Spanglish — espanglish, espaninglish, el Spanish broken, ingléspañol, ingleñol, espan'glés, espanolo, (blends of the language names "English" and "Spanish") or jerga fronteriza — refers to the range of language-contact phenomena, primarily in the speech of the Hispanic and Anglo population of the United States and the population of Mexico living near the Mexican-American border, who are exposed to both Spanish and English. Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Hispanic or Latino descent, which comprises ancestry or origins in Hispanic America Argentine Americans are raised and educated Citizens of the United States although not all U A Bolivian American is an immigrant or descendant of Bolivian immigrants to the United States Chilean Americans are a group of people who emigrated from Chile to the United States, and their descendants Colombian Americans are citizens of the United States who trace their nationality or heritage from the South American nation of Colombia. A Costa Rican American is an inhabitant of the United States who is of Costa Rican descent or birth A Cuban American ( Cubanoamericano) is a United States citizen who traces his or her "national origin" to Cuba. A Dominican American (also Dominican-York) is an American who has ancestry from the Dominican Republic (not to be mistaken for Dominicans from the Commonwealth An Ecuadorian American is any person in the United States who is of Ecuadorian ancestry A Guatemalan American is an American of Guatemalan decent The number of Guatemalans in the U A Honduran American is an American of Honduran descent The number of Hondurans in the U See also History of Mexican-Americans Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican ancestry Nicaraguan American ( Spanish: Nicaragüense Americano) are Americans of Nicaraguan ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to the United States A Panamanian American is any United States citizen or resident who traces his or her ancestry to the Central American nation of Panama. A Paraguayan American is an American of Paraguayan birth or descent A Peruvian American is an Immigrant or descendant of immigrants from Peru that arrived in the United States. Puerto Ricans in the United States (also referred to as the "Puerto Rican Diaspora," " Nuyorican " "Stateside Puerto Ricans" "mainland Salvadoran Americans are residents of the United States of Salvadoran descent Spanish American ( Hispano Americano, derived from la ''[[Hispania]]'' now known as es ''[[Spain España]]'' the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula An Uruguayan American is any person in the United States who is of Uruguayan ancestry or birth including both citizens and non-citizens Venezuelan Americans are Citizens and residents of the United States who trace their heritage to the South American nation of Venezuela. The history of Latinos and Hispanics in the United States is wide-ranging spanning more than four hundred years and varying from region to region within the United States The history of Mexican-American people is wide-ranging spanning more than four hundred years and varying from region to region within the United States. Latinos and Hispanics are predominantly Christian in the United States Santería, also known as La Regla de Lukumi (Lukumi's Rule and The Way of the Saints is an Afro-Cuban religious tradition derived from traditional beliefs The history of the Jews in the Americas dates back to Christopher Columbus and his first cross- Atlantic voyage on August 3, 1492 Latino Muslims are Latin Americans whose religion is Islam. In countries such as the United States, where due to a historical misunderstanding Hispanic and Latino Americans have received a growing share of the national vote by their growing number The Chicano Movement of the 1960s also called the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, also known as El Movimiento, it is an extension of the Mexican The National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials ( NALEO) is a leadership organization of elected and appointed Latino The Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC comprises 21 Democratic Members of the United States Congress of Hispanic descent The League of United Latin American Citizens ( LULAC) is a political advocacy group for Latinos in the United States. History Established in 1998 NALFO the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations set out to become the uniting force for Latin-based fraternities and sororities The Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE was founded in Los Angeles California, in 1974 by a group of Engineers employed by the city of Los Association of Hispanic Arts is a New York -based Non-profit organization that promotes the work of Hispanic artists Word origin and usage The term "mecha" is derived from the Japanese abbreviation for the English word " mechanical " Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Overview The United Farm Workers of America (UFW is a labor Latino studies is an academic discipline which studies the experience of people of Hispanic ancestry in America Latin music has long influenced American popular music Jazz, Rhythm and blues, and even Country music. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. The Spanish language is the second most-common language in the United States after English. The following is a partial list of United States cities towns and census-designated places in which a majority (over 50% of the population is Hispanic or Latino See also Puerto Rico The following is a list of topics about the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This article contains a list of notable Hispanic and Latino Americans, citizens of the United States with ancestry or origins in Hispanic America or Spain In Linguistics, a blend is a word formed from parts of two other words Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

These phenomena are produced by close border contact and large bilingual communities along the United States-Mexico border and California, Oregon, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Florida, Puerto Rico, The City of New York, and Chicago. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The City of New York Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. It is common in Panama, where the 96-year (1903-1999) U. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) S. control of the Panama Canal influenced much of local society, especially among the former residents of the Panama Canal Zone, the Zonians. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the A Zonian is a person associated with the Panama Canal Zone, a political entity viable between 1903 and the absorption of the Canal Zone into the Republic of Panama

Spanglish also is known by a regional name, e. g. "Tex-Mex" in Texas, (cf. "Tex-Mex cuisine"). Tex-Mex is a term used primarily in Texas and the Southwestern United States to describe a regional American cuisine that blends Food products

In Mexico, the term pochismo applies to Spanglish words and expressions. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Pocho is a slur used to describe a Hispanic who is born and/or raised in the United States. Spanglish is not a pidgin language. A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common in situations such as Trade In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican linguist Salvador Tió coined the terms Spanglish and inglañol, a converse phenomenon wherein Spanish admixes with English; the latter term is not as popular as the former.

In the vernacular, Spanglish is a jocular mix-up of Spanish and English wherein the speaker renders an English word to sound Spanish in a jokingly demeaning way: "Oh, here comes El Tubbo" (a fat man, known to the speaker, who would be unoffended), expressing action or excitement: "I want some snackolas!!", "Let's party-ola!", or "Here's the pizza-mundo", and innocuous such as "Take los kitties to the vet, okay?" The examples tend to not gender match in Spanish, but is considered neither error or offense, e. g. "No problem-o" (should be "problema"). Another use is in a pun or joke: "I speak Spanglish. " which is followed by either "sí?" or "see?", both pronounced alike.

There is another dialect, known as Llanito, that arose in British-controlled Gibraltar and is not a part of the "Spanglish" phenomenon. Llanito (jɑˈnito or) or Yanito is an Andalusian Spanish based vernacular spoken The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar

Linguistic critique of the term "Spanglish"

Spanglish is a popular, but not technical, term for these linguistic phenomena. Linguists refer to them with several terms: code mixing, code switching, loanword, language contact, and generally, bilingualism. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Code-switching is a term in Linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation Code-switching is a term in Linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Language contact occurs when speakers of distinct speech varieties interact Linguists do not consider Spanglish a term useful in discussing these phenomena, because it groups linguistic phenonema that do not necessarily belong together; many things labelled Spanglish are very different from each other. The novel Yo-Yo Boing!, by Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi, is an example of a fully bilingual literary exercise incorporating code-switching, bilingualism, and Spanish. Poet and novelist Giannina Braschi (b San Juan Puerto Rico, February 5 1953 is credited with writing the first Spanglish novel YO-YO BOING! (1998 and

For example, the speech of a fully bilingual Spanish and English speaker in the U. S. who spontaneously switches between Spanish and English usages in mid-sentence, linguistically is someone very different from a monolingual Puerto Rican Spanish speaker whose native vocabulary contains many English words and expressions.

Examples of Spanglish

Spanish street advert showing baidefeis instead of the Spanish gratis (free).
Baidefeis derives from the English "by the face"; Spanish: por la cara, "free".

Spanish and English have mixed a great deal. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States For example, a fluent bilingual speaker addressing another, like bilingual speaker might indulge in code switching with the sentence: I'm sorry I cannot attend next week's meeting porque tengo una obligación de negocios en Boston, pero espero que I'll be back for the meeting the week after. Code-switching is a term in Linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation (Spanish translation: "… because I have a business obligation in Boston, but I hope that …")

Spanglish phrases often use shorter words from both languages as in: Yo me voy a get up. (rather than: "Yo me voy a levantar" or "I'm just about to get up. ") A common code switch in Puerto Rican Spanglish is using the English word "so" (therefore): Tengo clase, so me voy ("I have [a] class, therefore, I'm leaving").

Word borrowings from English to Spanish are more common, using false cognates in their English senses, or calquing idiomatic English expressions. False cognates are pairs of words in the same or different Languages that are similar in form and meaning but have different roots. In Linguistics, a calque (kælk or loan translation is a Word or Phrase borrowed from another Language by Literal, word-for-word Some examples:

1. The word carpeta is "folder" in standard Spanish. In some Spanglishes it means "carpet" (room rug).
2. The word rentar ("to rent") is used in Spanglish, Mexico, and parts of Central America instead of alquilar, the standard Spanish for "to rent".
3. The word clutch (pronounced: "cloch") is Spanglish, Mexican Spanish and Latin American Spanishes for the gear-shifting device of an automotive transmission. The standard Spanish word is embrague.
4. In Spanglish, yonque denotes "junkyard", not the standard Spanish desguace.
5. Trailer denotes "lorry" in the U. K. and "semi-trailer truck" in the U. S. In Spanglish, trailer denotes the entire tractor-trailer vehicle, not just the trailer. The correct standard Spanish term for a lorry and a semi-tractor truck is camión, and remolque is "trailer". Thus, in Spanglish, "truck drivers" and "lorry drivers" are traileros (trailer haulers); the standard Spanish is camioneros. These Spanglish words frequently are used by Mexican and American Spanglish speakers.
6. In Spanglish, the word boiler denotes both a "water heater " and a "boiler". The standard Spanish words are calentador de agua (water heater) and hervidor (boiler).
7. The Spanish verb "atender", "to wait upon" or "to give service to", e. g. wait upon a table of diners; however, second-generation Spanish speakers in the Anglo-sphere use the verb as "to attend", instead of "to assist".
8. The Spanish verb asistir, in Spanglish denotes "to assist" rather than "to attend".
9. Rin (the metal wheel mount for a tire and inner tube assembly) in Spanglish and some Latin American Spanglishes denotes the assembly of all three elements. The standard Spanish word is llanta, "tire".
10. The Spanglish verb chequear derives from the English verb "to check", replacing the Spanish verbs verificar "verify" and comprobar "ascertain". Chequear now is an accepted standard Spanish word; its variant cheque denotes "the transaction went well", as in receiving small change in Honduras. This word also is used as checar.
11. Closet denoting a "wardrobe cabinet" is used instead of the the standard Spanish ropero.
12. The Spanish aplicación denotes "usage application", in Spanglish, it denotes a "paper form" (school admission application, job application, etc. ) used instead of the standard Spanish solicitud, "request"; by extension, the verb aplicar, "to apply", also is so used. The Spanish aplicación and the English "application" are false friends; importing the meaning of a false friend is Spanglish. False friends (or faux amis) are pairs of Words in two Languages or Dialects (or letters in two alphabets that look and/or sound similar but differ Suceso, "event", is used to denote "success", leading to expressions such as fue todo un suceso, "it was a complete success", however, Spanish is a rich language and suceso also denotes "an event" and "a happening", hence, the phrase fue todo un suceso might translate to "it was a great happening". The English "success" is the Spanish éxito; Spanglish speakers mistake it for "EXIT", salida (the way out).
13. Accesar derives from the computer usage "to access", instead of acceder, the accepted standard Spanish form. Spanish speakers denounce this redundant anglicism as Spanglish.
14. Lonchera is Spanglish for "lunch box" instead of the standard Spanish fiambrera.
15. "Push" and empujar are true cognates. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from In Spanglish, "puchar" is used to the same effect.
16. The expression llamar para atrás is calqued literally from the English "to call back"; cf. standard Spanish devolver la llamada, "to return the call". This example of calquing an English idiomatic phrase to Spanish is common Puertorrican usage.
17. Van (la van) is Spanglish for the American English word Van, instead of the standard Spanish la furgoneta.
18. The English word "footing", as in hacer footing, in Spain denotes "jogging".
19. Parquear is used instead of the correct Spanish estacionar, it derives from the English word '[to] park'
20. Bye bye (pronounced bu-bye or bye) is both a Spanglish usage and a Mexican usage, instead of the standard Spanish adiós (go to God or go with God).
21. The verbs bulear, janguear, parisear and vacunar derive from the English verbs "to bully", "to hang out", "to party", and "to vacuum"; however, vacunar is standard Spanish for to vaccinate.
22. The verbs platicar and charlar mean "to chat small-talk", however, an on-line conversation by IRC or IM is chatear (originally denoting "to drink a glass of wine")^[1].
23. Carro denotes "automobile", instead of the Spanish automóvil; like-wise, troca is "truck" instead of the standard camión.
24. Computadora derived from "computer" is now accepted standard Spanish, despite the original Spanish the term ordenador.
25. Hasta you later is a corruption of hasta luego, "until later".
26. The noun presión, "pressure" in English, changes from "pressure" to pression on adding a prefix, but in Spanglish presura replaces presión. Similarly, the Spanish verb presionar changes to the Spanglish presurar.
27. The adjectives serioso | seriosa denote the English serious instead of the proper serio | seria.
28. Lonche denotes from "lunch", instead of the standerd Spanish almuerso.

Other borrowings include emailiar or emiliar, "to email", nerdio, "nerd", and laptopa, "laptop computer". Calques from Spanish to English also occur; these are northern New Mexico examples:

1. Many verbs are given indirect objects they do not have in standard English; notably, "put": "She puts him breakfast on the couch!" or "Put it the juice" (turn on the power), these correspond to the Spanish poner and meter with the indirect object pronouns le and les, indicating the action was done in behalf of someone else. The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given
2. One can "get down" from a car, instead of "getting out" of a car; this translates to the Spanish bajarse, "to dismount" or "to descend" from a motor vehicle.
3. In Mexico and the southwestern U. S. , Spanglish speakers are called pochos (tailless). English-influenced broken Spanish is called mocho, "mutilated", "amputated". U. S. and Latin American Spanglish speakers use the verb fiestar, "to party", which corresponds with fiesta, "a party", these derive from the standard Spanish verb festejarse, "to celebrate oneself", while divertirse denotes "to have fun", "to party" in slang American English.

This is a code switching dialogue from the Spanglish novel Yo-Yo Boing!, by Giannina Braschi:

Ábrela tú.

¿Por qué yo? Tú tienes las keys. Yo te las entregué a ti. Además, I left mine adentro.

¿Por qué las dejaste adentro?

Porque I knew you had yours.

¿Por qué dependes de mí?

Just open it, and make it fast.

Translation:

You open it.

Why me? You have the keys. I gave them to you. Anyways, I left mine inside.

Why did you leave them inside?

Because I knew you had yours.

Why do you always depend on me?

Just open it, and make it fast.

[1]. Additional Spanglish words can be found at http://www.courtinterpreter.net/node/29

See also

• Caló (Chicano) a Mexican-American argot, similar to Spanglish. Caló (also known as Pachuco) is an Argot or slang of Mexican Spanish which originated during the first half of the 20th century in the Southwestern See also History of Mexican-Americans Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican ancestry Argot ( French, Spanish and Catalan for " Slang " is a Secret language used by various groups—including but not limited
• Chicano English
• Dog Latin
• Inglés de escalerilla (Spanish Mediterranean coast)
• Languages in the United States
• Llanito (an Andalusian Spanish-based creole unique to Gibraltar)
• Germán Valdés A Mexican comedian known as Tin Tan who made heavy use of Spanglish. Chicano English is a dialect of American English used by Chicanos One major variation of Chicano English is Tejano English, used mainly in south Texas Dog Latin or mock-Latin refers to the creation of a Phrase or Jargon in imitation of Latin, often by directly translating English Inglés de escalerilla (literally gangplank English) was a Spanish - English Pidgin in use in Spanish Mediterranean seaports The United States does not have an Official language; however the majority of the population speaks English as a native language (about 82% Llanito (jɑˈnito or) or Yanito is an Andalusian Spanish based vernacular spoken The Andalusian Dialect of Spanish (also called andaluz) is spoken in Andalusia, Ceuta, Melilla, and parts of southern A number of Creole languages are based on the Spanish language. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Germán Genaro Cipriano Gomez Valdés Castillo ( September 19, 1915 - June 29, 1973) better known as Tin-Tan The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Germán Genaro Cipriano Gomez Valdés Castillo ( September 19, 1915 - June 29, 1973) better known as Tin-Tan He also dressed as a pachuco. Pachucos are Mexican American youths who developed their own Subculture during the 1930s and 1940s in the Southwestern United States
• Chicano performance artist Guillermo Gómez-Peña also makes heavy use of Spanglish. Guillermo Gómez-Peña was born in Mexico City and moved to the US in 1978 where he established himself as a Performance artist writer activist and educator
• Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi wrote the Spanglish novel "Yo-Yo Boing!" (1998). Poet and novelist Giannina Braschi (b San Juan Puerto Rico, February 5 1953 is credited with writing the first Spanglish novel YO-YO BOING! (1998 and
• Mexican rock band Molotov, whose members use Spanglish in their lyrics. Molotov is a two-time Latin Grammy Award -winning Mexican rock and hip hop band formed in Mexico City on September 23,
• American progressive rock band The Mars Volta, whose song lyrics frequently switch back and forth between English and Spanish. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved The Mars Volta is the name of a partnership between guitarist Omar Rodríguez-López and singer Cedric Bixler-Zavala founded in 2001
• Category:Forms of English

External links

• Ilán Stavans Don Quixote de La Mancha, First Parte, Chapter Uno (Spanglish translation)
• Real Academia Española
• "The Joys of Spanglish" por Marc Alan Coen
• [2] "Nuyorican Power," Current TV program on Nuyorican culture, featuring Giannina Braschi, Produced By: Evan B. Ilan Stavans (born Ilan Stavchansky on April 7, 1961, in Mexico City) is a Mexican- American intellectual Essayist, Lexicographer Stone & Carrie Pyle.

References

1. ^ Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición

• Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language, Ilán Stavans, ISBN 0-06-008776-5
• The Dictionary of Chicano Spanish/El Diccionario del Español Chicano: The Most Practical Guide to Chicano Spanish. Ilan Stavans (born Ilan Stavchansky on April 7, 1961, in Mexico City) is a Mexican- American intellectual Essayist, Lexicographer Roberto A. Galván. 1995. ISBN 0-8442-7967-6.
• Anglicismos hispánicos. Emilio lorenzo. 1996. Editorial Gredos, ISBN 84-249-1809-6.
• "Yo-Yo Boing!", Giannina Braschi, introduction by Doris Sommer, Harvard Univesity, ISBN-13: 9780935480979.
• “Lives in Translation: Bilingual Writers on Identity and Creativity,” Isabelle de Courtivron, Palgrave McMillion, 2003.