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Amendment XVII in the National Archives

The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) of the United States Constitution was passed by the Senate on June 12, 1911 and by the House on May 13, 1912. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Article One of the United States Constitution describes the powers of the legislative branch of the United States government, known as Congress Article Two' of the United States Constitution creates the Executive branch of the government, comprising the President and other executive Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the Judicial branch of the federal government. Article Four of the United States Constitution relates to the states Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution may be altered Article Six establishes the United States Constitution and the Laws and treaties of the United States made in accordance with it as the supreme Article Seven of the United States Constitution describes the process by which the entire document is to be ratified and take effect This is a complete full list of all ratified and unratified amendments to the United States Constitution which have received the approval of the Congress. In the United States the Bill of Rights is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress The Second Amendment (Amendment II to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights that protects the pre-existing The Third Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment III is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. The Fourth Amendment' ( Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is a part of the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment ( Amendment V) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, is related to legal procedure The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions in federal courts The Eighth Amendment ( Amendment VIII) to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights which took effect in 1791 Amendment IX (the Ninth Amendment) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, addresses rights of the people that are The Tenth Amendment ( Amendment X) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, The Eleventh Amendment ( Amendment XI) of the United States Constitution was passed by the U The Twelfth Amendment ( Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure by which the President and Vice President are The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that The Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, along with the Volstead Act (which defined "intoxicating liquors" The Nineteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits each of the states and the federal government from The Twentieth Amendment ( Amendment XX) of the United States Constitution establishes some of the details dealing with the beginning and ending of the terms of The Twenty-first Amendment ( Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, The Twenty-second Amendment ( Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution sets a Term limit for the President of the United States. Amendment XXIII was the twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution which permits the District of Columbia to choose Electors Amendment XXIV (the Twenty-fourth Amendment) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in The Twenty-fifth Amendment ( Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution partially replaced the ambiguous wording of Article II Section 1 Clause The Twenty-sixth Amendment ( Amendment XXVI) of the United States Constitution, ratified on July 1, 1971, standardized the voting age to 18 The Twenty-seventh Amendment ( Amendment XXVII) is the most recent Amendment to the United States Constitution, having been ratified in 1992, The following is a list of existing or former national Constitutions by country and by Codification. The United States National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting It was ratified on April 8, 1913 and was first put into effect for the election of 1914. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It amends Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution to provide for the direct election of Senators by the people of a state rather than their election or appointment by a state legislature. Article One of the United States Constitution describes the powers of the legislative branch of the United States government, known as Congress The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Also, it allows the governor or executive authority of each state, if authorized by that state's legislature, to appoint a senator in the event of an opening, until an election occurs. It was passed and ratified during the Progressive Era. The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s

Text

Historical background

The selection of delegates to the Constitutional Convention established the precedent that states could choose Federal officials at a higher level than direct election. The Philadelphia Convention (now also known as the Constitutional Convention, the Federal Convention, or the " Grand Convention at Philadelphia Originally, each Senator was to be elected by his state legislature to represent his state, providing one of the many necessary governmental checks and balances. In the United States of America, a state legislature is a generic term referring to the legislative body of any of the country's 50 states. They also expected that Senators elected by state legislatures would be able to concentrate on the business at hand without regional pressure from the populace, aided by a longer term than Representatives.

This process worked without major problems through the mid-1850s, when the American Civil War was in the offing. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War was slavery, especially the issue of the expansion of slavery into the territories. Due to increasing partisanship and strife, many state legislatures failed to elect Senators for prolonged periods. For example, in Indiana the conflict between Democrats in the southern half of the state and the emerging Republican Party in the northern half prevented an election for two years. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The aforementioned partisanship led to contentious battles in the legislatures, as the struggle to elect senators reflected the increasing regional tensions in the lead up to the American Civil War.

After the war, problems still multiplied. In one case in the mid-1860s, the election of Senator John Stockton from New Jersey was contested on the grounds that he had been elected by a plurality rather than a majority in the state legislature. John Potter Stockton ( August 2, 1826 &ndash January 22, 1900) was a New Jersey politician who served in the United States Senate ^[1] Stockton defended himself on the grounds that the exact method for elections was murky and varied from state to state. To keep this from happening again, Congress passed a law in 1866 regulating how and when Senators were to be elected from each state. This was the first change in the process of senatorial elections. While the law helped, there were still deadlocks in some legislatures and accusations of bribery, corruption and suspicious dealings in some elections. Nine bribery cases were brought before the Senate between 1866 and 1906, and 45 deadlocks occurred in 20 states between 1891 and 1905, resulting in numerous delays in seating senators. Beginning in 1899, Delaware did not send a senator to Washington for four years. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

Reform efforts began as early as 1826, when direct election was first proposed. In the 1870s, voters sent a petition to the House for popular election. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. From 1893 to 1902, momentum increased considerably. Each year during that period, a Constitutional amendment to elect Senators by popular vote was proposed in Congress, but the Senate fiercely resisted. In the mid-1890s, the Populist Party incorporated the direct election of Senators into its platform, although neither the Democrats nor the Republicans paid much notice at the time. The Populist Party (also known as the People's Party) was a relatively short-lived Political party in the United States in the late 18th century Direct election was also part of the Wisconsin Idea championed by Republican progressive Robert La Follette and Nebraska Republican reformer George Norris. The Wisconsin Idea may refer to education policies or political philosophies developed in the American state of Wisconsin. Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. Robert M La Follette can refer to Robert M La Follette Sr (1855-1925 senator congressman governor of Wisconsin and candidate for President (1912 and Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and In the early 1900s, Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Soon after, Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures for direct election. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and

After the turn of the century, momentum for reform grew rapidly. William Randolph Hearst expanded his publishing empire with Cosmopolitan, which became a respected general-interest magazine and championed the cause of direct election with muckraking articles and strong advocacy of reform. For other people named William Randolph Hearst see William Randolph Hearst (disambiguation William Randolph Hearst I (April 29 1863 &ndash Cosmopolitan is the best-selling young women's magazine in the world Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally For other meanings see Muckraker (disambiguation The term muckraker most associated with a group of American investigative reporters Hearst hired a veteran reporter, David Graham Phillips, who wrote scathing pieces on Senators, portraying them as corrupt pawns of industrialists and financiers. David Graham Phillips ( October 31, 1867 &ndash January 24, 1911) was an American journalist and novelist The pieces became a series titled "The Treason of the Senate," which appeared in several monthly issues of the magazine in 1906. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. ^[2]

Increasingly, Senators were elected based on state referenda, similar to the means developed by Oregon. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected Senators either as nominees of party primaries or in conjunction with a general election. A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates A general election is an Election in which all or most members of a given political body are up for election As representatives of a direct election process, the new senators supported measures that argued for legislation, but in order to achieve total reform, a Constitutional amendment was required. In 1911, Senator Joseph Bristow from Kansas offered a resolution, proposing an amendment. Joseph Little Bristow ( July 22[[ 861]]- July 14[[ 944]] was an American politician from Kansas. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " The idea enjoyed strong support from Senator William Borah of Idaho, himself a product of direct election. William Edgar Borah ( June 29, 1865 near Fairfield, Illinois &ndash January 19, 1940 Washington D The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Eight Southern Senators and all Republican Senators from New England, New York, and Pennsylvania opposed Bristow's resolution. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The Senate approved the resolution largely because of the senators who had been elected by state-initiated reforms, many of whom were serving their first term, and therefore may have been more willing to support direct election. After the Senate passed the amendment, the measure moved to the House.

The House initially fared no better than the Senate in its early discussions of the proposed amendment. In the summer of 1912 the House finally passed the amendment and sent it to the states for ratification. The campaign for public support was aided by Senators such as Borah and political scientist George H. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Haynes, whose scholarly work on the Senate contributed greatly to passage of the amendment. ^[1]

The last state needed to ratify was Connecticut, which ratified it on April 8, 1913, a year and a half prior to the 1914 Senate election in November of 1914. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common With the passage of the 17th Amendment in 1913, the US Senate election of 1914 was the first time that all senators were popularly elected instead of chosen by their Events in November All Saints' Day (formerly All Hallows Day a Christian holy day is celebrated on November 1, the day after Halloween Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

Result

The Seventeenth Amendment restates the first paragraph of Article I, § 3 of the Constitution and provides for the election of senators by replacing the phrase "chosen by the Legislature thereof" with "elected by the people thereof. " Also, it allows the governor or executive authority of each state, if authorized by that state's legislature, to appoint a senator in the event of an opening, until an election occurs.

One constitutional provision the Amendment did not change was the restriction, in Article I, § 4, cl. 1, that the Congress may not exercise its power to "make or alter" state regulations of elections in order to determine where Senators must be chosen. When the State Legislatures chose the Senators, allowing Congress to regulate the "places of choosing Senators" would have allowed the Congress to essentially stipulate where the State's Legislature had to meet, at least for the purposes of choosing its Senate delegation, which would have been inconsistent with State sovereignty. Although the Seventeenth Amendment provided for the popular election of Senators, making the election process otherwise similar to the process for electing Representatives, the Amendment did not change the provision that the States' discretion to determine the "places of choosing Senators" cannot be interfered with by Congress. This is largely an empty distinction, however, because as a matter of practice and convenience, States do not provide for separate locations for the popular election for Senators, since they must still be held on the same day (pursuant to statute) and same year (pursuant to the election cycle established by the Constitution) as other federal elections.

The Seventeenth Amendment is one of the "Progressive Amendments"; they were passed during the Progressive Era, with the support of the political group known as the "Progressives". The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s The other Progressive amendments were the Sixteenth Amendment (which created the income tax), the Eighteenth Amendment (which started Prohibition of alcoholic beverages), and the Nineteenth Amendment (which gave women the right to vote). The Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, along with the Volstead Act (which defined "intoxicating liquors" The Nineteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits each of the states and the federal government from

Direct elections held in the states

From United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997, The Official Results by Michael J. Dubin

• Oregon 1906
  • 2nd Class Vacancy, term ending 1907
  • 2nd Class Full term, 1907-1913

• Nevada 1908
  • 3rd Class Full term, 1909-1915

• Arizona 1911 (pending statehood)
  • 1st Class Long term, 1912-1917
  • 3rd Class Short term, 1912-1915

• Colorado 1912
  • 2nd Class Full term, 1913-1919

• Kansas 1912
  • 2nd Class Full term, 1913-1919

• Minnesota 1912
  • 2nd Class Full term, 1913-1919

• Oklahoma 1912
  • 2nd Class Full term, 1913-1919

• Montana 1912
  • 2nd Class Full term, 1913-1919

• Maryland 1913 (first election under Seventeenth Amendment after ratification)
  • 1st Class Vacancy, term ending 1917

• 1914 All Class 3 Senators, 32 Seats (term 1915-1921)

• 1916 All Class 1 Senators, 32 Seats (term 1917-1923)

• 1918 All Class 2 Senators, 32 Seats (term 1919-1925)

With the seating of the Sixty-Sixth U. S. Congress, every Senator had been chosen by popular vote, rather than by the State legislatures.

Alaska and Hawaii are the only states never to have elected U. S. Senators under the original design of the Constitution.

Proposal and ratification

Congress proposed the Seventeenth Amendment on May 13, 1912. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting ^[3] The following states ratified the amendment:

1. Massachusetts (1912-05-22)
2. Arizona (1912-06-03)
3. Minnesota (1912-06-10)
4. New York (1913-01-15)
5. Kansas (1913-01-17)
6. Oregon (1913-01-23)
7. North Carolina (1913-01-25)
8. California (1913-01-28)
9. Michigan (1913-01-28)
10. Iowa (1913-01-30)
11. Montana (1913-01-30)
12. Idaho (1913-01-31)
13. West Virginia (1913-02-04)
14. Colorado (1913-02-05)
15. Nevada (1913-02-06)
16. Texas (1913-02-07)
17. Washington (1913-02-07)
18. Wyoming (1913-02-08)
19. Arkansas (1913-02-11)
20. Maine (1913-02-11)
21. Illinois (1913-02-13)
22. North Dakota (1913-02-14)
23. Wisconsin (1913-02-18)
24. Indiana (1913-02-19)
25. New Hampshire (1913-02-19)
26. Vermont (1913-02-19)
27. South Dakota (1913-02-19)
28. Oklahoma (1913-02-24)
29. Ohio (1913-02-25)
30. Missouri (1913-03-07)
31. New Mexico (1913-03-13)
32. Nebraska (1913-03-14)
33. New Jersey (1913-03-17)
34. Tennessee (1913-04-01)
35. Pennsylvania (1913-04-02)
36. Connecticut (1913-04-08)

Ratification was completed on 1913-04-08, having the required three-fourths majority. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian

The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following state:

1. Louisiana (1913-06-11)

The following state rejected the amendment:

1. Utah (1913-02-26)

The following states legislature failed to complete action on the amendment:

1. Florida (Never reached the State Senate)

Calls for repeal

There are some who have called for the repeal of the Seventeenth Amendment. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed ^[4] For example, former Senator Zell Miller, upon retiring from the Senate, said “Direct elections of Senators … allowed Washington’s special interests to call the shots, whether it is filling judicial vacancies, passing laws, or issuing regulations. Zell Bryan Miller (born February 24 1932 is an American Politician from the U ”^[5] Thomas DiLorenzo, author of The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War, said "The Seventeenth Amendment was one of the last nails to be pounded into the coffin of federalism in America. Thomas J DiLorenzo (born 1954 is an American Economics Professor at Loyola College in Maryland. ^[6] Some blame the Amendment, together with the Sixteenth Amendment, for the expansion of the authority of the United States Congress in the twentieth century. The The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The twentieth century of the Common Era began on ^[7]

Notes

References

• U.S. Senate: Direct Election of Senators

Note: Much of the text of this article appears to come from the above page, which is in the public domain as a work of the United States government. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone A work of the United States government, as defined by United States copyright law, is "a work prepared by an officer or employee of the U

• NARA - The National Archives Experience: Seventeenth Amendment
• From: Mrs. Lawrence's History Notes (Frost Middle School- 7GTC Discovery Team)
• The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment, Christopher Hyde Hoebeke

External links

• CRS Annotated Constitution: Seventeenth Amendment
• The State Legislatures Opposed to the Seventeenth Amendment