Soyuz spacecraft
Soyuz spacecraft (TMA version)
Description
Role:	Used to carry cosmonauts to and from the Salyut, Mir and International Space Station. An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained The Salyut program (Салют lit  Salute or Fireworks) was the first Space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and Intended originally for Moon orbit.
Crew:	3
Dimensions (TMA version)
Height:	24. 54 ft	7. 48 m
Diameter:	8. 92 ft	2. 72 m
Volume:	254. 27 ft³	7. 2 m³
Performance
Endurance:	6 months docked to station

Soyuz (Russian: Союз, pronounced [saˈjus]); English: Union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolyov Design Bureau for the Soviet Union's space program. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov (often Transliterated as Sergei Korolev) (Серге́й Па́влович Королёв Сергій Павлович Корольов The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet Manned Lunar program. The Voskhod (Восход Voschod or Wosschod translated as "Rising") was a Spacecraft built by the Soviet Union 's space program for Human This article deals only with preparations for manned flight to the Moon by the USSR. The first unmanned launch of the Soyuz was on November 28, 1966. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The first manned launch of the Soyuz was on April 23, 1967. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Currently, the Soyuz spacecraft family is still in service and has launched more manned space missions than any other platform. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched by the Soyuz launch vehicle, as part of the Soyuz program and in the later missions as part of the Zond program. The Soyuz launch vehicle (Western designation A-2 is an Expendable launch system manufactured by TsSKB-Progress in Samara Russia. The Soyuz programme (Союз saˈjus English: Union) is a Human spaceflight programme that was initiated by the Soviet Union in Zond ( Зонд; meaning "probe" was the name given to two series of Soviet Unmanned space missions undertaken from 1964 to 1970 to gather information They were later used to carry cosmonauts to and from Salyut and later Mir Soviet space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station. An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained The Salyut program (Салют lit  Salute or Fireworks) was the first Space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and

Design

Soyuz diagram

Diagram showing the three elements of the Soyuz-TMA spacecraft.

A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back):

• A spheroid orbital module
• A small aerodynamic reentry module
• A cylindrical service module with solar panels attached

The first and third modules are single-use and destroyed upon re-entry in the atmosphere. Equation A spheroid centered at the origin and rotated about the z axis is defined by the implicit equation \left(\frac{x}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{y}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{z}{b}\right^2 The orbital module is a portion of spacecraft used only in orbit The reentry capsule is part of the Soviet/Russian Soyuz or Chinese Shenzhou spacecrafts which returns to Earth following a space flight A service module is a Spacecraft compartment containing a variety of support systems used for spacecraft operations but not any habitable area The first two portions are habitable living space. By moving as much as possible into the orbital module, which does not have to be shielded or decelerated during atmospheric re-entry, the Soyuz is both larger and lighter than the Apollo spacecraft's command module. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five The Apollo command module had six cubic meters of living space and a mass of 5000 kg; the three-part Soyuz provided the same crew with nine cubic meters of living space, an airlock, and a service module for the mass of the Apollo capsule alone.

Soyuz can carry up to three cosmonauts and provide life support for them for about 30 person days. An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained The life support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is regenerated through KO₂ cylinders, which absorb most of the CO₂ and water produced by the crew and regenerates the oxygen, and LiOH cylinders which absorb leftover CO₂. Potassium superoxide is the Chemical compound with the formula KO2 Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH is a corrosive Alkali hydroxide. It is a white Hygroscopic Crystalline material

The vehicle is protected during launch by a nose fairing, which is jettisoned after passing through the atmosphere. It has an automatic docking system. The ship can be operated automatically, or by a pilot independently of ground control.

Orbital Module (BO)

Soyuz spacecraft's Orbital Module

The forepart of the spacecraft is the orbital module (Russian: бытовой отсек (БО); Bytovoi otsek (BO)) also known as Habitation section. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages It houses all the equipment that will not be needed for reentry, such as experiments, cameras or cargo. The module also contains a toilet, docking avionics and communications gear. On the latest Soyuz versions, a small window was introduced, providing the crew with a forward view.

A hatch between it and the descent module can be closed so as to isolate it to act as an airlock if needed, cosmonauts exiting through its side port (at the bottom of this picture, near the descent module). On the launch pad, the astronauts enter the spacecraft through this port.

This separation also lets the orbital module be customized to the mission with less risk to the life-critical descent module. The convention of orientation in zero gravity differs from that of the descent module, as cosmonauts stand or sit with their heads to the docking port.

Reentry Module (SA)

Soyuz spacecraft's Descent Module

The reentry module (Russian: спускаемый аппарат (СА); Spuskaemyi apparat (SA)) is used for launch and the journey back to Earth. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages It is covered by a heat-resistant covering to protect it during re-entry. It is slowed initially by the atmosphere, then by a braking parachute, followed by the main parachute which slows the craft for landing. At one meter above the ground, solid-fuel braking engines mounted behind the heat shield are fired to give a soft landing. A heat shield is a protective layer on a Spacecraft or Ballistic missile that is designed to protect it from the high Temperature of Atmospheric One of the design requirements for the reentry module was for it to have the highest possible volumetric efficiency (internal volume divided by hull area). The best shape for this is a sphere, but such a shape can provide no lift, which results in a purely ballistic reentry. A ballistic Reentry is a re-entry of an atmosphere that relies solely on drag within the atmosphere to slow the vehicle Ballistic reentries are hard on the occupants due to high deceleration and can't be steered beyond their initial deorbit burn. That is why it was decided to go with the 'headlight' shape that the Soyuz uses - a hemispherical forward area joined by a barely angled conical section (seven degrees) to a classic spherical section heat shield. This shape allows a small amount of lift to be generated due to the unequal weight distribution. The nickname was thought up at a time when nearly every headlight was circular.

Service Module (PAO)

Soyuz spacecraft's Instrumentation/Propulsion Module

At the back of the vehicle is the service module (Russian: приборно-агрегатный отсек (ПАО); Priborno-Agregatnyi Otsek (PAO)). Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages It has a pressurized container shaped like a bulging can (Instrumentation compartment, PO (Priborniy Otsek) that contains systems for temperature control, electric power supply, long-range radio communications, radio telemetry, instruments for orientation and control. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. A non-pressurized part of the service module (Propulsion compartment, AO (Agregatniy Otsek)) contains the main engine and a spare: liquid-fuel propulsion systems for maneuvering in orbit and initiating the descent back to Earth. Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to change the velocity of Spacecraft and artificial Satellites There are many different methods The ship also has a system of low-thrust engines for orientation, attached to the Intermediate compartment (PkhO or Perekhodnoi Otsek). Outside the service module are the sensors for the orientation system and the solar array, which is oriented towards the sun by rotating the ship.

Re-Entry Procedure

Because its modular construction differs from that of previous designs, the Soyuz has an unusual sequence of events prior to re-entry. The spacecraft is turned engine-forward and the main engine is fired for de-orbiting fully 180° ahead of its planned landing site. This requires the least propellant for re-entry, the spacecraft traveling on an elliptical Hohmann orbit to a point where it will be low enough in the atmosphere to re-enter. In Astronautics and Aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an Orbital maneuver using two engine impulses which under standard assumptions

Early Soyuz spacecraft would then have the service and orbital modules detach simultaneously. As they are connected by tubing and electrical cables to the descent module, this would aid in their separation and avoid having the descent module alter its orientation. Later Soyuz spacecraft detach the orbital module before firing the main engine, which saves even more propellant, enabling the descent module to return more payload. But in no case can the orbital module remain in orbit as an addition to a space station, for the hatch enabling it to function as an airlock is part of the descent module.

Re-entry firing is done on the "dawn" side of the earth, so that the spacecraft can be seen by recovery helicopters as it descends in the evening twilight, illuminated by the sun when it is above the shadow of the Earth. The Soyuz craft is designed to come down on land, usually somewhere in the deserts of Kazakhstan in central Asia. This is in contrast to early US manned missions which "splashed down" in the ocean.

Spacecraft systems

• Thermal Control System - Sistema Obespecheniya Teplovogo Rezhima, SOTR
• Life Support System - Kompleks Sredstv Obespecheniya Zhiznideyatelnosti, KSOZh
• Power Supply System - Sistema Elektropitaniya, SEP
• Communication and Tracking Systems - Rassvet (Dawn) radio communications system, Onboard Measurement System (SBI), Kvant-V spacecraft control, Klyost-M television system, Orbit Radio Tracking (RKO)
• Onboard Complex Control System - Sistema Upravleniya Bortovym Kompleksom, SUBK
• Combined Propulsion System - Kompleksnaya Dvigatelnaya Ustanovka, KDU
• Chaika-3 Motion Control System (SUD)
• Optical/Visual Devices (OVP)- VSK-4 (Vizir Spetsialniy Kosmicheskiy-4),Night Vision Device (VNUK-K, Visir Nechnogo Upravleniya po Kursu), Docking light, Pilot's Sight (VP-1, Vizir Pilota-1), Laser Range Finder (LPR-1, Lazerniy Dalnomer-1)
• Kurs rendezvous system
• Docking System - Sistema Stukovki i Vnutrennego Perekhoda, SSVP
• Teleoperator Control Mode - Teleoperatorniy Rezhim Upravleniya, TORU
• Entry Actuators System - Sistema Ispolnitelnikh Organov Spuska, SIO-S
• Landing Aids Kit - Kompleks Sredstv Prizemleniya, KSP
• Portable Survival Kit - Nosimiy Avariyniy Zapas, NAZ, containing a TP-82 or other pistol
• Soyuz Launch Escape System - Sistema Avariynogo Spaseniya, SAS

Variants

Soyuz family tree

Salyut 1-type Soyuz 7K-T/A9 for 3 cosmonauts without space suits. The TP-82 pistol (ТП-82 is a triple-barreled Soviet firearm that was carried by Cosmonauts on Space missions It is intended as a Survival aid Salyut 1 (DOS-1 ( Салют-1; English translation Salute 1) was the first space station of any kind and the first Soviet Space station Missions Soyuz 12 Soyuz 13 Soyuz 14 Soyuz 15 Soyuz 16

Soyuz-T spacecraft. Missions Soyuz T-1 Soyuz T-2 Soyuz T-3 Soyuz T-4 Soyuz T-5

Soyuz-TM spacecraft. Compare the antennae on the orbital module to those on Soyuz-T. Differences reflect the change from the Igla rendezvous system used on Soyuz-T to the Kurs rendezvous system used on Soyuz-TM.

The Soyuz TMA-6

The Soyuz spacecraft has been the subject of continuous evolution since the early 1960s. Crew Launched and landed ISS Expedition 11 crew Sergei Krikalev (6 - John Phillips Thus several different actual versions, proposals and projects exist.

Technical Data

Soyuz A (part of the "circumlunar complex") (1963)

Main article: Soyuz A

Korolyov initially promoted the Soyuz A-B-C circumlunar complex (7K-9K-11K) concept (also known as L1) in which a two-man craft Soyuz-A 7K would rendezvous with other components (9K and 11K) in Earth orbit to assemble a lunar excursion vehicle, the components being delivered by the proven R-7 rocket.

First generation

The manned Soyuz spacecraft can be classified into design generations. Soyuz 1 through Soyuz 11 (1967-1971) were first-generation vehicles, carrying a crew of up to three without spacesuits and distinguished from those following by their bent solar panels and their use of the Igla automatic docking navigation system, which required special radar antennas. Soyuz 1 ( Russian Союз 1 Union 1) was part of the Soviet Union 's space program and was launched into orbit on April 23, 1967 Soyuz 11 was the first successful visit to the world's first Space station, Salyut 1. A space suit is a complex system of Garments equipment and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space In the field of Photovoltaics, a photovoltaic module is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells also known as Solar cells An installation of This first generation was called Soyuz 7K-OK and encompassed the original Soyuz and Salyut 1 Soyuz. Unmanned and test missions Cosmos 133 Cosmos 140 Cosmos 186 Cosmos 188 Salyut 1 (DOS-1 ( Салют-1; English translation Salute 1) was the first space station of any kind and the first Soviet Space station

The Soyuz 7K-L1 was designed to launch men from the Earth to circle the moon, and was the primary hope for a Soviet circumlunar flight. Planned schedule As of 1967 the Soyuz 7K-L1 launch schedule was Mission 2P -Develop Block D stage -Feb or Mar 67 3P -same It had several test flights in the Zond program from 1967-1970 (Zond 4 to Zond 8), which produced multiple failures in the 7K-L1's re-entry systems. Zond ( Зонд; meaning "probe" was the name given to two series of Soviet Unmanned space missions undertaken from 1964 to 1970 to gather information Zond 4, a member of the Soviet Zond program, was a short flight that was one of the first Soviet experiments towards manned lunar spaceflight Zond 8, a member of the Soviet Union 's Zond program, was launched from an Earth orbiting platform Tyazheliy Sputnik (70-088B towards the Moon So the remaining 7K-L1s were scrapped. The Soyuz 7K-L3 was designed and developed in parallel to the Soyuz 7K-L1, but was also scrapped. Design The Soyuz 7K-L3 is based on both the unmanned Zond 7K-L1 lunar flyby vehicle and the first-generation Soyuz 7K-OK earth-orbital manned spacecraft Planned schedule As of 1967 the Soyuz 7K-L1 launch schedule was Mission 2P -Develop Block D stage -Feb or Mar 67 3P -same

The next manned version of the Soyuz was the Soyuz 7K-OKS. Missions Soyuz 10 Soyuz 11 It was designed for space station flights and had a docking port that allowed internal transfer between spacecraft. A space station is an artificial structure designed for Humans to live in Outer space. The Soyuz 7K-OKS had two manned flights, both in 1971, and the second of which depressurized upon re-entry, killing its three-man crew.

Second generation

The second generation, called 'Soyuz Ferry or Soyuz 7K-T, comprised Soyuz 12 through Soyuz 40 (1973-1981). Missions Soyuz 12 Soyuz 13 Soyuz 14 Soyuz 15 Soyuz 16 Soyuz 12 was the test flight of the newly-redesigned Soyuz Spacecraft that was intended to provide greater crew safety in the wake of the Soyuz 11 Crew Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to and including this mission It was developed out of the military Soyuz concepts studied in previous years. The Soyuz 7K-T/A9 version was used for the flights to the military Almaz space station. The Almaz (Алмаз - "Diamond" program was a series of military Space stations (or "Orbital Piloted Station" - OPS launched by the Soviet Union

Soyuz 7K-TM was the spacecraft used in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975, which saw that first and only docking of a Soyuz spacecraft with an Apollo spacecraft. Missions Soyuz 19 Soyuz 22 It was also flown in 1976 for the earth-science mission, Soyuz 22. Soyuz 22 was an earth-sciences mission using a modified Soyuz capsule that had served as a backup for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission the previous year Soyuz 7K-TM served as a technological bridge to the third generation, the Soyuz-T spacecraft. Missions Soyuz T-1 Soyuz T-2 Soyuz T-3 Soyuz T-4 Soyuz T-5

Several Military Soyuz models were planned, but none actually flew in space. Several military Soyuz spacecraft models were planned but none actually flew in space These versions were named Soyuz 7K-P, Soyuz 7K-PPK, Soyuz R, Soyuz 7K-VI, and Soyuz OIS (Orbital Research Station).

Third generation

The third generation Soyuz-T (T - транспортный, Transportnyi meaning transport) spacecraft (1976-1986) featured solar panels allowing longer missions, a revised Igla rendezvous system and new translation/attitude thruster system on the Service module. Missions Soyuz T-1 Soyuz T-2 Soyuz T-3 Soyuz T-4 Soyuz T-5 It could carry a crew of three, now wearing spacesuits.

Fourth generation

The Soyuz-TM crew transports (M - модифицированный, Modifitsirovannyi meaning modified) were fourth generation Soyuz spacecraft, and were used from 1986 to 2003 for ferry flights to Mir and the International Space Station. Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and

Soyuz-TMA (2003-. . . . )

Main article: Soyuz-TMA

Soyuz TMA(A - антропометрический, - Antropometricheskii meaning anthropometric) features several changes to accommodate requirements requested by NASA in order to service the International Space Station, including more latitude in the height and weight of the crew and improved parachute systems. Design A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back A Spheroid Orbital module A small aerodynamic reentry It is also the first expendable vehicle to feature "glass cockpit" technology. A glass cockpit is an Aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument displays. Soyuz-TMA looks identical to a Soyuz-TM spacecraft on the outside, but interior differences allow it to accommodate taller occupants with new adjustable crew couches.

Soyuz TMAT (2009/. . . . )

In 2004, Russian space officials announced that the Soyuz will be replaced by early 2011 with the new Kliper and Parom spacecrafts. Kliper ( Клипер, English: Clipper) is a Russian-proposed next generation manned Spacecraft that was almost selected as the successor The Parom ( ferry in Russian) is a space tug that has been proposed by RKK Energia. However, since then the Kliper appears to have been indefinitely postponed due to lack of funding from government, and it has been announced that the Soyuz will receive an upgrade to make it suitable for up to one year in space, as well as new digital interior displays and updated docking equipment. This new version, known as Soyuz TMAT, could enter service around 2008/9.

Soyuz ACTS (2012/. . . . )

Soyuz ACTS (Advanced Crew Transportation System), also known as Soyuz-K, is a proposed version of the Soyuz design capable of achieving lunar orbit. The upgrades could include a new habitation module developed by the European Space Agency. The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member Missions could be launched from Baikonur or Guiana Space Centre. Baikonur ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр Russian: Байконур formerly known as Leninsk, is a city in Kyzylorda Province of Kazakhstan The Guiana Space Centre, or more commonly Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG is a French Spaceport near Kourou in French Guiana. ^[1]

Related craft

The unmanned Progress spacecraft were derived from Soyuz and are used for servicing space stations.

The Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft is also heavily influenced by the design of the Soyuz. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National History Development began in 1992 under the name of Project 921-1.

Operators

•  Russia
•  Soviet Union

See also

• Progress spacecraft
• Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft
• Sokol space suit
• Space exploration
• Human spaceflight
• Crew Space Transportation System study to develop a European-Russian successor to Soyuz

Missions

See List of Soviet and Russian manned space missions as well as the Zond program

Image gallery

Early 7K-OK Soyuz at National Space Centre, Leicester, England	Soyuz spacecraft of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)	Soyuz 19 spacecraft as seen from Apollo CM	Soyuz docked to Mir
Soyuz spacecraft mock-up	Soyuz launch vehicles engines	Soyuz TM-31 Moves to Launch Pad, 29 October 2000	Soyuz TMA-2 launch, Baikonur, April 26, 2003
Soyuz TMA-3 landing (NASA)	Space Shuttle Orbiter and Soyuz-TM (drawn to scale). Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 History Development began in 1992 under the name of Project 921-1. The Sokol space suit ( Russian: Cокол, Falcon) is a type of Russian Space suit, worn by anyone who flies on the Soyuz History First orbital flights The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik A human spaceflight is a Spaceflight with a human crew, and possibly passengers CSTS or ACTS (Crew Space Transportation System and Advanced Crew Transportation System respectively is a Human spaceflight system which is jointly studied by This is a list of the manned space missions conducted by the Soviet space programme and its successor agency the Russian Federal Space Agency. Zond ( Зонд; meaning "probe" was the name given to two series of Soviet Unmanned space missions undertaken from 1964 to 1970 to gather information Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and Crew Launched ISS Expedition 1 crew Yuri Gidzenko (2 Sergei Krikalev (5 William Shepherd Soyuz TMA-2 was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle Current spacecraft used by humans to travel in space.	Soyuz spacecraft on display at the Kennedy Space Center. The John F Kennedy Space Center ( KSC) is the NASA Space vehicle launch facility and Launch Control Center ( Spaceport) on

References

External links

• Russia New Russian spaceship will be able to fly to Moon - space corp
• RSC Energia: Concept Of Russian Manned Space Navigation Development
• Mir Hardware Heritage
  • David S. F. Portree, Mir Hardware Heritage, NASA RP-1357, 1995
  • Mir Hardware Heritage (wikisource)
• Information on Soyuz spacecraft
• OMWorld's ASTP Docking Trainer Page
• NASA - Russian Soyuz TMA Spacecraft Details
• Space Adventures circum-lunar mission - details