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     Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project
Info
TypeRapid transit
SystemMetrorail (Washington, D.C.)
StatusPlanned
LocaleWashington Metropolitan Area
TerminalsRoute 772 (west)
Stadium–Armory (east)
No. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway The Washington DC Metropolitan Area, formally known as the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria DC-VA-MD-WV MSA is a U Route 772/Ryan Road is a planned Washington Metro station in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States, on the Silver Line Stadium-Armory is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC of stations30 (12 New)
Operation
Opened2013
Operator(s)Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority
CharacterUnderground, surface, and elevated
Technical
Line length23 mi (37 km)
No. Events By month January events See also January 2013 in rail transport Unknown date events &ndash A new line The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA) is a tri-jurisdictional Government agency authorized by Congress, that operates transit A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand of tracks2
Gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in)
ElectrificationThird rail
Metrorail lines
 Red Line
 Orange Line
 Blue Line
 Yellow Line
 Green Line
 Silver Line (Planned)

The Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project, informally dubbed the Silver Line due to its color on maps, is a planned extension of the Washington Metro rapid transit system, consisting of 29 stations from Route 772 in Loudoun County, Virginia to Stadium-Armory in Washington, D.C., United States. A third rail is a method of providing Electricity to power a railway through a continuous rigid conductor alongside the railway track or between the rails The Red Line of the Washington Metro is a rail Rapid transit service operating between 27 stations in Montgomery County, Maryland The Orange Line of the Washington Metro consists of 26 Rapid transit stations from Vienna/Fairfax-GMU to New Carrollton. The Blue Line of the Washington Metro consists of 27 Rapid transit stations from Franconia-Springfield to Largo Town Center. The Yellow Line of the Washington Metro consists of twelve Rapid transit stations from Huntington to Mt Vernon Sq/7th St-Convention The Green Line of the Washington Metro consists of 21 Rapid transit stations from Branch Avenue to Greenbelt. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway A metro station is a railway station for a Rapid transit system often known by names such as "metro" "underground" and "subway" Route 772/Ryan Road is a planned Washington Metro station in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States, on the Silver Line Loudoun County (ˈlaʊdən "LOUD-un" is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, and is part of the Washington Metropolitan The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Stadium-Armory is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The current plan calls for stations in Loudoun, Fairfax, and Arlington counties in Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Fairfax County is a county in Northern Virginia, in the United States. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Eighteen stations will be shared with the Orange Line, including all thirteen shared between the Orange and Blue Lines from Rosslyn to Stadium-Armory. The Orange Line of the Washington Metro consists of 26 Rapid transit stations from Vienna/Fairfax-GMU to New Carrollton. The Blue Line of the Washington Metro consists of 27 Rapid transit stations from Franconia-Springfield to Largo Town Center. Rosslyn is a Washington Metro station in the business district of Rosslyn, in Arlington, Virginia.

All construction will be in Virginia; the section in Washington D.C. to be shared with the Orange and Blue lines was completed in the 1970s. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970.

The Silver Line has two primary goals. The first is to link the District of Columbia by rail to Washington Dulles International Airport and the edge cities of Tysons Corner, Reston, Herndon, and Ashburn. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Washington Dulles International Airport is a public Airport located 25 miles (40 km) west of the Central business district of Washington D Edge city is an American term for a relatively new concentration of business shopping and entertainment outside a traditional Urban area in what had recently been Tysons Corner is an Unincorporated area in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Washington D Reston is an internationally known Planned community whose goal was to revolutionize post-World War II concepts of land use and residential/corporate development in Herndon is a town in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. Ashburn Virginia is an unincorporated area located in Loudoun County, Virginia, 30 miles west of Washington D The second is to spur urban development in Tysons Corner and reduce overall reliance on vehicle traffic in the business district, Virginia's largest and the 12th-largest in the nation. This will be a great challenge for an area that is comparable in size to downtown Washington, D. C. , but is rather insulated from its surrounding neighborhoods and has no existing grid pattern in its streets.

Unlike all prior segments of the Metrorail system, which were designed and constructed by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA), this line will be designed and constructed by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority and operated by WMATA. The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA) is a tri-jurisdictional Government agency authorized by Congress, that operates transit Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority is an independent Airport authority, created by the United States Congress to oversee management operations and capital The first phase of the project is funded 43% by $900 million of federal funding, 28% by a special tax district on commercial property proximate to the Silver Line route, and 28% by a $0. 50 toll increase on the Dulles Toll Road. State Route 267 is a primary State highway in the US state of Virginia. [1] Funding for the second phase of the project will be shared by Loudoun County, Fairfax County, the commonwealth of Virginia, and the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority is an independent Airport authority, created by the United States Congress to oversee management operations and capital [1]

Contents

History

The federal government which, before Congress created the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, owned and operated Dulles Airport built the Dulles Access Road in the 1960s to connect the airport to Washington by way of Interstate 66. State Route 267 is a primary State highway in the US state of Virginia. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Interstate 66 (I-66 is an Interstate highway in the eastern United States. The government opted, as the access road was built, to reserve the median of the road for some form of rail transit. On divided roads including Expressways Motorways or Autobahns the central reservation (British English, median (North American [2]

Local residents and officials had talked of a Metro extension to Dulles since the Washington Metro began service in 1976, but a significant plan only developed in 2000. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Dulles Corridor Rapid Transit Project "scoping" process began in April 2000 with a series of meetings with local and federal officials, designed to collect the necessary authorities for the project. Local and federal law required extensive analysis of alternatives – the two most likely being bus lanes or inaction – and of the environmental impact. The rail-only line won over the other alternatives. Initial environmental hearings, which closed on August 28, 2002, were positive. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The project received formal approval on June 10, 2004. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Although construction was set to begin in 2005, delays in funding have pushed back the start date for construction.

The extension will run in its own right-of-way on a route similar to that of the Dulles Access Road, running above ground both at grade and via aerial structure. A right-of-way is a strip of land that is granted – through an Easement or other mechanism – for Transportation purposes such as for a Rail line or The only significant diversions from the access road route are for the stops in Tysons Corner and at Dulles International Airport, where the Metro will alternate between subway and elevated track to maintain the exclusive right-of-way.

Service on the Silver Line is expected to begin in 2013[3] between Wiehle Avenue and Stadium-Armory, with five new stations being added to the existing network west of East Falls Church. 2013 ( MMXIII) will be a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Wiehle Avenue is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. Stadium-Armory is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC East Falls Church is a Washington Metro station in Arlington, Virginia on the Orange Line. The full line to Route 772, including a station at Dulles International Airport, is expected to be completed in 2016. Route 772/Ryan Road is a planned Washington Metro station in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States, on the Silver Line [3] There will also be a provision made for a future in-fill station at Wolf Trap, between Wiehle Avenue and Tysons West. Wiehle Avenue is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. Tysons West is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia, on the Silver Line.

Controversies

There has been controversy over the contract between the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority and the contractor, Dulles Transit Partners, which consists of Bechtel and Washington Group International. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority is an independent Airport authority, created by the United States Congress to oversee management operations and capital Bechtel Corporation ( Bechtel Group) is the largest Engineering company in the United States, ranking as the 9th-largest privately owned company in the Washington Group International was an American corporation which provided integrated engineering construction and management services to businesses and governments around the world As part of the Virginia Public-Private Partnership, this $2,700,000,000 project has not been bid out, and there is no upper cap on its cost. The state has refused to make details of the contract publicly available. [4] The contract provides for price escalation of $3 million to $6 million a month for delays. [5]

The method of construction through the Tysons Corner area generated much debate. In the end, however, plans were made to build the extension above ground. Early plans called for a tunnel running from before Tysons East to beyond Tysons West with all four stations in between being below ground. When the contractor hired to design the Silver Line—a consortium of Bechtel and Washington Group International—found the costs to be too high, the design was changed to use a short tunnel only between Tysons 123 and Tysons 7 stations (underneath higher ground)with all four stations being at or above ground. Bechtel Corporation ( Bechtel Group) is the largest Engineering company in the United States, ranking as the 9th-largest privately owned company in the Washington Group International was an American corporation which provided integrated engineering construction and management services to businesses and governments around the world [6] In March 2006, the contractor was ordered to examine an alternative "large bore" tunnel digging technique (successfully used in Europe) with the potential to lower costs of a tunnel through the entire Tysons section. The contractor found that there would not be a significant cost reduction and proposed staying with the short tunnel option. [7] In April 2006, the long tunnel concept was revived after allegations that the design contractor had inflated costs for the tunnel in order to avoid sharing the job with an outside tunneling contractor. The allegations led to calls for an outside cost estimate to determine more realistic tunnel costs. [8]

On May 15, 2006, Virginia Transportation Secretary Pierce R. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Homer announced the creation of an advisory panel headed by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The panel had about two months to evaluate options for completing the line through Tysons Corner,[9] with the results presented to the state on July 27, 2006[10] and published on July 31, 2006. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [11] On September 6, 2006, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine announced his decision in favor of an elevated track through Tysons Corner. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Governor of Virginia serves as the chief executive of the Commonwealth of Virginia for a four-year term Timothy Michael "Tim" Kaine (born February 26, 1958) is an American politician and the current Governor of Virginia. In his statement, Kaine said he believed a tunnel would be the best option, but decided against it, citing a fear of losing federal funding for the project. [3] However, Virginia has until May 2008 to submit their final proposal to the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The Federal Transit Administration ( FTA) is an agency within the United States Department of Transportation (DOT that provides financial and technical assistance [12]

The tunnel controversy, however, is not over. Shortly after Governor Kaine's decision, the Greater McLean Chamber of Commerce formed a coalition of tunnel supporters and put forth a technical proposal to help revive consideration of building a tunnel through Tysons Corner. McLean (pronounced "mick-CLANE") is an Unincorporated community located in Fairfax County in Northern Virginia. A chamber of commerce (also referred to in some circles as a board of trade) is a form of Business network. [13] The Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation hired an independent consultant to assess the coalition's proposal. Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation (VDRPT is an agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. The consultant's report—sent on March 7, 2007, to Secretary Homer—stated, however, that "[t]here is a significant risk that the project cost of a Large Bore Tunnel would not meet the FTA's cost effectiveness ratio criteria, which could compromise federal funding for the project. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "[14][15]

On November 26, 2007, Tysons Tunnel, Inc. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. filed a lawsuit against the United States Department of Transportation and the FTA in the Eastern District of Virginia challenging the denial of their petition to reopen and consider additional evidence regarding the benefits of a tunnel over the aerial option. The United States Department of Transportation ( DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with Transportation Gary Baise, the Republican challenger to Gerry Connolly's Fairfax County's Board of Supervisor's Chairmanship, represents Tysons Tunnel. [16] Start of construction has been delayed as approval of the $900 million federal contribution to project costs awaits the conclusion of a review by FTA of the proposal submitted by Virginia.

On January 24, 2008, Virginia government representatives including Governor Tim Kaine and Senators John Warner (R) and Jim Webb (D) arrived at the FTA to address last minute concerns by FTA staff and administrators. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Timothy Michael "Tim" Kaine (born February 26, 1958) is an American politician and the current Governor of Virginia. John William Warner (born February 18 1927 is an American Politician, who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974 and has served as the James Henry "Jim" Webb Jr (born February 9 1946 is the Junior Senator from Virginia. FTA Administrator James Simpson presented Governor Kaine with a letter which included stark criticisms with the project as presented. The project as presented was given a "Medium-Low" rating (projects must receive a "Medium" or higher rating to be approved under the Federal New Starts Funds project) and was ineligible to receive the $900 million in federal funding. FTA's concerns included the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority's inexperience in large design-build contracts, an exaggeration of funding numbers from the Dulles Toll Road, and an inability for Metro to maintain the 23 mile line once it had been built. State Route 267 is a primary State highway in the US state of Virginia. Virginia leaders vowed to address the concerns by Monday, January 28, 2008, as several fixed priced contracts for building materials costs were due to expire on February 1. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen [17][18] Governor Kaine requested an extension of the deadline to February 1, which was granted by the FTA. [19]

On April 30, 2008, the FTA reversed the earlier decision and approved the project, saying that it met standards for cost efficiency, construction and ridership and moving it closer to receiving the $900 million in federal funding. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Officials told The Washington Post that the project would move into the final design stage. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D [20]

List of planned stations, west to east

Metro system map showing the Silver Line
Metro system map showing the Silver Line

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Frequently Asked Questions. Route 772/Ryan Road is a planned Washington Metro station in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States, on the Silver Line Route 606 is a planned Washington Metro station in Loudoun County, Virginia on the Silver Line. Dulles International Airport is a planned Washington Metro station at Dulles International Airport in Loudoun County, Virginia on the Route 28 is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. Herndon-Monroe is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. Reston Parkway is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. Wiehle Avenue is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. Tysons West is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia, on the Silver Line. Tysons Central 7 is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. Tysons Central 123 is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. Tysons East is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. East Falls Church is a Washington Metro station in Arlington, Virginia on the Orange Line. The Orange Line of the Washington Metro consists of 26 Rapid transit stations from Vienna/Fairfax-GMU to New Carrollton. Ballston–MU is a Washington Metro station in Arlington, Virginia on the Orange Line. Virginia Square-GMU is a Washington Metro station in the Virginia Square, neighborhood of Arlington, Virginia, on the Orange Clarendon is a Washington Metro station in Arlington, Virginia on the Orange Line. Court House is a Washington Metro station in Courthouse, neighborhood of Arlington, Virginia on the Orange Line. Rosslyn is a Washington Metro station in the business district of Rosslyn, in Arlington, Virginia. The Blue Line of the Washington Metro consists of 27 Rapid transit stations from Franconia-Springfield to Largo Town Center. Foggy Bottom-GWU is a Washington Metro station in Washington D Farragut West is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC on the Blue and Orange Lines It will also be on the Silver McPherson Square is a Washington Metro station in Washington D Metro Center is the central hub station of the Metrorail Rapid transit system in Washington D The Red Line of the Washington Metro is a rail Rapid transit service operating between 27 stations in Montgomery County, Maryland Federal Triangle is a Washington Metro station in Washington D Smithsonian is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC, on the Blue and Orange Lines It will also serve the planned L'Enfant Plaza is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC The Yellow Line of the Washington Metro consists of twelve Rapid transit stations from Huntington to Mt Vernon Sq/7th St-Convention The Green Line of the Washington Metro consists of 21 Rapid transit stations from Branch Avenue to Greenbelt. Federal Center SW is a Washington Metro station in Washington D Capitol South is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC, on the Blue and Orange Lines It is also on the planned Silver Eastern Market is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC Potomac Ave is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC on the Blue and Orange Lines It will also serve the planned Silver Stadium-Armory is a Washington Metro station in Washington DC This is a list of stations on the Metrorail Rapid transit system of Washington D Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation. Retrieved on Jan. 14, 2008.
  2. ^ Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation, Dulles Metrorail History. Accessed on August 12, 2006.
  3. ^ a b c Alec MacGillis. "No Tunnel For Tysons, Kaine Says", The Washington Post, 7 September 2006, p.  A01.  
  4. ^ "State refuses to turn over Dulles rail agreement documentation", The Examiner, 9 April 2007, p.  A01.  
  5. ^ "Costs to Rise for Metrorail to Dulles" Washington Post p. C4 2007-08-05.
  6. ^ Gene Thorp. "Rail Tunnel Graphic", The Washington Post, April 26, 2006. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D  
  7. ^ "Cost Dooms Metro Plan For Tunnel At Tysons", The Washington Post, 24 March 2006, p.  A01.  
  8. ^ MacGillis first=Alec. "Tunnel Back On Table for Dulles Rail", The Washington Post, 26 April 2006, p.  A01.  
  9. ^ "Tunnel Decision Delayed 2 Months", The Washington Post, May 16, 2006, p.  B01.  
  10. ^ "Wolf, Davis Say Tunnel May Delay Dulles Rail", The Washington Post, 27 July 2006, p.  A01.  
  11. ^ American Society of Civil Engineers (31 July 2006). "PANEL SAYS TUNNEL IS FEASIBLE FOR TYSONS CORNER". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News
  12. ^ "TysonsTunnel.org Petitions FTA For Full and Open Competition, Environmental and Independent Reviews of the Tunnel Option".  
  13. ^ TysonsTunnel.org (1 December 2006).
  14. ^ Carter & Burgess, Inc. (2007-01-22). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. "Review of Large Bore Tunnel Engineering and Environmental Studies from Tysons Tunnel, Inc." (PDF) p. 41. Retrieved on March 19, 2007.
  15. ^ Tucker, Matthew O. Director (2007-03-07). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Cover letter to consultant report, transmitted to Virginia Secretary of State (PDF). Department of Rail and Public Transportation, Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation (VDRPT is an agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Retrieved on March 19, 2007.
  16. ^ Tayloe, Monty (November 27, 2007). Tysons Tunnel sues FTA. Fairfax Times. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  17. ^ Letter to Virginia Governor Tim Kaine. Federal Transit Administration (January 24, 2008). The Federal Transit Administration ( FTA) is an agency within the United States Department of Transportation (DOT that provides financial and technical assistance Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
  18. ^ FTA Says Dulles Metrorail Project Full of Uncertainties. WRC-TV NBC 4, Washington, D. C. (January 24, 2008). Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
  19. ^ FTA Grants Extension. WTOP News (January 29, 2008). Retrieved on 2008-01-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
  20. ^ Gardner, Amy (April 30, 2008). Dulles Rail Set to Get Federal Approval. The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2008-04-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule

External links

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