A sniper is an infantry combatant or serviceman (e. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists A privileged combatant is a person who takes a direct part in the hostilities of an armed conflict within the Law of war and is someone who upon capture qualifies as a Prisoner The term " serviceman " alternatively "service member" refers to an enlisted individual in the Armed forces. g. police officer) who specializes in shooting from a concealed position over longer ranges than regular infantry, often with a specially designed or adapted sniper rifle. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force In Military and Law enforcement terminology a sniper rifle is a Rifle used to ensure Accurate placement of Bullets at longer A sniper requires skill in marksmanship, camouflage, and field craft. A marksman is a person that is skilled in Precision shooting, using projectile weapons such as with a Rifle but most commonly with a Sniper rifle, Camouflage is a method of cryptic or concealing coloration that allows an otherwise visible Organism Field craft is a term used especially in British Military circles to describe the basic military skills required to operate stealthily at day or night regardless Military snipers are also adept at carrying out methods of infiltration, reconnaissance, and observation techniques. Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information [1]
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Etymology
The term sniper was first attested in 1824 in the sense of the word 'sharpshooter'. [2] The verb to snipe originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India with the idea of "to shoot from a hidden place", in allusion to snipe hunting, where a game bird known for being extremely difficult to hunt and then shoot is hunted. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British A snipe is any of nearly 20 wading bird species in three genera in the family Scolopacidae. Those who were skilled at the hunting of this bird were thus dubbed "snipers". [2]
During the American Civil War, the common term used in the United States for much of the same function of a sniper was 'skirmisher'. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Skirmishers are Infantry or Cavalry Soldiers stationed ahead or alongside of a larger body of friendly troops A Civil War army often protected itself by using such soldiers to thwart the enemy from flanking the main body of their attack force. [3] They were deployed individually on the extremes of the moving army to primarily scout for the possibility of an enemy ambush. Consequently, a "skirmish" only denotes a clash of the smallest scope,[4] in similarity to the reference of snipers. In general, a skirmish was a limited combat, involving troops other than those of the main body. [3] The term 'sniper' was not in widespread use in the United States until after the American Civil War.
In the last few decades, the term 'sniper' has been used very loosely. Gun confiscators used this term so loosely that some people even called it sniping when a handgun was used; the term 'sniper rifle' was considered very "scary sounding" and was very effective in inciting fear, evoking a lot of unsettling images, such as a lone gunman, undetectable, on the hunt. [5][6]
The term 'sniper' has been used in more serious tones especially by media in association with police precision riflemen, those responsible for assassination, any shooting from all but the shortest range in war, and any criminal equipped with a rifle in a civil context. The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. In the Bosnian War, and for much of the Siege of Beirut, the term 'sniper' was used to refer to what were generally ill-trained soldiers who terrorized civilians, mainly by firing at them from windows and rooftops. The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995 Historical Setting The PLO moved its primary base of operations to Beirut in the late 1960s after an attempt on their part to overthrow the government During the Siege of Sarajevo, the main street of the city became known as "Sniper Alley". The Siege of Sarajevo was conducted by the Serb forces of self-proclaimed Republika Srpska and Yugoslav People's Army (later transformed to the "Sniper Alley" is the informal name for the main boulevard in Sarajevo which during the Bosnian War was lined with Snipers posts and became infamous
This has rather expanded the meaning of the term. It has also given the term 'sniper' mixed connotations. Official sources often use more positive connotative terms to describe snipers, especially for police snipers: counter-sniper, precision marksman, tactical marksman, sharpshooter, precision riflemen, and precision shooter. The occurrence of Sniper Warfare has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategies. Some of these alternatives have been in common use for a long time; others are closer to undisguised euphemisms. A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak
Snipers in warfare
Different countries have different military doctrines regarding snipers in military units, settings, and tactics. Military doctrine is the concise expression of how military forces contribute to campaigns major operations Battles and engagements It is a guide A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating Generally, a sniper's primary function in warfare is to provide detailed reconnaissance from a concealed position and, if necessary, to reduce the enemy's fighting ability by striking at a small number of high value targets, especially officers, communication and medical personnel. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority
Soviet Russian and derived military doctrines include squad-level snipers, which may be called “sharpshooters” or “designated marksmen” in other doctrines (see below). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy They do so because this ability was lost to ordinary troops when assault rifles (which are optimized for close-in, rapid-fire combat) were adopted. An assault rifle is a Selective fire Rifle or Carbine (not to be confused with a semi-automatic only replica firing Ammunition with muzzle See the “Soviet sniper” article for details. Snipers of the Soviet Union played an important role mainly on the Eastern Front of World War II, apart from other preceding and subsequent conflicts
Military snipers from the US, UK, and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man sniper teams consisting of a shooter and spotter. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For other uses see Sniper (disambiguation. Sniper teams are used in military doctrines of the United States For other uses see Sniper (disambiguation. Sniper teams are used in military doctrines of the United States A common practice is for a shooter and a spotter to take turns in order to avoid eye fatigue. German doctrine of largely independent snipers and emphasis on concealment developed during the Second World War have been most influential on modern sniper tactics, currently used throughout Western militaries (examples are specialized camouflage clothing, concealment in terrain and emphasis on coup d'oeil). Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
Typical sniper missions include reconnaissance and surveillance, target marking for air-strikes, counter-sniper, killing enemy commanders, selecting targets of opportunity, and even anti-matériel tasks (destruction of military equipment), which tend to require use of rifles in the larger calibers such as the .50 BMG. Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information Surveillance is the monitoring of Behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people objects or processes within systems for conformity Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service Materiel (from the French "matériel" for equipment or hardware related to the word Material) is a term used in English to refer to the This article lists military technology items devices and methods Snipers have of late been increasingly demonstrated as useful by US and UK forces in the recent Iraq campaign in a fire support role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in urban areas. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Fire support is a Military term referring to long-range Firepower provided to a front-line unit Urban warfare is modern warfare conducted in Urban areas such as Towns and cities.
Snipers during the First and Second World Wars
First World War
During the First World War, snipers appeared as deadly sharpshooters in the trenches. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All At the start of the war, only Imperial Germany had troops that were issued scoped sniper rifles. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Although sharpshooters existed on all sides, the Germans specially equipped some of their soldiers with scoped rifles that could pick off enemy soldiers showing their heads out of their trench. At first the French and British believed such hits to be coincidental hits, until the German scoped rifles were discovered. During World War One, the Germans received a reputation for the deadliness and efficiency of their snipers, partly because of the high-quality lenses the Germans could manufacture. Soon the British army began to train their own snipers in specialized sniper schools. Until the end of the war, the British tried to close the gap between the German and their own snipers. British and German sniper teams operated in pairs, with one sniper and one spotter with binoculars. On the Eastern Front, Imperial Russia never introduced specialized sharpshooters or snipers, allowing the German snipers to pick off their targets without danger from counter-snipers. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya
Second World War
European Theatre
During the Second World War, snipers reappeared as important factors on the battlefield. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including During the interbellum, most nations had dropped their specialized sniper units, notably the Germans who had had such a reputation during the First World War. However, during the Spanish Civil War, the effectiveness and dangers of snipers once again came to the fore. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The only nation that had specially trained sniper units during the 1930's was the Soviet Union, mostly because of their involvement in Spain. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Soviet snipers were trained in their skills as marksmen, in using the terrain to hide themselves from the enemy and the ability to work alongside regular forces. This made the Soviet sniper training focus more on 'normal' combat situations than those of other nations. During the 1940 campaigns of Germany, it appeared that lone, well hidden snipers could halt the German advance for a significant amount of time. For example during the close-in on Dunkirk, British snipers were able to significantly delay German infantry trying to reach Dunkirk. Dunkirk ( French: Dunkerque, dœ̃kɛʀk or; Dutch:; is a harbour city and a commune in the northernmost part of France, in the This prompted the British to once again upscale their training of specialized sniper units. British snipers were trained in the obvious marksmanship skills and taught to blend in with the environment, often by using special headgear that concealed them. However, the British Army offered sniper training exclusively to officers and non-commissioned officers, which reduced their effectiveness considerably. An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer) also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an Armed force
One of the best known battles involving snipers, and also the battle that made the Germans reinstate their specialized sniper training, was the Battle of Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the Their defensive position inside a city filled with rubble meant that Soviet snipers were able to inflict significant casualties on the German Wehrmacht. Because of the urban nature of fighting, snipers were very hard to spot and seriously dented the morale of the German attackers. Morale, also known as esprit de corps when discussing the morale of a group is an intangible term used for the capacity of people to maintain Belief in Though German sharpshooters appeared spontaneously, often armed with captured scoped Mosin-Nagant rifles, Germany re-established its own sniping school and set out to reclaim its reputation of the First World War. The Mosin-Nagant (Винтовка Мосина ISO 9:) is a Bolt-action, internal magazine fed military Rifle that was used by the armed forces Germany drastically increased the number of snipers per unit. German training emphasized shooting at long-range targets to deliver a feeling of insecurity to the enemy, the ability to creep up on enemies and maintain hidden with enemies nearby, plus especially good camouflaging. Camouflage is a method of cryptic or concealing coloration that allows an otherwise visible Organism Germany evolved the most efficient ways of camouflaging, both by using the environment (branches etc. ) and by the development of specially designed, reversible camouflage clothing. German snipers were also issued with special shovels and knives to create the best possible hiding places and shelters. As they had done during the First World War, German snipers also changed location after a few shots to further reduce their chances of being spotted. They were also issued highest-quality adjustable scopes (Soviet scopes were not adjustable).
In the United States armed forces, sniper training was only very elementary and focused on being able to hit targets over long distances. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Snipers were required to be able to hit a body over 400 meters, and a head over 200. There was almost no concern with the ability to blend into the environment. Sniper training also varied from place to place, resulting in a wide range of qualities of snipers. The main reason the US did not extend their training beyond long-range shooting was the limited employment of US soldiers until the Normandy Invasion. During the campaigns in North Africa and Italy, most fighting occurred in arid and mountainous regions where limited concealment was possible, in contrast to Western and Central Europe. Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British - American invasion of French North Africa in World War II In general terms the Climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available Water, to the extent of hindering This made for disaster in Normandy and the rest of the campaign in Western Europe, where they encountered the well trained German snipers. In Normandy, German snipers remained hidden in the dense vegetation and were able to encircle American units, firing at them from all sides. The American and British forces were surprised by how near the German snipers could come and safely attack them, as well as by their ability to hit targets over long distances. A famous mistake made by the green American soldiers was to lie down and wait when targeted by German snipers, this allowed the snipers to pick them off one after another. Often German snipers infiltrated Allied lines, and sometimes when the front had moved away, they fought from their hiding places until they were out of rations or ammunition and tried to surrender.
After the war, many elements of German sniper training and doctrine were copied by other countries.
Pacific Theatre
In the Pacific War, the Empire of Japan also trained snipers. The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku In the jungles of Asia and the Pacific Islands, snipers posed a serious threat to the British, Australian, Canadian and US troops. Japanese snipers were specially trained to use the environment to conceal themselves. Japanese snipers used foliage on their uniforms and dug well-concealed hide-outs that were often connected with small trenches. There was no need for long range accuracy, because most combat in the jungle took place within a few hundred meters. Japanese snipers were known for their patience and ability to remain hidden for long periods. However, they almost never left their carefully camouflaged hiding spots. This resulted partly from their training and partly from their fighting mentality, the Japanese fought until death and would seldom retreat. This meant that whenever a sniper was in the area, the location of the sniper was known after a few shots. It also meant a continuous lowering of the quality of Japanese snipers. The Allies also used their own snipers in the Pacific, notably the US Marines, who used a Springfield rifle with elongated scope that allowed for very long range shooting.
Common sniper rifles used during World War II
Some common sniper rifles used during the Second World War include: the Soviet M1891/30 Mosin Nagant and, to a lesser extent, the semi-automatic SVT-40; the German Mauser Kar 98k and semi-automatic Gewehr 43; the British Lee-Enfield No. 4; the Japanese Arisaka 97; and the American M1903 Springfield. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Mosin-Nagant (Винтовка Мосина ISO 9:) is a Bolt-action, internal magazine fed military Rifle that was used by the armed forces The Samozaryadnaya Vintovka Tokareva Obrazets 1940 goda (Tokarev Self-loading Rifle Model of 1940 Russian Самозарядная винтовка Токарева образец Mauser is the common name of a German arms manufacturer maker of a line of Bolt-action Rifles from the 1870s to present The Karabiner 98 Kurz (often abbreviated Kar98k or K98k) was a Bolt-action Rifle adopted as the standard infantry rifle in 1935 by the The Gewehr 43 or Karabiner 43 (G43 K43 Gew 43 Kar 43 is a 792x57mm Mauser caliber semi-automatic rifle developed by Nazi Germany during World The Lee-Enfield Bolt-action, magazine-fed Repeating rifle was the main firearm used by the military forces of the British Empire / Commonwealth Arisaka Rifle (有坂銃 Arisaka-jū) is a family of Japanese Military bolt-action Rifles in production from approximately 1898 until the end The Springfield M1903, formally the United States Rifle Caliber.
Range
The longest range recorded for a sniper kill currently stands at 2,430 metres (2,657 yd, or 1. 51 miles), accomplished by Corporal Rob Furlong, a sniper from Newfoundland, Canada, on March 2002 during the war in Afghanistan. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Rob Furlong, a former corporal of the Canadian Forces, holds the record for the longest confirmed Sniper kill in combat Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U Corporal Rob Furlong made this record-breaking kill while he was participating in Operation Anaconda, in March of 2002. Rob Furlong, a former corporal of the Canadian Forces, holds the record for the longest confirmed Sniper kill in combat He was serving with Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) at the time. Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI is an infantry regiment in the Canadian Forces (CF belonging to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG To make the kill, he used a .50 caliber BMG (12. 7 mm) McMillan TAC-50 bolt-action rifle. The McMillan Tac-50 Sniper rifle is produced in the United States by the McMillan Brothers Rifle Company The term bolt action refers to a type of Firearm action in which the weapon's bolt is operated manually by the opening and closing of the breech with [8]
If one takes the time-in-flight of the bullet with air resistance to be conservatively about 1. In Physics, the ballistic trajectory of a projectile is the path that a thrown or launched Projectile will take under the action of Gravity, neglecting 5× the flight time without air resistance, that would be about 4. 5 seconds (2,430m ÷ 823m/s[9] = 2. 95s). Over that time, neglecting any aerodynamic lift on the bullet in flight, it would drop almost 100m on its way to the target. Bullet drop is the name given to the tendency of a Bullet to drop in flight due to the effect of gravity
The previous record was held by U.S. Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock in February 1967 during the Vietnam War, at a distance of more than 2,500 yards using a scope-mounted Browning M2 . Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Norman Hathcock II ( May 20, 1942 &ndash February 23, 1999) was a United States Marine Corps The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia This article is about the.50 caliber M2 machine gun For the.30-06 M2 machine gun see M1919 Browning machine gun. 50 machine gun. [10][11][12]
By contrast, much of the US/Coalition urban sniping in support of operations in Iraq is at much shorter ranges, although in one notable incident on April 3, 2003, Corporals Matt and Sam Hughes, a two-man sniper team of the Royal Marines, armed with L96 sniper rifles each killed targets at a range of about 860 metres (941 yd) with shots that, due to strong wind, had to be “fire[d] exactly 17 meters (56 ft) to the left of the target for the bullet to bend in the wind. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I, is a military command, led by the United States that is fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents or resistants The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy The Accuracy International Arctic Warfare rifle is a family of Bolt-action Sniper rifles designed and manufactured by the British company Accuracy ”[13]
Police
Law enforcement snipers, also commonly called police snipers, and military snipers, differ in many ways, including their areas of operation, training, and tactics. Law enforcement agency ( LEA) is a term used to describe either an organisation that enforces the laws of one or more governing bodies or an organisation that actively and directly A police sharpshooter is part of a police operation and usually takes part in relatively short missions. Police forces typically deploy such sharpshooters in hostage scenarios. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security This differs from a military sniper, who operates as part of a larger army, engaged in warfare. Often as part of a SWAT team, police snipers are deployed alongside negotiators and an assault team trained for close quarters combat. SWAT ( Special Weapons And Tactics) is an elite special operations tactical unit in American Police departments similar to the Taiwan Thunder Squad Close Quarters Battle ( CQB) or close quarters combat ( CQC) is a type of fighting in which small units engage the enemy with personal weapons at very As policemen, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; the police sharpshooter has a well-known rule: "Be prepared to take a life to save a life. "[14] Police snipers typically operate at much shorter ranges than military snipers, generally under 100 metres (109 yd) and sometimes even less than 50 metres (55 yd). Both types of snipers do make difficult shots under pressure, and often perform one shot kills.
Police units which are unprepared for tactical operations may rely on a specialized SWAT tactical team, which may have a dedicated sniper team member. SWAT ( Special Weapons And Tactics) is an elite special operations tactical unit in American Police departments similar to the Taiwan Thunder Squad [14]
Some police sniper operations begin with military assistance. [15]
Police snipers placed in vantage points, such as high buildings, can provide security for events. [16]
The need for specialized training for police sharpshooters was made apparent in 1972 during the Munich massacre when the German police could not deploy specialized personnel or equipment during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the Israeli hostages were killed. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken The use of snipers of the German army was impossible due to the German constitution's explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland is the Constitution of Germany. This situation was later addressed with the founding of the specialized police counter-terrorist unit GSG 9. The GSG 9 der Bundespolizei (originally the German abbreviation of Grenzschutzgruppe 9 or Border Guard Group 9 is the elite Counter-terrorism and special
In one high-profile incident, a SWAT sniper in Columbus, Ohio prevented a suicide by shooting a revolver out of the individual's hand, leaving him unharmed. SWAT ( Special Weapons And Tactics) is an elite special operations tactical unit in American Police departments similar to the Taiwan Thunder Squad [17]
Training
Good training is essential to provide a sniper with the skills needed to perform well. The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge skills and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge Military sniper training aims to teach a high degree of proficiency in camouflage and concealment, stalking and observation as well as precision marksmanship under various operational conditions. Camouflage is a method of cryptic or concealing coloration that allows an otherwise visible Organism ---- Stalking is the obsessive following observing or contacting of another person or the obsessive attempt to engage in any of these activities Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data Trainees typically shoot thousands of rounds over a number of weeks, while learning these core skills.
Snipers are trained to squeeze the trigger straight back with the ball of their finger, to avoid jerking the gun sideways. The most accurate position is prone, with a sandbag supporting the stock, and the stock's cheek-piece against the cheek. Word history The word prone meaning "naturally inclined to something apt liable" is recorded in English since 1382 the meaning "lying face-down" is first A sandbag (floodbag is a sack made of burlap, polypropylene or other materials that is filled with Sand or Soil and used for such purposes as flood A stock, also known as a buttstock or shoulder stock, is present in many Firearms and some Crossbows (though a crossbow stock is properly a In the field, a bipod can be used instead. A bipod is a support device that is similar to a Tripod or Monopod, but with two legs Sometimes a sling is wrapped around the weak arm (or both) to reduce stock movement. In the context of Firearms a sling is a type of strap or harness designed to allow an operator carry a firearm (usually a long gun such as a Rifle, Carbine Some doctrines train a sniper to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their lungs empty while they line up and take their shot. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel motion.
Consistency
The key to sniping is consistency, which applies to both the weapon and the shooter. The consistency of a sniper rifle is how precise the bullet travels from the rifle to its target when fired. While consistency does not necessarily ensure accuracy (which requires training), sniping cannot be accurately carried out without it.
Although there is always a degree of randomness due to physics and the nature of bullets, a precision sniping rifle must limit this effect. Randomness is a lack of order Purpose, cause, or predictability When fired from a fixed position, all shots must be extremely close together, even at long range. Similarly, a sniper must have the ability to estimate the range of the target, the velocity of the wind, the altitude and elevation of the sniper and the target, the temperature of the environment and gun barrel, and any other major factors that can alter the shot. For the fictional characters see Gunbarrel (Transformers. A gun barrel is the tube usually Metal, through which a controlled Explosion FACTOR may also refer to the Object Oriented programming requirements caputre acronym "Functionality Application domain Conditions Technology Objects and Responsibility" Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can decrease lethality or cause a shot to miss completely.
Snipers generally prefer to zero their weapons at a target range, although it can also be done in the field. Calibration is the process of establishing the relationship between a measuring device and the units of measure This is where the sniper calibrates his rifle with his scope at a particular range (typically at the most common encounter distance) such that shots will reliably strike their target. A telescopic sight, commonly called a scope, is a device used to give additional accuracy using a point of aim for Firearms Airguns and Crossbows A rifle must maintain its zero in the field, or else it must be re-zeroed before the next encounter. Once zeroed, the rifle can be adjusted for other distances or for wind using estimates, calculations, and scope features.
The military need for consistency is highest when a sniper is firing the first shot against an enemy unaware of the sniper's presence. At this point, high-priority targets such as enemy snipers, officers, and critical equipment are most prominent and can be more accurately targeted. An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority Once the first shot has been fired, any surviving enemy will attempt to take cover or locate the sniper, and attacking strategic targets becomes more difficult.
The need for police sniper consistency is high when in a hostage situation. A hostage crisis develops when one or more Terrorists or Criminals hold people against their will and try to hold off the Authorities by force Firing a shot but failing to immediately incapacitate an armed threat is likely to result in the death of hostages, and cause the aggressor to cease negotiations and retreat to cover. For Wikipedia's negotiation policy see WikipediaNegotiation. For other uses see Negotiation (disambiguation. For other meanings see Withdrawal (disambiguation. A withdrawal is a type of Military operation, generally meaning retreating In this situation, lives can depend on the result of a single shot, and it is this pressure that police snipers must overcome when firing.
A sandbag serves as a useful platform for shooting a sniper rifle. A sandbag (floodbag is a sack made of burlap, polypropylene or other materials that is filled with Sand or Soil and used for such purposes as flood In the field, a bipod is more common, although any soft surface such as a rucksack will steady a rifle and contribute to consistency. A backpack (also called In particular, bipods help when firing from a prone position, and enable the firing position to be sustained for an extended period of time. Many police and military sniper rifles come equipped with an adjustable bipod.
U. S. military
Snipers are volunteers accepted for sniper training on the basis of their aptitude as perceived by their commanders. A volunteer is someone who works for a community or for the benefit of environment primarily because they choose to do so Military snipers may be trained as Forward Air Controllers (FACs) to direct military air strikes, as Forward Observers (FOs) in artillery target indication, or as mortar fire controllers (MFCs). An airstrike is a Military strike by Air forces on either a suspected or a confirmed enemy ground position Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine A mortar is a muzzle-loading Indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities short ranges and high-arcing ballistic trajectories
Effective sniping in a military context may necessitate assuming a stationary position for days at a time. Fatigue and muscle stiffness often result from the mandatory immobility. Also, urination and defecation into a bag or other container may become essential. These factors alone contradict much of the glamor in being a sniper portrayed in popular films, such as in the film Shooter. Shooter is a 2007 R rated action / Conspiracy thriller directed by Antoine Fuqua based on the novel Point of Impact
British military
The first British sniper unit began life as Lovat Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment that earned high praise during the Second Boer War. Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO (May 11 1861 – September 1 1947 was an American scout and world traveling adventurer known for his service to the The Lovat Scouts is now a Platoon of the British Army 's 51st Highland Regiment. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: The unit was formed by Lord Lovat and reported to an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the British Army Chief of Scouts under Lord Roberts. Brigadier-General Simon Joseph Fraser 14th Lord Lovat KT KCMG KCVO CB DSO ( 25 November 1871 - 18 February Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO (May 11 1861 – September 1 1947 was an American scout and world traveling adventurer known for his service to the Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts 1st Earl Roberts, VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, PC Burnham fittingly described these scouts as "half wolf and half jackrabbit. "[18] Just like their Boer opponents, they were well practiced in the arts of marksmanship, field craft, and military tactics. Field craft is a term used especially in British Military circles to describe the basic military skills required to operate stealthily at day or night regardless Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating They were also the first known military unit to wear a ghillie suit. A ghillie suit, or yowie suit, is a type of Camouflage Clothing designed to resemble heavy Foliage. [19] They were skilled woodsmen but also practitioners of discretion: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day. The word woodsman, meaning man of the woods, can be applied to any person coming from or living in a wooded area. " After the war, this regiment went on to formally become the British Army's first sniper unit, then better known as sharpshooters. [18]
Targeting
The range to the target is measured or estimated as precisely as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes absolutely critical at long ranges, because a bullet travels with a curved trajectory and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances. Trajectory is the path a moving object follows through space The object might be a Projectile or a Satellite, for example If the exact distance is not known the sniper will compensate incorrectly and the bullet path will be too high or low. As an example, for a typical military sniping cartridge such as 7.62 × 51 mm NATO (. The 762x51mm NATO is a Rifle cartridge developed in the 1950s as a standard firearm cartridge among NATO countries 308 winchester) M118 Special Ball round this difference (or “drop”) from 700 metres (766 yd) to 800 metres (875 yd) is 200 mm (8 in). This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimated the distance as 700 m (766 yd) when the target was in fact 800 m (875 yd) away, the bullet will be 200 mm (8 in) lower than expected by the time it reaches the target.
Laser range-finders may be used, but are not preferred on the battlefield because a laser can be seen by both the sender and the receiver. One useful method is comparing the height of the target (or nearby objects) to their size on the mil dot scope, or taking a known distance and using some sort of measure (utility poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human head is 150 mm (6 in) in width, average human shoulders are 500 mm (20 in) apart and the average distance from a person's crotch to the top of their head is 100 cm (39. 4 in).
To determine the range to a target without a laser rangefinder, the sniper must use the mil dot reticle on a scope to accurately find the range. An angular mil, also mil, is a unit of Angle. Origin of the name All versions of the angular mil are approximately the same size as a A crosshair or reticle is a shape superimposed on an image that is used for precise alignment of a device most notably that of a Scope rifle. Mil dots are used like a slide rule to measure the height of a target, and if the height is known, the range can be as well. The slide rule, also known as a slipstick, is a mechanical Analog computer. The height of the target (in yards) ×1000, divided by the height of the target (in mils), gives the range in yards. This is only in general, however, as both scope magnification (7×, 40×) and mil dot spacing change. The USMC standard is that 1 mil (that is, 1 milliradian) equals 3. 438 MOA (minute of arc, or, equivalently, minute of angle), while the US Army standard is 3. A minute of arc, arcminute, or MOA is a unit of angular measurement, equal to one sixtieth (1/60 of one degree. 6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard (36 inches) at 1,000 yards (1,000 m). Many commercial manufacturers use 3. 5, splitting the difference, since it is easier with which to work.
Explanation: 1 MIL = 1 milli-radian. That is, 1 MIL = 1x10^-3 radian. But, 10^-3 rad x (360 deg/ (2 x Pi) radians) = 0. 0573 degrees. Now, 1 MOA = 1/60 degree = 0. 01667 degrees. Hence, there are 0. 0573/0. 01667 = 3. 43775 MOA per MIL, where MIL is defined as a milli-radian. On the other hand, defining a mil-dot by the US Army way, to equate it to 1-yard (1 m) at 1,000 yards (1,000 m), means the Army's mil-dot is approximately 3. 6 MOA.
It is important to note that angular mil (mil) is only an approximation of a milliradian and different organizations use different approximations. An angular mil, also mil, is a unit of Angle. Origin of the name All versions of the angular mil are approximately the same size as a The radian is a unit of plane Angle, equal to 180/ π degrees, or about 57 Please see three definitions of the angular mil. An angular mil, also mil, is a unit of Angle. Origin of the name All versions of the angular mil are approximately the same size as a
At longer ranges, bullet drop plays a significant role in targeting. The effect can be estimated from a chart which may be memorized or taped to the rifle, although some scopes come with Bullet Drop Compensator (BDC) systems that only require the range be dialed in. A telescopic sight, commonly called a scope, is a device used to give additional accuracy using a point of aim for Firearms Airguns and Crossbows These are tuned to both a specific class of rifle and specific ammunition. It must be noted that every bullet type and load will have different ballistics. Ballistics ( gr βάλλειν ('ba'llein' "throw" is the science of Mechanics that deals with the motion behavior and effects of Projectiles . 308 Federal 175 grain (11. 3 g) BTHP match shoots at 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s). Zeroed at 100 yards (100 m), a 16. 2 MOA adjustment would have to be made to hit a target at 600 yards (500 m). If the same bullet was shot with 168 grain (10. 9 g), a 17. 1 MOA adjustment would be necessary.
Shooting uphill or downhill can require more adjustment due to the effects of gravity. Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another Wind also plays a significant role, the effect increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The slant of visible convections near the ground can be used to estimate crosswinds, and correct the point of aim. Recently, a small device known as a cosine indicator has been developed. This device is clamped to the tubular body of the telescopic sight, and gives an indicative readout in numerical form as the rifle is aimed up or down at the target. A telescopic sight, commonly called a scope, is a device used to give additional accuracy using a point of aim for Firearms Airguns and Crossbows This is translated into a figure used to compute the actual range to the target.
All adjustments for range, wind, and elevation can be performed by “holding over” by eye, also known as Kentucky windage. The most accurate way is called “dialing in” the scope. This adjusts the scope so that the crosshairs point at the target, while also accounting for the effect of the factors above. A crosshair or reticle is a shape superimposed on an image that is used for precise alignment of a device most notably that of a Scope rifle. With precision mechanics, dialing in is more accurate, as the eye can more easily line up and hold the target.
For moving targets, the point of aim is in front of the target. This is known as “leading” the target, where the amount of lead depends on the speed and angle of the target's movement. For this technique, holding over is the preferred method. Anticipating the behavior of the target is necessary to accurately place the shot.
Sniper equipment
The major components of a sniper's equipment include a sniper rifle, ammunition, suppressor, camouflage, and/or a ghillie suit. In Military and Law enforcement terminology a sniper rifle is a Rifle used to ensure Accurate placement of Bullets at longer Ammunition, often referred to as ammo, is a generic term derived from the French language la munition which A suppressor, sound moderator, or silencer is a device either attached to or part of the barrel of a Firearm to reduce the amount of Camouflage became an essential part of modern Military tactics after the increase in accuracy and rate of fire of weapons during the 19th century A ghillie suit, or yowie suit, is a type of Camouflage Clothing designed to resemble heavy Foliage.
Sniper tactics
Shot placement
Shot placement varies considerably with the type of sniper being discussed. Military snipers, who generally do not engage targets at less than 300 m (330 yd), usually attempt body shots, aiming at the chest. These shots depend on tissue damage, organ trauma, and blood loss to make the kill. Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from
Police snipers who generally engage at much shorter distances may attempt more precise shot at particular parts of body or particular devices: in one event in 2007 in Marseille, a GIGN sniper took a shot from 80m at the pistol of a policeman threatening to commit suicide, destroying the weapon and preventing him from killing himself. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ The National Gendarmerie Intervention Group, commonly abbreviated GIGN (Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale is the French Gendarmerie 's Elite [20] Less lethal shots (at arms or legs) may also be taken at criminals to sap their will to fight or reduce their mobility. In a high risk situation police snipers may take head shots to ensure an instant kill. In instant-death hostage situations, police snipers shoot for the cerebellum, a part of the brain that controls voluntary movement that lies at the base of the skull. The cerebellum ( Latin: "little brain" is a region of the Brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception Some ballistics and neurological researchers have argued that severing the spinal cord at an area near the second cervical vertebra is actually achieved, usually having the same effect of preventing voluntary motor activity, but the debate on the matter remains largely academic at present. Ballistics ( gr βάλλειν ('ba'llein' "throw" is the science of Mechanics that deals with the motion behavior and effects of Projectiles The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected In Anatomy, the second Cervical vertebra (C2 of the spine is named the axis (from Latin axis, "axle" or epistropheus.
Targets
Snipers can target personnel or materiel, but most often they target the most important enemy personnel such as officers or specialists (e. Materiel (from the French "matériel" for equipment or hardware related to the word Material) is a term used in English to refer to the g. communications operators) so as to cause maximum disruption to enemy operations. Other personnel they might target include those who pose an immediate threat to the sniper, like dog handlers, who are often employed in a search for snipers.
A sniper identifies officers by their appearance and behavior such as symbols of rank, talking to radio operators, sitting as a passenger in a car, having military servants, or talking and moving position more frequently. Radioman (RM was a rating for United States Navy and United States Coast Guard Enlisted personnel specializing in communications technology If possible, snipers shoot in descending order by rank, or if rank is unavailable, they shoot to disrupt communications. Military rank is a system of hierarchical relationships in Armed forces or civil institutions organized along military lines
Since most kills in modern warfare are by crew-served weapons, reconnaissance is one of the most effective uses of snipers. They use their aerobic conditioning, infiltration skills and excellent long-distance observation equipment and tactics to approach and observe the enemy. In this role, their rules of engagement let them engage only high value targets of opportunity. In Military or Police operations the rules of engagement ( ROE) determine when where and how force shall be used (for example a submarine of
Some rifles, such as the Denel NTW-20 are designed for a purely anti-materiel (AM) role, e. The Denel NTW-20 is a South African Anti-materiel rifle or large-calibre Sniper rifle, made by the Denel An anti-materiel rifle ( AM) is a Rifle that is designed for use against military equipment ( Matériel) rather than against other combatants (" g. shooting turbine disks of parked jet fighters, missile guidance packages, expensive optics, and the bearings, tubes or wave guides of radar sets. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships A sniper equipped with the correct rifle can target radar dishes, water containers, the engines of vehicles, and any number of other targets. Other rifles, such as the . 50 calibre rifles produced by Barrett and McMillan are not designed exclusively as AM rifles, but are often employed in such a way, providing the range and power needed for AM applications in a lightweight package compared to most traditional AM rifles. The Barrett Firearms Company was founded in 1982 by Ronnie Barrett. Other calibers, such as the . 408 Cheyenne Tactical and the . 338 Lapua are designed to be capable of limited AM application, but ideally suited as anti-personnel rounds.
Relocating
Often in situations with multiple targets, snipers must use a special kind of tactic. After firing a few shots from a certain position, snipers are known to move unseen to another location before the enemy can figure where he is and mount a counterattack. Snipers will frequently use this tactic to their advantage, creating an atmosphere of chaos and confusion. An experienced marksman will make it seem as if an entire squad of snipers is engaging the targets. In sniper jargon, this is known as "relocating".
Sound masking
As sniper rifles are often extremely powerful and loud, it is common for snipers to use a technique known as sound masking. In Military and Law enforcement terminology a sniper rifle is a Rifle used to ensure Accurate placement of Bullets at longer This tactic, in the hands of a highly skilled marksman, can be used as a substitute for a noise suppressor. A suppressor, sound moderator, or silencer is a device either attached to or part of the barrel of a Firearm to reduce the amount of Very loud sounds in the environment, such as artillery shells air bursting or claps of thunder, can often mask the sound of the shot. This technique is frequently used in clandestine operations and infiltration tactics. A Clandestine operation is a military or Intelligence operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed In Warfare infiltration tactics involve small lightly-equipped Infantry forces attacking enemy rear areas while bypassing enemy front-line strongpoints and isolating
Psychological warfare
Only during the 20th century have snipers been considered heroes of war, and before were often given names such as "Filthy dogs", "Devil Rats" and "Bottom feeders" due to their inability to be seen or caught. Credit for this reputation traces to the American Revolution, when American "Marksmen" would intentionally target British officers, an act considered uncivilized by the British Army at the time (this reputation would be cemented during the Battle of Saratoga, when Benedict Arnold allegedly ordered his marksmen to target British General Simon Fraser, an act that would win the battle and French support). Background See also Saratoga campaign The British plan and Howe's blunder The original conception of the campaign had been for Burgoyne with some eight Benedict Arnold V ( – June 14, 1801) was a General during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Simon Fraser ( 1729 - October 7, 1777, Saratoga New York) was a British general during the American Revolutionary War who was However, the British side used specially selected sharpshooters as well, often German mercenaries.
To demoralize enemy troops, snipers can follow predictable patterns. During the Cuban revolutionary war, the 26th of July Movement always killed the foremost man in a group of Batista's soldiers. The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of the United States proxy ruler General Fulgencio Batista 's regime on January 1, The 26th of July Movement ( Spanish: Movimiento 26 de Julio; M-26-7) was the revolutionary organization planned and led by Fidel Castro that General Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar January 16, 1901 &ndash August 6, 1973) was a Cuban Realizing this, none of them would walk first, as it was suicidal. This effectively decreased the army's willingness to search for rebel bases in the mountains. An alternative approach is to kill the second man in a row, leading to the psychological effect that nobody will want to follow the "leader" on first position.
The phrase "one shot, one kill" has gained notoriety in popular culture as a glorification of the "sniper mystique. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — " The phrase embodies the sniper's tactics and philosophy of stealth and efficiency. The exact meaning can be explained thus:
- A single round should be fired, avoiding unnecessary and indiscreet firing
- Every shot should be accurately placed
Whether the phrase actually reflects reality is of course subject to debate, but it has been widely used in literature and movies.
Counter-sniper tactics
The occurrence of sniper warfare has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategies. The occurrence of Sniper Warfare has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategies. These aim to reduce the damage caused by a sniper to an army, which can often be harmful to both fighting capabilities and morale.
The risk of damage to a chain of command can be reduced by removing/concealing features which would otherwise indicate an officer's rank. Armies nowadays tend to avoid saluting officers in the field and eliminate rank insignia on BDUs. Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU) is the name of the Military uniform that the armed forces of the United States have used as their standard uniform for Combat Officers can seek maximum cover before revealing themselves as good candidates for sniping through actions like reading maps and using radios.
Friendly snipers can be used to hunt the enemy sniper. Besides direct observation, defending forces can use other techniques. These include calculating the trajectory of a bullet by triangulation. Traditionally, triangulation of a sniper's position was done manually, though radar-based technology has recently become available. Once located, the defenders can try to approach the sniper from cover and overwhelm him. The United States military is funding a project known as RedOwl, which uses laser and acoustic sensors to determine the exact direction from which a sniper round has been fired. [21]
The more shots a sniper fires, the more chances the defenders have to locate him, so they often try to draw fire, sometimes by offering a helmet slightly out of concealment. A tactic successfully employed in the Winter War by the Finns is known as "Kylmä-Kalle" (Cold Charlie). They used a shop mannequin or other doll dressed as a tempting target, like an officer. The doll was then presented as if it were a real man sloppily covering himself. Usually, Soviet snipers were unable to resist the temptation of an apparently easy kill. Once the angle where the bullet came from was determined, a shot of a large calibre gun such as a Lahti L-39 "Norsupyssy" ("Elephant rifle") anti-tank rifle was shot at the sniper's direction to eliminate him. The Lahti L-39 20 mm Anti-Tank Cannon is a Finnish Anti-tank rifle used during the Second World War.
Other tactics include directing artillery or mortar fire onto suspected sniper positions, the use of smoke screens, and placing tripwire-operated munitions, mines, or other booby-traps near suspected sniper positions. Even dummy trip-wires can be placed to inconvenience sniper movement. Where anti-personnel mines are unavailable, it is possible to improvise booby-traps by connecting trip-wires to hand grenades, smoke grenades or flares. Even though these may not kill the sniper, they will reveal his location. Booby-trap devices should be placed close to likely sniper hides or along the probable routes used into and out of the sniper's work area. Knowledge of sniper field craft will assist in this task.
One very old counter-sniper tactic is to tie rags onto bushes or similar items in a danger area. The rags flutter in the breeze creating random movements in the corner of the sniper's eye, which they find distracting. The main virtue of this tactic is that it is easy to use, though it will definitely not stop a professional sniper from selecting targets, and may in fact provide a sniper with additional information about the wind near the target.
The use of canine units was also very successful, especially during the Vietnam War. A trained dog can easily determine the direction of the sniper from the sound of the bullet and will lie down with his head aiming at the sniper to give his handler the direction of the firing.
Snipers in irregular and asymmetric warfare
The use of sniping (in the sense of shooting at relatively long range from a concealed position) to murder came to public attention in a number of sensational U. Asymmetric warfare originally referred to War between two or more belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly S. cases, including the Austin sniper incident of 1966, the John F. Kennedy assassination, and the Beltway sniper attacks of late 2002. Charles Joseph Whitman (June 24 1941 – August 1 1966 was a student at the University of Texas at Austin who killed 14 people and wounded 31 others as part of a The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas The Beltway sniper attacks took place during three weeks in October 2002 in Maryland and Virginia. However, these incidents usually do not involve the range or skill of military snipers; in all three cases the perpetrators had U. S. military training, but in other specialties. News reports will often (inaccurately) use the term sniper to describe anyone shooting with a rifle at another person.
Sniping has also been used in asymmetric warfare situations, for example in the Northern Ireland Troubles, where in the early 1970s a number of soldiers were shot by concealed riflemen, some at considerable range. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of There were also some instances in the early 1990s of British soldiers being shot with . 50 caliber Barrett rifles by sniper teams collectively known as the South Armagh sniper. The South Armagh Sniper is the Generic name given to the members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army 's South Armagh Brigade who conducted a sniping In Northern Ireland, in addition to the uses listed above, a sniper was quite often a form of bait called a "come-on", whereby the sniper's position would be made obvious to a British patrol so as to draw them into an ambush in their attempt to close with the sniper.
The sniper is particularly suited to combat environments where one side is at a disadvantage. A careful sniping strategy can use a few individuals and resources to thwart the movement or other progress of a much better equipped or larger force. Because of this perceived difference in force size, the sniping attacks may be viewed as the act of a few persons to terrorize (earning the moniker 'terrorists') a much larger, regular force — regardless of the size of the force the snipers are attached to. These perceptions stem from the precept that sniping, while effective in specific instances, is much more effective as a broadly deployed psychological attack (see elsewhere in article).
In the civil war between Bosnian Muslim, Croatian forces, and Bosnian Serbs in the early 1990s, Serbian snipers in Sarajevo used sniping as a terror tool by shooting at any person, whether military or civilian, adult or child. The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" Serbs are one of the three constitutive nations of Bosnia-Herzegovina, predominantly concentrated in the Republic of Srpska TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with These snipers would be classified as war criminals for deliberately targeting non-combatants.
Snipers are less likely to be treated mercifully if captured by the enemy. The rationale for this is that ordinary soldiers shoot at each other at 'equal opportunity' whilst snipers take their time in tracking and killing individual targets in a methodical fashion.
War in Iraq
In 2003, the U. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign S. -led multinational coalition composed of primarily U. S. and U. K. troops occupied Iraq and attempted to establish a new democratic government in the country. However, shortly after the initial invasion, violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups led to asymmetric warfare with the Iraqi insurgency, civil war between many Sunni and Shia Iraqis, and al-Qaeda operations in Iraq.
Through November 2005, when the Pentagon had last reported a sniper fatality, the Army had attributed 28 of 2,100 U. S. deaths to enemy snipers. [22] More recently in 2006, insurgent snipers such as the "Juba" have caused problems for American troops, where it was claimed the "Juba" had shot 37 American soldiers in Iraq as of October 2006. Juba (جوبا (aka "Joba" is the nom de guerre of an alleged Sniper involved in the Iraqi Resistance featured in several [23]
In 2006, training materials obtained by U. S. intelligence showed that snipers fighting in Iraq were urged to single out and attack engineers, medics, and chaplains on the theory that those casualties would demoralize entire enemy units. [24] Among the training materials, there included an insurgent sniper training manual that was posted on the Internet. Among its tips for shooting U. S. troops, there read: "Killing doctors and chaplains is suggested as a means of psychological warfare. "[22]
Selected snipers in history
Even before firearms were available, soldiers such as archers were specially trained as elite marksmen. A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has
Before the 20th century
- Ninja or Shinobi (16th century Japan) – supposedly trained to cover retreating armies, targeting officers from concealed positions. For other meanings see Withdrawal (disambiguation. A withdrawal is a type of Military operation, generally meaning retreating One of Japan's most famous warlords, Takeda Shingen, was possibly fatally wounded by a sniper. ( December 1, 1521 &ndash May 13, 1573) of Shinano and Kai Provinces was a preeminent Daimyo or feudal lord [25]
- Lord Brooks, who represented the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, was the first recorded British sniper victim. " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.
- Timothy Murphy (American Revolutionary War) – killed British General Simon Fraser during the pivotal Battle of Saratoga, hampering the British advance and causing them to lose the battle. Timothy Murphy (1751 - 1818 was a Sniper in the American Revolutionary War. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Simon Fraser ( 1729 - October 7, 1777, Saratoga New York) was a British general during the American Revolutionary War who was Background See also Saratoga campaign The British plan and Howe's blunder The original conception of the campaign had been for Burgoyne with some eight
- Patrick Ferguson (American Revolutionary War) - developer of the world's first breech-loaded military rifle (which advanced sniping and sharpshooting tactics), fights with his Corps of Riflemen (recruited from the 6th and 14th Foot) at the Battle of Brandywine, where Ferguson may have passed up a chance to shoot George Washington. Major Patrick Ferguson (1744&ndashOctober 7 1780 was a British Army officer rifle-designer and early advocate of Light infantry. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Background In late July 1777 after a distressing 34-day journey from Sandy Hook on the coast of New Jersey, an Armada of more than 260 ships carrying [26]
- Napoleonic Wars – Use of Marine sharpshooters in the mast tops was common usage in navies of the period, and Admiral Nelson's death at Trafalgar is attributed to the actions of French Sharpshooters. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The British Army developed the concept of directed fire (as opposed to massive unaimed volleys) and formed Rifle regiments, famously the 95th and the 60th who wore green jackets instead of the usual redcoats. Fighting as Skirmishers, usually in pairs and trusted to choose their own targets, they wrought havoc amongst the French during the peninsular war against Napoleon's Forces.
- British Rifleman Thomas Plunkett (Peninsular war) – shot French General Colbert at a range of between 200 metres (219 yd) and 600 metres (656 yd) using a Baker rifle. Thomas Plunket(t (died in 1851 or 1852 was an Irish soldier in the British 95th (Experimental Corps Rifles. The Peninsular War or Spanish War of Independence pitted an alliance of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal against France Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais (18 October 1777 Paris - 1809 Cacabelos, Spain) Comte de l'Empire was a general of the Napoleonic wars The Baker rifle (officially known as the Infantry Rifle) was a Flintlock Rifle used by the Rifle regiments of the British Army during the [27]
- Colonel Hiram Berdan (American Civil War) – commanded 1st and 2nd US Sharpshooters, who were trained and equipped Union marksmen with the . Hiram Berdan ( September 6, 1824 &ndash March 31, 1893) was an American engineer and military officer world renowned Marksman Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South 52 caliber Sharps Rifle. Sharps Rifle was series of Rifles first designed by Christian Sharps and manufactured by the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company. It has been claimed that Berdan's units killed more enemies than any other in the Union Army. The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War.
- Sgt. Grace (American Civil War) – sniped Major General John Sedgwick at the then incredible distance of 730 m (800 yd) during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, with a British Whitworth target rifle causing administrative delays in the Union's attack, leading to Confederate victory. John Sedgwick ( September 13, 1813 &ndash May 9, 1864) was a teacher a career military officer and a Union Army general in the The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, sometimes simply referred to as the Battle of Spotsylvania, was the second battle in Lt Sir Joseph Whitworth Baronet ( December 21, 1803 &ndash January 22, 1887) was an English Engineer and Entrepreneur Sedgwick ignored advice to take cover, his last words according to urban legend being, "They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist-" upon which he was shot. An urban legend or urban myth is a form of modern Folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them In reality, he was shot a few minutes later.
- Major Frederick Russell Burnham - assassinated Mlimo, the Ndebele religious leader, in his cave in Matobo Hills, Rhodesia, effectively ending the Second Matabele War (1896). Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO (May 11 1861 – September 1 1947 was an American scout and world traveling adventurer known for his service to the The Matobo National Park forms the core of the Matobo or Matopos Hills, an area of Granite Kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 35 kilometres Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Second Matabele War, also known as the Matabeleland Rebellion and in Zimbabwe as the First Chimurenga, took place from 1896–97 [28] Burnham started as a cowboy and Indian tracker in the American Old West, but he left the United States to scout in Africa and went on to command the British Army Scouts in the Second Boer War. A cowboy is an animal Herder who tends Cattle on Ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback and often performs a multitude of See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: For his ability to track, even at night, the Africans dubbed him, He-who-sees-in-the-dark,[29] but in the press he became more widely known as England's American Scout. [30]
20th century
- Billy Sing (Gallipoli Campaign, World War I) - killed between 150 and 201 Turkish soldiers. William Edward Sing DCM ( 1886 - 19 May[[ 943]] was an Australian soldier of World War I, and distinguished sniper during the Gallipoli World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
- Francis Pegahmagabow (World War I) - Native Canadian sniper credited with 378 kills
- The Finnish Korpraali (Lance Corporal) Simo Häyhä 'Valkoinen Kuolema' (the White Death) was a sniper during the (Winter War) and is regarded by many as the most effective sniper in the history of warfare, being credited with killing up to 542 Soviet soldiers (an average of 5 a day) using a SAKO m/28-30 (Pystykorva) and iron sights. Corporal Francis Pegahmagabow, MM and two bars, ( March 9, 1891 &ndash August 5, 1952) was the aboriginal soldier most World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Aboriginal people in Canada, also known as Canadian aboriginal citizens, are people who belong to recognized indigenous groups in the Canadian Constitution Act Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Simo Häyhä (December 17 1905 &ndash April 1 2002 nicknamed "White Death"(Белая Смерть; Valkoinen kuolema or "Teaser" by the Soviet army was The Winter War (Talvisota Советско-финляндская война - official Зимняя война - unofficial Vinterkriget began when the A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. This article is about the SAKO firearms manufacturer For the Polish 1950s programming language see SAKO programming language or Non-English-based programming
- Junior Lieutenant Vasily Zaytsev (World War II) – credited with killing 225 German officers and soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad; subject of the film Enemy at the Gates and the book War of the Rats, both fictionalized accounts. Captain Vasily Grigoryevich Zaytsev (Васи́лий Григо́рьевич За́йцев vʌˈsʲilʲɪj grʲɪˈgorʲjevʲɪtɕ ˈzajtsɨf ( March 23, World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the Enemy at the Gates is a 2001 War film directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud, starring Jude Law and Ed Harris set during the Battle War of the Rats is a WWII Novel written by David L Robbins in 1999 His total number of verified kills was 242, but some argue it was more than 400. [31]
- Gefreiter (Private) Matthias Hetzenauer (World War II) - Austrian sniper who was credited with 345 kills on the Eastern Front, the most successful in the Wehrmacht. Matthäus Hetzenauer ( December 23 1924 in Tyrol, Austria - October 3 2004) was a German sniper in the 3rd Mountain Austrians (Österreicher are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states ( March of Austria, Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945
- Obergefreiter (Private First Class) Josef 'Sepp' Allerberger (World War II) - Austrian sniper credited with 257 kills on the Eastern Front. Josef 'Sepp' Allerberger was a German ( Austrian Sniper in the II Battalion of the 144th Gebirgsjäger Regiment of the 3rd Mountain Austrians (Österreicher are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states ( March of Austria,
- Lieutenant Lyudmila Pavlichenko (World War II) – female sniper with 309 confirmed kills, making her the most successful female sniper in history. Lyudmila Mikhailivna Pavlichenko ( Ukrainian: Людмила Михайлівна Павліченко Russian: Людмила Михайловна Павличенко
- Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock (Vietnam war) – achieved 93 confirmed kills. Gunnery Sergeant insigniaUS Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant ( GySgt) is Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Norman Hathcock II ( May 20, 1942 &ndash February 23, 1999) was a United States Marine Corps The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia He held the record of longest confirmed kill at a distance of 2250 meters (made with a scoped M2 Browning machine gun) for 35 years until 2002. This article is about the.50 caliber M2 machine gun For the.30-06 M2 machine gun see M1919 Browning machine gun. [10][11][12]
- Adelbert F . Waldron (Vietnam war) – achieved 109 confirmed kills. SSgt Adelbert F Waldron, or Adelbert F Waldron III, ( March 14, 1933 &ndash October 18, 1995) was a United The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
- Master Sgt. Gary Gordon and Sgt. Master Sgt Gary Ivan Gordon (August 30 1960&ndashOctober 3 1993 is a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor. First Class Randy Shughart - Operation Gothic Serpent - Delta Force snipers awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions protecting the injured crew of a downed helicopter during the Battle of Mogadishu. Sgt First Class Randall 'Randy' David Shughart ( August 13, 1958 &ndash October 3, 1993) is a posthumous recipient of the Medal Operation Gothic Serpent was a Military operation conducted by special operations forces of the United States with the primary mission of capturing For the computer game see Delta Force (video game. For the movie see The Delta Force (film. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. Dramatized in the film Black Hawk Down. Black Hawk Down is a 2001 Academy Award -winning War film directed by Ridley Scott, based on the book Black Hawk Down a
21st century
- PPCLI Canadian Soldier Corporal Rob Furlong (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) - holds the record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430 metres (1. Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI is an infantry regiment in the Canadian Forces (CF belonging to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG Corporal is a rank in use in some form by most militaries and also by some police forces or other uniformed organizations Rob Furlong, a former corporal of the Canadian Forces, holds the record for the longest confirmed Sniper kill in combat Operation Anaconda is the code name for an operation in early March 2002 in which the United States military, along with allied Afghan military forces attempted to Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, 509 miles) using a .50 caliber (12. 7 mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle. The McMillan Tac-50 Sniper rifle is produced in the United States by the McMillan Brothers Rifle Company [8][32]
- Juba (Arabic: جوبا) (a. Juba (جوبا (aka "Joba" is the nom de guerre of an alleged Sniper involved in the Iraqi Resistance featured in several k. a. "Joba") is the nom de guerre of an alleged sniper involved in the Iraqi insurgency featured in several videos of Iraqi insurgents in action. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) It was claimed he had shot 37 American soldiers.
See also
- Designated marksman
- Skirmisher
- Scout Sniper
- Urban sniper
- Special forces
- Snipers of the Soviet Union
- Jäger (military)
- Adopt a Sniper
- Anti-tank rifle
References
- ^ Valdes, Robert. The Designated Marksman (DM is a military Marksman role in a U Skirmishers are Infantry or Cavalry Soldiers stationed ahead or alongside of a larger body of friendly troops For other uses see Sniper (disambiguation. Scout Sniper, ( MOS 0317, formerly 8541 is a specialist in the An ' urban sniper' is a term applied to a Specialist or Marksman operating in an Urban area or City setting with an assigned role of most In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance Snipers of the Soviet Union played an important role mainly on the Eastern Front of World War II, apart from other preceding and subsequent conflicts For other uses see Jäger. Jäger (plural also Jäger, ˈjɛːgɐ (егерь yeger was adopted in the Enlightenment era AmericanSnipersorg (formerly Adopt a Sniperorg) is an organization that generates civic donations for gear purchases for military snipers to supplement the sniper equipment An anti-tank rifle is a Rifle designed to penetrate the armour of vehicles particularly Tanks The usefulness of rifles for this purpose ran from the introduction How Military Snipers Work - What Does a Sniper Really Do?. Howstuffworks. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ a b Online Etymology Dictionary - Snipe. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- ^ a b Definitions of Civil War Terms (January 4, 2007). Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ Definition of 'skirmisher'. Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia (2003). TheFreeDictionarycom is an Online Dictionary and Encyclopedia which gathers Information from a variety of sources Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ Huffman, Joe (February 7, 2008). Assault Weapons - Sniper Rifles. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ Valdes, Robert. How Military Snipers Work. Howstuffworks. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland “For most of us, the word "sniper" evokes some unsettling imagery -- a lone gunman, undetectable, on the hunt. ”
- ^ 02-Jan-2008 version: Section "Snipers during the First and Second World Wars": info taken from: Zeitgeschichte - Spezialeinheiten im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Scharfschützen German Documentary (EAN: 4020974153959)
- ^ a b World longest distance kill - 2,430 metres (1.5 miles). Stupid Beaver (April 2007). Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland “Canadian snipers in Afghanistan after September 11th made the longest recorded kills in history with this weapon. On a March afternoon in 2002, Cpl. Furlong of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) squinted through the scope of his McMillan TAC-50 and successfully killed an enemy combatant from 2,430 m. Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI is an infantry regiment in the Canadian Forces (CF belonging to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG The McMillan Tac-50 Sniper rifle is produced in the United States by the McMillan Brothers Rifle Company ”
- ^ http://mcmfamily.com/pdfs/Tac-50%20Technical%20Data.pdf
- ^ a b Lance Cpl. George J. Papastrat (March 29, 2007). Range complex named after famous Vietnam sniper. Marine Corps News. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland “. . . famous Hathcock shot that killed an enemy from more than 2,500 yards away. . . ”
- ^ a b Sniper Rifles. GlobalSecurity. GlobalSecurityorg, launched in 2000 is a Public policy organization whose mission is to be a reliable source of background information and developing News stories Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland “When a 24-year old Marine sharpshooter named Carlos Norman Hathcock II chalked up the farthest recorded kill in the history of sniping - 2,500 yards (1. 42 miles, a distance greater than 22 football fields) in February 1967 he fired a Browning M2 . This article is about the.50 caliber M2 machine gun For the.30-06 M2 machine gun see M1919 Browning machine gun. 50 Cal. Machine Gun. ”
- ^ a b Sgt. Grit (2006). Marine Corps Sniper Carlos N. Hathcock II. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland “Viet Cong shot dead by a round fired from a scope-mounted Browning M-2 . 50 caliber machine gun at the unbelievable range of 2500 yards. ”
- ^ Parker, Nick (2003-04-05). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Matt's Shot in a Million. The Sun. The Sun is a Tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland with the highest circulation of any daily English-language Retrieved on 2008-06-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
- ^ a b The Sniper, SWAT Teams Grow In Number. CBS News. CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. Retrieved on 2008-05-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
- ^ Gastonia Police Department - Sniper School. Retrieved on 2008-05-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
- ^ Police sniper watches from roof, Sydney. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (Thursday, September 6, 2007). Retrieved on 2008-05-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
- ^ News footage of sniper shooting gun out of a persons hand
- ^ a b John Plaster (2006). Major John L Plaster (US Army-Ret is a former US Army Special Forces soldier regarded as one of the leading Sniper experts in the world The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced Training Manual For Military And Police Snipers. The Ultimate Sniper An Advanced Training Manual for Military and Police Snipers is a book written by Major John Plaster and published in 1993 ( Paladin Press Paladin Press, 5. ISBN 0-87364-704-1.
- ^ Martin Pegler (2004). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-87364-704-1.
- ^ "J'ai fait mouche sur son arme à 80 mètres pour le sauver"
- ^ Robotic-vacuum maker, BU team up on anti-sniper device - The Boston Globe
- ^ a b Diamond, John (July 27, 2006). Insurgent snipers sent after troops. USA Today. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. Retrieved on 2008-03-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
- ^ Holmes, Paul (Sunday, October 29, 2006). U.S. military probes sniper threat in Baghdad. Reuters news service. Retrieved on 2008-03-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
- ^ Ponder, Jon (October 25, 2006). Iraqi Insurgent Snipers Target U.S. Medics, Engineers and Chaplains. Pensito Review. Retrieved on 2008-03-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
- ^ Takeda Shingen (1521 - 1573) - The Takeda expand. The Samurai Archives (August 16, 2004). Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. “Shingen was either wounded by a sniper or fell sick (possibly with TB); a point modern scholars are divided on. ”
- ^ John Plaster, The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting, pp. Major John L Plaster (US Army-Ret is a former US Army Special Forces soldier regarded as one of the leading Sniper experts in the world 39-45, 53-55.
- ^ Stuart Hadaway Rifleman Thomas Plunkett: 'A Pattern for the Battalion.'
- ^ "Killed the Matabele God: Burnham, the American scout, may end uprising" (June 25, 1896). Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year New York Times. ISSN 0093-1179. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- ^ West, James E.; Peter O. Dr James E West ( May 16, 1876 – May 15, 1948) was a lawyer and an advocate of children's rights who become the first professional Lamb; illustrated by Lord Baden-Powell (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the boys' story of Frederick Burnham, the American scout. Brewer, Warren and Putnam.
- ^ "England's American Scout" (in English) (print) (May 5, 1901). Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting New York Times (London Chronicle). ISSN 0362-4331. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- ^ The Sniper Log Book. Sniper Central. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ Friscolanti, Michael. "We were abandoned", Maclean's, Rogers Publishing, 2006-05-15, pp. 18-25.
Sources
- " Snipers, tireurs d'élite et armes de précision du monde " Edition Mission Spéciale Production. 2006 * [1]
- Plaster, Maj. John (2008). The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting. Paladin Press. Paladin Press, is a book publishing firm founded in 1970 by Peder Lund and Robert K ISBN 978-1-58160-632-4.
- Plaster, Maj. John (1993, rev. 2006). The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced Training Manual for Military & Police Snipers. The Ultimate Sniper An Advanced Training Manual for Military and Police Snipers is a book written by Major John Plaster and published in 1993 ( Paladin Press Paladin Press. Paladin Press, is a book publishing firm founded in 1970 by Peder Lund and Robert K ISBN 0-87364-704-1.
- Sniper Tactics: Going for the Gun. Retrieved on January 26, 2006. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- Law, Clive M. (2005). Clive Michael Law (born 1954 is a Canadian publisher and author and founder and President of Service Publications. Without Warning: Canadian Sniper Equipment. Service Publications. Service Publications was established in 1995 by Clive M Law, an author and historian as well as former officer of the Governor General's Foot Guards. ISBN.
- Shore, C. (1988). With British Snipers to the Reich. Lancaster Militaria. ISBN 0-935856-02-1.
- Brooksmith, Peter (2000). Sniper: Training, Techniques and Weapons. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-26098-9.
- Pegler, Martin (2004). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper. Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-854-5.
External links
- HowStuffWorks: How Military Snipers Work
- Russian Snipers of the Great Patriotic War Including High Score lists by Christopher Eger, military historian
- World War II - German sniper training film
Dictionary
sniper
-noun
- A person who carries the professional title of sniper
- A person using long-range small arms for precise attacks from a concealed position.
- Any attacker using a non-contact weapon against a specific target from a concealed position.
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