erasmian ideas, had strayed from orthodoxy (which is striking because both Charles I and Philip II of Spain were confessed admirers of Erasmus). Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Such was the case with the humanist Juan de Valdés, who was forced to flee to Italy to escape the process that had been begun against him, and the preacher, Juan de Ávila, who spent close to a year in prison. Juan de Valdés (c 1509-1541 was Spanish religious writer younger of twin sons of Fernando de Valdés hereditary regidor of Cuenca in Castile Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For the co-founder of the Carmelites see Saint John of the Cross Saint John of Avila Apostle of Andalusia (b

The first trials against Lutheran groups, as such, took place between 1558 and 1562, at the beginning of the reign of Philip II, against two communities of Protestants from the cities of Valladolid and Seville. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther ^[16] The trials signaled a notable intensification of the Inquisition's activities. A number of enormous Autos de Fe were held, some of them presided over by members of the royal family. ^[17] After 1562, though the trials continued, the repression was much reduced, and it is estimated that only a dozen Spaniards were burned alive for Lutheranism by the end of the 16th century, although some 200 faced trial. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther ^[18] The Autos de Fe of the mid-century virtually put an end to Spanish Protestantism which was, throughout, a small phenomenon to begin with - last remainders claimed to have survived in Netanya, Israel in the form of secluded orders, led by Irene Molochovski.

Censorship

An image frequently misinterpreted as the Spanish Inquisition burning prohibited books. Book burning (a category of biblioclasm or book destruction is the practice of destroying often ceremoniously, one or more copies of a book or other written material This is actually Pedro Berruguete's La Prueba del Fuego (1400s). Pedro Berruguete (c 1450 &ndash 1504 was a Spanish painter his art is regarded as a transitional style between gothic and Renaissance. It depicts a legend of St Dominic's dispute with the Cathars: they both consign their writings into the flames, and while the Cathars' text burn, St Dominic's miraculously leaps from the flames. Saint Dominic (Domingo also known as Dominic of Osma, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo de Guzmán Garcés (1170 &ndash August 6

As one manifestation of the Counter-Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition worked actively to impede the diffusion of heretical ideas in Spain by producing "Indexes" of prohibited books. The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Such lists of prohibited books were common in Europe a decade before the Inquisition published its first. The first Index published in Spain in 1551 was, in reality, a reprinting of the Index published by the University of Louvain in 1550, with an appendix dedicated to Spanish texts. Subsequent Indexes were published in 1559, 1583, 1612, 1632, and 1640. The Indexes included an enormous number of books of all types, though special attention was dedicated to religious works, and, particularly, vernacular translations of the Bible.

Included in the Indexes, at one point or another, were many of the great works of Spanish literature. Also, a number of religious writers who are today considered saints by the Catholic Church saw their works appear in the Indexes. At first, this might seem counter-intuitive or even nonsensical — how were these Spanish authors published in the first place if their texts were only to be prohibited by the Inquisition and placed in the Index? The answer lies in the process of publication and censorship in Early Modern Spain. Books in Early Modern Spain faced prepublication licensing and approval (which could include modification) by both secular and religious authorities. However, once approved and published, the circulating text also faced the possibility of post-hoc censorship by being denounced to the Inquisition — sometimes decades later. Likewise, as Catholic theology evolved, once prohibited texts might be removed from the Index.

At first, inclusion in the Index meant total prohibition of a text; however, this proved not only impractical and unworkable, but also contrary to the goals of having a literate and well educated clergy. Works with one line of suspect dogma would be prohibited in their entirety, despite the remainder of the text's sound dogma. In time, a compromise solution was adopted in which trusted Inquisition officials blotted out words, lines or whole passages of otherwise acceptable texts, thus allowing these expurgated editions to circulate. Although in theory the Indexes imposed enormous restrictions on the diffusion of culture in Spain, some historians, such as Henry Kamen, argue that such strict control was impossible in practice and that there was much more liberty in this respect than is often believed. And Irving Leonard has conclusively demonstrated that, despite repeated royal prohibitions, romances of chivalry, such as Amadis of Gaul, found their way to the New World with the blessing of the Inquisition. Amadis de Gaula (original Castilian Spanish version ( English: Amadis of Gaul, Spanish: Amadís de Gaula Moreover, with the coming of the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century, increasing numbers of licenses to possess and read prohibited texts were granted. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century

Despite repeated publication of the Indexes and a large bureaucracy of censors, the activities of the Inquisition did not impede the flowering of Spanish literature's "Siglo de Oro," although almost all of its major authors crossed paths with the Holy Office at one point or another. Among the Spanish authors included in the Index are: Bartolomé Torres Naharro, Juan del Enzina, Jorge de Montemayor, Juan de Valdés and Lope de Vega, as well as the anonymous Lazarillo de Tormes and the Cancionero General by Hernando del Castillo. Juan de la Encina (1469 &ndash c 1533 a composer poet and playwriter often called the founder of Spanish drama was born in 1469 near Salamanca, probably at Jorge de Montemayor ( Jorge de Montemor) (1520? &ndash February 26, 1561) was a Portuguese Novelist and Poet, who wrote Juan de Valdés (c 1509-1541 was Spanish religious writer younger of twin sons of Fernando de Valdés hereditary regidor of Cuenca in Castile Lope de Vega (also Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio or Lope Félix de Vega Carpio) ( 25 November 1562 &ndash 27 August 1635 The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities ( La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades) is a Spanish Novella La Celestina, which was not included in the Indexes of the 16th century, was expurgated in 1632 and prohibited in its entirety in 1790. La Celestina (used as title Synecdoche, one of the characters of the book actually called Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea or Libro de Among the non-Spanish authors prohibited were Ovid, Dante, Rabelais, Ariosto, Machiavelli, Erasmus, Jean Bodin and Thomas More, known in Spain as Tomás Moro. Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including Jean Bodin ( 1529 / 1530 &ndash1596was born in Angers France and became a French Jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained One of the most outstanding and best known cases in which the Inquisition directly confronted literary activity is with Fray Luis de León, noted humanist and religious writer of converso origin, who was imprisoned for four years (from 1572 to 1576) for having translated the Song of Songs directly from Hebrew. This article is on the Spanish poet For information on the governor of New Spain see Luis Ponce de León (governor of New Spain.

The Inquisition and the Moriscos

The Inquisition did not exclusively target Jewish conversos and Protestants, but also the moriscos, converts to Catholicism from Islam. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The moriscos were mostly concentrated in the recently conquered kingdom of Granada, in Aragon, and in Valencia. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Officially, all Muslims in Castile had been converted to Christianity in 1502; those in Aragon and Valencia were obliged to convert by Charles I's decree of 1526. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings

Many moriscos continued to practice Islam in secret. Initially they were not severely persecuted, but experienced a policy of peaceful evangelization, a policy never followed with Jewish converts. There were various reasons for this: in the kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon, a large majority of the moriscos were under the jurisdiction of the nobility and persecution would have been viewed as a frontal assault on the economic interests of this powerful social class. In Granada, the principal problem was fear of rebellion in a particularly vulnerable region during an era when Ottoman Turks ruled the Mediterranean. The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire.

In the second half of the century, late in the reign of Philip II, things changed. The 1568-1570 Morisco Revolt in Granada was harshly suppressed, and the Inquisition intensified its attention to the moriscos. The Morisco Revolt occurred in 1568. It was a rebellion by the remnants of the community of Muslim converts to Christianity in Granada against From 1570 morisco cases became predominant in the tribunals of Zaragoza, Valencia and Granada; in the tribunal of Granada, between 1560 and 1571, 82% of those accused were moriscos. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former ^[19] Nevertheless, the moriscos did not experience the same harshness as Jewish ' conversos and Protestants, and the number of capital punishments was proportionally less.

On the 4th of April 1609, during the reign of Philip III a staged expulsion to conclude in 1614 was decreed. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King Hundreds of thousands of converts from Islam to Catholicism were expelled, some of them probably sincere Christians. An indeterminate number of moriscos remained in Spain and, during the 17th century, the Inquisition pursued some trials against them of minor importance: according to Kamen, between 1615 and 1700, cases against moriscos constituted only 9 percent of those judged by the Inquisition.

Other offenses

Two priests ask a heretic to repent as torture is administered.

Although the Inquisition was created to halt the advance of heresy, it also occupied itself with a wide variety of offences that only indirectly could be related to religious heterodoxy. Of a total of 49,092 trials from the period 1560–1700 registered in the archive of the Suprema, appear the following: judaizantes (5,007); moriscos (11,311); Lutherans (3,499); alumbrados (149); superstitions (3,750); heretical propositions (14,319); bigamy (2,790); solicitation (1,241); offences against the Holy Office of the Inquisition (3,954); miscellaneous (2,575). Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Alumbrados ( Illuminated) was a term used to loosely describe practitioners of a mystical form of Christianity in Spain during the 15th-16th centuries The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and

This data demonstrates that not only New Christians (conversos of Jewish or Islamic descent) and Protestants faced persecution, but also many Old Christians were targeted for various reasons. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

The category "superstitions" includes trials related to witchcraft. Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers The witch-hunt in Spain had much less intensity than in other European countries (particularly France, England, and Germany). "Witch trial" redirects here For the song by Rush, see Fear series. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. One remarkable case was that of Logroño, in which the witches of Zugarramurdi in Navarre were persecuted. The Basque witch trials of the 17th century represent the most ambitious attempt at rooting out Witchcraft ever undertaken by the Spanish Inquisition. Zugarramurdi is a town and Municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain. During the auto de fé that took place in Logroño on November 7 and November 8, 1610, 6 people were burned and another 5 burned in effigy. Logroño is a city in northern Spain, on the Ebro River. It is the capital of the Autonomous community of La Rioja, formerly known as Logroño Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration ^[20] In general, nevertheless, the Inquisition maintained a sceptical attitude towards cases of witchcraft, considering it as a mere superstition without any basis. Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers Alonso de Salazar Frías, who, after the trials of Logroño took the Edict of Faith to various parts of Navarre, noted in his report to the Suprema that, "There were no witches nor bewitched in the region after beginning to speak and write about them". Logroño is a city in northern Spain, on the Ebro River. It is the capital of the Autonomous community of La Rioja, formerly known as Logroño Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers Bewitched is an American Situation comedy originally broadcast for eight seasons on ABC from 1964 to 1972. ^[21]

Included under the rubric of heretical propositions were verbal offences, from outright blasphemy to questionable statements regarding religious beliefs, from issues of sexual morality, to behaviour of the clergy. Blasphemy is the disrespectful use of the name of one or more gods. Many were brought to trial for affirming that simple fornication (sex without the explicit aim of procreation) was not a sin or for putting in doubt different aspects of Christian faith such as Transubstantiation or the virginity of Mary. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth See also Eucharist (Catholic Church On the related belief that Christ is present in the Eucharist in body blood soul and divinity see Real Presence. This ecumenical article is about general Christian views on and veneration of the Virgin Mary Also, members of the clergy itself were occasionally accused of heretical propositions. These offences rarely lead to severe penalties.

The Inquisition also pursued offences against morals, at times in open conflict with the jurisdictions of civil tribunals. In particular, there were numerous trials for bigamy, a relatively frequent offence in a society that only permitted divorce under the most extreme circumstances. The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and In the case of men, the penalty was five years in the galley (tantamount to a death sentence). A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare Women too were accused of bigamy. The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and Also, many cases of solicitation during confession were adjudicated, indicating a strict vigilance over the clergy.

Inquisitorial repression of the sexual offences of homosexuality and bestiality, considered, according to Canon Law, crimes against nature, merits separate attention. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Zoophilia, from the Greek ζῷον ( zṓion, "animal" and φιλία ( philia, "friendship" or "love" is a Paraphilia Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches Homosexuality, known at the time as sodomy, was punished by death by civil authorities. Sodomy (ˈsɒdəmi is a term used today predominantly in Law (derived from traditional Christian usage to describe the act of Anal intercourse, Oral intercourse It fell under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition only in the territories of Aragon, when, in 1524, Clement VII, in a papal brief, granted jurisdiction over sodomy to the Inquisition of Aragon, whether or not it was related to heresy. The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September Heresy, as a blanket term describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox In Castile, cases of sodomy were not adjudicated, unless related to heresy. Heresy, as a blanket term describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox The tribunal of Zaragoza distinguished itself for its severity in judging these offences: between 1571 and 1579 more than 100 men accused of sodomy were processed and at least 36 were executed; in total, between 1570 and 1630 there were 534 trials and 102 executions. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Sodomy (ˈsɒdəmi is a term used today predominantly in Law (derived from traditional Christian usage to describe the act of Anal intercourse, Oral intercourse ^[22]

In 1815, Francisco Xavier de Mier y Campillo, the Inquisitor General of the Spanish Inquisition and the Bishop of Almería, suppressed Freemasonry and denounced the lodges as “societies which lead to sedition, to independence, and to all errors and crimes. Grand Inquisitor ( Latin: Inquisitor Generalis) is the lead official of an Inquisition. ”^[23] He then instituted a purge during which Spaniards could be arrested on the charge of being “suspected of Freemasonry”. ^[23]

Organization

Beyond its role in religious affairs, the Inquisition was also an institution at the service of the monarchy. The Inquisitor General, in charge of the Holy Office, was designated by the crown. The Inquisitor General was the only public office whose authority stretched to all the kingdoms of Spain (including the American viceroyalties), except for a brief period (1507-1518) during where there were two Inquisitor Generals, one in the kingdom of Castile, and the other in Aragon. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain.

The Inquisitor General presided over the Council of the Supreme and General Inquisition (generally abbreviated as "Council of the Suprema"), created in 1483, which was made up of six members named directly by the crown (the number of members of the Suprema varied over the course of the Inquisition's history, but it was never more than 10). Over time, the authority of the Suprema grew at the expense of the power of the Inquisitor General.

The Suprema met every morning, save for holidays, and for two hours in the afternoon on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The morning sessions were devoted to questions of faith, while the afternoons were reserved for cases of sodomy, bigamy, witchcraft, etc. Sodomy (ˈsɒdəmi is a term used today predominantly in Law (derived from traditional Christian usage to describe the act of Anal intercourse, Oral intercourse The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers ^[24]

Below the Suprema were the different tribunals of the Inquisition, which were, in their origins, itinerant, installing themselves where they were necessary to combat heresy, but later being established in fixed locations. In the first phase, numerous tribunals were established, but the period after 1495 saw a marked tendency towards centralization.

In the kingdom of Castile, the following permanent tribunals of the Inquisition were established:

• 1482 In Seville and in Cordoba. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.
• 1485 In Toledo and in Llerena. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain
• 1488 In Valladolid and in Murcia. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain.
• 1489 In Cuenca. Cuenca is a city (2004 pop 47862 in the Autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha in central Spain.
• 1505 In Las Palmas (Canary Islands). The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish
• 1512 In Logroño. Logroño is a city in northern Spain, on the Ebro River. It is the capital of the Autonomous community of La Rioja, formerly known as Logroño
• 1526 In Granada. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain.
• 1574 In Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela (also Saint James of Compostela is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia and a UNESCO World

There were only four tribunals in the kingdom of Aragon: Zaragoza and Valencia (1482), Barcelona (1484), and Mallorca (1488). Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. ^[25] Ferdinand the Catholic also established the Spanish Inquisition in Sicily (1513), housed in Palermo and Sardinia. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) ^[26] In the Americas, tribunals were established in Lima and in Mexico City (1569) and, in 1610, in Cartagena de Indias (present day Colombia). Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Cartagena de Indias (kaɾtaˈhena ð̞e ˈin̪d̪jas in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is ˌkɑrtəˈheɪnə deɪ ˈɪndiəs is a large city Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America.

Composition of the tribunals

Initially, each of the tribunals included two inquisitors, a calificador, an alguacil (bailiff) and a fiscal (prosecutor); new positions were added as the institution matured.

The inquisitors were preferably jurists more than theologians, and, in 1608, Philip III even stipulated that all the inquisitors must have a background in law. after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King The inquisitors did not typically remain in the position for a long time: for the Court of Valencia, for example, the average tenure in the position was about two years. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to ^[27] Most of the inquisitors belonged to the secular clergy (priests who were not members of religious orders), and had a university education. A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion usually Pay was 60,000 maravedíes at the end of the 15th century, and 250,000 maravedíes at the beginning of the 17th century!

The fiscal was in charge of presenting the accusation, investigating the denunciations and interrogating the witnesses. The calificadores were generally theologians; it fell to them to determine if the defendant's conduct constituted a crime against the faith. Consultants were expert jurists who advised the court in questions of procedure. The court had, in addition, three secretaries: the notario de secuestros (Notary of Property), who registered the goods of the accused at the moment of his detention; the notario del secreto (Notary of the Secreto), who recorded the testimony of the defendant and the witnesses; and the escribano general (General Notary), secretary of the court.

The alguacil was the executive arm of the court: he was responsible for detaining and jailing the defendant. Other civil employees were the nuncio, ordered to spread official notices of the court, and the alcaide, jailer in charge of feeding the prisoners.

In addition to the members of the court, two auxiliary figures existed that collaborated with the Holy Office: the familiares and the comissarios (commissioners). Familiares were lay collaborators of the Inquisition, who had to be permanently at the service of the Holy Office. To become a familiar was considered an honour, since it was a public recognition of limpieza de sangre — Old Christian status — and brought with it certain additional privileges. Although many nobles held the position, most of the familiares many came from the ranks of commoners. The commissioners, on the other hand, were members of the religious orders who collaborated occasionally with the Holy Office.

One of the most striking aspects of the organization of the Inquisition was its form of financing: devoid its own budget, the Inquisition depended exclusively on the confiscation of the goods of the denounced. It is not surprising, therefore, that many of those prosecuted were rich men. That the situation was open to abuse is evident, as stands out in the memorial that a converso from Toledo directed to Charles I:

"Your Majesty must provide, before all else, that the expenses of the Holy Office do not come from the properties of the condemned, because if that is the case, if they do not burn they do not eat. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was "^[28]

Functioning of the inquisition

The Inquisition operated in conformity with Canon Law of the Roman Catholic Church; its operations were in no way arbitrary. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches Its procedures were set out in various Instrucciones issued by the successive Inquisitors General, Torquemada, Deza, and Valdés.

Accusation

When the Inquisition arrived in a city, the first step was the Edict of Grace. Following the Sunday mass, the Inquisitor would proceed to read the edict: it explained possible heresies and encouraged all the congregation to come to the tribunals of the Inquisition to "relieve their consciences". They were called Edicts of Grace because all of the self-incriminated who presented themselves within a period of grace (approximately one month) were offered the possibility of reconciliation with the Church without severe punishment. The promise of benevolence was effective, and many voluntarily presented themselves to the Inquisition. But self-incrimination was not sufficient, one also had to accuse all one's accomplices. As a result, the Inquisition had an unending supply of informants. With time, the Edicts of Grace were substituted by the Edicts of Faith, doing away with the possibility of quick, painless reconciliation.

The denunciations were anonymous, and the defendant had no way of knowing the identity of his accusers. ^[29] This was one of the points most criticized by those who opposed the Inquisition (for example, the Cortes of Castile, in 1518). In practice, false denunciations were frequent, resulting from envy or personal resentments. Many denunciations were for absolutely insignificant reasons. The Inquisition stimulated fear and distrust among neighbours, and denunciations among relatives were not uncommon.

Detention

After a denunciation, the case was examined by the calificadores (qualifiers), who had to determine if there was heresy involved, followed by detention of the accused. In practice, however, many were detained in preventive custody, and many cases of lengthy incarcerations occurred, lasting up to two years, before the calificadores examined the case. ^[30]

Detention of the accused entailed the preventive sequestration of his or her property by the Inquisition. The property of the prisoner was used to pay for procedural expenses and the accused's own maintenance and costs. Often the relatives of the defendant found themselves in outright misery. This situation was only remedied following instructions written in 1561.

The entire process was undertaken with the utmost secrecy, as much for the public as for the accused, who were not informed about the accusations that were levied against them. Months, or even years could pass without the accused being informed about why they were locked up. The prisoners remained isolated, and, during this time, the prisoners were not allowed to attend mass nor receive the sacraments. Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active The jails of the Inquisition were no worse than those of civil society, and there are even certain testimonies that occasionally they were much better. Some prisoners died in prison, as was frequent at the time.

The trial

The inquisitorial process consisted of a series of hearings, in which both the denouncers and the defendant gave testimony. A defense counsel was assigned to the defendant, a member of the tribunal itself, whose role was simply to advise the defendant and to encourage him or her to speak the truth. The prosecution was directed by the fiscal. Interrogation of the defendant was done in the presence of the Notary of the Secreto, who meticulously wrote down the words of the accused. The archives of the Inquisition, in comparison to those of other judicial systems of the era, are striking in the completeness of their documentation. In order to defend himself, the accused had two possibilities: abonos (to find favourable witnesses) or tachas (to demonstrate that the witnesses of accusers were not trustworthy).

In order to interrogate the accused, the Inquisition made use of torture, but not in a systematic way. It was applied mainly against those suspected of Judaism and Protestantism, beginning in the 16th century. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. For example, Lea estimates that between 1575 and 1610 the court of Toledo tortured approximately a third of those processed for heresy. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain ^[31] In other periods, the proportions varied remarkably. Torture was always a means to obtain the confession of the accused, not a punishment itself. It was applied without distinction of sex or age, including children and the aged.

The methods of torture most used by the Inquisition were garrucha, toca and the potro. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally The application of the garrucha, also known as the strappado, consisted of suspending the criminal from the ceiling by a pulley with weights tied to the ankles, with a series of lifts and drops, during which arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated. Strappado is a form of Torture in which a victim is suspended in the air by means of a rope attached to his or her hands which are tied behind their back in which the arms are ^[32] The toca, also called tortura del agua, consisted of introducing a cloth into the mouth of the victim, and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had impression of drowning (see: waterboarding). Waterboarding is a form of Torture that consists of immobilizing a person on their back with the head inclined downward and pouring water over the face and into the breathing ^[33] The potro, the rack, was the instrument of torture used most frequently. ^[34]

The assertion that "confessionem esse veram, non factam vi tormentorum" (the confession was true and free) sometimes follows a description of how, presently after torture ended, the subject freely confessed to his offenses. ^[35]

Some of the torture methods attributed to the Spanish Inquisition were never used. For example, the "Iron Maiden" never existed in Spain, and was a post-Reformation invention of Germany. An iron maiden is a Torture device usually an Iron cabinet, but can be built with wood or iron The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Thumbscrews on display in an English museum as Spanish were recently argued to be of English origin. The thumbscrew, or pilliwinks, is a Torture instrument which was used in Medieval Europe. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Once the process concluded, the inquisidores met with a representative of the bishop and with the consultores, experts in theology or Canon Law, which was called the consulta de fe. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches The case was voted and sentence pronounced, which had to be unanimous. In case of discrepancies, the Suprema had to be informed.

Sentencing

The results of the trial could be the following:

1. The defendant could be acquitted. In actual practice, acquittals were very rare.
2. The process could be suspended, in which the defendant went free, although under suspicion, and with the threat that his process could be continued at any time. Suspension was a form of acquittal without admitting specifically that the accusation had been erroneous.
3. The defendant could be penanced. Considered guilty, he had to abjure publicly his crimes (de levi if it was a misdemeanor, and de vehementi if the crime were serious), and was condemned to punishment. Among these were the sambenito, exile, fines or even sentence to the galleys. A sambenito ( gramalleta or sambenet in Catalan was a kind of gaudy vest similar to a modern lifejacket or poncho that the Spanish Inquisition forced A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare
4. The defendant could be reconciled. In addition to the public ceremony in which the condemned was reconciled with the Catholic Church, more severe punishments existed, among them long sentences to jail or the galleys, and the confiscation of all property. Also physical punishments existed, such as whipping.
5. The most serious punishment was relaxation to the secular arm, that implied burning at the stake. This penalty was frequently applied to impenitent heretics and those who had relapsed. Execution was public. If the condemned repented, he/she was garroted before his/her body was given to the flames. A garrote or garrote vil (a Spanish word alternative spellings include garotte and garrotte) is a handheld Weapon, most often referring If not, he/she was burned alive.

Frequently, cases were judged in absentia, and when the accused died before the trial finished, the condemned were burned in effigy.

The distribution of the punishments varied much over time. It is believed that sentences of death were frequent mainly in the first stage of the history of the Inquisition (according to García Cárcel, the court of Valencia employed the death penalty in 40% of the processings before 1530, but later that percentage lowered to 3%). The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to ^[36]

The Autos de Fe

For more details on this topic, see Auto de fe. The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition

If the sentence was condemnatory, this implied that the condemned had to participate in the ceremony of an auto de fe, that solemnized his return to the Church (in most cases), or punishment as an impenitent heretic. The autos de fe could be private (auto particular) or public (auto publico or auto general).

Although initially the public autos did not have any special solemnity nor sought a large attendance of spectators, with time they became solemn ceremonies, celebrated with large public crowds, amidst a festive atmosphere. The auto de fe eventually became a baroque spectacle, with staging meticulously calculated to cause the greatest effect among the spectators. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc

The autos were conducted in a large public space (in the largest plaza of the city, frequently), generally on holidays. The rituals related to the auto began the previous night (the "procession of the Green Cross") and lasted the whole day sometimes. The auto de fe frequently was taken to the canvas by painters: one of the better known examples is the painting by Francesco Rizzi held by the Prado Museum in Madrid and which represents the auto celebrated in the Plaza Mayor of Madrid on June 30, 1680. PRADO is a component-based and event-driven Web application framework for PHP 5 Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper The last public auto de fe took place in 1691.

The auto de fe involved: a Catholic Mass; prayer; a public procession of those found guilty; and a reading of their sentences (Peters 1988: 93-94). They took place in public squares or esplanades and lasted several hours: ecclesiastical and civil authorities attended. [2] Artistic representations of the auto de fe usually depict torture and the burning at the stake. However, this type of activity never took place during an auto de fe, which was in essence a religious act. Torture was not administered after a trial concluded, and executions were always held after and separate from the auto de fe (Kamen 1997: 192-213), though in the minds and experiences of observers and those undergoing the confession and execution, the separation of the two might be experienced as merely a technicality.

The first recorded auto de fe was held in Paris in 1242, under Louis IX (Stavans 2005:xxxiv) The first Spanish auto de fe took place in Seville, Spain, in 1481; six of the men and women that participated in this first religious ritual were later executed. The Inquisition enjoyed limited power in Portugal, having been established in 1536 and officially lasting until 1821, although its influence was much weakened with the government of the Marquis of Pombal, in the second half of the 18th century. Autos de fe also took place in Mexico, Brazil and Peru: contemporary historians of the Conquistadors such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo record them. They also occurred in the Portuguese colony of Goa, India, following the establishment of Inquisition there in 1562-1563.

Decline of the Inquisition

The arrival of the Enlightenment in Spain slowed inquisitorial activity. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century In the first half of the 18th century, 111 were condemned to be burned in person, and 117 in effigy, most of them for judaizing. In the reign of Philip V, there were 728 autos de fe, while in the reigns of Charles III and Charles IV only four condemned were burned. Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou Charles III ( January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788) was King of Spain 1700–88 (as Carlos III King of Naples and Charles IV ( November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication

With the Century of Lights, the Inquisition changed: Enlightenment ideas were the closest threat that had to be fought. The main figures of the Spanish Enlightenment were in favour of the abolition of the Inquisition, and many were processed by the Holy Office, among them Olavide, in 1776; Iriarte, in 1779; and Jovellanos, in 1796. Pablo de Olavide y Jáuregui ( Lima, Peru, 1725 January 25 – Baeza, Spain, 1803, February 25) was Tomás de Iriarte (or Yriarte) y Oropesa ( Puerto de la Cruz, La Orotava, island of Tenerife, September 18, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos ( 5 January, 1744 - 27 November, 1811) Spanish neoclassical statesman author philosopher and main The latter sent a report to Charles IV in which he indicated the inefficiency of the Inquisition's courts and the ignorance of those who operated them:

friars who take [the position] only to obtain gossip and exemption from choir; who are ignorant of foreign languages, who only know a little scholastic theology. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries . . ^[37]

In its new role, the Inquisition tried to accentuate its function of censoring publications, but found that Charles III had secularized censorship procedures and, on many occasions, the authorization of the Council of Castile hit the more intransigent position of the Inquisition. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor The Council of Castile ( Consejos de Castilla, plural in Spanish) was a high council for the domestic government of Castile. Since the Inquisition itself was an arm of the state, being within the Council of Castile, it was generally civil censorship and not ecclesiastic that ended up prevailing. This loss of influence can also be explained because the foreign Enlightenment texts entered the peninsula through prominent members of the nobility or government,^[38] influential people with whom it was very difficult to interfere. Thus, for example, Diderot's Encyclopedia entered Spain thanks to special licenses granted by the king.

However, with the coming of the French Revolution, the Council of Castile, fearing that revolutionary ideas would penetrate Spain's borders, decided to reactivate the Holy Office that was directly charged with the persecution of French works. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an An Inquisition edict of December 1789, that received the full approval of Charles IV and Floridablanca, stated that:

having news that several books have been scattered and promoted in these kingdoms. Don José Moñino y Redondo Count of Floridablanca ( es: José Moñino y Redondo conde de Floridablanca) ( October 21, 1728 - . . that, without being contented with the simple narration events of a seditious nature. . . seem to form a theoretical and practical code of independence from the legitimate powers. . . . destroying in this way the political and social order. . . the reading of thirty and nine French works is prohibited, under fine. . . ^[39]

However, inquisitorial activity was impossible in the face of the information avalanche that crossed the border, seeing in 1792 that,

the multitude of seditious papers. . . does not allow formalizing the files against those who introduce them. . .

The fight from within against the Inquisition almost always took place in clandestine form. The first texts that questioned the inquisitorial role and praised the ideas of Voltaire or Montesquieu appeared in 1759. François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (Eng After the suspension of pre-publication censorship on the part of the Council of Castile in 1785, the newspaper El Censor began the publication of protests against the activities of the Holy Office by means of a rationalist critique and, even, Valentin de Foronda published Espíritu de los Mejores Diarios, a plea in favour of freedom of expression that was avidly read in the salons. A list of films produced in Argentina by year in the 1990s in the List of Argentine films 1990 Argentine films of Also, Manuel de Aguirre, in the same vein, wrote, On Toleration in El Censor, El Correo de los Ciegos and El Diario de Madrid. ^[40]

End of the Inquisition

During the reign of Charles IV and, in spite of the fears that the French Revolution provoked, several events took place that accentuated the decline of the Inquisition. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an In the first place, the state stopped being a mere social organizer and began to worry about the well-being of the public. As a result, consider the land-holding power of the Church, in the señoríos and, more generally, in the accumulated wealth that had prevented social progress. ^[41] On the other hand, the perennial struggle between the power of the throne and the power of the Church, inclined more and more to the former, under which, Enlightenment thinkers found better protection for their ideas. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Manuel Godoy and Antonio Alcalá Galiano were openly hostile to an institution whose only role had been reduced to censorship and was the very embodiment of the Spanish Black Legend, internationally, and was not suitable to the political interests of the moment:

The Inquisition? Its old power no longer exists: the horrible authority that this bloodthirsty court had exerted in other times was reduced. Don Manuel Francisco Domingo de Godoy (di Bassano y Alvarez de Faria de los Ríos y Sánchez-Zarzosa, also Manuel de Godoy y Alvarez de Faria de los Ríos Sánchez Zarzosa Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor The Black Legend ( La Leyenda Negra) is a term coined by Julián Juderías in his 1914 book La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica ( The Black Legend . . the Holy Office had come to be a species of commission for book censorship, nothing more. . . ^[42]

In fact, prohibited works circulated freely in the public bookstores of Seville, Salamanca or Valladolid. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Geography The city lies on a mountain by the Tormes River which is crossed by a bridge 150 m long built on 26 arches fifteen of which are of Roman origin, while ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region

The Inquisition was abolished during the domination of Napoleon and the reign of Joseph I (1808-1812). Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. In 1813, the liberal deputies of the Cortes of Cádiz also obtained its abolition^[43], largely as a result of the Holy Office's condemnation of the popular revolt against French invasion. The Cádiz Cortes were sessions of the national legislative body (traditionally known in Spain as the ''Cortes'') which met in the safe haven of Cádiz But the Inquisition was reconstituted when Ferdinand VII recovered the throne on July 1, 1814. Early life In his youth he occupied the painful position of an heir apparent who was jealously excluded from all share in government by his parents and the royal favorite "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. It was again abolished during the three year Liberal interlude known as the Trienio liberal. Later, during the period known as the Ominous Decade, the Inquisition was not formally re-established,^[44] although, de facto, it returned under the so-called Meetings of Faith, tolerated in the dioceses by King Ferdinand. These had the dubious honour of executing the last heretic condemned, the school teacher Cayetano Ripoll, garroted in Valencia on July 26 1826 (presumably for having taught deist principles), all amongst a European-wide scandal at the despotic attitude still prevailing in Spain. Cayetano Ripoll, a poor schoolmaster from Valencia, Spain, was Garroted or hanged to death on 31 July 1826 for allegedly teaching The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation Juan Antonio Llorente, who had been the Inquisition's general secretary in 1789, became a Bonapartist and published a critical history in 1817 from his French exile, based on his privileged access to its archives. Juan Antonio Llorente (born March 30, 1756 in Rincón de Soto ( La Rioja) Spain; died February 5, 1823 in Madrid Afrancesado ( " Francophiles quot or "turned- French " "Francisized" was the term used to denote Spanish and Portuguese

The Inquisition was definitively abolished on July 15, 1834, by a Royal Decree signed by regent Maria Cristina de Borbona liberal queen, during the minority of Isabel II and with the approval of the President of the Cabinet Francisco Martínez de la Rosa. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda di Borbone principessa delle Due Sicilie María Cristina de Borbón princesa de las Dos Sicilias April 27, Francisco de Paula Martinez de la Rosa (1789–1862 Spanish statesman and dramatist was born on the 10th of March 1789 at Granada, and educated at the university (It is possible that something similar to the Inquisition acted during the First Carlist War, in the zones dominated by the Carlists, since one of the government measures praised by Conde de Molina Carlos Maria Isidro de Borbon was the re-implementation of the Inquisition to protect the Church). See also Carlism The First Carlist War was a Civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1839 Not to be confused with Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, who is sometimes erroneously called Charles V of Spain The Infante Carlos of Spain During the Carlist Wars it was the conservatives who fought the progresists who wanted to reduce the Church's power amongst other reforms to liberalise the economy.

Death tolls

The historian Hernando del Pulgar, contemporary of Ferdinand and Isabella, estimated that the Inquisition had burned at the stake 2,000 people and reconciled another 15,000 by 1490 (just one decade after the Inquisition began). Hernando del Pulgar (1436 - c 1492 was a Spanish Writer. He was born at Pulgar (near Toledo) and was educated at the court of John ^[45]

Modern historians have begun to study the documentary records of the Inquisition. The archives of the Suprema, today held by the National Historical Archive of Spain (Archivo Histórico Nacional), conserves the annual relations of all processes between 1560 and 1700. This material provides information about 49,092 judgements, the latter studied by Gustav Henningsen and Jaime Contreras. These authors calculate that only 1. 9% of those processed - approximately 933 - were burned at the stake.

The archives of the Suprema only provide information surrounding the processes prior to 1560. To study the processes themselves, it is necessary to examine the archives of the local tribunals; however, the majority have been lost to the devastation of war, the ravages of time or other events. Pierre Dedieu has studied those of Toledo, where 12,000 were judged for offences related to heresy. ^[46] Ricardo García Cárcel has analyzed those of the tribunal of Valencia. ^[47] These authors' investigations find that the Inquisition was most active in the period between 1480 and 1530, and that during this period the percentage condemned to death was much more significant than in the years studied by Henningsen and Contreras.

García Cárcel estimates that the total number processed by the Inquisition throughout its history was approximately 150,000. Applying the percentages of executions that appeared in the trials of 1560-1700--about 2%--the approximate total would be about 3,000 put to death. Nevertheless, very probably this total should be raised keeping in mind the data provided by Dedieu and García Cárcel for the tribunals of Toledo and Valencia, respectively. It is likely that the total would be between 3,000 and 5,000 executed.

Other documents, discovered in the Vatican Archives in 2004 put the toll of heresy cases tried by the Spanish Inquisition between 1540 and 1700 at 44,647, of which 1. The Vatican Secret Archives ( Latin: Archivum Secretum Apostolicum Vaticanum) located in Vatican City, is the central repository for all of the acts promulgated "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 8% (804) led to an execution, while another 1. 7% were burned in effigy because they had somehow escaped before the sentence was carried out. ^[48]

However, it is impossible to determine the precision of this total, and owing to the gaps in documentation, it is unlikely that the exact number will ever be known.

Historiography

How historians and commentators have viewed the Spanish Inquisition has changed over time, and continues to be a source of controversy to this day. Before and during the 19th century historical interest focused on who was being persecuted. In the early and mid 20th century historians examined the specifics of what happened and how it influenced Spanish history. In the later 20th and 21st century, historians have re-examined how severe the Inquisition really was, calling into question some of the conclusions made earlier in the 20th century.

The Spanish "Black Legend"

Main article: Black Legend

In the mid-16th century, coincident with the persecution of the Protestants, there began to appear from the pens of various European Protestant intellectuals, an image of the Inquisition that exaggerated its negative aspects for propaganda purposes. The Black Legend ( La Leyenda Negra) is a term coined by Julián Juderías in his 1914 book La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica ( The Black Legend One of the first to write about this theme was the Englishman John Foxe (1516-1587), who dedicated an entire chapter of his book The Book of Martyrs to the Spanish Inquisition. John Foxe (1517 &ndash April 18, 1587) martyrologist is remembered as the author of what is popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs The Book of Martyrs, by John Foxe, is an Apocalyptically oriented English Protestant account of the Persecutions of Other sources of the Black Legend of the Inquisition were the Sanctae Inquisitionis Hispanicae Artes, authored under the pseudonym of Reginaldus Gonzalvus Montanus (possibly an allusion to the German astronomer Regiomontanus), that was probably written by two exiled Spanish Protestants, Casiodoro de Reina and Antonio del Corro. Johannes Müller von Königsberg ( June 6, 1436 &ndash July 6, 1476) known by his Latin Pseudonym Regiomontanus Casiodoro de Reina or de Reyna (1520-94was a former monk who perhaps with several others translated the Bible into Spanish. Antonio del Corro (Corrano de Corran Corranus ( Seville, 1527-London 1591 was a Spanish monk who became a Protestant convert The book saw great success, and was translated into English, French, Dutch, German and Hungarian and contributed to cementing the negative image that the Inquisition had in Europe. The Dutch and English, political rivals of Spain, also built on the Black Legend.

Other sources for the Black Legend of the Inquisition come from Italy. Ferdinand's efforts to export the Spanish Inquisition to Naples provoked many revolts, and even as late as 1547 and 1564 there were anti-Spanish uprisings when it was believed that the Inquisition would be established. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the In Sicily, where the Inquisition was established, there were also revolts against the activity of the Holy Office, in 1511 and 1516. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Many Italian authors of the 16th century referred with horror to the actions of the Inquisition.

Professional historians

Before the rise of professional historians in the 19th century, the Spanish Inquisition had largely been studied and portrayed by Protestant scholars who saw it as the archetypal symbol of Catholic intolerance and ecclesiastical power. ^[49] The Spanish Inquisition for them was largely associated with the persecution of Protestants. ^[49] The 19th century professional historians, including the Spanish scholar Amador de los Rios, were the first to challenge this perception and look seriously at the role of Jews and Muslims. ^[49]

At the start of the 20th century Henry Charles Lea published the groundbreaking History of the Inquisition in Spain. Henry Charles Lea ( September 19, 1825 - October 24, 1909) was an American Historian, civic reformer and political activist This influential work saw the Spanish Inquisition as "an engine of immense power, constantly applied for the furtherance of obscurantism, the repression of thought, the exclusion of foreign ideas and the obstruction of progress. "^[49] Lea documented the Inquisition's methods and modes of operation in no uncertain terms calling it "theocratic absolutism" at its worst. ^[49] In the context of the polarization between Protestants and Catholics during the second half of the nineteenth century^[50], some of Lea's contemporaries, as well as most modern scholars thought Lea's work had an anti-Catholic bias. Anti-Catholicism is a generic term for Discrimination, hostility or Prejudice directed at the Roman Catholic Church or its followers ^{[50] [51]} William H. Prescott, the Boston historian, likened the Inquisition to an "eye that never slumbered". William Hickling Prescott (May 4 1796 &ndash January 29 1859 was an American Historian, known for his books The History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic

Starting in the 1920s, Jewish scholars picked up where Lea's work left off. ^[49] Yitzhak Baer's History of the Jews in Christian Spain, Cecil Roth's History of the Marranos and, after World War II, the work of Haim Beinart who for the first time published trial transcripts of cases involving conversos. Cecil Roth, ( London, 1899–1970 was a British Jewish Historian and educator

Modern Scholarship

Main article: Historical revision of the Inquisition

One of the first books to challenge the now antiquated view was The Spanish Inquisition (1965) by Henry Kamen. Historical revision of the Inquisition is a historiographical project that has emerged in recent years Henry A Kamen, who was born in Rangoon in 1936 is a British Historian. Kamen established that the Inquisition was not nearly as cruel or as powerful as commonly believed. The book was very influential and largely responsible for subsequent studies in the 1970s to try to quantify (from archival records) the Inquisition's activities from 1480 to 1834. ^[52] Those studies showed there was an initial burst of activity against conversos suspected of relapsing into Judaism, and a mid-16th-century pursuit of Protestants - but the Inquisition served principally as a forum Spaniards occasionally used to humiliate and punish people they did not like: blasphemers, bigamists, foreigners and, in Aragon, homosexuals and horse smugglers. ^[49] There were so few Protestants in Spain that widespread persecution of Protestantism was not physically possible. Kamen went on to publish two more books in 1985 and 2006 that incorporated new findings, further supporting the view that the Inquisition was not as bad as once described by Lea and others. Along similar lines is Edward Peters's Inquisition (1988).

The Spanish Inquisition in the Arts

The Tribunal of the Inquisition as illustrated by Francisco de Goya

Literature

• The literature of the 18th century approaches the theme of the Inquisition from a critical point of view. In Candide by Voltaire, the Inquisition appears as the epitome of intolerance and arbitrary justice in Portugal and America. --> Candide ou l'Optimisme (1759 is a French Satire by the Enlightenment Philosopher Voltaire, English translations of which François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.

• During the Romantic Period, the gothic novel, which was primarily a genre developed in Protestant countries, Catholicism was frequently associated with terror and repression. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. This vision of the Spanish Inquisition appears in, among other work, The Monk (1796) by Matthew Gregory Lewis (set in Madrid during the Inquisition, but can be seen as commenting on the French Revolution and the Terror); in Melmoth the Wanderer (1820) by Charles Robert Maturin and in The Manuscript Found in Saragossa by Polish author Jan Potocki. Ambrosio or the Monk is a Gothic novel by Matthew Gregory Lewis which first appeared in 1796. ( 9 July 1775 &ndash 14 May 1818) was an English Novelist and Dramatist, often referred to as "Monk" The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was Melmoth the Wanderer is a Gothic novel published in 1820 written by Charles Robert Maturin (uncle of Jane Wilde who was mother of Oscar Charles Robert Maturin, also known as CR Maturin ( September 25, 1782 in Dublin – October 30, 1824 in Dublin was an The Manuscript Found in Saragossa (original French title Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse; also known in English as The Saragossa Manuscript Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Biography Jan Potocki (pronounced 'Pototski' was born in 1761 into the great Potocki family an old aristocratic family which owned vast estates in Poland

• Samuel Shellabarger's Captain from Castile deals directly with the Spanish Inquisition during the first part of the novel. Samuel Shellabarger (1888 - 1954 was an American educator and author of both scholarly works and best-selling historical novels Captain from Castile is a swashbuckling action adventure film released by 20th Century Fox in 1947.

• One of the best known stories of Edgar Allan Poe, The Pit and the Pendulum, explores along the same lines the use of torture by the Inquisition. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " The Pit and the Pendulum " is a Short story written by Edgar Allan Poe and first published in 1842 The types of torture that appear in the story have no basis in history, however.

• In France, in the early 19th century, the epistolary novel Cornelia Bororquia, or the Victim of the Inquisition, which has been attributed to Spaniard Luiz Gutiérrez, ferociously criticizes the Inquisition and its representatives. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. An epistolary novel German Briefroman ---> is a Novel written as a series of documents

• The Inquisition also appears in one of the chapters of the novel The Brothers Karamazov (1880) by Fyodor Dostoevsky, which imagines an encounter between Jesus and the Inquisitor General. The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)

• Small Gods, (1992) one of the Discworld Novels by Terry Pratchett centres around a small country - Omnia - in which all the inhabitants are (nominally) followers of the "Great God Om". Small Gods is the thirteenth of Terry Pratchett 's popular Discworld Novels, published in 1992 Discworld is a comedic Fantasy Book series by the British author Terry Pratchett, set on the Discworld, a flat Terence David John Pratchett, OBE (born 28 April 1948 is an English fantasy, Science fiction, and children's author. The Great God Om is a fictional deity in Terry Pratchett 's Discworld series of fantasy novels One of the ways to ensure that all Omnians follow the words of the Omnian prophets, is a torture body, known as the Quisition, whose methods are reminiscent of those ascribed to the Spanish Inquisition. The Great God Om is a fictional deity in Terry Pratchett 's Discworld series of fantasy novels

• Carme Riera's novella, published in 1994, Dins el Darrer Blau (In the Last Blue) is set during the repression of the chuetas (conversos from Mallorca) at the end of the 17th century. Carme Riera Guilera ( Palma, 1948) is a novelist and essayist Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain.

• In 1998, the Spanish writer Miguel Delibes published the historical novel The Heretic, about the Protestants of Valladolid and their repression by the Inquisition. Miguel Delibes Setién (born 1920 is a Spanish Novelist and member of the Real Academia Española. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region

• The Captain Alatriste novels by the Spanish writer Arturo Pérez-Reverte are set in the early seventeenth century. Captain Alatriste (es '''''El capitán Alatriste''''' is a series of novels by Spanish author Arturo Pérez-Reverte. Arturo Pérez-Reverte (November 25 1951 Cartagena Spain) is a Spanish Novelist and Journalist. The second novel, Purity of Blood, has the narrator being tortured by the Inquisition and describes an Auto-da-fe. The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition

• The Argentine Author, Marcos Aguinis, produced a work titled "La Gesta del Marrano", which portrays the length of the Inquisition's arm to reach people in Argentina during the 16th and 17th centuries.

• The Marvel Comics series Marvel 1602 shows the Inquisition targeting Mutants for "blasphemy". Marvel Comics is an American comic book company owned by Marvel Publishing Inc Marvel 1602 is an eight-issue Comic book Limited series published from November 2003 to June 2004 by Marvel Comics A mutant is an individual organism or new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of Mutation, which is a base-pair sequence change within the DNA The character Magneto (comics) also appears as the Grand Inquisitor. Magneto (alias Erik Magnus Lehnsherr, born Max Eisenhardt) is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel

• The mature audience manga Berserk features, in volumes 17-21,a priest named Mozgus who, with the assistance of dedicated "inquisitors", brutally tortures and executes hundreds of Pagans in a thematic combination of the Spanish Inquisition and the witchhunts. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly "Witch trial" redirects here For the song by Rush, see Fear series.

Film

• The 1947 epic Captain from Castile by Darryl F. Zanuck, staring Tyrone Power, uses The Inquisition as the major plot of the film. Captain from Castile is a swashbuckling action adventure film released by 20th Century Fox in 1947. Darryl Francis Zanuck ( September 5, 1902 &ndash December 22, 1979) was an Academy Award -winning producer, Writer Tyrone Edmund Power Jr (May 5 1914 – November 15 1958 usually credited simply as Tyrone Power and known sometimes as " Ty Power " was an It tells how powerful families used its evils to ruin their rivals. The first part of the film shows this and the reach of the Inquisition reoccurs throughout this movie following Pedro De Vargas (Power) even to the 'New World'.

• Edgar Allan Poe's The Pit and the Pendulum has been taken to the screen many times. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " The Pit and the Pendulum " is a Short story written by Edgar Allan Poe and first published in 1842 Perhaps best known is the version by Roger Corman in 1961. Roger William Corman (born April 5 1926) sometimes nicknamed "King of the Bs" for his output of B-movies (though he himself rejects this as inaccurate

• The Inquisition captures the main character in the 1965 Polish film Rekopis Znaleziony w Saragossie (The Saragossa Manuscript). The Manuscript Found in Saragossa (original French title Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse; also known in English as The Saragossa Manuscript

• The Inquisition appears in a musical segment of Mel Brooks' movie History of the World, Part I (1981). Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; June 28, 1926) is an American director, Writer, Composer, Lyricist History of the World Part I is a 1981 Film written produced and directed by Mel Brooks.

• The film Akelarre (1984) by Pedro Olea, deals with the trials in Logroño of the Witches of Zugarramurdi in Navarre. Pedro Olea ( June 30, 1938, Bilbao) is a Spanish screenwriter film producer and film director The Basque witch trials of the 17th century represent the most ambitious attempt at rooting out Witchcraft ever undertaken by the Spanish Inquisition. Zugarramurdi is a town and Municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.

• The beginning of the film 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992) by Ridley Scott speaks of the fear induced by the Spanish Inquisition and shows several aspects of the relaxation to the secular arm. 1492 Conquest of Paradise is a 1992 American / European adventure / Drama film. Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30 1937 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British Academy Award Nominated and Golden Globe Emmy Award and BAFTA Award winning

• The film The Fountain (2006) by Darren Aronofsky, features the Spanish Inquisition as part of a plot in 1500 when the Grand Inquisitor threatens Queen Isabella's life. The Fountain is a 2006 American science fiction / Fantasy film directed by Darren Aronofsky that follows three interwoven Darren Aronofsky (born February 12, 1969 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American Film director, Screenwriter

• Goya's Ghosts (2006) by Milos Forman is set in Spain between 1792 and 1809 and focuses realistically on the role of the Inquisition and its end under Napoleon's rule. Goya's Ghosts is a 2006 Spanish Film directed by Miloš Forman ( Amadeus, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Jan Tomáš Forman (ˈjan ˈtomaːʃ ˈforman born February 18, 1932) better known as Miloš Forman (ˈmɪloʃ ˈforman is a Czech-American

• In Mel Brooks' History of the World, Part I (1981), Brooks takes the role of the Grand Inquisitor and makes a musical mockery of the killing of Jews during the Spanish Inquisition. History of the World Part I is a 1981 Film written produced and directed by Mel Brooks.

Theatre, music, and television

• The Grand Inquisitor of Spain plays a part in Don Carlos, (1867) a play by Friedrich Schiller (which was the basis for an opera in five acts by Giuseppe Verdi, in which the Inquisitor is also featured). This article refers to the opera Don Carlos ( Don Carlo when performed in Italian translation by Giuseppe Verdi Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ (10 November 1759 9 May 1805 was a German Poet, Philosopher

• In the Monty Python comedy team's Spanish Inquisition sketch, an inept Inquisition repeatedly burst unexpectedly into scenes after someone utters the words "I didn't expect a kind of Spanish Inquisition", screaming "Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!" The Inquisition would then use ineffectual forms of torture, including a dish-drying rack, soft cushions and a comfy chair. Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) is the collective name of the six creators of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British Television " The Spanish Inquisition " was a series of sketches in Monty Python's Flying Circus, Series 2 Episode 2 Parodying the Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally

• The Spanish Inquisition segment of the 1981 Mel Brooks movie The History of the World Part 1 is a comedic musical performance based on the activities of the first Inquisitor General of Spain, Tomás de Torquemada. History of the World Part I is a 1981 Film written produced and directed by Mel Brooks. History of the World Part I is a 1981 Film written produced and directed by Mel Brooks. Grand Inquisitor ( Latin: Inquisitor Generalis) is the lead official of an Inquisition. Tomás de Torquemada (1420 – September 16, 1498) was a fifteenth century Spanish Dominican, first Inquisitor General of Spain and

• The Histeria! episode "Megalomaniacs!" featured a game show sketch based on the Spanish Inquisition titled "Convert or Die!" The sketch was later banned from the episode and replaced with a new sketch about Custer's Last Stand in re-runs due to complaints from the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights that the sketch was teaching kids to reject Catholicism. Histeria! is an American Animated television series of the late-1990s created by Tom Ruegger (who also created Tiny Toon Adventures The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass However, it was restored when the episode was broadcast on In2TV. In2TV is a joint-service offered by AOL and Warner Bros that enables people in the USA only to download television

• The musical Man of La Mancha (1965) is set in a dungeon where Miguel de Cervantes awaits a hearing with the Spanish Inquisition. Man of La Mancha is a musical with a book by Dale Wasserman, lyrics by Joe Darion and music by Mitch Leigh. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547 &ndash April 22, 1616) was a Spanish Novelist

• The song "Sign of the Cross", by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden is said to be about the Spanish Inquisition, and how God still protected the people who were involoved in the Inquisition, despite their sins against him. For other uses see Iron maiden.

• The band Dimmu Borgir's 2007 album, In Sorte Diaboli, follows the path of a priest's assistant as he reverses his ways and is ultimately burned at the stake during the Spanish Inquisition. Dimmu Borgir (ˌdɪmuːˈbɔːrɡɪr is a Symphonic black metal band from Norway. In Sorte Diaboli (incorrect Latin for "In Direct Contact With Satan " the Latin literally means "in the lot of the Devil" or "in

• The Opera "Prigioniero" by Luigi Dallapiccola, tells the story of a man captured in the inquisition, and befriends a guard, who turns out to be the grand inquisitor.

See also

• Black Legend
• Cardinal Ximenes
• Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
• Execution by burning
• List of Grand Inquisitors of Spain
• Historical persecution by Christians
• Historical revision of the Inquisition
• History of the Jews in Spain
• Medieval Inquisition
• Mexican Inquisition
• Peruvian Inquisition
• Portuguese Inquisition
• Roman Inquisition
• Goa Inquisition

References and footnotes

Further reading

• Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain (4 volumes), (New York and London, 1906–1907). Henry Charles Lea ( September 19, 1825 - October 24, 1909) was an American Historian, civic reformer and political activist
• Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. Henry A Kamen, who was born in Rangoon in 1936 is a British Historian. (Yale University Press, 1999).
• Antonio Puigblanch, La Inquisición sin máscara (Cádiz, 1811-1813). Antonio Puigblanch ( Mataró, Spain 1775- Somers Town London 1840 [The Inquisition Unmasked (London, 1816)]
• Juan Antonio Llorente, “Historia crítica de la Inquisición de España”
• William Thomas Walsh, Isabella of Spain (1930) and Characters of the Inquisition (1940). Juan Antonio Llorente (born March 30, 1756 in Rincón de Soto ( La Rioja) Spain; died February 5, 1823 in Madrid William Thomas Walsh ( September 11, 1891 - January 22, 1949) born in Waterbury, Connecticut, was a prominent historian Both reprinted by TAN Books (1987).
• R. Sabbatini, “Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition,” (1913).
• C. Roth, “The Spanish Inquisition,” (1937).
• C. Roth, “History of the Marranos,” (1932).
• A. S. Turberville, “Medieval History and the Inquisition,” (1920).
• A. S. Turberville, “The Spanish Inquisition,” (1932).
• Genaro García, “La Inquisición de México,” (1906).
• Genaro Garcia, “Autos de fe de la Inquisición de Mexico,” (1910).
• F. Garau, “La Fee Triunfante,” (1691-reprinted 1931).
• J. T. Medina, “Historia de la Inquisicion de Lima; de Chile; le la Plata; de Cartagena de las Indias; en las islas Filipinas” (6 volumes), (1887–1899).
• V. Vignau, “Catálogo. . . de la Inquisición de Toledo,” (1903).
• J. Baker, “History of the Inquisition,” (1736).
• “History of the Inquisition from its origin under Pope Innocent III till the present time. Also the private practices of the Inquisitors, the form of trial and modes of torture,” (1814).
• J. Marchant, “A Review of the Bloody Tribunal,” (1770).
• E. N Adler, “Autos de fe and the Jew,” (1908).
• González de Montes, “Discovery and Playne Declaration of Sundry Subtile Practices of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne”
• Ludovico a Paramo, “De Origine et Progressu Sanctae Inquisitionis,” (1598).
• J. M. Marín, “Procedimientos de la Inquisición” (2 volumes), (1886).
• I. de las Cagigas, “Libro Verde de Aragon,” (1929).
• R. Cappa, “La Inquisicion Espanola,” (1888).
• A. Paz y Mellia, “Catálogo Abreviado de Papeles de Inquisición,” (1914).
• A. F. G. Bell, “Luis de Leon,” (1925).
• M. Jouve, “Torquemada,” (1935).
• Sir Alexander G. Cardew, “A Short History of the Inquisition,” (1933).
• G. G. Coulton, The Inquisition, (1929)
• “Memoires Instructifs pour un Voyageur dans les Divers Etats de l’Europe,” (1738). George Gordon Coulton ( October 15, 1858 – March 4, 1947) was a British Historian, known for numerous works on Medieval history
• Ramon de Vilana Perlas, “La verdadera práctica apostólica de el S. Tribunal de la Inquisición,” (1735).
• H. B. Piazza, “A Short and True Account of the Inquisition and its Proceeding,” (1722).
• A. L. Maycock, “The Inquisition,” (1926).
• H. Nickerson, “The Inquisition,” (1932).
• Conde de Castellano, “Un Complot Terrorista en el Siglo XV; los Comienzos de la Inquisicion Aragonesa,” (1927).
• Bernard Gui, “Manuel de l’Inquisiteur,” (1927). Bernard Gui (1261 or 1262 &ndash 30 December 1331) also known as Bernardo Gui or Bernardus Guidonis, was an inquisitor of the
• L. Tanon, “Histoire des Tribunaux de l’Inquisition,” (1893).
• A. J. Texeira, “Antonio Homem e a Inquisicao,” (1902).
• A. Baiao, “A Inquisiçao em Portugal e no Brasil,” (1921).
• A. Herculano, “Historia da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisiçao em Portugal,” (English translation, 1926).
• Simon Whitechapel, Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition (Creation Books, 2003).
• Miranda Twiss, The Most Evil Men And Women In History (Michael O'Mara Books Ltd. , 2002).
• Geoffrey Parker “Some Recent Work on the Inquisition in Spain and Italy” Journal of Modern History 54:3 1982
• Warren H. Carroll, "Isabel: the Catholic Queen" Front Royal, Virginia, 1991 (Christendom Press)
• Joseph de Maistre, Letters on the Spanish Inquisition (1822, composed 1815):— late defence of the Inquisition. Geoffrey Parker can refer to more than one person Geoff Parker, biologist Geoffrey Parker, historian The Journal of Modern History is recognized as the leading American journal for the study of European intellectual political and cultural History. Dr Warren H Carroll is a leading Catholic historian and author and the founder of Christendom College. Joseph-Marie Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753- 26 February 1821 was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer diplomat writer and philosopher
• Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and other original sources, 40 vols. Ludwig Pastor, later Freiherr von Campersfelden ( January 31, 1854 – September 30, 1928) was a German historian and a diplomat The Vatican Secret Archives ( Latin: Archivum Secretum Apostolicum Vaticanum) located in Vatican City, is the central repository for all of the acts promulgated St. Louis, B. Herder 1898

External links

• Ingersoll, Robert Green. Spain and Spaniard. Bank of Wisdom. Retrieved on 2006-05-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
• Title Catalog. The Library of Iberian Resources. Retrieved on 2006-05-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Scholarly studies including A History of the Inquisition of Spain by Henry Charles Lea :
  • Lea, Henry Charles (October 1905). Henry Charles Lea ( September 19, 1825 - October 24, 1909) was an American Historian, civic reformer and political activist A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Vol. One. Macmillan.
  • Lea, Henry Charles (October 1905). A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Vol. Two. Macmillan.
  • Lea, Henry Charles (October 1905). A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Vol. Three. Macmillan.
  • Lea, Henry Charles (October 1905). A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Vol. Four. Macmillan.
• Letters on the Spanish Inquisition Joseph de Maistre. Joseph-Marie Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753- 26 February 1821 was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer diplomat writer and philosopher
• Fact v Fiction
• An Overview
• Catholic Encyclopedia: "Inquisition"
• Catholic Answers: "The Inquisition"
  • [thewmwhq. proboards53. com The WMW HQ].
• L. D. Barnett, "Two Documents of the Inquisition", in The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Ser., Vol. 15, No. 2 (Oct., 1924), pp. 213-239
• The Spanish Inquisition - Crash Course in Jewish History