City of Sheffield
Sheffield's skyline from the south of city
Coat of Arms of the City Council
Nickname: "The Steel City"
Motto: "Deo Adjuvante Labor Proficit" "With God's help our labour is successful"
Sheffield shown within England
Coordinates: 53°23′09″N 1°28′10″W / 53.38583, -1.46944
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Constituent country	England
Region	Yorkshire and the Humber
Ceremonial county	South Yorkshire
Admin HQ	Sheffield City Centre
Founded	~8th century
Town charter	10 August 1297
City status	1893
Government
- Type	Metropolitan borough, City
- Governing body	Sheffield City Council
- Lord Mayor	Arthur Dunworth
- MPs:	Clive Betts (L) David Blunkett (L) Richard Caborn (L) Nick Clegg (LD) Meg Munn (L) Angela Smith (L)
Area
- Borough & City	142. Sheffield City Council is the City council for the metropolitan borough of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the nine government office Regions of England. The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Divisions and environs South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster Sheffield City Centre —often just referred to as town —is a district of the City of Sheffield, and part of the Sheffield Central ward. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. Sheffield City Council is the City council for the metropolitan borough of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. The Lord Mayor of Sheffield is a ceremonial post held by a member of Sheffield City Council. Composition Graphical representation of the House of Commons This is a comparison of the party strengths in the British House of Commons Clive James Charles Betts (born 13 January 1950 is a British Politician, and the Labour Member of Parliament for Sheffield Attercliffe The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the David Blunkett (born 6 June 1947 is a British Labour Party Politician and has been Member of Parliament for Sheffield Brightside The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Richard George Caborn (born 6 October 1943) is a British Politician. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Nicholas William Peter Clegg (born 7 January 1967 known as Nick Clegg, is The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the Margaret Patricia Munn (born 24 August 1959, Sheffield) is a politician in the United Kingdom. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Angela Christine Smith (born 16 August 1961 Grimsby is a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. 1 sq mi (367. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 94 km²)
Population (2006 est. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of )
- Borough & City	525,800 (Ranked 3rd)
- Density	3,701. A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. The figures are mid-year estimates for 2007 from the Office for National Statistics. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 1/sq mi (1,429/km²)
- Urban	640,720 (Sheffield urban area)
- Urban Density	10,228. Sheffield City Region The Sheffield Urban Area is a Conurbation with a population of 640720 (2001 census making it the 8th largest Conurbation in the United 4/sq mi (3,949. 2/km²)
- City Region	1,819,500
- County	1,292,900
Time zone	Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)
Postcode	S
Area code(s)	0114
ISO 3166-2	GB-SHF
ONS code	00CG
OS grid reference	SK352878
NUTS 3	UKE32
Demonym	Sheffielders
Website: www.sheffield.gov.uk

Sheffield (pronunciation (help·info)) is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. The term city region has been in use since about 1950 by Urbanists, Economists and Urban planners to mean not just the administrative area of a recognisable The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT) is a term originally referring to mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London Coordinated Universal Time, the basis for the world's civil time frequently referred to by the name of its predecessor Greenwich Mean Time Western The S postcode area, also known as the Sheffield postcode area, is a group of postal districts around Barnsley, Chesterfield, Dronfield, A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks ISO 3166-2GB is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to the United Kingdom. The Office for National Statistics coding system is a hierarchical code used in the United Kingdom for tabulating Census and other statistical data The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place People who wish to be identified as coming from Sheffield call themselves Sheffielders A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. Divisions and environs South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland It is so named because of its origins in a field on the River Sheaf that runs through the city. The River Sheaf is a river in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. Traditionally part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of the three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England.

The city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wide economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is estimated at 525,800 people (2006),^[1] and it is one of the eight largest English cities outside London, which form the English Core Cities Group. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The English Core Cities Group is an association of eight large regional cities in England: Birmingham (region of West Midlands) The wider Sheffield Urban Area, which extends beyond the city proper, has a population of 640,720. Sheffield City Region The Sheffield Urban Area is a Conurbation with a population of 640720 (2001 census making it the 8th largest Conurbation in the United

Sheffield obtained world-wide recognition during the 19th century for its production of steel. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Many innovations in the industry were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel. Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making Steel Alloy by slowly heating and cooling pure Iron and Carbon (typically In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 This fuelled an almost tenfold increase in the population during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the It gained its city charter in 1893 and became officially titled the City of Sheffield. A city charter or town charter (generically municipal charter) is a legal Document establishing a Municipality such as a City or International competition caused a decline in traditional local industries during the 1970s and 1980s, and at the same time the nearby national coal industry collapsed, affecting Sheffield's population.

The beginning of the 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in many UK cities, including Sheffield. The city's GVA (gross value added) increased 60 per cent in recent years and, in 2005, reached £8. Gross Value Added or GVA is a measure in Economics of the value of goods and services produced in an area or sector of an Economy. 2 billion. ^[2] The overall economy experienced steady growth averaging around five per cent annually and, as such, has been growing at a higher rate than has been experienced in Yorkshire and the Humber in general.

The city is geographically diverse, located at the confluence of five rivers, with much of the city having been built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. With an estimated total of over two million trees, Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe^[3] (61% of the city is greenspace).

History

Main article: History of Sheffield

Portrait of Chaucer as a Canterbury pilgrim in the Ellesmere manuscript of The Canterbury Tales

The area that is now the City of Sheffield has been occupied since at least the last ice age,^[4] but the settlements that grew to form Sheffield date from the second half of the 1st millennium, and are of Anglo-Saxon and Danish origin. The history of Sheffield, a city in South Yorkshire, England, can be traced back to the founding of a settlement in a clearing beside the River Sheaf The Ellesmere manuscript is an early 15th century Manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales, held in the Huntington Library, in An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: ^[5] In Anglo-Saxon times the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that King Eanred of Northumbria submitted to King Egbert of Wessex at the hamlet of Dore (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. Eanred was king of Northumbria in the early ninth century Very little is known for certain about Eanred Egbert (also spelt Ecgberht) (died 839 was King of Wessex from 802 until 839 West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. Dore ( is a village in South Yorkshire, England. The village lies on a hill above the River Sheaf, and until 1934 was part of Derbyshire ^[6] This event made Egbert the first Saxon to claim to be king of all of England. After the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to control the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. Sheffield Castle was a Castle in Sheffield, England, constructed at the confluence of the River Sheaf and the River Don, possibly

By 1296 a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square,^[7] and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small market town. Castle Square is the plaza at the intersection of High Street, Angel Street and Arundel Gate in the City of Sheffield, England. In the 14th century Sheffield was already noted for the production of knives, as mentioned in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales,^[8] and by 1600 it had become the main centre of cutlery production in England, overseen by The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century (two of them in Prose, the rest in verse) The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire is a trade Guild of metalworkers based in Sheffield, England. From 1570 to 1584 Mary, Queen of Scots was held as a prisoner in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor. Sheffield Manor, also known as the Manor Lodge or Manor Castle, is a lodge built about 1510 in what then was a large Deer park east of Sheffield ^[5]

Beauchief Abbey

In the 1740s a form of the crucible steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been available. Beauchief Abbey is a former Abbey in Sheffield, England. History The abbey was founded by Robert FitzRanulf de Alfreton Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making Steel Alloy by slowly heating and cooling pure Iron and Carbon (typically Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 At about the same time a technique for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating was invented and became widely known as Sheffield plate. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Sheffield plate is a layered combination of Silver and Copper that was used for many years to produce a wide range of household articles These innovations spurred the growth of Sheffield as an industrial town. However, the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a cholera epidemic that killed 402 people in 1832. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium ^[5] The Industrial Revolution saw a resurgence of Sheffield through the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the As a result of its growing population, the town was incorporated as a borough in 1842 and granted a city charter in 1893. A borough is an Administrative division of various countries In principle the term borough designates a self-governing Township although in practice ^[9] The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town. The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the Great Sheffield Flood, which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town. The Great Sheffield Flood, also known as the Great Inundation, was a Flood that devastated parts of Sheffield, England, on 11 March The growing population also led to the construction of a large number of back-to-back slums, which, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired George Orwell, writing in 1937, to declare, "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World". Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer ^[10]

A recession in the 1930s was halted by only the increasing international tension as World War II loomed. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The steel factories of Sheffield were set to work making weapons and ammunition for the war. As a result, once war was declared, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred over the nights of 12 December and 15 December 1940 (now known as the Sheffield Blitz). Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Sheffield Blitz is the name given to the worst nights of Luftwaffe bombing in Sheffield, England during the Second World War. More than 660 lives were lost and numerous buildings were destroyed. ^[11]

In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the slums were demolished and replaced with housing schemes such as the Park Hill flats. Park Hill is a Council housing estate in Sheffield, England. Designed by Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith and built between 1957 and Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads. ^[5] Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the closure of many steel mills. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries (along with those of many other areas in the UK). The 1984/5 miners' strike affected the coal mining areas to the east and north east of Sheffield, though it is unlikely to have had a major impact upon Sheffield's economy. The miners' strike of 1984 – 1985 was a major Industrial action affecting the British coal industry. The building of the Meadowhall shopping centre on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much needed jobs but speeding the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991 World Student Games, WSG, which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the Sheffield Arena, Don Valley Stadium and the Ponds Forge complex. The Universiade is an International Multi-sport event, organized for University athletes by the International University Sports Federation (FISU The Sheffield Arena is an Arena in Sheffield, England. It is well known for hosting big name Concerts and Sporting events in The Don Valley Stadium is an athletics Stadium in Sheffield, England. Ponds Forge International Sports Centre is a leisure complex in the City of Sheffield, England that contains an Olympic-sized swimming pool with seating for 2600 ^[5]

The city is now changing rapidly as new projects aim to regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such project, the Heart of the City Project, has seen a number of public works in the city centre: the Peace Gardens were renovated in 1998, the Millennium Galleries opened in April 2001, the Winter Gardens were opened on 22 May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the Millennium Square, was opened in May 2006. Sheffield Town Hall is a building in the City of Sheffield, England. The Millennium Galleries is an Art gallery in the City of Sheffield, England Sheffield Winter Gardens in the city of Sheffield is one of the largest temperate Glasshouses to be built in the UK during the last hundred years and Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Further developments included the remodelling of Sheaf Square in front of the recently refurbished railway station. Sheaf Square is a municipal square lying immediately east of the city centre of Sheffield, England. The new square contains The Cutting Edge a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd^[12] made of Sheffield steel.

Governance

The city currently returns six Members of Parliament to the House of Commons, but this will be reduced to five at the next election as one constituency, Hillsborough, will be abolished and merged with three other constituencies^[13]. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Sheffield Hillsborough is a Parliamentary constituency in the City of Sheffield.

Sheffield Town Hall and the Peace Gardens

Sheffield is governed by the elected Sheffield City Council. Sheffield Town Hall is a building in the City of Sheffield, England. Sheffield City Council is the City council for the metropolitan borough of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. For most of the council's history it has been controlled by the Labour Party, and has historically been noted for its leftist sympathies; during the 1980s administration under David Blunkett, the area earned the sarcastic and rather derogatory appellation "People's Republic of South Yorkshire" from the British Right. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the David Blunkett (born 6 June 1947 is a British Labour Party Politician and has been Member of Parliament for Sheffield Brightside The People's Republic of South Yorkshire or The Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire, is a satirical reference to Sheffield. However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council briefly at the turn of the 21st century. The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the There are 84 councillors; the current council leader is Jan Wilson. Jan Wilson is a Labour Councillor in Sheffield and formerly the leader of Sheffield City Council. The city also has a Lord Mayor. The Lord Mayor is the title of the Mayor of a major city with special recognition In the past the Office of Mayor had considerable authority, and carried with it executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. Today it is simply a ceremonial role. The current (2007/08) Lord Mayor is Arthur Dunworth. ^[14] During the English Local Election 2007 the Labour Party lost the council to NOC, with the Liberal Democrats gaining enough seats to make it a joint control council, one of 80 that year. The 2007 UK local government elections were held on 3 May, 2007. Within the context of Local councils of the United Kingdom the term No Overall Control (abbreviated to NOC refers to a situation in which no single party achieves The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the The tacit support of the Green party ensured Labour remains in control.

The majority of council-owned facilities are now operated by independent charitable trusts. Sheffield International Venues runs many of the city's sporting and leisure facilities, including Sheffield Arena and Don Valley Stadium. Sheffield International Venues ( SIV) has grown rapidly over the past 10 years to become one of the largest sport leisure and entertainment companies in Europe The Sheffield Arena is an Arena in Sheffield, England. It is well known for hosting big name Concerts and Sporting events in The Don Valley Stadium is an athletics Stadium in Sheffield, England. Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust and the Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust take care of galleries and museums owned by the council. Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust is a charity that runs council owned Art galleries and Museums in Sheffield, England The Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust ( SIMT) is an independent charitable trust based in Sheffield, England, that runs the Sheffield These include the Millennium Galleries, Lyceum Theatre and the Crucible Theatre. The Millennium Galleries is an Art gallery in the City of Sheffield, England The Lyceum is a 1068-seat Theatre in the City of Sheffield, England. The Crucible Theatre is a theatre built in 1971 and located in the city centre of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.

International links

Sheffield is formally twinned with Anshan in China, Bochum in Germany, Donetsk in Ukraine, and Esteli in Nicaragua. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Bochum (ˈboːχʊm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Donetsk (Донецьк translit Donets’k; Доне́цк translit Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Estelí is a city and Municipality within the Estelí department. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America There are more informal links with Kawasaki in Japan, Kitwe in Zambia, and Pittsburgh in the United States. is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan, between Tokyo and Yokohama. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Kitwe is the third-largest city in Zambia, with a population of 363734 ( 2000 census The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[15] Sheffield has also had close links with Poland, since Polish ex-servicemen who had fought alongside British forces during the Second World War settled in the city. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including As a result a Polish consulate was opened in the City in 1997 (now closed), the first new Polish consulate to open in the UK for over 60 years. ^[16]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Sheffield

Sheffield is located at 53°23′N, 1°28′W. Sheffield is the most geographically diverse city in England The city nestles in a natural amphitheatre created by a number of hills and the confluence of five rivers Don, It lies directly beside Rotherham, from which it is separated largely by the M1 motorway. Rotherham ( is a large town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Don, close to its confluence with the River Rother, between The M1 is a major south – north Motorway in England primarily connecting London to Leeds, where Although Barnsley Metropolitan Borough also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. Barnsley is a Metropolitan borough of the Metropolitan county of South Yorkshire, England. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with Derbyshire; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,^[17] including Totley, Dore and the area now known as Mosborough Townships. History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Totley is a suburb on the extreme southwest of the City of Sheffield, in South Yorkshire, England. Dore ( is a village in South Yorkshire, England. The village lies on a hill above the River Sheaf, and until 1934 was part of Derbyshire Mosborough ward &mdashwhich includes the districts of Halfway, Mosborough village, Waterthorpe, and Westfield &mdashis one of the Directly to the west of the city is the Peak District National Park and the Pennine hill range. The Peak District is an upland area in central and northern England, lying mainly in northern Derbyshire, but also covering parts of Cheshire, Greater The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland.

Sheffield is a geographically diverse city. ^[18] The city nestles in a natural amphitheatre created by several hills^[19] and the confluence of five rivers: Don, Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley and Porter. This article is about the river in South Yorkshire England For other rivers with the same name see Don River (disambiguation. The River Sheaf is a river in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The River Rivelin is a River in South Yorkshire, England. It rises in the Hallam moors north west of Sheffield, and on the The River Loxley is a River in South Yorkshire, England. Its source is north west of Sheffield on the moorland above Low Bradfield The Porter Brook is a River in the City of Sheffield, England. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. The city's lowest point is just 33 feet (10 m) above sea level, while some parts of the city are at over 1,640 feet (500 m). Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface However, 79% ^[20]of the housing in the city is between 330  and  660 feet (100-200 m) above sea level.

Panorama from Meersbrook Park.

With an estimated total of over two million trees,^[21] Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe. It has over 170 woodlands (covering 10. 91 sq mi/28. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 3 km² ), 78 public parks (covering 7. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 07 sq mi/18. 3 km²) and 10 public gardens. Added to the 52. 0 square miles (134. 7 km²) of national park and 4. 20 square miles (10. 9 km²) of water this means that 61% of the city is greenspace.

Sheffield also has a very wide variety of habitat, comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom: urban, parkland and woodland, agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Large parts of the city are designated as sites of special scientific interest including several urban areas. A Site of Special Scientific Interest or SSSI is a Conservation designation denoting a Protected area in the United Kingdom.

The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former county borough of Sheffield merged with Stocksbridge Urban District and two parishes from the Wortley Rural District. County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City Stocksbridge and Upper Don ward &mdashwhich includes the districts of Deepcar, Oughtibridge, Stocksbridge, and Wharncliffe Side, and In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, an urban district was a type of Local government district that covered an Urbanised area Wortley was a Rural district in the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1894 to 1974 situated to the north-west of the County borough of Sheffield This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the Peak District National Park (no other English city includes parts of a national park within its boundary), and Sheffield often boasts of being Europe's greenest city, a claim that was reinforced when it won the 2005 Entente Florale competition. The Peak District is an upland area in central and northern England, lying mainly in northern Derbyshire, but also covering parts of Cheshire, Greater A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution The Entente Florale is an international Horticultural competition established to recognise municipalities and villages in Europe for excellence in horticultural displays This was helped by the fact that Sheffield contains over 150 woodland spaces and 50 public parks. Ecologically a woodland is an area covered in trees differentiated from a Forest. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human ^[22]

Subdivisions

Main article: Districts of Sheffield

Sheffield is made up of numerous suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages or hamlets that were absorbed into Sheffield as the city grew. Sheffield is a city and Metropolitan borough in the north of England. A hamlet is (usually&mdashsee below a Rural community — that is a small settlement — which is too small to be considered a Village. These historical areas are largely ignored by the modern administrative and political divisions of the city; instead it is divided into 28 electoral wards, with each ward generally covering 4–6 areas. In Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, a ward is an Electoral district ^[25] The electoral wards are grouped into six parliamentary constituencies, although because of a different review cycle, the ward and constituency boundaries are currently not all conterminous. In the United Kingdom (UK, each of the electoral areas or divisions called constituencies elects one or more members to a parliament or assembly Sheffield is largely unparished, but Bradfield and Ecclesfield have parish councils, and Stocksbridge has a town council. A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. Stannington Ward &mdashwhich includes the districts of Loxley, Stannington, and Worrall, and also the small villages of Dungworth East Ecclesfield ward &mdashwhich includes the districts of Chapeltown and Ecclesfield &mdashis one of the 28 electoral wards in City of Sheffield Stocksbridge and Upper Don ward &mdashwhich includes the districts of Deepcar, Oughtibridge, Stocksbridge, and Wharncliffe Side, and

Demography

People from Sheffield are called Sheffielders. People who wish to be identified as coming from Sheffield call themselves Sheffielders They are also colloquially known to people in the surrounding towns of Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Chesterfield as "dee-dars" (which derives from the traditional pronunciation of the "th" in the dialectal words "thee" and "thou", which is now extremely rare to hear). ^[26] Many Yorkshire dialect words and aspects of pronunciation derive from old Norse^[27] due to the Viking influence in this region. The Yorkshire dialect refers to the varieties of English used in the Northern England historic county of Yorkshire.

At the time of the 2001 UK census, the racial composition of Sheffield's population was 91. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 2% White, 4. 6% Asian, 1. 8% Black, and 1. 6% mixed. The 2005 estimates were as follows 88. 7% White, 5. 4% Asian, 2. 4% Black, 1. 8% Mixed and 1. 7% Chinese or other race. Sheffield also has large ethnic Polish, Somali, Slovak, Yemeni and Albanian populations. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language In terms of religion, 68. 6% of the population are Christian and 4. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth 6% Muslim. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Other religions represent less than 1% each. The number of people without a religion is above the national average at 17. 9%, with 7. 8% not stating their religion. ^[28] The largest quinary group is 20- to 24-year-olds (9. 4%), mainly because of the large university population (45,000+). ^[29]

Population change

Below is a table outlining population change of the city since 1801. The total population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since seen a steady decline. Recently the city's population has been growing however and the city has absorbed 12,500 new residents since 2001.

Economy

See also: Economy of Sheffield and List of companies in Sheffield

After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and Steel -making The following companies are either headquartered or have significant bases in Sheffield, UK. The 2004 Barclays Bank Financial Planning study^[32] revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. Barclays PLC is a major global financial services provider operating in Europe, North America, the Middle East, Latin America, Australia Sheffield Hallam is a Parliamentary constituency covering the south west portion of the City of Sheffield, England. A survey by Knight Frank^[33] revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside of London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Some £250 million was also invested in the city during 2005. The Sheffield economy is worth £7. 4 billion (2003 GVA). ^[34] This can be seen by the current surge of redevelopments, including the City Lofts Tower and accompanying St. Pauls Place, Velocity Living, and the Moor redevelopment,^[35] the forthcoming NRQ and the recently completed Winter Gardens, Peace Gardens, Millennium Galleries, many project under the Sheffield One redevelopment agency. St Paul's Tower, or City Lofts Tower or the Conran Tower, is the title commonly given to a major development proposal in Sheffield City Centre St Pauls Place is part of the Heart of the City project in Sheffield, England. This is about the shopping street in Sheffield. For the Quarter see The Moor Quarter. Sevenstone is the marketing name of the project formerly known as the New Retail Quarter/NRQ which involves the demolition and subsequent rebuilding of a huge area of Sheffield Sheffield Winter Gardens in the city of Sheffield is one of the largest temperate Glasshouses to be built in the UK during the last hundred years and The Peace Gardens are an Inner city square in Sheffield, England. The Millennium Galleries is an Art gallery in the City of Sheffield, England Sheffield One is an Urban redevelopment company created in 2000 to regenerate Sheffield city centre

Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 ^[36] Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield. Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique in the 1740s at his workshop in Handsworth. Benjamin Huntsman ( 4 June 1704 – 20 June 1776) was an English inventor and manufacturer of Crucible steel. Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making Steel Alloy by slowly heating and cooling pure Iron and Carbon (typically Handsworth is a Suburb of south eastern Sheffield, in South Yorkshire, England. This process was made obsolete in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter. Sir Henry Bessemer ( January 19, 1813 – March 15, 1898) English Engineer and Inventor. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive Industrial process for the mass-production of Steel from molten Pig iron. Thomas Boulsover invented Sheffield Plate (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century. Thomas Boulsover (1705&mdash September 9, 1788) Sheffield Cutler and the inventor of Sheffield Plate, was born in what is now Sheffield plate is a layered combination of Silver and Copper that was used for many years to produce a wide range of household articles Stainless steel was invented by Harry Brearley in 1912, and the work of F. B. Pickering and T. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 Harry Brearley ( February 18, 1871 &ndash August 12, 1948) was the inventor of "rustless steel" (later to be called " Stainless Professor Frederick Brian Pickering is a leading British Metallurgist. Gladman throughout the 1960s, '70s, and '80s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels. Further innovations continue, with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on the Advanced Manufacturing Park by Sheffield's universities and other independent research organisations. The Advanced Manufacturing Park (AMP is a manufacturing technology park on the Rotherham / Sheffield border at Waverley in South Yorkshire, facing the Sheffield Organisations currently located on the AMP include; the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, a research partnership between The Boeing Company and The University of Sheffield), Castings Technology International (Cti) and TWI.

While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, coal mining has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the Palace of Westminster in London was built using limestone from quarries in the nearby village of Anston. Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or Minerals are extracted The Villages of North Anston and South Anston are the principal constituents of the Civil parish of North and South Anston, in the Metropolitan Other areas of employment include call centres, the City Council, universities and hospitals. A call centre or call center (see spelling differences) is a centralized office used for the purpose of receiving and transmitting a large volume of requests by A city council is a form of Local government, usually covering a City or other Urban area, such as a Town. A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for Sheffield currently produces more steel per year than at any other time in its history. ^[37] However, the industry is now less noticeable as it has become highly automated and employs far fewer staff than in the past.

High Street, Central Sheffield

Sheffield is also a major retail centre, and home to many High Street and department stores as well as designer boutiques. High Street, or the High Street, is a Metonym for the generic name (and frequently the official name of the primary Business street A department store is a Retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line. The main city centre shopping areas are on The Moor precinct, Fargate, Orchard Square and the Devonshire Quarter. This is about the shopping street in Sheffield. For the Quarter see The Moor Quarter. Fargate is a pedestrian precinct and Shopping area in Sheffield, England. Orchard Square is a small open-air court Shopping centre located in Sheffield, England. The Devonshire Quarter is an area in the centre of Sheffield, England. Department stores in Sheffield City centre include John Lewis, Marks and Spencer, Atkinsons, Castle House Co-op, Debenhams and Woolworths . A department store is a Retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line. The John Lewis Partnership is a major United Kingdom retailer which operates John Lewis Department stores Waitrose Supermarkets and Marks & Spencer Group plc (also M&S, Marks and Sparks, and Marks) is a British Retailer with 843 stores in more than 30 Atkinsons is a family-owned Department store located on The Moor in Sheffield, England. A consumers' cooperative is a Cooperative business owned by its customers for their mutual benefit. Debenhams plc ( is a British -based retailer operating under a Department Store format in the UK and franchise stores in other countries The F W Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's) was a retail company that was one of the original American five-and-dime stores Sheffield's main market is the Castle Market, built above the remains of the castle. Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information Castle Market is an indoor Market in Sheffield, England. It lies in the north east of the present city centre by the River Don, and is Shopping areas outside the city centre include the Meadowhall shopping centre and retail park, Ecclesall Road, London Road, Hillsborough and the Crystal Peaks shopping centre. A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors Ecclesall Road is a road in Sheffield that runs for about 35 miles (5 London Road is a Shopping street in Sheffield, England. It leads south from the city centre near Moorfoot, parallel to Bramall Lane Hillsborough ( is a suburb in north west Sheffield The centre of the district is popularly thought to be "Hillsborough Corner" where Langsett Road Middlewood Road Holme Crystal Peaks is a shopping centre in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors

Sheffield has a District Energy system which exploits the city's domestic waste, converting it to electricity. It also provides hot water, which is distributed through over 25 miles (40 km) of pipes under the city, via two networks. These networks supply heat and hot water for many buildings throughout the city. These include not only cinemas, hospitals, shops, and offices but also universities (Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Sheffield), residential properties^[38]. Sheffield Hallam University ( SHU) is a Higher Education institution based in the South Yorkshire city of Sheffield, England The University of Sheffield is a research University, located in Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. Energy generated in a waste plant produces 36MW of thermal energy and up to 6. 8MW electrical energy from 115,000 tonnes of waste. It is claimed ^[39] that for every 100,000MWh of energy supplied by district energy 31,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide is displaced and that for every 100,000MWh of useful energy delivered 154,000MWh of fossil fuel energy is displaced.

In a 2005 survey on spending potential, Meadowhall came 16th (third in out-of-town shopping centres behind Bluewater(7th) and The Trafford Centre(15th)) with £977 million while Sheffield city centre came 18th with £953 million. Bluewater is a super-regional shopping centre, opened on 16 March 1999. The Trafford Centre is a large indoor shopping centre located in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester, England ^[40] In a 2004 survey on the top retail destinations, Meadowhall was 20th while Sheffield was 35th. ^[41]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Sheffield

There are two main interchanges for all public transport modes (national and local rail, tram, local buses and coaches) at Meadowhall and in the city centre. Transport in Sheffield, England is developed around the city's unusual topography and medieval street plan Inter-city rail services are express Train passenger services which cover longer distances than Commuter trains Africa Inter-city services are reasonably Commuter rail, regional rail or suburban rail is a Passenger rail transport service between a city center and outer suburbs and Commuter towns In British English and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers Sheffield City Centre —often just referred to as town —is a district of the City of Sheffield, and part of the Sheffield Central ward.

National and international travel

Sheffield is linked into the national motorway network via the M1 and M18 motorways. The M1 is a major south – north Motorway in England primarily connecting London to Leeds, where The M18 is a Motorway in Yorkshire, England. It runs from Rotherham to Goole and is approximately long The M1 skirts the north-east of the city, linking Sheffield with London to the south and Leeds to the north and crosses Tinsley Viaduct near Rotherham; the M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with Doncaster, Robin Hood Doncaster Sheffield Airport and the Humber ports. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Tinsley Viaduct is a two-tier Road bridge in Sheffield, England; the first of its kind in the UK Doncaster is a large town in South Yorkshire, England and the principal settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield is an international Airport located at the former RAF Finningley airbase in Finningley, South Yorkshire The Humber is a large tidal Estuary on the east coast of northern England The Sheffield Parkway connects the city centre with the motorways. The Sheffield Parkway is a major Dual carriageway in the City of Sheffield, England. The A57 and A61 roads are the major trunk roads through Sheffield, linking Sheffield with Manchester, Worksop, Barnsley, and Chesterfield. The A57 is a major road in England. It runs east from Liverpool to Lincoln, via Warrington and Manchester, then through the The A61 is a major Trunk road in England. It runs from Derby to Thirsk in North Yorkshire. Sheffield is an important hub in the national network of long-distance buses (coaches), and there are direct services from distant cities such as Plymouth and Edinburgh.

Sheffield Midland station. Sheffield Station, formerly Pond Street and later Sheffield Midland, is a Railway station and tram stop in central Sheffield, in Yorkshire

The Midland Main Line railway south from Sheffield links the city to the East Midlands and London: providing direct services to Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Bedford (the fastest train Sheffield to London is two hours). The Midland Main Line is a major railway line in the United Kingdom, part of the British railway system. The Railway system in Great Britain is the oldest in the world Also running through Sheffield is the main NE/SW cross-country line which links the East of Scotland and Northeast of England directly with West and South Yorkshire, the West Midlands, and the Southwest: providing direct services to Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Newcastle, Darlington, York, Leeds, Birmingham, Bristol, Taunton, and Exeter. Sheffield also lies on the line linking Liverpool and Manchester with Hull and East Anglia: providing direct services to Liverpool, Manchester, Hull, Lincoln, Ely and Norwich. Sheffield also has good links with its neighbouring towns and cities, Barnsley, Doncaster and Rotherham. Barnsley is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Dearne, north of the city of Sheffield, and west of Doncaster Doncaster is a large town in South Yorkshire, England and the principal settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. Rotherham ( is a large town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Don, close to its confluence with the River Rother, between The main station for all these services is Sheffield Midland station on the south-eastern edge of the city centre. Sheffield Station, formerly Pond Street and later Sheffield Midland, is a Railway station and tram stop in central Sheffield, in Yorkshire Sheffield City Centre —often just referred to as town —is a district of the City of Sheffield, and part of the Sheffield Central ward. The station at Meadowhall serves all trains travelling northeast except the fastest. This article is about the modern station near to and serving Meadowhall Shopping Centre. Passenger rail services through Sheffield are provided by East Midlands Trains, Cross Country, TransPennine Express, and Northern Rail. East Midlands Trains ( EMT) is a train operating company operating in the United Kingdom. Cross Country running is a Sport of running Compete to complete a course over open or rough terrain faster than other teams First TransPennine Express is a train operating company in the United Kingdom. Northern Rail (often referred to simply as Northern) is a Train operating company that has operated local passenger services in the north of England ^[42]

The closest international airport to Sheffield is Doncaster Sheffield Airport, which is located 18 miles (29 km) from the city centre. Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield is an international Airport located at the former RAF Finningley airbase in Finningley, South Yorkshire The airport opened on April 28, 2005 and is served mainly by budget airlines. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It currently handles around one million passengers a year. Sheffield City Airport opened in 1997 but, due in part to its short runway and lack of radar, has been unable to capitalise on the boom in low cost air travel. Sheffield City Airport was a small Airport located in Sheffield thats is now closed Manchester Airport, Leeds Bradford International Airport and East Midlands Airport: Nottingham, Leicester, Derby all lie within a one hour's drive of the city. Manchester Airport is a major Airport in the vicinity of Manchester, England, and the largest airport in the United Kingdom outside the Leeds Bradford International Airport is located in the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. East Midlands Airport is an Airport in the East Midlands of England, near Castle Donington in Leicestershire. Manchester Airport is connected to Sheffield by a direct train every hour. South TransPennine is one of the three rail services provided by First TransPennine Express, running in Northern England.

Local travel

The A57 and A61 roads are the major trunk roads through Sheffield. The A57 is a major road in England. It runs east from Liverpool to Lincoln, via Warrington and Manchester, then through the The A61 is a major Trunk road in England. It runs from Derby to Thirsk in North Yorkshire. These run east-west and north-south, respectively, crossing in the city centre. Other major roads generally radiate spoke-like from the city centre. An inner ring road, mostly constructed in the 1970s and recently (2007) extended to form a complete ring,^[43] allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an outer ring road runs to the east, south-east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield. "Corporation Street" redirects here For the street in Birmingham, see Corporation Street Birmingham. Sheffield Outer Ring Road is one of two main routes circumventing Sheffield a partial ring around Sheffield City Centre and its Suburbs.

The hilly topography of Sheffield and its former nature as a centre of industry rather than commerce meant that the city did not develop as extensive a suburban and inter-urban railway network as other comparable British cities. However, there are several busy local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Derbyshire. Divisions and environs South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster West Yorkshire is a Metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle These local routes include the Penistone Line, the Dearne Valley Line, the Hope Valley Line, and the Hallam Line. Line details The Dearne Valley Line is the name given to a railway line in the north of England running from York to Sheffield via Pontefract Baghill The Hope Valley Line is a Railway line in England linking Sheffield with Manchester. The Hallam Line is the name given to one of the rail services operated by Northern Rail, in the West Yorkshire Metro / South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive As well as the main stations of Sheffield and Meadowhall, there are four suburban stations at Chapeltown, Darnall, Woodhouse and Dore. Sheffield Station, formerly Pond Street and later Sheffield Midland, is a Railway station and tram stop in central Sheffield, in Yorkshire This article is about the modern station near to and serving Meadowhall Shopping Centre. The Chapeltown railway station, originally known as Chapeltown South, is in Chapeltown, a district of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England Darnall railway station was built to serve Darnall, a community about 3 miles from the centre of Sheffield, South Yorkshire and which later became This station is in Woodhouse, Sheffield. It should not be confused with a station of the same name at Mansfield Woodhouse. Dore and Totley railway station (named Dore railway station from 1969 until 2008 is a small one platform railway halt near the Sheffield area of

Sheffield Supertram at Castle Square

The light rail system Sheffield Supertram (Operated by Stagecoach Sheffield), opened in 1994, serves the city. SupertramLink redirects here Stagecoach Sheffield Ltd is a Bus operator based in Sheffield, England, a subsidiary Its network consists of three lines, from Halfway to Malin Bridge, from Meadowhall to Middlewood, and from Meadowhall to Herdings Park, with all three lines running via the city centre. Malin Bridge is a suburb of the city of Sheffield, England It is located at grid reference and stands just under four kilometres north west of the city centre where the ^[44]

A sizeable bus infrastructure operates from a main hub at Sheffield Interchange. Sheffield Interchange is a bus station in Sheffield, England. Other bus stations lie at Halfway, Hillsborough and Meadowhall. Mosborough ward &mdashwhich includes the districts of Halfway, Mosborough village, Waterthorpe, and Westfield &mdashis one of the Hillsborough ( is a suburb in north west Sheffield The centre of the district is popularly thought to be "Hillsborough Corner" where Langsett Road Middlewood Road Holme A flurry of new operators were created after deregulation in 1986,^[45] though a series of mergers have reduced the number. First South Yorkshire, part of FirstGroup, became by far the largest bus operator and in recent years implemented a series of fare rises and service cuts which saw bus ridership drop. First South Yorkshire is a large Bus operator in South Yorkshire, England. FirstGroup plc ( is a Scottish Transport company operating in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Canada, USA ^[46][47]. Recent developments have seen Stagecoach Sheffield taking over Yorkshire Terrier and expanding their bus services in the city. SupertramLink redirects here Stagecoach Sheffield Ltd is a Bus operator based in Sheffield, England, a subsidiary This has resulted in increased competition, and price drops on certain routes.

Sheffield also offers a free bus service - the FreeBee. This service is operated by TM Travel, and runs every seven minutes between the station and the city centre.

in 2008, the Bus Rapid Transit Scheme between Sheffield and Rotherham was approved by the Yorkshire and Humber Assembly's Regional Transport Board. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Bus rapid transit ( BRT) is a broad term given to a variety of transportation systems that through improvements to infrastructure vehicles and scheduling attempt to use Rotherham ( is a large town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Don, close to its confluence with the River Rother, between Yorkshire and Humber Assembly is the regional assembly for the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England There are plans for two routes; One (the Northern route) from via Meadowhall and Templeborough, and the other via the developing employment centre and Waverley. Templeborough ( is a suburb of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. ^[48]

Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads running through it. It is on the Trans-Pennine Trail, a National Cycle Network route running from Southport in the north-west to Hornsea in the East Riding, and has a developing Strategic Cycle Network within the city. The Trans Pennine Trail is a Long distance path in the north of England, running largely along disused Railway lines and canal towpaths, The National Cycle Network is a network of cycle routes in the United Kingdom. Southport is a seaside town on the Irish Sea coast situated within the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, in England, UK. Hornsea is a small Seaside resort Town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England at the eastern end of the Trans The Peak District National Park, an area of outstanding natural beauty popular with both on- and off-road cyclists, is so close to Sheffield that part of the park lies within the city boundary, and there are green routes into the park almost from the city centre. The Peak District is an upland area in central and northern England, lying mainly in northern Derbyshire, but also covering parts of Cheshire, Greater

Sport

Main article: Sport in Sheffield

Sheffield has a long sporting heritage. Sheffield has a long history of involvement in Sport. Although Cricket was the first organised sport it has gradually been supplanted by football. In 1857 a collective of cricketers formed the world's first-ever official football club, Sheffield F.C., and by 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Sheffield Football Club, commonly referred to as simply Sheffield FC or Sheffield, is an English Amateur football club from Sheffield There are now two professional clubs in the Football League and play in the Football League Championship: Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday, both of which formed from cricket clubs, and two major non-league sides: Sheffield F. This is a list of football clubs located in England and the leagues and divisions they play in (though note that not all play in the English football league system The Football League Championship (often referred to as The Championship for short or the Coca-Cola Football League Championship for sponsorship reasons Sheffield United Football Club is a professional English football club based in the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire. C. and Hallam F.C., which also formed from cricket clubs. Hallam Football Club are a football club in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, who currently play in the Northern Counties East League These are the two oldest club sides in the world and, in addition, Hallam F. C. still play at the world's oldest football ground near the suburb of Crosspool. Sandygate Road is a football and Cricket stadium in the Sheffield suburb of Crosspool, Yorkshire. Crookes ward &mdashwhich includes the districts of Crookes, Steelbank, Crosspool, and Sandygate &mdashis one of the 28 electoral wards Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby, whilst United and Wednesday contest the Steel City derby.

In April 1989, tragedy struck when 96 Liverpool FC fans died in a crush during their FA Cup semi final at Sheffield Wednesday's Hillsborough Stadium. Liverpool Football Club are an English professional Association football club based in Liverpool England. Hillsborough Stadium is the home of Sheffield Wednesday Football Club in Sheffield, England.

Don Valley Stadium during the World Student Games in 1991

Sheffield also has close ties with snooker, due to the fact that the city's Crucible Theatre is the venue for the World Snooker Championships. Snooker is a Cue sport that is played on a large Baize -covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long The Crucible Theatre is a theatre built in 1971 and located in the city centre of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The World Snooker Championship, currently held at the Crucible Theatre in the English city of Sheffield, is the climax of Snooker 's annual calendar and Sheffield is known to many snooker fans as 'Snooker City'. Snooker is a Cue sport that is played on a large Baize -covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long The English squash open is also held there every year. Squash is a racquet sport that was formerly called squash racquets, a reference to the "squashable" soft ball used in the game (compared with the The International Open Bowls tournament is held in Sheffield at Ponds Forge. Bowls (also known as Lawn Bowls or Lawn Bowling) is a precision Sport in which the goal is to roll slightly radially asymmetrical Balls Ponds Forge International Sports Centre is a leisure complex in the City of Sheffield, England that contains an Olympic-sized swimming pool with seating for 2600 ^[49]

The city also boasts the Sheffield Eagles rugby league, Sheffield Tigers Rugby Union, Sheffield Sharks basketball, Sheffield Steelers ice hockey and Sheffield Tigers Speedway teams. Sheffield Eagles RLFC are a English Rugby league team based in the South Yorkshire city of Sheffield. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Sheffield Tigers Rugby Football Club are a Rugby union team based in Sheffield, UK. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The Sheffield Sharks is a professional Basketball team from the city of Sheffield, England. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Sheffield Steelers are a club in British Ice hockey, from Sheffield, England. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. The Sheffield Tigers are a speedway team based in Sheffield, England. Motorcycle speedway, usually referred to as speedway, is a Motorcycle sport involving four and sometimes up to six riders competing over four anti-clockwise The track at Owlerton was built in 1929 and the track operated for most of the pre-war era. The track entered teams in 1929 English Dirt Track League, the 1930 and 1931 Northern League. The track operated 1945 to 1950 as members of the Northern League 1946 and National League Division Two 1947 - 1950. It closed early in the 1951 season and staged open fixtures in 1952. It was revived as a member of the 1960 Provincial League and has staged speedway in the majority seaons since.

Sheffield is home to climber Joe Simpson. Joe Simpson (born 13 August 1960) is a Mountaineer, author and Motivational speaker. Former athlete and world record holder, Sebastian Coe grew up in the city and began his career as a member of the Hallamshire Harriers. Sebastian Newbold Coe Baron Coe, KBE (born 29 September 1956, and often nicknamed Seb Coe) is a British former top-level England Cricket captain Michael Vaughan also grew up in Sheffield. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Michael Paul Vaughan OBE (born 29 October 1974 in Eccles, Salford, England is a Cricketer for Yorkshire and England.

Many of Sheffield's extensive sporting facilities were built for the World Student Games, which the city hosted in 1991. The Universiade is an International Multi-sport event, organized for University athletes by the International University Sports Federation (FISU They include the Don Valley International Athletics Stadium which is the largest athletics stadium in the UK with a capacity of 25,000,^[50] Sheffield Arena, and Ponds Forge international diving and swimming complex, where Olympic medallist Leon Taylor trains. The Don Valley Stadium is an athletics Stadium in Sheffield, England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Sheffield Arena is an Arena in Sheffield, England. It is well known for hosting big name Concerts and Sporting events in Ponds Forge International Sports Centre is a leisure complex in the City of Sheffield, England that contains an Olympic-sized swimming pool with seating for 2600 The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Leon Taylor (born 2 November 1977) is a British former competitive diver. There are also facilities for golf, climbing and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated (2003) national ice-skating arena (IceSheffield). iceSheffield is an ice arena in the Lower Don Valley, Sheffield, England. The Sheffield Ski Village is the largest artificial ski resort in Europe, and is due to undergo a major expansion soon. Sheffield Ski Village is an Artificial ski slope complex in the Parkwood Springs area of Sheffield, England. A ski is a long flat device worn on the feet designed to help the wearer slide smoothly over snow ^[22] The city also has three indoor climbing centres. UserStan Shebs for a timetable --> Climbing is the activity of using one's hands and feet (or Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the English Institute of Sport (EIS). English Institute of Sport ( EIS) is a Nationwide network of support services aimed at improving the standard of English athletes. Woodburn Road sports centre is another sport attraction. It's features include a full size playing field for football or athletics. A running track goes around the length of the field while their are all-weather football pitches to play on for a price. Football is the word given to a number of similar Team sports all of which involve (to varying degrees kicking a Ball with the foot in an attempt to score a

Sheffield is home to Steve Peat who is a World Cup champion in Mountain Bike World Championships in 2002, 2004, 2006. Steve Peat (born June 17, 1974) is a professional downhill mountain biker, lived in Chapeltown, and born in Sheffield, England The UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships are the world championship events for Mountain bike racing events in cross country, downhill, Four-cross It is also home to Harry Wright, who was a pioneer in the development of Major League baseball in the United States

Culture and attractions

Main article: Culture of Sheffield

Ponds Forge from Park Square

7. William Henry "Harry" Wright ( January 10 1835 &ndash October 3 1895) was an English -born American professional The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Sheffield has a growing cultural reputation 72% of Sheffield's working population are employed in the creative industries well above the national average of 4% Ponds Forge International Sports Centre is a leisure complex in the City of Sheffield, England that contains an Olympic-sized swimming pool with seating for 2600 2% of Sheffield's working population are employed in the creative industries, well above the national average of 4%. ^[22] Open Up Sheffield is an annual event over the first two weekends in May where local visual artists and fine craft workers invite the public to their studios and other venues. A commercial art show held in Sheffield usually on the first weekend in July every year at the Octagon Centre centre in the City The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography A craft is a Skill, especially involving practical arts. It may refer to a Trade or particular art

Music

See also: List of musicians from Sheffield

Sheffield has been the home of several well-known bands and musicians, with an unusually large number of synth pop and other electronic outfits hailing from there. The following is a list in alphabetical order is of bands and musicians from Sheffield, Yorkshire, England 65daysofstatic Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave and Pop music in which the Synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production These include The Human League, Heaven 17, ABC, the Thompson Twins, Wavestar, and the more industrially inclined Cabaret Voltaire and Clock DVA. Heaven 17 are a British Synthpop band originating from the city of Sheffield in the early 1980s ABC are an English pop band that charted ten UK and five US Top 40 singles between 1981 and 1990 Thompson Twins were a British Pop group The band formed in April 1977 and disbanded in May 1993 Wavestar is a British New Age Music Synthesizer band In the mid-1980s Sheffielder John Dyson ("JD" an analytical chemist answered a magazine advertisement Industrial music is a loose term for a number of different styles of Experimental music, especially but not necessarily Electronic music. Cabaret Voltaire were a British music group from Sheffield, England. Clock DVA is an Industrial music / Post-Punk group from Sheffield, England. This electronic tradition has continued: techno label Warp Records was a central pillar of the Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass scene of the early 1990s, and has gone on to become one of Britain's oldest and best-loved dance music labels. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s Warp Records is a pioneering independent English Record label, founded in Sheffield in 1989 notable for discovering some of the most enduring artists in Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass ( Yorkshire Techno) was a short-lived (1989-1991 local musical movement in the cities of Sheffield, Leeds and Bradford There was a thriving goa trance scene in the early 1990s. Goa Trance ( Goa, 604) is a form of Electronic music that originated during the late 1980s in Goa, India. Moloko and Autechre, one of the leading lights of so-called intelligent dance music, are also based in Sheffield. Moloko (məˈloʊkoʊ were an Anglo-Irish electronic / pop duo consisting of Róisín Murphy from Wicklow, Republic of Ireland Autechre are an English Electronic music group consisting of Rob Brown and Sean Booth both natives of Rochdale, England. Intelligent dance music (commonly IDM) is a genre name invented in the early 1990s by the creators of an American online mailing list Current electronic music labels in the city include Dust Science Recordings and Audiobulb, a more recent addition is R8 Records, a dubstep and nichestep label based in the flats of Sharrow and the suburbs of The Groves. The city has a number of nightclubs - Gatecrasher One was one of the most popular nightclubs in the north of England until its destruction in a fire on 18 June 2007. Gatecrasher (later Crasher) is a Dance music event formerly held at the venue Gatecrasher 1, previously Republic in Sheffield England. A nightclub (or "night club" or "club" is a drinking, dancing, and entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark

Current club nights include techno and breakbeat events such as Urban Gorilla, drum and bass events, The Tuesday Club & Bass Bar, Dubcentral (dub and reggae), Threads. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s Breakbeat (sometimes breakbeats or breaks) is a term used to describe a collection of sub- genres of Electronic music, usually characterized Dub is a form of music which evolved from Reggae in the late 1960s Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s at DQ, Razor Stiletto, Headcharge (hard techno), Off The Rails, C90 (dubstep, techno and electronica), Uprising (Hardcore and Hard Trance) based at Plug, electro night Club Pony and Future Funk. Dubstep is a Genre of Electronic music that has its roots in London 's early 2000s UK garage scene Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range There are many smaller nights such as Lights Down Low, Dirty Cheese, Rough Disko, Death By Shoes and Dark Crystal, the cities dedicated dubstep night. Sheffield is also the spiritual home of Gatecrasher. Gatecrasher (later Crasher) is a Dance music event formerly held at the venue Gatecrasher 1, previously Republic in Sheffield England.

Sheffield has also seen the birth of Little Man Tate, Pulp, Def Leppard, Joe Cocker, Richard Hawley, The Longpigs, Arctic Monkeys, Milburn, The Long Blondes, Reverend and the Makers, 65daysofstatic, Bring Me The Horizon, Derek Bailey and Tony Oxley. Little Man Tate are a four-piece indie band from Sheffield, England and formed in 2005 Pulp were an English Alternative rock band formed in Sheffield in 1978 by Jarvis Cocker ( vocals Guitar) Joe Cocker OBE (born 20 May 1944 is an English rock / Blues Singer who came to popularity in the 1960s and is most known for his gritty Richard Hawley (born Richard Willis Hawley, 17 January 1967, Sheffield, England) is a Guitarist, Singer, Longpigs were a British band who rose to fame on the fringe of Britpop in the 1990s comprising Crispin Hunt ( vocals) Richard Hawley Arctic Monkeys are a British Indie band from High Green, a suburb of Sheffield. Milburn were an Indie rock band from Sheffield, England that consisted of Joe Carnall Louis Carnall Tom Rowley and Joe Green The Long Blondes are a five-piece English Indie rock band from Sheffield, United Kingdom circa 2004 Reverend and The Makers are an Indie rock band based in Sheffield, England and signed to Wall of Sound. 65daysofstatic (also known by the abbreviations 65dos, 65days, or simply 65) are an Instrumental Post-rock band from Sheffield Bring Me the Horizon (often abbreviated to BMTH) is a Deathcore band from Sheffield, Yorkshire. Derek Bailey ( January 29, 1930 – December 25, 2005) was an English avant-garde Guitarist and leading figure in the Tony Oxley (born 15 June 1938) is a British Free jazz Drummer and one of the founders of Incus Records. The highly influential post-punk group the Comsat Angels hail from Sheffield. Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s The Comsat Angels were a Post-punk band from Sheffield, England, active from 1978 to 1995 1998 Mercury Music Prize award winners Gomez are also connected to Sheffield, as some of the founding members went to Sheffield University. The Mercury Prize, formerly the Mercury Music Prize and currently known as the Nationwide Mercury Prize for Sponsorship reasons is an annual music prize Gomez are an English Indie rock band from Southport. Their first album Bring It On, won the Mercury Music Prize in 1998 The University of Sheffield is a research University, located in Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. Along with many other popular and alternative musicians, the city is the base for a well developed and thriving unsigned music scene.

The Arctic Monkeys are particularly notable for their heavy use of a Sheffield accent in their songs. Arctic Monkeys are a British Indie band from High Green, a suburb of Sheffield. Hailing from the High Green suburb, their lyrics are often written in a Yorkshire dialect and contain references to local places such as Rotherham, Hunter's Bar, Hillsborough and Shiregreen. High Green is the northernmost suburb of Sheffield, England. It is found to the North of Chapeltown and is served by a number of buses though Rotherham ( is a large town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Don, close to its confluence with the River Rother, between Hunter's Bar is a roundabout and former toll bar on Ecclesall Road in South-West Sheffield and was active until the late 19th Century. Hillsborough ( is a suburb in north west Sheffield The centre of the district is popularly thought to be "Hillsborough Corner" where Langsett Road Middlewood Road Holme Shiregreen and Brightside ward &mdashwhich includes the districts of Brightside, Shiregreen, and Wincobank &mdashis one of the 28 electoral wards They were one of several indie bands to emerge from the city as part of the New Yorkshire movement. In Popular music, independent music, often abbreviated as indie, is a term used to describe independence from major commercial record labels and an autonomous New Yorkshire is a musical movement identified by UK music magazine NME in 2005 in response to the success of Yorkshire bands such as Arctic Monkeys

Former National Centre for Popular Music

The city's ties with music were acknowledged in 1999, when the National Centre for Popular Music, a museum dedicated to the subject of popular music, was opened. The National Centre for Popular Music was a Museum in Sheffield England for Contemporary music and Culture, a £15 million pound project largely Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more It was not as successful as was hoped, however, and later evolved to become a live music venue; then in February 2005, the unusual steel-covered building became the students' union for Sheffield Hallam University. A students' union, student government, student senate, students' association, or guild of students is a Student Organization Sheffield Hallam University ( SHU) is a Higher Education institution based in the South Yorkshire city of Sheffield, England Live music venues in the city include the Leadmill, Corporation, the Boardwalk, the Plug, the City Hall, the University of Sheffield, the Studio Theatre at the Crucible Theatre, The Frog & Parrot, The Harley and The Grapes. The Leadmill is a Live music venue and Nightclub in Leadmill Road Sheffield, England lying on the south east edge of the city centre The Corporation is a Nightclub in Sheffield, England. Originally based in the north of the city centre on Corporation Street (hence the name The Boardwalk is a bar / Nightclub based on the corner of Snig Hill and Bank Street Sheffield. Sheffield City Hall is a Grade II* Listed building in Sheffield, England, containing several venues ranging from the Oval Concert Hall which The University of Sheffield is a research University, located in Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. The Crucible Theatre is a theatre built in 1971 and located in the city centre of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The Grapes is a Public house and music venue on Trippett Lane in Sheffield City Centre A new venue, Carling Academy Sheffield opened in April 2008. Carling Academy Sheffield, is a live music venue in the centre of Sheffield, South Yorkshire.

Sheffield has a number of local orchestras including the Hallam Sinfonia, Sheffield Symphony Orchestra, the Sheffield Chamber Orchestra, the Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra and the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra. The Sheffield Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra based in Sheffield, England. The Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra is an amateur symphony Orchestra based in Sheffield, England. The City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra is an Orchestra in Sheffield, England. The city is also home to a strong brass band tradition, with bands associated with factories and villages. A brass band is a Musical group generally consisting entirely of Brass instruments, most often with a percussion section

Attractions

See also: Visitor Attractions in Sheffield

The Lyceum & Crucible Theatres

Sheffield has two major theatres, the Lyceum Theatre and the Crucible Theatre, which together with the smaller Studio Theatre make up the largest theatre complex outside London. As a large city Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England has many visitor attractions from performing arts centres to museums shopping centres and public parks The Lyceum is a 1068-seat Theatre in the City of Sheffield, England. The Crucible Theatre is a theatre built in 1971 and located in the city centre of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[51] There are four major art galleries, including the modern Millennium Galleries and the Site Gallery, which specialises in multimedia. An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. The Millennium Galleries is an Art gallery in the City of Sheffield, England The Site Gallery is an Art gallery in Sheffield, England. It specialises in Multimedia based art The Sheffield Walk of Fame in the City Centre honours famous Sheffielders like the Hollywood version. Sheffield Legends is a Walk of Fame located outside Sheffield Town Hall honouring famous people from or connected to Sheffield. Sheffield City Centre —often just referred to as town —is a district of the City of Sheffield, and part of the Sheffield Central ward.

The Sheffield Arena is located in the Don Valley area just outside the city centre and it is one of the major arenas in the UK hosting big music acts of the world. The Sheffield Arena is an Arena in Sheffield, England. It is well known for hosting big name Concerts and Sporting events in

Valley Centertainment is an entertainment park on the outskirts of the city centre and features Cineworld Cinemas, Hollywood Bowl and lots of restaurants and bars. Valley Centertainment is a large entertainment complex in the Don Valley in Sheffield and is next to nearby Rotherham. It is located next to the Sheffield Arena and Meadowhall shopping centre. The Sheffield Arena is an Arena in Sheffield, England. It is well known for hosting big name Concerts and Sporting events in

Sheffield Winter Gardens

The city also has a number of other attractions such as the Sheffield Winter Gardens and the Peace Gardens. Sheffield Winter Gardens in the city of Sheffield is one of the largest temperate Glasshouses to be built in the UK during the last hundred years and Sheffield Town Hall is a building in the City of Sheffield, England. The Botanical Gardens recently underwent a £6. The Sheffield Botanical Gardens are Botanical gardens situated off Ecclesall Road in Sheffield, England, with 5000 Species of 7-million-pound restoration. There is also a city farm at Heeley City Farm and a second animal collection in Graves Park that is open to the public. Graves Park is a large parkland area in the South of Sheffield, between the districts of Norton, Woodseats and Meadowhead. The city also has several museums, including the Weston Park Museum, the Kelham Island Museum, the Sheffield Fire and Police Museum, Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet and Shepherd Wheel. The Weston Park Museum, one mile west of the centre of Sheffield, England, lies beside Weston Park and surrounded by the University of Sheffield The Kelham Island Museum is an industrial museum on Alma Street alongside the River Don, in the centre of The City of Sheffield, England. Sheffield Fire and Police Museum is a Museum in Sheffield, England. Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet is an industrial Museum in the south of the City of Sheffield, England. Shepherd Wheel is a working Museum in a former water-powered grinding workshop situated on the Porter Brook in the south-west of the City of Sheffield Victoria Quays is also a popular canal-side leisure and office quarter. Victoria Quays (formerly Sheffield Canal Basin) is a large Canal basin in Sheffield, England.

There are about 1,000 listed buildings in Sheffield (including the whole of the Sheffield postal district). There are about 1000 Listed buildings in Sheffield. Of these only five are Grade I listed and 42 are Grade II* the rest being Grade II listed Of these, only five are Grade I listed. 42 are Grade II*, the rest being Grade II listed. Compared with other English cities Sheffield has few Grade I buildings. Liverpool, for example, has 26 Grade I listed buildings. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Partial and incomplete lists of listed buildings in Liverpool, England. A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance This situation led the noted architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in 1959, to comment that the city was "architecturally a miserable disappointment" with no pre-19th century buildings of any distinction. Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner, CBE, ( January 30, 1902 &ndash August 18, 1983) was a German-born British scholar of ^[52] By contrast, in November 2007, Sheffield's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London's South Bank to gain the Royal Institute of British Architects' Academy of Urbanism "Great Place" Award, as an "outstanding example of how cities can be improved, to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible". ^[53]

The city has many large parks such as Millhouses Park, Endcliffe Park and Graves Park. Millhouses Park is a large park in the south of Sheffield. Lying between Abbeydale Road South (A621 and the railway line, it follows the course of the River Endcliffe Park is a large park in the city of Sheffield. The park was opened in 1887 to commermorate the Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Graves Park is a large parkland area in the South of Sheffield, between the districts of Norton, Woodseats and Meadowhead.

Large parts of the city are designated as sites of special scientific interest (areas of land which the British Government considers to be of special interest by virtue of its fauna, flora, geological or physiographical features) including several urban areas. A Site of Special Scientific Interest or SSSI is a Conservation designation denoting a Protected area in the United Kingdom.

Media and film

The Arts Tower, located on the campus of the University of Sheffield

The films The Full Monty, Threads, When Saturday Comes and Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? were based in the city. The Arts Tower is a building in Sheffield, England belonging to the University of Sheffield. This article is about the film The Full Monty is a 1997 British Comedy film. Threads is a 1984 BBC Television play depicting the effects of a nuclear war on the United Kingdom and its aftermath This article is about the film For the football magazine of the same name see When Saturday Comes When Saturday Comes is a British Film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? is a Film written by Ben Steiner, directed by Peter Hewitt and released in 1999 F.I.S.T. also included several scenes filmed in Sheffield. FIST is a 1978 movie directed by Norman Jewison and starring Sylvester Stallone. Besides the story of The History Boys is set in Sheffield at Cutler's Grammar School. The History Boys is a play by English playwright Alan Bennett. Sheffield's daily newspaper is the Sheffield Star, complemented by the weekly Sheffield Telegraph. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. The Star, often known as the Sheffield Star is a daily Newspaper published in Sheffield, England, from Monday to Saturday The Sheffield Telegraph is a weekly Newspaper published in Sheffield, England Sheffield also has many free publications such as Sandman, Go Sheffield, Exposed, Clunge and Radio Coma. The BBC's Radio Sheffield and the independent Hallam FM and sister station Magic AM broadcast to the city. Hallam FM is an independent local Radio station broadcasting to South Yorkshire and the North Midlands. Magic AM is a commercial local Radio station which broadcasts to South Yorkshire and the North Midlands The Sheffield International Documentary Festival, the UK's leading documentary festival, has been run annually since 1994 at the Showroom Cinema. The Sheffield Doc/Fest aka Sheffield International Documentary Festival (SIDF is an annual film event held in Sheffield The Showroom Cinema is an independent Arthouse cinema in Sheffield, England. The annual Lovebytes digital arts festival takes place in Sheffield across a variety of venues. A song by The Clash (who played their first ever gig in Sheffield at the Black Swan - now known as The Boardwalk), titled " This Is England " features the lyric: "This is England / This knife of Sheffield steel / This is England / This is how we feel. For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were For the record label see Boardwalk Records. for the former Las Vegas hotel see Boardwalk Hotel and Casino. " This Is England " is the 19th single by influential British rock band The Clash. " Sheffield hosted the Awards of the International Indian Film Academy in 2007 which was a big success and raised awareness of global warming by having an unconventional green carpet. The International Indian Film Academy (IIFA Awards, is an awards ceremony that honours Bollywood ( Hindi language film industry films around the world since 2000 Internationally recognised design agency The Designers Republic is based in Sheffield, as well as Universal Everything, Tado and Dust. WikipediaNFCC#10c

Education

Main article: Education in Sheffield

Sheffield has two universities, the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University. Formal education in Sheffield, a city in England takes place at the cities two Universities, 141 primary schools and 27 secondary schools. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The University of Sheffield is a research University, located in Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. Sheffield Hallam University ( SHU) is a Higher Education institution based in the South Yorkshire city of Sheffield, England The two combined bring 55,000 students to the city every year, including many from the Far East. The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. As a result of its large student population, Sheffield has many bars, cafes, clubs and shops as well as student housing to accommodate them.

Sheffield has two further education colleges. Further education (often abbreviated "FE" is Post-secondary Education (in addition to that received at Secondary school) that is distinct from College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. Sheffield College is organised on a collegiate basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city, since reduced to just four: Castle in the city centre, Hillsborough, Crystal Peaks on the outskirts and Norton, each operating as semi-autonomous constituents of Sheffield College. Sheffield College is a Further education (FE College in Sheffield, England. Graves Park ward &mdashwhich includes the districts of Norton, Norton Lees, Norton Woodseats, and Woodseats &mdashis one of the 28 Longley Park Sixth Form College, managed by the Local Education Authority opened in 2004. Longley Park Sixth Form College (LPSFC is a further education college in the Longley area of Sheffield, England.

There are also 141 primary schools and 27 secondary schools - of which seven have sixth forms e. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Australia See also Education The sixth form, in the English, Welsh and Northern Irish education systems Commonwealth West Indian countries such as Barbados, Belize g. Tapton School - and seven private schools, most notably Birkdale School and the Sheffield High School for Girls. Tapton School is a secondary school located in Crosspool, Sheffield in the UK. Birkdale School is a Christian independent school for boys in the city of Sheffield, Yorkshire in England, and is a member of Sheffield High School ( SHS) is an independent girls' school in Sheffield, United Kingdom, part of the Girls' Day School Trust (GDST

See also

• Largest European metropolitan areas
• Sheffield City Centre
• Listed buildings in Sheffield
• Timeline of Sheffield history
• List of famous residents of Sheffield
• People of Sheffield

References and notes

External links

• Sheffield City Council Website
• Sheffield travel guide from Wikitravel