A soft drink is a beverage that does not contain alcohol. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda, pop or coke in the United States and Canada, fizzy drinks in the United Kingdom^[1] and sometimes minerals in Ireland. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The name "soft drink" specifies a lack of alcohol by way of contrast to the term "hard drink". The term "drink", while nominally neutral, often carries connotations of alcoholic content. Beverages like colas, sparkling water, iced tea, lemonade, squash, and fruit punch are among the most common types of soft drinks, while hot chocolate, hot tea, coffee, milk, tap water, and milkshakes do not fall into this classification. Cola is a sweet carbonated drink usually with Caramel coloring and containing Caffeine. For other meanings see Iced tea (disambiguation Ice tea, also known as iced tea, is a form of cold Tea, often served in a glass Lemonade is a Lemon -flavored Soft drink. The term can refer to two different types of beverage In the U Squash (sometimes called cordial; however see the definitions below is a highly-sweetened (and often fruit-based Concentrate, which is mixed with a liquid most Punch is a general term for any of a wide assortment of Mixed drinks, either soft or alcoholic, generally containing Fruit or fruit juice Hot chocolate (also known as hot cocoa, drinking chocolate or just cocoa) is a heated Beverage that typically consists of Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Tap water ( running water) is part of indoor Plumbing, which became available in the late 19th century and common in the mid-20th century A milkshake is a sweet cold beverage which is made from Milk, Ice cream or Iced milk, and flavorings or sweeteners such as fruit syrup or chocolate Many carbonated soft drinks are optionally available in versions sweetened with sugars or with non-caloric sweeteners. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose.

Soft drinks on supermarket shelves. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good

Packaging

In the United States, soft drinks are sold in two-liter bottles, 1 L, 0. The two liter bottle is a common container for Soft drinks These bottles are produced from Polyethylene terephthalate, also known as PET plastic using 5 L, 24 and 20 U. S. fluid ounce bottles, 12 U. S. fluid ounce cans, and short eight-ounce cans. A beverage can (or drinks can) is most often an Aluminum Can manufactured to hold a single serving of a Beverage. Cans are packaged in a variety of quantities such as six packs, 12 packs and cases of 24, 36, and 360. With the advent of energy drinks sold in eight-ounce cans in the USA, some soft drinks are now sold in similarly sized cans. Energy drinks are Soft drinks advertised as providing more Energy than a typical drink It is also common for carbonated soft drinks to be served as fountain drinks in which carbonation is added to a concentrate immediately prior to serving. A Fountain drink is a Soft drink, prepared locally from a supply of Flavored sweetened Syrup, Carbon dioxide, and Water In Europe, various systems are in use: plastic and glass bottles containing two, 1. 5, one, 0. 5, 0. 35, 0. 33 liters and aluminum cans of 0. 33, 0. 35, and 0. 25 liters. Several countries have standard recycled packaging with a forfeit such as 0. 15 euro: the bottles are smelted and reused, cans are crushed and sold as scrap aluminum. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e

In Australia, soft drinks are usually sold in 375mL cans or glass or plastic bottles. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A beverage can (or drinks can) is most often an Aluminum Can manufactured to hold a single serving of a Beverage. Bottles are usually 390mL, 600mL, 1. 25L or 2L. However, 1. 5L bottles have more recently been used by the Coca-Cola Company. The Coca-Cola Company ( is the world's largest beverage company largest manufacturer distributor and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and Syrups in the world

In Canada, soft drinks are sold in cans of 236mL, 355mL, 473mL, and bottles of 591mL, 710mL, 1L, 1. 89L, and 2L. The odd sizes are due to being the metric near-equivalents to eight, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 64 fluid ounces. The metric system is a decimalised system of measurement. It exists in several variations with different choices of base units, though the choice of base units does This allows bottlers to use the same-sized containers as in the U. S. market. This is an example of a wider phenomenon in North America. Canada has converted to the Metric system for many purposes However there is still significant use of non-metric units and standards in some sectors of the Canadian economy Brands of more international soft drinks such as Fanta and Red Bull are more likely to come in round-figure capacities. Fanta is a global Brand of fruit-flavored Soft drinks from the The Coca-Cola Company. Red Bull is an energy drink on the market and is sold by Red Bull GmbH.

Naming conventions

Main article: Soft drink naming conventions

Floats

A float is created by dropping a scoop of ice cream into a soft drink. Soft drinks are called by many names in different places of the world Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined In the Midwestern United States, a soft drink with ice cream added is most often called an "ice cream soda," or soda, for short as they were made at soda fountains. "Black Cow" redirects here For the 1977 song by Steely Dan, see Aja (album. Soda fountain is a term referring to the carbonated drink Dispensers found in Fast food restaurants and Convenience stores These devices combine Syrup In Australia and New Zealand, this is known as a "Spider. " In Scotland (mainly the West Coast) it is usually referred to as a "float". For example; a "coke float". (Note: As elsewhere, 'coke' is often used generically to refer to any cola in Scotland, while 'soda' in Scotland is usually taken to mean 'soda water'). The most common of these is the root beer float. "Black Cow" redirects here For the 1977 song by Steely Dan, see Aja (album.

In Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, there is a regional variation: Cola (regardless of brand) and vanilla ice cream constitute a "coke afloat". Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland.

In the United States, some floats have specific names such as "Black Cow," "Brown Cow," "Purple Cow" (which is vanilla or chocolate ice cream in root beer), or Boston Cooler (vanilla ice cream in Vernor's ginger ale). "Black Cow" redirects here For the 1977 song by Steely Dan, see Aja (album. Vernors Ginger ale shares the title of America's oldest Soft drink with Hires Root Beer.

Controversy

Nutritional value of non-diet soft drinks

Until the 1980s, soft drinks obtained nearly all of their food energy in the form of refined cane sugar or corn syrup. Food energy is the amount of Energy in food that is available through Digestion. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Corn syrup is a Syrup, made using Cornstarch as a feedstock and composed mainly of Glucose. Today high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is used nearly exclusively as a sweetener because of its lower cost. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS is any of a group of Corn syrups that has undergone Enzymatic processing to increase its Fructose content and is then mixed However, HFCS has been criticized as having a number of detrimental effects on human health, such as promoting diabetes, hyperactivity, hypertension, and a host of other problems. ^[2] Although anecdotal evidence has been presented to support such claims, it is well known that the human body breaks sucrose down into glucose and fructose before it is absorbed by the intestines. The expression anecdotal evidence has two quite distinct meanings Furthermore, simple sugars such as fructose are rapidly converted into the same intermediates as in glucose metabolism. ^[3]

While the USDA recommended daily allotment (RDA) of added sugars is 10 teaspoons for a 2,000-calorie diet, many soft drinks contain more than this amount. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. Unless fortified, they also contain little to no vitamins, minerals, fiber, protein, or other essential nutrients. A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl An essential nutrient is a Nutrient required for normal body functioning that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from a dietary source Many soft drinks contain food additives such as food coloring, artificial flavoring, emulsifiers, and preservatives. A food coloring is any substance that is added to Food or Drink to change its Color. Alternate meanings Seasoning (cast iron; Seasoning (wood; Seasoning (slave Seasoning is the process of imparting or improving An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as foods pharmaceuticals paints biological samples wood etc

Soft drinks may also displace other healthier choices in people's diets, such as water, milk, and fruit juice. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. JUICE is a widely used non-commercial Software package for editing and analysing phytosociological data ^[4]

Studies showing a correlation between non-diet soft drinks and obesity

A study from Harvard shows that soft drinks may be responsible for the doubling of obesity in children in the United States over the last 15 years. Childhood Obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

From 1991 and 1995, adolescent boys in the United States, on average, increased their intake of soft drinks from 345 mL to 570 mL. Most soft drinks are sweetened with sugar or corn syrup, and not artificial sweeteners. Dr. David Ludwig of the Boston Children's Hospital showed that school children drinking at least eight U. S. fluid ounces (240 mL) or more of regularly sweetened drinks daily will consume 835 calories (3,500 kilojoules) more than those avoiding soft drinks; i. A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl oz or oz fl) is a unit of Volume in both the imperial and the US customary systems This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity e. , children who drink soft drinks loaded with sugar tend to eat much more food than those who avoid soft drinks. Either those taking sugared drinks lack the same restraint on foods, or sugared drinks cause a rise in insulin that makes adolescents more hungry, causing them to eat more. Soft drinks (including diet soft drinks) are also typically consumed with other high-calorie foods such as fast food. Diet food (or dietetic food) refers to any food or drink whose recipe has been altered in some way to make it part of a body modification diet. Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly Children who drink soft drinks regularly are therefore fatter on average, in addition to being more likely to develop diabetes later in life (see below). Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc ^[5]

This finding is controversial, however, as children in much of the Third World also consume large quantities of soft drinks containing sugar, and do not share the same obesity rates as American children, suggesting that other factors are involved aside from sugar consumption in soft drinks. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically Suggested factors include physical activity, and the fact that American soft drinks are sweetened with high fructose corn syrup instead of cane sugar. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS is any of a group of Corn syrups that has undergone Enzymatic processing to increase its Fructose content and is then mixed Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose.

In March 2006, Pediatrics published a paper Effects of Decreasing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Body Weight in Adolescents: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study. Pediatrics is an official Peer-reviewed journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. This suggests that reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages helped reduce body mass index in the heaviest teenagers. The body mass index ( BMI) or Quetelet index, is a statistical measurement which compares a person's weight and height This was reported as drinking as a single 330ml can a day of sugary drinks translated to more than 1lb of weight gain every month. ^[6]

Soft drinks linked to weight gain and type 2 diabetes

In 2004, an eight-year study of 50,000 nurses showed a correlation that suggests drinking one or more sugar-sweetened beverages (such as soft drinks and fruit punches) per day increases one's risk of developing diabetes by 80% versus those who drink less than one such drink per month. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc This finding was independent of other lifestyle factors. It concludes, "Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes in women, possibly by providing excessive calories and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars. This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. ". ^[7]

Soft drinks and dental decay

Most soft drinks contain high concentration of simple carbohydrates - glucose, fructose, sucrose and other simple sugars. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Fructose (also levulose or laevulose) is a simple reducing Sugar ( Monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three Solubility of Pure SucroseTemperature(Cg Oral bacteria ferment carbohydrates and produce acid, which dissolves tooth enamel during the dental decay process; thus, sweetened beverages are likely to increase risk of dental caries. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Dental caries is a disease that damages Tooth structures resulting in what is commonly called tooth decay or cavities which are holes in the teeth The risk is greater if the frequency of consumption is high. ^[8]

A large number of soft drinks are acidic and some may have a pH of 3. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. 0 or even lower. ^[9] Drinking acidic drinks over a long period of time and continuous sipping can therefore erode the tooth enamel. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Tooth enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body and with Dentin, Cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major Drinking through a straw is often advised by dentists as the drink is then swallowed from the back of the mouth and does not come into contact with the teeth as much. Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity It has also been suggested that brushing teeth right after drinking soft drinks should be avoided as this can result in additional erosion to the teeth due to the presence of acid. Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the Mouth and Teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. ^[10]

Soft drinks and sleep

According to one report, soft drinks with caffeine can disrupt children's sleep and leave them feeling tired during the day. ^[11]

Soft drinks and bone density

There has been a hypothesis that the phosphoric acid contained in some soft drinks (colas) displaces calcium from the bones, lowering bone density of the skeleton and leading to conditions such as osteoporosis and very weak bones. Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. However, calcium metabolism studies by leading calcium and bone expert Dr. Robert Heaney determined that the net effect of carbonated soft drinks, (including colas, which use phosphoric acid as the acidulant) on calcium retention was negligible. He concluded that it is likely that colas prominence in observational studies is due to their prominence in the marketplace, and that the real issue is that people who drink a lot of soft drinks also tend to have an overall diet that is low in calcium. (Source: Heaney RP, Rafferty K. Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001,74:;343-347. )

Banning

In recent years, debate on whether soft drink vending machines should be allowed in school has been on the rise. A vending machine is a machine that provides various snacks beverages and other products to consumers Proponents believe that soft drinks are a significant contributor to childhood obesity and tooth decay, and that allowing soft drink sales in schools encourages children to believe they are safe to consume in moderate to large quantities. Child article read through the various talk pages for the debate -- it's been put on and removed twice Dental caries is a disease that damages Tooth structures resulting in what is commonly called tooth decay or cavities which are holes in the teeth Proponents note that children are not always mature enough to understand the consequences of their own food choices, and should not be routinely exposed to the temptation of cheap, readily available soft drinks. They also argue that schools have a responsibility to look after the health of the children in their care, and that allowing children easy access to soft drinks violates that responsibility. Opponents believe that obesity is a complex issue and soft drinks are not the only cause. They also note the immense amount of funding soft drink sales bring to schools. Some people take the middle ground, saying that soft drink machines should be allowed in schools, but that they should not be the only option available. They propose that when soft drink vending machines are made available in school grounds, the schools should be required to provide children with a choice of alternative drinks (such as fruit juice, flavored water and milk) at a comparable price. JUICE is a widely used non-commercial Software package for editing and analysing phytosociological data Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. However, fruit drinks may contain as much sugar as the soft drinks they replace.

On 3 May 2006, the Alliance for a Healthier Generation, Cadbury Schweppes, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and the American Beverage Association announced new School Beverage Guidelines that will voluntarily remove high-calorie soft drinks from all US schools. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Cadbury plc () is a Confectionery and Beverage Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries PepsiCo Incorporated (Short for Pepsi Company ( is a large conglomerate with interests in manufacturing marketing and selling a wide variety of carbonated and non- carbonated American Beverage Association is a trade organization that represents the Beverage Industry in the United States.

On 19 May 2006, UK Education Secretary Alan Johnson announced new minimum nutrition standards for school food. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Amongst a wide range of measures, from September 2006, school lunches will be free from carbonated drinks. Schools will also end the sale of junk food (including carbonated drinks) in vending machines and tuck shops. See the Department for Education and Skills press notice for details.

In August 2006, after a controversial new report about the presence of pesticides in soft drinks sold in India, many state governments have issued a ban of the sale of soft drinks in schools. Kerala has issued a complete ban on the sale or manufacture of soft drinks altogether. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; In return, the soft drink companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi have issued ads in the media regarding the safety of consumption of the drinks. Since there is yet no enforcement of the agreed standards by Bureau of Indian Standards, the governing body to oversee the safety levels, in soft drinks in India, it is to be seen how this situation is to be resolved. ^[12]

Carcinogens in soft drinks

Main article: Benzene in soft drinks

Benzene is a known carcinogen, or cancer-causing agent. Benzene in soft drinks is the occurrence of the Carcinogenic (cancer-causing chemical Benzene in certain Soft drinks This contamination is a Public Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Major soft drink companies have had documentation of benzene contamination in soft drinks since at least 1990. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 It was originally thought that the contamination was caused by contaminated carbon dioxide, but research has shown that benzoates and ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid can react to produce benzene. This article deals with the molecular aspects of ascorbic acid Erythorbic acid or erythorbate formerly known as isoascorbic acid and D-araboascorbic acid is a Stereoisomer of Ascorbic acid. ^[13] (Gardner & Lawrence, 1993).

In 2006, the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency published the results of its survey of benzene levels in soft drinks,^[14] which tested 150 products and found that four contained benzene levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. The Food Standards Agency is a Non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom. The agency asked for these to be removed from sale. The United States Food and Drug Administration released its own test results of several soft drinks and beverages containing benzoates and ascorbic or erythorbic acid. Five tested beverages contained benzene levels above the Environmental Protection Agency's recommended standard of 5 ppb. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly The Environmental Working Group^[15] has uncovered additional FDA test results that showed the following results: Of 24 samples of diet soda tested between 1995 and 2001 for the presence of benzene, 19 (79%) had amounts of benzene in excess of the federal tap water standard of 5 ppb. Average benzene levels were 19 ppb, about four times tap water standard. One sample contained 55 ppb of benzene, 11 fold tap water standards. Despite these findings, as of 2006, the FDA stated its belief that "the levels of benzene found in soft drinks and other beverages to date do not pose a safety concern for consumers". ^[16]

Quinine, the bittering component of mixer drinks present at 60 to 80 ppm as the dihydrochloride or sulphate, undergoes photolytic degradation in strong sunlight through clear glass, typically with a half-life (i. e. time for 50% of the chemical to degrade) of 3. 5 hours in strong sunlight. From its chemical structure the degradation product is suspected to be carcinogenic and is devoid of the bitter taste of quinine. For that reason quinine-containing drinks should never be stored in sunlight. Quinine is used as a bittering agent because of its clean bitter taste, devoid of any lingering after-effects. Other bittering agents are available such as quassia, also a natural product extracted from the Quassia Amara tree and sometimes used as a bittering agent in soft drinks. Its bitter attribute is exploited as a substitute for hops that provides the bitter flavour in beers (Dictionary of Science and Technology Academic Press 1992,p 1772).

Alcohol content

A report in October 2006 demonstrates that some soft drinks contain measurable amounts of alcohol. ^[17] In some older preparations, this resulted from natural fermentation used to build the carbonation. Modern drinks use introduced carbon dioxide but alcohol might result from fermentation of sugars in an unsterile environment. A small amount of alcohol is introduced to at least some soft drinks where alcohol is used in the preparation of the flavoring extracts. ^[18] The Turkish soft drink manufacturer whose product was listed as highest in alcohol in the October 2006 study noted that the naturally occurring alcohol level in soft drinks is 1. 5 times higher than that found in Kool-Aid. Kool-Aid is a brand of artificially-flavored drink mix owned by the Kraft Foods Company. ^[19]

History of soft drinks

Soft drinks trace their history back to the mineral waters found in natural springs. Ancient societies believed that bathing in natural springs and/or drinking mineral waters could cure many diseases. Early scientists who studied mineral waters included Geber, Alkindus, Rhazes, Paracelsus, Robert Boyle, Friedrich Hoffmann, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Hermann Boerhaave, William Brownrigg, Gabriel F. For the 12th century astronomer see Jabir ibn Aflah. For the anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist see Pseudo-Geber. ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, Robert Boyle was a Natural philosopher, chemist physicist inventor and early Gentleman scientist, noted for his work in Physics and Chemistry Another Friedrich Hoffmann poet (1627- 1673 was a rector at the Elbing gymnasium Herman Boerhaave ( Voorhout, December 31, 1668 - Leiden, September 23, 1738) was a Dutch botanist humanist Venel, Joseph Black, and David Macbride. Joseph Black ( April 16, 1728 &ndash December 6, 1799) was a Scottish Physicist and Chemist, known for his

The earliest soft drinks were Sherbets developed by Arabic chemists and originally served in the medieval Near East. Şerbet ( Turkish) (Soda powder Etymology Turkish & Persian Turkish şerbet from Persian & Urdu شربت Hindi sharbat from Arabic These were juiced soft drinks made of crushed fruit, herbs, or flowers. ^[20] The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) in the Western world appeared in the 17th century. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Compagnie des Limonadiers of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors carried tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians.

Carbonated beverages

In the 1770s, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated mineral waters. Englishman Joseph Priestley impregnated distilled water with carbon dioxide. Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 ( Old Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Another Englishman, John Mervin Nooth, improved Priestley's design and sold his apparatus for commercial use in pharmacies. Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Torbern Olof Bergman ( March 20, 1735 Katrineberg, Sweden, &ndash July 8, 1784 Medevi, Sweden) was Bergman's apparatus allowed imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts.

Soda fountain pioneers

Artificial mineral waters, usually called "soda water," and the soda fountain made the biggest splash in the United States. Beginning in 1806, Yale chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman sold soda waters in New Haven, Connecticut. Benjamin Silliman ( 8 August 1779 &ndash 24 November 1864) was an American Chemist, one of the first American professors He used a Nooth apparatus to produce his waters. Businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City also began selling soda water in the early 1800s. In the 1830s, John Matthews of New York City and John Lippincott of Philadelphia began manufacturing soda fountains. Both men were successful and built large factories for fabricating fountains.

Soda Fountains vs. Bottled Sodas

The drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered a healthy practice. The American pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add herbs and chemicals to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark (see birch beer), dandelion, sarsaparilla, fruit extracts, and other substances. Birch beer is a Carbonated Soft drink made from herbal extracts usually from Birch bark For the drink see Root beer. Sarsaparilla (IPA /ˌsæspəˈɹɪlə/ ( Smilax regelii and other closely related species of Flavorings were also added to improve the taste. Pharmacies with soda fountains became a popular part of American culture. Many Americans frequented the soda fountain on a daily basis. Due to problems in the U. S. glass industry, bottled drinks were a small portion of the market in the 19th century. Most soft drinks were dispensed and consumed at a soda fountain, usually in a drugstore or ice cream parlor. In the early 20th century, sales of bottled soda increased exponentially. In the second half of the 20th century, canned soft drinks became an important share of the market.

Soft drink bottling industry

Over 1,500 U. S. patents were filed for either a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the "Crown Cork Bottle Seal" was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of keeping the bubbles in the bottle.

Automatic production of glass bottles

In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day.

Home-Paks and vending machines

During the 1920s, the first "Home-Paks" were invented. "Home-Paks" are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay.

References

External links

• The Soda Pop Mashup!
• Health Focus: Toxins in Soft Drinks
• State Laws & Regulations Governing Beverage Sales in Schools, American Beverage Association (PDF format)
• "Beverage group: Pull soda from primary schools", USAToday, August 17, 2005
• "After soda ban nutritionists say more can be done", Boston Globe, May 4, 2006
• "Critics Say Soda Policy for Schools Lacks Teeth New York Times, August 22, 2005
• "Soft Drinks in Schools", American Academy of Pediatrics,
• [4] Sugars4Kids
• Soft drinks news page
• "Soft drinks linked to aging", Longevity-science. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP) is an organization of Pediatricians physicians trained to deal with the medical care of infants children and adolescents com blog by Leonid A. Gavrilov
• "Unusual Soft Drinks from Japan", Japanese Innovations blog by Steve Levenstein
• Zam Zam Cola USA / Canada