The sone was proposed as a unit of perceived loudness by S. Smith Stevens in 1936. In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Loudness is the quality of a Sound that is the primary psychological correlate of physical strength (amplitude Methods The principal methods used by Stevens to measure the perceived intensity of a stimulus were magnitude estimation and magnitude production. In acoustics, loudness is the subjective perception of sound pressure. Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of Sound, Ultrasound and Infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases liquids and solids Subjectivity refers to a subject's perspective particularly feelings beliefs and desires Sound pressure is the local Pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium pressure caused by a Sound Wave. Although defined by Stevens as a unit, it is not one of the SI units. Such units meet the stringent criteria of metrology, which include being realizable in a highly precise and reproducible manner, and so transferable for scientific and industrial purposes in a range of contexts. Metrology (from Ancient Greek metron (measure and logos (study of is the Science of Measurement.
According to Stevens' definition, the sone is equivalent to 40 phons, which is defined as the loudness level NL of a 1 kHz tone at 40 dB SPL. The phon was proposed as a unit of perceived Loudness Level L N for pure tones by S The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. The decibel ( dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity relative to Sound pressure is the local Pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium pressure caused by a Sound Wave. The number of sones to a phon was chosen so that a doubling of the number of sones sounds to the human ear like a doubling of the loudness, which also corresponds to increasing the sound pressure level by approximately 10 dB, or increasing the mean square sound pressure by a factor 10. The ear is the sense organ that detects Sounds The Vertebrate ear shows a common biology from Fish to Humans with variations Loudness is the quality of a Sound that is the primary psychological correlate of physical strength (amplitude Sound pressure is the local Pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium pressure caused by a Sound Wave. Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface At frequencies other than 1 kHz, the measurement in sones must be calibrated according to the frequency response of human hearing, which is a subjective process. The study of apparent loudness is included in the topic of psychoacoustics and employs methods of psychophysics. Psychoacoustics is the study of subjective human Perception of Sounds Alternatively it can be described as the study of the Psychological correlates
To be fully precise, a measurement in sones must be specified in terms of the optional suffix G, which means that the loudness value is calculated from frequency groups, and by one of the two suffixes D (for direct field or free field) or R (for room field or diffuse field).
Examples of sound pressure, sound pressure levels, and loudness in sone
Source of sound sound pressure sound pressure level loudness pascal dB re 20 µPa sone threshold of pain 100 134 ~ 676 hearing damage during short-term effect 20 approx. In hearing the Threshold of Pain is the Sound pressure or Sound pressure level beyond which sound becomes unbearable for a human listener 120 ~ 250 jet, 100 m distant 6 - 200 110 - 140 ~ 125 - 1024 jack hammer, 1 m distant / discotheque 2 approx. A pneumatic drill or jackhammer is a portable percussive Drill powered by Compressed air. A discothèque, diskoˈtɛk̚ compare the Spanish "discoteca" is an Entertainment venue or Club with recorded music played by "Discaires" 100 ~ 60 hearing damage during long-term effect 6×10−1 approx. 90 ~ 32 major road, 10 m distant 2×10−1 - 6×10−1 80 - 90 ~ 16 - 32 passenger car, 10 m distant 2×10−2 - 2×10−1 60 - 80 ~ 4 - 16 TV set at home level, 1 m distant 2×10−2 ca. 60 ~ 4 normal talking, 1 m distant 2×10−3 - 2×10−2 40 - 60 ~ 1 - 4 very calm room 2×10−4 - 6×10−4 20 - 30 ~ 0. 15 - 0. 4 leaves' noise, calm breathing 6×10−5 10 ~ 0. 02 auditory threshold at 2 kHz 2×10−5 0 0
sone 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 phon 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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The absolute threshold of hearing (ATH is the minimum Sound level of a Pure tone that an average ear with normal hearing can hear in a noiseless environment Sound pressure is the local Pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium pressure caused by a Sound Wave. The phon was proposed as a unit of perceived Loudness Level L N for pure tones by S Methods The principal methods used by Stevens to measure the perceived intensity of a stimulus were magnitude estimation and magnitude production. The Weber–Fechner law attempts to describe the relationship between the physical magnitudes of stimuli and the perceived intensity of the stimuliDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic