Spanish-American War
Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill by Frederic Remington
Date April 25 – August 12, 1898 Location Caribbean Sea: Cuba, Puerto Rico; Pacific Ocean: Guam, Philippine Islands Result Treaty of Paris: Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba, ceded Guam, Puerto Rico, and other islands to the United States, and ceded the Philippines to the United States for a payment of $20 million. Frederic Sackrider Remington ( October 4, 1861 - December 26, 1909) was an American painter, Illustrator, Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Start of the Philippine-American War
Belligerents
United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Katipunan Puerto Rico	Kingdom of Spain Cuban Loyalists to Spain Puerto Rico Under Spain Filipino Loyalists
Commanders
Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey Máximo Gómez Emilio Aguinaldo	Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías y Casado Ramón Blanco y Erenas
Casualties and losses
385 KIA USA 5,000 Killed from Disease USA 5,000 Cubans KIA 5,000 Filipinos KIA [1]	2,159 KIA 53,000 Killed from Disease [1]

The Spanish-American War was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la República Filipina ( English: Philippine Republic Tagalog: Unang Republika ng Pilipinas) also known as the First Philippine The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary organization founded by Filipino rebels in Manila, in 1892 which aimed to gain independence from Spain. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in December 29 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Spanish East Indies ( Indias Orientales Españolas) was a term used to describe Spanish possessions in Asia-Pacific which lasted over three centuries Nelson Appleton Miles ( August 8, 1839 &ndash May 15, 1925) was an American soldier who served in the American Civil War, Indian William Rufus Shafter (October 16 1835 &ndash November 12 1906 was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War who received America's highest military decoration George Dewey ( December 26, 1837 &ndash January 16, 1917) was an Admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his Máximo Gómez y Báez ( November 18, 1836 in the Dominican Republic - June 17, 1905 in Havana Cuba) was a For the municipality see Gen Emilio Aguinaldo Cavite General Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ( March 22, 1869 &ndash February 6 Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón ( September 7, 1839 - September 30, 1917) was a career Spanish naval officer most Pascual Cervera y Topete ( February 18, 1839 - April 3, 1909) served as Almirante (or Admiral) of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron Arsenio Linares y Pombo (1848-1914 was a Spanish military man and government official Manuel Macías y Casado (1845—1937 was a Spanish general He served as Governor-General of Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War and as Ramón Blanco y Erenas marqués de Peña Plata (1833—1906 was a Spanish Brigadier and colonial administrator Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December. The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War.

The war began after the American demand for Spain's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected, though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands. Cuba, the largest of the Caribbean islands was first inhabited by Indigenous peoples known as the Taíno and Ciboney. In general expansionism consists of expansionist policies While some have linked the term to promoting Economic growth (in contrast to no growth / Sustainable policies The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Caroline Islands form a large Archipelago of widely scattered islands in the western Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Guinea. ^[2]

Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States a reason to send in the warship USS Maine to indicate high national interest. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the USS Maine, and "yellow journalism" that accused Spain of extensive atrocities, agitating American public opinion. "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band. Yellow journalism is Journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba.

Only 109 days after the outbreak of war, the Treaty of Paris, which ended the conflict, gave the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated

Background

The historical background for the war was the growing Cuban struggle for independence from Spain that had been simmering off and on for over thirty years, which had captured the American imagination. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. American newspapers had been agitating for intervention with sensational stories of Spanish atrocities against the native Cuban population even though Spain had removed the general behind the harsh policies that had displaced thousands of Cubans in the countryside, Valeriano Weyler, and had placed them between 30,000 Spanish troops and the insurrectos, or Cubans fighting for independence. Valeriano Weyler Nicolau marqués de Tenerife ( 17 September 1838 - 20 October 1930) was a Spanish soldier In January 1898, a riot broke out in Havana by Cuban Spanish loyalists leading to the destruction of the printing presses of four local newspapers for publishing articles critical of Spanish Army atrocities. Since this riot was largely also anti-American,^[3] because of the growing support in the US for Cuban independence, the US Consul-General, nephew of Robert E. Lee and former Civil War Confederate general Fitzhugh Lee, cabled Washington with fears for the lives of Americans living in Havana, the United States wasted no time sending a tepid response. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading It was into this explosive situation of an ongoing independence struggle that the USS Maine was sent to Havana, Cuba, to protect U. "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la S. interests. With insurrection and civil disturbances the rule of the day, the mysterious sinking of the battleship USS Maine on February 15, 1898, at 9:40 p. An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common m. in Havana Harbor was attributed, by Spanish scientists, to an internal and accidental explosion; but in 1898 a Naval inquiry reported that it was caused by submarine mine and one month later the war was declared. "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band.

A total of four investigations looked into the causes of the explosion with the investigators coming to different conclusions. "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band. However, US Naval History Center would say several scientists refuted Rickover's thesis, and the Spanish and USA versions would carry on with divergences. ^[4] A 1999 investigation commissioned by National Geographic Magazine and carried out by Advanced Marine Enterprises disagreed, concluding that “it appears more probable than was previously concluded that a mine caused the inward bent bottom structure and the detonation of the magazines. "The Maine" redirects here For the pop punk band see The Maine (band. The National Geographic Magazine is the official journal of the National Geographic Society. ”^[5] Spanish and Cuban opinions included a theory that would point that the USA government would have caused intentionally the detonation . ^[4][6], in order to have an excuse to enter the war, which, in their opinion, would agree with his strategic interests at the time, and with the pre-war tension between the countries.

When the Maine blew up causing the deaths of 266 men,^[7] newspaper owners such as William R. Hearst leapt to the conclusion that Spanish officials in Cuba were to blame, and they widely publicized the conspiracy. For other people named William Randolph Hearst see William Randolph Hearst (disambiguation William Randolph Hearst I (April 29 1863 &ndash Such publications practiced what was called "yellow journalism", which originated in New York. Yellow journalism is Journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers The City of New York Yellow journalism fueled American anger by publishing astonishing "atrocities" committed by Spain in Cuba. Hearst when informed by Frederic Remington, whom he had hired to furnish illustrations for his newspaper, that conditions in Cuba were not bad enough to warrant hostilities, allegedly replied, "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war. Frederic Sackrider Remington ( October 4, 1861 - December 26, 1909) was an American painter, Illustrator, "^[8] Lashed to fury by the yellow journalism, the American cry of the hour became, Remember the Maine, To Hell with Spain! President William McKinley, Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed and the business community opposed the growing public demand for war. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by William McKinley Jr ( January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer&mdashor speaker &mdashof the United States House of Representatives. Thomas Brackett Reed, ( October 18, 1839 &ndash December 7, 1902) occasionally ridiculed as Czar Reed, was a U

Further information: Propaganda of the Spanish American War

The decisive event was probably the speech of Republican Senator Redfield Proctor delivered on March 17, 1898, which thoroughly and calmly analyzed the situation and concluded war was the only answer. The Spanish-American War (April-August 1898 was the first conflict in which military action was precipitated by media involvement The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Redfield Proctor ( June 1, 1831 March 4, 1908) was a US Politician of the Republican Party. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The business and religious communities, which had opposed war, switched sides, leaving President William McKinley and Thomas Brackett Reed almost alone in their opposition to the war. Thomas Brackett Reed, ( October 18, 1839 &ndash December 7, 1902) occasionally ridiculed as Czar Reed, was a U ^[9] Thus, on April 11, McKinley asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba for the purpose of ending the civil war there. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state

On April 19, Congress passed joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence and disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba, demanded Spanish withdrawal, and authorized the president to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuban patriots gain independence from Spain. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer (This was adopted by resolution of Congress and included from Senator Henry Teller of Colorado the Teller Amendment, which passed unanimously. Henry Moore Teller was a US Politician. Secretary of the Interior between 1882 and 1885 The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The Teller Amendment was an amendment to a Joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President ) The Senate passed the amendment, 42 to 35, on April 19, 1898, and the House concurred the same day, 311 to 6. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20, 1898, and the ultimatum was forwarded to Spain. In the United States Congress, a joint resolution is a legislative measure that requires approval by the Senate and the House and is presented Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In response, Spain broke off diplomatic relations with the United States and declared war on April 23. A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the United States and Spain had existed since April 20 (later changed to April 21). Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) ^[10]

Theaters of operations

Philippines

The first battle was the Battle of Manila Bay where, on May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey, commanding the U. The Battle of Manila Bay took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-American War. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Commodore is a Military rank used in many navies for officers whose position exceeds that of a navy captain, but is less than George Dewey ( December 26, 1837 &ndash January 16, 1917) was an Admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron aboard the USS Olympia, in a matter of hours, defeated the Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón. The Asiatic Squadron was the fleet of United States Navy Warships and supporting elements stationed in the Pacific Ocean in the 19th century Design and construction Olympia was laid down 17 June 1891 by Union Iron Works, San Francisco California; launched 5 November Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón ( September 7, 1839 - September 30, 1917) was a career Spanish naval officer most Dewey managed this while sustaining only one fatality, and that because of a heart attack. ^[11][12]

With the German seizure of Tsingtao in 1897, Dewey's Squadron had become the only naval force in the Far East without a local base of its own, and was beset with coal and ammunition problems. ^[13] Despite his logistical problems, Dewey had not only destroyed a fleet but had also captured a harbor. ^[13]

Following Dewey's victory, Manila Bay was filled with the warships of Britain, Germany, France, and Japan; all of which outgunned Dewey's force. ^[13] The German fleet of eight ships, ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests (a single import firm), acted provocatively—cutting in front of United States ships, refusing to salute the United States flag (according to customs of naval courtesy), taking soundings of the harbor, and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish. Germany, hungry for the ultimate status symbol, a colonial empire, was eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford. Dewey called the bluff of the German admiral, threatening a fight if his aggressive activities continued, and the Germans backed down. ^[14][15]

Commodore Dewey had transported Emilio Aguinaldo to the Philippines from exile in Hong Kong in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. For the municipality see Gen Emilio Aguinaldo Cavite General Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ( March 22, 1869 &ndash February 6 ^[16] U. S. land forces and the Filipinos had taken control of most of the islands by June, except for the walled city of Intramuros and, on June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo had declared the independence of the Philippines. History Pre-hispanic settlement The site of Intramuros was originally a large Malayan-Islamic settlement named "Maynilad" ruled by Datus Rajahs Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[17]

On August 13, with American commanders unaware that a peace protocol had been signed between Spain and the United States on the previous day, American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. ^[18] This battle marked an end of Filipino-American collaboration, as Filipino forces were prevented from entering the captured city of Manila, an action which was deeply resented by the Filipinos and which later led to the Philippine-American War. ^[19]

Guam

Captain Henry Glass was on the cruiser USS Charleston when he opened sealed orders notifying him to proceed to Guam and capture it. Henry Glass (1844&ndash September 1 1908) was a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy, best remembered for his role in the bloodless Capture A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. See also Capture of Guam The capture of Guam was a bloodless event between the United States and the Kingdom of Spain during the Spanish-American War. Upon arrival on June 20, he fired his cannon at the island. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. A poorly equipped Spanish officer, not knowing that war had been declared, came out to the ship and asked to borrow some powder to return the American's salute. Glass responded by taking the officer prisoner and, after taking parole, ordered him to return to the island to discuss the terms of surrender. The following day, 54 Spanish infantry were captured, and the island became a possession of the United States.

Cuba

Staff of the 1st U. S. Volunteer Regiment, the "Rough Riders" in Tampa—Lt. Col. Roosevelt on right, Leonard Wood is next to him and former Civil War Confederate general, Joseph Wheeler is next to Wood. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Leonard Wood (9 October 1860 &ndash 7 August 1927 was a Physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba Joseph Wheeler ( September 10 1836 – January 25 1906) was an American military commander and politician Taylor MacDonald is on the far left.

Spanish armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón. Destroyed during the Battle of Santiago on July 3rd of 1898.

Detail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of Rough Riders at San Juan Hill, July 2, 1898 depicting the Battle of San Juan Hill. History The 24th Infantry Regiment (one of the Buffalo Soldier regiments was organized on 1 November 1869 from the 38th and 41st Infantry Regiments History The first unit to carry this designation was formed June 27, 1812 and disbanded March 3, 1815. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Battle of San Juan Hill ( July 1, 1898) was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the Spanish-American War.

Theodore Roosevelt actively encouraged intervention in Cuba and, while assistant secretary of the Navy, placed the Navy on a war-time footing and prepared Dewey's Asiatic Squadron for battle. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( ASN) is the title given to certain senior officials in the United States Department of the Navy. He worked with Leonard Wood in convincing the Army to raise an all-volunteer regiment, the 1st U. Leonard Wood (9 October 1860 &ndash 7 August 1927 was a Physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba S. Volunteer Cavalry. Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the "Rough Riders". The Rough Riders was the name bestowed by the American press on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment during the Spanish-American War ^[20]

Naval operations

The major port of Santiago de Cuba was the main target of naval operations during the war. Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba The U. S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season. The following is list of Atlantic hurricane seasons. The Atlantic hurricane season is the period in a year when hurricanes usually form in the Atlantic Ocean Thus Guantánamo Bay with its excellent harbor was chosen for this purpose. Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish Bahía de Guantánamo) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the south-eastern end of Cuba The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened June 6–June 10, with the first U.S. naval attack and subsequent successful landing of U.S. Marines with naval support. The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened June 6 &ndash June 10, 1898, during the Spanish-American War, when American and Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened June 6 &ndash June 10, 1898, during the Spanish-American War, when American and

The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898, was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish-American War and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron (also known as the Flota de Ultramar). The Battle of Santiago de Cuba, fought between Spain and the United States on July 3 1898, was the largest naval engagement of the Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In May 1898, Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete, was first spotted in Santiago Harbor where his fleet had taken shelter for protection from sea attack. Pascual Cervera y Topete ( February 18, 1839 - April 3, 1909) served as Almirante (or Admiral) of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron For two months there was a stand-off between the Spanish naval forces and American. When the Spanish squadron attempted to leave the harbor on July 3, the American forces destroyed or grounded five of the six ships. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Only one Spanish vessel, the speedy new armored cruiser Cristobal Colón, survived, but her captain hauled down his flag and scuttled her when the Americans finally caught up with her. Technical Characteristics Cristóbal Colón was built in Italy under the name Giuseppe Garibaldi. Scuttling is the act of deliberately sinking a ship by allowing water to flow into the hull. The 1,612 Spanish sailors captured, including Admiral Cervera, were sent to Seavey's Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, where they were confined at Camp Long as prisoners of war from July 11 until mid-September. Seavey's Island, on which the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard resides is located in the Piscataqua River in Kittery, Maine, opposite Portsmouth The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNS often called the Portsmouth Navy Yard, is a United States Navy Shipyard located in Kittery on the southern Kittery is a town in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 9543 at the 2000 census Portsmouth Naval Prison is a former US Navy and Marine Prison in Kittery, Maine on Seavey's Island, the Portsmouth Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.

During the stand-off, United States Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond Pearson Hobson had been ordered by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to sink the collier Merrimac in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet. Richmond Pearson Hobson ( 17 August 1870 &ndash 16 March 1937) was a United States Navy Rear Admiral who served from 1905-1915 as William Thomas Sampson ( 9 February 1840 &ndash 6 May 1902) was a United States Navy Admiral known for his victory Collier is an historical term used to describe a Bulk cargo Ship designed to carry Coal. The mission was a failure, and Hobson and his crew were captured. They were exchanged on July 6, and Hobson became a national hero; he received the Medal of Honor in 1933 and became a Congressman. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government.

Ground operations

The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba in order to destroy Linares' army and Cervera's fleet. To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defenses in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney. El Caney (also Caney) is a small village 4 miles (64 km to the northeast of Santiago, Cuba. The American forces were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General Calixto García. Calixto García e Iñiguez ( August 4, 1839 &ndash December 11, 1898) was a general in three Cuban uprisings part of the Cuban

Battle of Las Guasimas

Between June 22 and June 24, the U.S. V Corps under General William R. Shafter landed at Daiquirí and Siboney, east of Santiago, and established the American base of operations. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place The V Corps ( Fifth Corps)—nicknamed the Victory Corps —is a Corps of the United States Army. William Rufus Shafter (October 16 1835 &ndash November 12 1906 was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War who received America's highest military decoration Daiquirí (IPA /daiki'ɾi/ is a small village 14 miles east of Santiago de Cuba. Siboney is a town in Cuba east of the city of Santiago de Cuba. A contingent of Spanish troops, having fought a skirmish with the Americans near Siboney on June 23, had retired to their lightly entrenched positions at Las Guasimas. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish The Battle of Las Guasimas, the first true clash of arms in the Cuban campaign of the Spanish-American War, was a bloody skirmish which ended indecisively in favor An advance guard of U. S. forces under former Confederate General Joseph Wheeler ignored Cuban scouting parties and orders to proceed with caution. The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. Joseph Wheeler ( September 10 1836 – January 25 1906) was an American military commander and politician They caught up with and engaged the Spanish rear guard who effectively ambushed them, in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place The battle ended indecisively in favor of Spain and the Spanish left Las Guasimas on their planned retreat to Santiago.

The U. S. army employed Civil War-era skirmishers at the head of the advancing columns. All four U. S. soldiers who had volunteered to act as skirmishers walking point at head of the American column were killed, including Hamilton Fish, from a well-known patrician New York City family and Captain Alyn Capron, whom Theodore Roosevelt would describe as one of the finest natural leaders and soldiers he ever met. See Hamilton Fish (disambiguation for others with the same name Hamilton Fish ( August 3, 1808 September 7, The Battle of Las Guasimas showed the U. S. that the old linear Civil War tactics did not work effectively against Spanish troops who had learned the art of cover and concealment from their own struggle with Cuban insurgents, and never made the error of revealing their positions while on the defense. In Military Combat, the concept of cover refers to anything which is capable of physically protecting an individual from enemy fire The Spaniards were also aided by the then new smokeless powder, which also aided their remaining concealed even while firing. Smokeless powder is the name given to a number of Propellants used in Firearms and Artillery which produce negligible smoke when fired unlike the older American soldiers were only able to advance against the Spaniards in what are now called "fireteam" rushes, four-to-five man groups advancing while others laid down supporting fire. A fireteam is a small Military unit of Infantry. It is the smallest unit in the militaries that use it and is the primary unit upon which infantry organization is

Battles of El Caney and San Juan Hill

On July 1, a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry, cavalry and volunteer regiments, including Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders", notably the 71st New York, 1st North Carolina, 23rd and 24th Colored, and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. The Battle of El Caney was fought on July 1, 1898, during the Spanish-American War. The Battle of San Juan Hill ( July 1, 1898) was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the Spanish-American War. ^[21] More than 200 U. S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting. ^[22] Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault. The Gatling gun is considered by some to have been the first Machine gun: although it did not automatically reload under its own power it was capable of firing continuously ^[23][24] Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later.

The Spanish forces at Guantánamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege, and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines. This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo,^[25] which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege.

Aftermath

After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney, the American advance ground to a halt. Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa, allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago. The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody, strangling siege of the city. ^[26] During the nights, Cuban troops dug successive series of "trenches" (actually raised parapets), toward the Spanish positions. Once completed, these parapets were occupied by U. S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward. American troops, while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire and sniper rifles, suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito-borne disease. Hyperthermia, in its advanced state referred to as heat stroke or sunstroke, is an acute condition which occurs when the Body produces or absorbs more ^[27] At the western approaches to the city Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city, causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces.

Puerto Rico

U. S. 1st Kentucky Volunteers in Puerto Rico, 1898.

During May 1898, Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission, sponsored by the Army's Bureau of Military Intelligence. He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U. S. government prior to the invasion. On May 10, U. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. S. Navy warships were sighted off the coast of Puerto Rico. On May 12, a squadron of 12 U. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson bombarded San Juan. William Thomas Sampson ( 9 February 1840 &ndash 6 May 1902) was a United States Navy Admiral known for his victory San Juan (saŋ hwaŋ (from the Spanish San Juan Bautista, " Saint John the Baptist " is the Capital and largest municipality in During the bombardment, many government buildings were shelled. On June 25, the Yosemite blockaded San Juan harbor. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians On July 25, General Nelson A. Miles, with 3,300 soldiers, landed at Guánica and invaded the island with little resistance in the brief Puerto Rican Campaign. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Nelson Appleton Miles ( August 8, 1839 &ndash May 15, 1925) was an American soldier who served in the American Civil War, Indian Guánica (GWAH-nee-kah is a Municipality in southwestern Puerto Rico located on southern coast bordering the The Puerto Rican Campaign refers to an American military sea and land operation on the island of Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War.

Peace treaty

With both of its fleets incapacitated, Spain sued for peace.

Hostilities were halted on August 12, 1898 with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[28] The formal peace treaty was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898 and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6, 1899. A peace treaty is an agreement between two hostile parties usually countries or governments that formally ends an armed conflict Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It came into force on April 11, 1899. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Cubans participated only as observers.

The United States gained almost all of Spain's colonies, including the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Cuba, having been occupied as of July 17, 1898, and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government (USMG), formed its own civil government and attained independence on May 20, 1902, with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island. However, the United States imposed various restrictions on the new government, including prohibiting alliances with other countries, and reserved for itself the right of intervention. The US also established a perpetual lease of Guantanamo Bay.

On August 14, 1898, 11,000 ground troops were sent to occupy the Philippines. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common When U. S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country, warfare broke out between U. S. forces and the Filipinos. See Philippine-American War.

Aftermath

With the end of the war, Colonel Theodore Roosevelt musters out of the U. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T S. Army after the required 30 day quarantine period at Montauk, Long Island, in 1898. Montauk is a hamlet (and Census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York on the South Shore of Long Island.

The war lasted only four months. Ambassador (later Secretary of State) John Hay, writing from London to his friend Theodore Roosevelt declared that from start to finish it had been “a splendid little war. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. John Milton Hay ( October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman diplomat author journalist and private secretary ”^[29][30] The press showed Northerners and Southerners, blacks and whites fighting against a common foe, helping to ease the scars left from the American Civil War.

The war marked American entry into world affairs: over the course of the next century, the United States had a large hand in various conflicts around the world. The Panic of 1893 was over by this point, and the United States entered a lengthy and prosperous period of high economic growth, population growth, and technological innovation which lasted through the 1920s. The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 ^[31]

The war marked the effective end of the Spanish empire. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Spain had been declining as a great power over most of the 19th century, especially since the Napoleonic Wars and had already lost the rest of its colonies. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The defeat caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba, which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony. Only a handful of African territories remained of Spain's overseas holdings.

The Spanish military man Julio Cervera Baviera, involved in the Puerto Rican Campaign, blamed the natives of that colony for its annexation by the Americans: "I have never seen such a servile, ungrateful country [i. Julio Cervera Baviera ( January 26, 1854 —ca 1929 was a Spanish Engineer, pioneer in the development of Radio, educator explorer The Puerto Rican Campaign refers to an American military sea and land operation on the island of Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War. e. Puerto Rico]. . . In twenty-four hours, the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American. . . They humiliated themselves, giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord. "^[32] He was challenged to a duel by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet. As practiced from the 11th to 20th centuries in Western societies a duel is an engagement in combat between two individuals with matched weapons in accordance with their combat ^[33]

Culturally a new wave called the Generation of 1898 originated as a response to this trauma, marking a renaissance of the Spanish culture. The Generation of '98 (also called Generation of 1898 or in Spanish, Generación del 98 or Generación de 1898 was a group of Novelists Economically, the war actually benefited Spain, because after the war, large sums of capital held by Spaniards not only in Cuba but also all over America were brought back to the peninsula and invested in Spain. This massive flow of capital (equivalent to 25% of the gross domestic product of one year) helped to develop the large modern firm in Spain in industrial sectors (steel, chemical, mechanical, textiles and shipyards among others), in the electrical power industry and in the financial sector. ^[34] However, the political consequences were serious. The defeat in the war began the weakening of the fragile political stability that had been established earlier by the rule of Alfonso XII. In exile When Queen Isabella and her husband were forced to leave Spain by the Revolution of 1868, Alfonso accompanied them to Paris.

1898 political cartoon: "Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip" meaning the extension of U. An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration or Comic strip containing a political or Social message that usually S. domination (symbolized by a bald eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a Bird of prey found in North America that is most recognizable as the national bird and The cartoon contrasts this with a map of the smaller United States 100 years earlier in 1798.

Congress had passed the Teller Amendment prior to the war, promising Cuban independence. However, the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill, forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which prohibited it from signing treaties with other nations or contracting a public debt. The Platt Amendment was a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act, a United States federal law passed on March 2, 1901, which An appropriation bill or supply bill is a legislative motion ( Bill) which authorizes the Government to spend money The Platt Amendment was pushed by imperialists who wanted to project U. S. power abroad (this was in contrast to the Teller Amendment which was pushed by anti-imperialists who called for a restraint on U. S. hegemony). The amendment granted the United States the right to stabilize Cuba militarily as needed. The Platt Amendment also provided for the establishment of a permanent American naval base in Cuba; it is still in use today at Guantánamo Bay. The Cuban peace treaty of 1903 governed Cuban-American relations until 1934.

The United States annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. The notion of the United States as an imperial power, with colonies, was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who had supported the war. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. For other persons of the same name see William Bryan and William Jennings. The American public largely supported the possession of colonies, but there were many outspoken critics such as Mark Twain, who wrote The War Prayer in protest. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist "The War Prayer" a short story or prose poem by Mark Twain, is a scathing indictment of war and particularly of blind patriotic and religious

Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero, and he was soon elected governor and then vice president. The Governor of New York is the head of the Executive branch of New York 's government and the Commander-in-chief of the state's military The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death

1900 Campaign poster.

The war served to further cement relations between the American North and South. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865, and many friendships were formed between soldiers of both northern and southern states during their tours of duty. This was an important development since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides. ^[35]

Segregation in the U. S. Military, 1898.

The black American community strongly supported the rebels in Cuba, supported entry into the war, and gained prestige from their wartime performance in the Army. Spokesmen noted that 33 black American seamen had died in the Maine explosion. The most influential black leader, Booker T. Washington, argued that his race was ready to fight. Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5 1856 &ndash November 14 1915 was an American educator orator author and leader of the African-American community War offered them a chance "to render service to our country that no other race can", because, unlike whites, they were "accustomed" to the "peculiar and dangerous climate" of Cuba. One of the black units that served in the war was the Buffalo Soldiers. Buffalo Soldiers is a Nickname originally applied to the members of the U In March 1898, Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by "at least ten thousand loyal, brave, strong black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down and the sacrifices made that Blacks might have their freedom and rights. "^[36]

In 1904, the United Spanish War Veterans was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish American War. Soon after the Spanish-American War ended in early 1899, discharged Veterans rushed to form Fraternal societies. Today, that organization is defunct, but it left an heir in the form of the Sons of Spanish American War Veterans, created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans. According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the last surviving U.S. veteran of the conflict, Nathan E. Cook, died on September 10, 1992, at age 106. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA) is a government-run military Veteran benefit system with Cabinet -level status The last surviving veteran of any particular war upon his or her death marks the end of a historic era Nathan Edward Cook ( October 10, 1885 - September 10, 1992) was a sailor in the United States Navy during the Spanish-American Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) (If the data is to be believed, Cook, born October 10, 1885, would have been only 12 years old when he served in the war. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common )

Finally, in an effort to pay the costs of the war, Congress passed an excise tax on long-distance phone service. Excise or Excise tax (sometimes called an excise duty) is a type of Tax charged on goods produced within the country (as opposed to Customs duties ^[37] At the time, it affected only wealthy Americans who owned telephones. However, the Congress neglected to repeal the tax after the war ended four months later, and the tax remained in place over 100 years until, on August 1, 2006, it was announced that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS would no longer collect the tax. The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the Treasury of the United States government. The ^[38]

Spanish-American War in film and television

• The Rough Riders, a 1927 silent film
• Rough Riders, a 1997 television mini-series directed by John Milius, and featuring Tom Berenger (Theodore Roosevelt), Gary Busey (Joseph Wheeler), Sam Elliott (Bucky O'Neill), Dale Dye (Leonard Wood), Brian Keith (William McKinley), George Hamilton (William Randolph Hearst), and R. Lee Ermey (John Hay)
• The Spanish-American War: First Intervention, a 2007 docudrama from The History Channel

Military decorations

U. The Rough Riders is a 1927 Silent film starring Noah Beery Sr Rough Riders is a 1997 four hour television Miniseries about Theodore Roosevelt and the regiment (the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry aka the A miniseries (also mini-series) in a serial Storytelling medium is a production which tells a story in a pre-planned limited number of episodes John Frederick Milius (born April 11, 1944) is an American Screenwriter, director, and producer of Motion pictures Tom Berenger (born May 31, 1948) is an Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe -winning American Actor known mainly for Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T William Gareth Jacob "Gary" Busey (born June 29, 1944) is an Academy Award - and Golden Globe Award -nominated American Joseph Wheeler ( September 10 1836 – January 25 1906) was an American military commander and politician Samuel Pack Elliott (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor William Owen O'Neill ( February 2, 1860 &ndash July 1 1898) known as Buckey O'Neill, was a American soldier Sheriff Captain Dale Adam Dye (born October 8, 1944) is an American Actor, Presenter, Businessman, and retired U Leonard Wood (9 October 1860 &ndash 7 August 1927 was a Physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba Brian Keith (November 14 1921 – June 24 1997 was an American stage film and television actor William McKinley Jr ( January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last George Hamilton may refer to Real People Sir George Hamilton 1st Baronet of Donalong (c For other people named William Randolph Hearst see William Randolph Hearst (disambiguation William Randolph Hearst I (April 29 1863 &ndash Ronald Lee Ermey (born March 24 1944 is a former US Marine Corps Drill instructor and later Golden Globe -nominated Actor, often playing John Milton Hay ( October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman diplomat author journalist and private secretary A Docudrama is a Dramatization of actual historical events Generalities Docudramas tend to demonstrate some or most of the following characteristics History, formerly known as The History Channel, is a Satellite and Cable TV channel, with shows on historical events and persons&mdashoften S. Army War with Spain campaign streamer.

United States

United States awards and decorations of the Spanish-American War were as follows:

Wartime service and honors

• Medal of Honor
• Specially Meritorious Service Medal
• Spanish Campaign Medal — upgradeable to include the Silver Citation Star to recognize those U. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. The Specially Meritorious Service Medal was a military decoration of the United States Navy which was created in 1898 by order of the United States The Spanish Campaign Medal was a military award of the United States Armed Forces which recognized those members of the U The Citation Star was an award of the United States Army which was first established by the United States Congress on July 9, 1918 S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism.
• West Indies Campaign Medal
• Sampson Medal, West Indies service under Admiral William T. Sampson
• Dewey Medal, service during the Battle of Manila Bay under Admiral George Dewey
• Spanish War Service Medal, U. The West Indies Campaign Medal was a military decoration of the United States Navy and Marine Corps which was issued for service in the West Indies The Sampson Medal is a military decoration of the United States Navy which was first authorized in 1901 William Thomas Sampson ( 9 February 1840 &ndash 6 May 1902) was a United States Navy Admiral known for his victory The Dewey Medal was a military decoration of the United States Navy which was established by the United States Congress on June 3, 1898 The Battle of Manila Bay took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-American War. George Dewey ( December 26, 1837 &ndash January 16, 1917) was an Admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his The Spanish War Service Medal was a military decoration of the United States Army which was established by an act of the U S. Army homeland service

Postwar occupation service

• Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal
• Army of Cuban Occupation Medal

Other countries

The governments of Spain and Cuba also issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish, Cuban, and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict. The Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal was a military decoration of the United States Army which was created by an act of the United States War Department The Army of Cuban Occupation Medal was a military award which was created by the United States War Department in June of 1915

See also

• Battles of the Spanish-American War
• Cuban Independence
• Spanish-American relations

Notes

References

• Benjamin R. Beede, ed. The War of 1898 and U. S. Interventions, 1898–1934 (1994). An encyclopedia.
• Dyal, Donald H (1996), Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0313288526, <http://books.google.com/books?id=PvxFKPI6q_oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Spanish+American+War%22&ei=6llPR6bwHojssQPIxKHXAg&sig=rdK74uWDbQy08oH3CbZyKxy2qXw#PPP1,M1> 
• Gatewood, Willard B. (1975), Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898–1903, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252004752 
• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. , Jr. The Spanish-American War Greenwood, 2003. short summary

Further reading

Diplomacy and causes of the war

• James C. Bradford, ed. , Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath (1993), essays on diplomacy, naval and military operations, and historiography.
• Lewis Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (1982)
• Philip S. Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895-1902 (1972)
• Richard Hamilton, President McKinley, War, and Empire (2006). Philip S Foner ( December 14, 1910 - December 13, 1994) was a United States historian and author
• Kristin Hoganson, Fighting For American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (1998)
• Paul S. Holbo, "Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs: William McKinley and the Turpie-Foraker Amendment," The American Historical Review 1967 72(4): 1321-1335.
• Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1865-1898 (1963)
• Ernest May, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (1961)
• Paul T. Walter LaFeber (born 1933 in Walkerton, Indiana) was a Marie Underhill Noll Professor and a Steven Weisse Presidential Teaching Fellow of History in the Ernest Edmund Bedford May ( September 14, 1878 &ndash January 5, 1952) was a British track and field athlete who competed McCartney, American National Identity, the War of 1898, and the Rise of American Imperialism (2006)
• Richard H. Miller, ed. , American Imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment (1970)
• Walter Millis, The Martial Spirit: A Study of Our War with Spain (1931)
• H. Wayne Morgan, America's Road to Empire: The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion (1965)
• John L. Offner, An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898 (1992).
• John L. Offner, "McKinley and the Spanish-American War" Presidential Studies Quarterly 2004 34(1): 50–61. ISSN 0360-4918
• Louis A. Perez, Jr. , "The Meaning of the Maine: Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish-American War," The Pacific Historical Review 1989 58(3): 293-322.
• Julius W. Pratt, The Expansionists of 1898 (1936)
• Thomas Schoonover, Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. (2003)
• John Lawrence Tone, War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898 (2006)
• Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role (1998)

War

• Donald Barr Chidsey, The Spanish American War (New York, 1971)
• Cirillo, Vincent J. Fareed Zakaria ( born January 20, 1964) is an India -born American Journalist, Author, and television host specializing Bullets and Bacilli: The Spanish-American War and Military Medicine (2004)
• Graham A. Cosmas, An Army for Empire: The United States Army and the Spanish-American War (1971)
• Philip Sheldon Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American war and the birth of American imperialism (1972)
• Frank Freidel, The Splendid Little War (1958), well illustrated narrative by scholar
• Allan Keller, The Spanish-American War: A Compact History (1969)
• Gerald F. Linderman, The Mirror of War: American Society and the Spanish-American War (1974), domestic aspects
• Joseph Smith, The Spanish-American War: Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific (1994)
• G. J. A. O'Toole, The Spanish War: An American Epic—1898 (1984)
• John Tebbel, America's Great Patriotic War with Spain (1996)
• David F. Trask, The War with Spain in 1898 (1981)

Historiography

• Duvon C. Corbitt, "Cuban Revisionist Interpretations of Cuba's Struggle for Independence," Hispanic American Historical Review 32 (August 1963): 395-404.
• Edward P. Crapol, "Coming to Terms with Empire: The Historiography of Late-Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 16 (Fall 1992): 573-97;
• Hugh DeSantis, "The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence, 1865–1900," in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker, eds. , American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review (1981), pp. 65-90
• James A. Field Jr. , "American Imperialism: The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book," American Historical Review 83 (June 1978): 644-68, past of the "AHR Forum," with responses
• Joseph A. Fry, "William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish American War: A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image," Diplomatic History 3 (Winter 1979): 77-97
• Joseph A. Fry, "From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late-Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Pacific Historical Review 65 (May 1996): 277-303
• Thomas G. Paterson, "United States Intervention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War," History Teacher 29 (May 1996): 341-61;
• Louis A. Pérez Jr. ; The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography University of North Carolina Press, 1998
• Ephraim K. Smith, "William McKinley's Enduring Legacy: The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands," in James C. Bradford, ed. , Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath (1993), pp. 205-49

Memoirs

• Funston, Frederick. Memoirs of Two Wars, Cuba and Philippine Experiences. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, 1911
• U. S. War Dept. Military Notes on Cuba. 2 vols. Washington, DC: GPO, 1898.
• Wheeler, Joseph. The Santiago Campaign, 1898. Lamson, Wolffe, Boston 1898.

• kaylaMagazine. The perils of Evangelina. Feb. 1968.
• Cull, N. J. , Culbert, D. , Welch, D. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. Spanish-American War. Denver: ABC-CLIO. 2003. 378-379.
• Daley, L. (2000), “Canosa in the Cuba of 1898”, in Aguirre, B. E. & Espina, E. , Los últimos días del comienzo: Ensayos sobre la guerra, Santiago de Chile: RiL Editores, ISBN 9562841154 

• Ensayos sobre la Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Estadounidense. 2000.
• Davis, R. H. New York Journal. Does our flag shield women? 13 February 1897. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
• Duval, C. New York Journal. Evengelina Cisneros rescued by The Journal. 10 October 1897. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
• Kendrick M. New York Journal. Better she died then reach Ceuta. 18 August 1897. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
• Kendrick, M. New York Journal. The Cuban girl martyr. 17 February 1897. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
• Kendrick, M. New York Journal. Spanish auction off Cuban girls. 12 February 1897. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
• McCook, Henry Christopher (1899), The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba, G. W. Jacobs & Co.  
• Muller y Tejeiro, Jose. Combates y Capitulacion de Santiago de Cuba. Marques, Madrid:1898. 208 p. English translation by US Navy Dept.
• Dirks, Tim. War and Anti-War Films. The Greatest Films. Retrieved on November 9, 2005.
• Adjutant General's Office Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain; with Losses From All Causes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899.

Media

• Harrington, Peter, and Frederic A. Sharf. "A Splendid Little War. " The Spanish-American War, 1898. The Artists' Perspective. London: Greenhill, 1998.

External links

• Operations of the US Signal Corps Cutting and Diverting Undersea Telegraph Cables from Cuba
• Library of Congress Guide to the Spanish-American War
• Spain to Use Privateers; An Official Decree Declares that She is Determined to Reserve This Right (Headline, NY Times, April 24, 1898)
• Emergence to World Power, 1898–1902 (an extract from Matloff's American Military History)
• Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Army
• Emergence to World Power, 1898–1902 (an extract from American Military History — revised 2005)
• Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill
• Impact on the Spanish Army by Charles Hendricks
• Black Jack in Cuba—General John J. Pershing’s service in the Spanish-American War, by Kevin Hymel
• Centennial of the Spanish-American War 1898–1998 by Lincoln Cushing
• The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War — Library of Congress Hispanic Division
• William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress
• Spanish-American War Centennial
• Points of Confusion over the Cuba Question and Cuba Sovereignty
• Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence, 1898 from the state archives of Florida
• Individual state's contributions to the Spanish-American War: Illinois, Pennsylvania
• Sons of Spanish American War Veterans
• From 'Dagoes' to 'Nervy Spaniards,' American Soldiers' Views of their Opponents, 1898 by Albert Nofi
• History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish-American War, and other items of interest, by Edward Augustus Johnston, published 1899, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
• Los ultimos de Filipinas
• The War of 98 (The Spanish-American War) The Spanish-American War from a Spanish perspective (in English).
• Army Nurse Corps in the war
• Art and images
• Name Index to New York in the Spanish-American War 1898
• 1898: El Ocaso de un Imperio Article in Spanish about naval operations during the Spanish-American war.
• Spanish-American War photographic collections, via Calisphere, California Digital Library