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Several months after the occupation and division of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers in World War II, the territory of Serbia became known as Militärverwaltung in Serbien or Military Administration in Serbia, by Nazi Germany in 1941 . The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers [1] [2] [[3]] The Serbian civil administration preferred to call the entity the Government of National Salvation (Serbian Cyrillic: Влада Националног Спаса, Serbian Latin: Vlada Nacionalnog Spasa) and claimed it was an independent state, though its affairs were dictated by German authorities which did not recognize its sovereignty. Its territories included present-day Central Serbia, northern part of Kosovo (around Kosovska Mitrovica), and region of Banat, composed the territories of Serbia[3] Officially, the affairs of Serbs were to be represented by their own government, led by Milan Nedić, who was their official leader from 1941 to 1944. Political status The region of Central Serbia is not an administrative division of Serbia as such it is under the direct jurisdiction of the republic authorities The Banat was a political entity established after occupation and partition of Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers. Milan Nedić ( Serbian Cyrillic Милан Недић ( September 2, 1878 &ndash February 4, 1946) was a Serbian [4] and was backed by Dimitrije Ljotić with his fascist ZBOR party supporters. Dimitrije Ljotić (Димитрије Љотић ( August 12, 1891, Belgrade - April 22, 1945, Ajdovščina) was a Jugoslovenski narodni pokret "Zbor" ( Yugoslav National Movement "Zbor", commonly known as ZBOR) was the name of the movement formed But Nedić held little real power while most power resided in the administration's de facto governors, which were simply called a Military Commander (Militärbefehlshaber): The Military Commanders of the administration were Franz Böhme in 1941, Harold Turner (1941-1942), Walter Uppenkamp (1942), Egon Bönner (1942-1943), and Franz Neuhausen (1943-1944). Franz Friedrich Böhme (15 April 1885 Austria – 29 May 1947 was a general in the German Army, serving as Commander of the Twentieth Mountain Army [5] Böhme was given emergency powers to govern the territory since July 1941 and served as a defacto governor of the region even before the administration was solidified in August. Böhme was relieved of the position later in 1941. Staatsrat (privy councillor) Harold Turner and SS Untersturmfuhrer Fritz Stracke handled most of the affairs of the administration while Nedić served as a nominal local leader and as a symbol of legitimization of the German presence there. Dr Harald Turner was an SS commander and Staatsrat (privy councillor in the German-imposed and led military regime in Serbia called the Military [4] The regime was unsuccessful in detracting Serbs from rebelling against the occupiers of Yugoslavia and had little support amongst Serbs. This was due to acts of extreme violence and ethnic persecution of Serbs by the German occupiers and Ustashe extreme nationalists in Croatia, most Serbs associated with opposition forces who fought against both the German occupation forces and the Ustashe regime of Croatia. For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. The regime attempted to reduce the large Serbian resistance against the German military occupation of Yugoslavia, but continued atrocities by German occupation authorities made such attempts futile. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Real power resided with the German occupiers rather than under Nedić's government. [6]
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Geopolitical situation
After the quick defeat and carving up of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the territory that was not given to the surrounding Axis neighbours, including the new Independent State of Croatia in the west, Italian-occupied territories in the south, Hungarian-occupied territories in the north-west, and Bulgarian-occupied territories in the south-east, became part of a German and collaborationist military administration. The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. As they usually did in occupied territories, the Germans installed a puppet government, which was to be a partner in providing security and to implement laws and policies amenable to the Germans.
Currency
After the collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Serbian civil government had the National bank of Kingdom of Yugoslavia was transformed into the Serbian National Bank. One of the first Serbian states Raška, was founded in the first half of the 7th century on Byzantine territory by the Unknown Тhe medieval history of Serbia begins in the 5th century AD with the arrival of the Slavs in the Balkans and ends with the occupation of Serbia by the Ottoman Empire in 1459 Raška ( alternative spellings have included Raschka, Rascia and Rassa) was the central and most successful Medieval Serbian Zeta (Serbian Cyrillic Зета, Latin Zenta) was a principality whose territory was mostly Serbian territories that approximately encompass present-day Doclea can refer to Doclea (city, ancient Illyrian and Roman city Duklja, medieval Slavic principality Zachlumia ( Croatian: Zahumlje Serbian: Захумље also known as the Land of the Hum and Chelm, was a Medieval Travunia ( Serbian: Травунија or Травуња Transliterations: Travunija, Travunja; Latin: Terbounia) was a Pagania, Merania or Neretvia (the Narentine Frontier, Ancient Greek:, Italian: Narentani The Serbian Empire ( Serbian: Српско Царство Srpsko Carstvo) was a medieval empire in the Balkans that emerged from the medieval Moravian Serbia ( Serbian: Моравска Србија Moravska Srbija) was the most important of the Serbian states that emerged from the collapse of the This page is about the Battle of Kosovo of 1389; for other battles see Battle of Kosovo (disambiguation. The Serbian Despotate ( Serbian: Српска деспотовина or Srpska despotovina) was among the last Serbian states to be conquered by the Wars for Serbia (1389 - 1540 The Turks defeated the Serbian army in two crucial battles on the banks of the river Marica in Serbia was a province of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1718 to 1739 Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion was an uprising of Serbs against the Ottoman Empire from Feb 1788 - 7 Sep 1788 Serbian revolution or Revolutionary Serbia refers to the national and Social revolution of the Serbian people between 1804 and 1817 during Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in two revolutions in 1804 and 1815, though Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital Belgrade The Serbian Principality (Serbian Кнежевина Србија Kneževina Srbija) was a state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Србија Serbian Latinica Kraljevina Srbija) was created when Prince Milan Obrenović ruler The Serbian Campaign was fought from August 1914 when Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia at the outset of First World War, until the end of the war in The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The Republic of Užice ( Serbo-Croatian: Ужичка република Užička Republika) was a short-lived military mini-state that existed in Autumn Socialist Republic of Serbia ( Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Република Србија Socijalistička Republika Srbija) was a Socialist The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija It introduced Serbian Dinar as the only legal currency and disabled the circulation of other currencies on the territories of Serbia occupied by neighboring countries. [7] The traditional Obrenović coat of arms was found on bills and coins minus the royal crown. The Coat of Arms of Serbia is the same as the Coat of arms of the former Obrenović dynasty (first adopted in 1882; re-adopted in 2004 [8][9][10]
Culture
Media
With the dissolution of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, many newspapers went out of print while new papers were formed. On May 16, 1941 the first new daily, Novo vreme (New Times), was formed. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [11] The weekly Naša borba (Our Struggle) was formed by the fascist ZBOR party in 1941, its title echoing Hitler's Mein Kampf (My Struggle). Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. [11] The regime itself released the Službene novine (Official Gazette) which attempted to continue the tradition of the official paper of the same name which was released in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. [11][12]
Film
The state of film in Serbia was somewhat improved over the situation in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija During this time, the number of cinemas in Belgrade was increased to 21, with a daily attendance of between 12,000 and 15,000 people. [13] The two most popular films were 1943's Nevinost bez zaštite and Golden City which had viewership of 62,000 and 108,000 patrons respectively. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [14]
Sport
With the dissolution of the Yugoslav First League in the spring of 1940, Serbia had its own national football competition. Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1923-1940 This was the first club competition on a national level for clubs from Kingdom of Yugoslavia (also known as the Kingdom of Serbs Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Competing teams included BSK Belgrade, SK 1913 (SK Jugoslavija), and FK Obilić. OFK Beograd ( Serbian Cyrillic: ОФК Београд is a football club from Belgrade, Serbia, more precisely from the Karaburma For another (less notable club see FK Mladi Obilić Beograd. FK Obilić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Обилић [15]
Internal affairs
The internal affairs of Serbia were affected by Nazi racial laws. These were introduced in all occupied territories with immediate effects on Jews and Roma people, as well as causing the imprisonment of those opposed to Nazism. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The region of Banat was ruled by its local minority German population. The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries the eastern part lies in Romania (the counties Despite domination by the German occupiers across the military administration, it maintained its own currency, the Serbian dinar which replaced the Yugoslav dinar which existed until 1945, when the Germans and the collaboratists were defeated and replaced by the Yugoslav communist state, which scrapped the Serbian dinar and other currencies of the Independent State of Croatia and Montenegro in 1945. [16]
The administration's first Serbian government leader was Milan Aćimović[17] In late August Aćimović stepped down and was replaced by Milan Nedić, who hoped that his collaboration would save what was left of Serbia and avoid total destruction by Nazi reprisals, he personally kept in contact with Yugoslavia's exiled King Peter, assuring the King that he was not another Pavelic (the Croatian Ustashe leader), and Nedić's defenders claimed he was like Philippe Pétain of Vichy France (who was claimed to have defended the French people while accepting the occupation), and denied that he was leading a weak Quisling regime. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Quisling, after Norwegian politician Vidkun Quisling, who assisted Nazi Germany to conquer his own country is a term used to describe traitors and [18] The Serbian collaboratist government failed to win the favour of Serbs, who largely associated with the two key opposition groups, the Serb nationalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans. The Chetnik movement or the Chetniks ( Serbian: Četnici, Cyrillic script: Четници were a Serbian -nationalist/ royalist The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani
The real power rested with the administration's Military Commanders, who controlled both the German armed forces and Serb collaborationist forces in the administration. In 1941, the administration's Military Commander, Franz Böhme, responded to Serb attacks on German forces by ordering reprisal attacks in which 100 Serbs would be killed for each German killed and 50 Serbs killed for each wounded German. Franz Friedrich Böhme (15 April 1885 Austria – 29 May 1947 was a general in the German Army, serving as Commander of the Twentieth Mountain Army The first set of reprisals were the massacres in Kragujevac and in Kraljevo by the Wehrmacht. The Kragujevac massacre was the massacre of between 2300 to 5000 civilians mostly Serbs and Roma, women and schoolchildren — in Kragujevac, Serbia Kraljevo ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљево) is a city and municipality located in Serbia at, built beside the Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 These proved to be counterproductive to the German forces in the aftermath, as it ruined any possibility of gaining any substantial numbers of Serbs to support the collaborationist regime of Nedić. Additionally, it was discovered that in Kraljevo, a Serbian workforce group which was building airplanes for the Axis forces had been among the victims. [19] The massacres caused Nedić to urge that the arbitrary shooting of Serbs be stopped, Böhme agreed and ordered a halt to the executions until further notice. [20] Approximately 14,500 Serbian Jews - 90 percent of Serbia's Jewish population of 16,000 - were murdered in World War II. [21]
By late 1941, with each attack by Chetniks and Partisans, brought more reprisal massacres being committed by the German armed forces against Serbs. The largest Chetnik opposition group led by Colonel Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović decided that it was in the best interests of Serbs to temporarily shut down operations against the Germans until the possibility of decisively beating the German armed forces looked possible. Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović ( Cyrillic script: Драгољуб "Дража" Михаиловић also known as "Чича Дража" or " Mihailović justified this by saying "When it is all over and, with God's help, I was preserved to continue the struggle, I resolved that I would never again bring such misery on the country unless it could result in total liberation". [22] Mihailović then reluctantly decided to allow some Chetniks to join Nedic's regime to launch attacks against Tito's Partisans,. [23] Mihailović saw as the main threat to Chetniks and, in his view, Serbs, as the Partisans[24] who refused to back down fighting, which would almost certainly result in more German reprisal massacres of Serbs. With arms provided by the Germans, those Chetniks who joined Nedic's collaborationist armed forces, so they could pursue their civil war against the partisans without fear of attack by the Germans, whom they intended to later turn against. This resulted in an increase of recruits to the regime's armed forces. [25] One of Mihailović's closest friends, Djuishić joined Nedic's collaboratist forces, and later planned in 1943, under the auspices of the collaboratists to exterminate the Muslims, Croats, and Partisans of the Sanjak region in revenge for Croatian Ustashe and Muslim massacres of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia in 1941 and to inflict serious damage to the Partisans, but this was never put through. Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants sinjaq sanjaq) are the most common English transcriptions of the Turkish word sancak The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. [26]
Collaborationist armed forces
Aside from German armed forces which were the dominant Axis military in the territory, there were two Serbian collaborationist military forces, the Serbian State Guards (Srpska Državna Straža) and the Serbian Volunteer Command both formed in 1941. Serbian State Guard ( Serbian: Српска државна стража Srpska Državna Straža) also known as nedićevci was the name of the pro-nazi The Serbian Volunteer Corps or SDK (Српски Добровољачки Корпус or Srpski Dobrovoljački Korpus in Serbian, or Serbisches In 1943, the Serbian Volunteer Command was renamed the Serbian Volunteer Corps (Srpski Dobrovoljački Korpus). Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Serbian Volunteer Corps or SDK (Српски Добровољачки Корпус or Srpski Dobrovoljački Korpus in Serbian, or Serbisches [27]
Initially, the recruits were largely paramilitaries and supporters of the fascist Yugoslav National Movement "Zbor" (Jugoslovenski narodni pokret "Zbor" , or ZBOR) party of Dimitrije Ljotić. Jugoslovenski narodni pokret "Zbor" ( Yugoslav National Movement "Zbor", commonly known as ZBOR) was the name of the movement formed Jugoslovenski narodni pokret "Zbor" ( Yugoslav National Movement "Zbor", commonly known as ZBOR) was the name of the movement formed Dimitrije Ljotić (Димитрије Љотић ( August 12, 1891, Belgrade - April 22, 1945, Ajdovščina) was a Nedić's forces fought Communist Partisans as well as Royalist Chetniks who were not willing to sign an agreement of cooperation. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani The Chetnik movement or the Chetniks ( Serbian: Četnici, Cyrillic script: Четници were a Serbian -nationalist/ royalist
Recruits to the collaborationist forces increased in numbers following groups of Chetniks loyal to Kosta Pećanac joining. Kosta Pećanac (born 1879 in Dečani - died May 25 1944 in Nikolinac near Soko Banja) was a Chetnik voivoda during the Second By their own postwar account, these Chetniks joined with the intention to destroy Tito's Partisans, rather than supporting Nedić and the German occupation forces, whom they later intended to turn against. [28]
The Serbian Volunteer Corps were formed in the spring of 1943. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. At the end of 1944, the Corps and its German liaison staff were transferred to the Waffen-SS as the Serbian SS Corps and comprised a staff from four regiments each with three batalions and a training battalion. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron"
Concentration camps
Key Politicians
- Milan Nedić
- Dimitrije Ljotić
- Velibor Jonić
- Dr. Banjica concentration camp was a Nazi German Concentration camp in World War II, located in the eponymous suburb of Belgrade Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Crveni krst ( English: Red cross was a Concentration camp located in the Serbian city of Niš, and operated by the Nazis Dulag 183 was the name of the German transit camp for POWs in WWII Serbia located in the town of Šabac. Šabac (Шабац Hungarian: Szabács, Turkish: Böğürdelen is a city and municipality located in Serbia at 44 Milan Nedić ( Serbian Cyrillic Милан Недић ( September 2, 1878 &ndash February 4, 1946) was a Serbian Dimitrije Ljotić (Димитрије Љотић ( August 12, 1891, Belgrade - April 22, 1945, Ajdovščina) was a Velibor Jonić (died in 1946 was a Serbian fascist politician and government minister in World War II Serbia. Milorad Nedeljković
- Dragomir Jovanović
- Milan Aćimović
- Tanasije-Tasa Dinić
- Čedomir Marjanović
- Bogoljub Kujundžić
- Đura Dokić
- Ljubiša Mikić
- Dušan Letica
- Dušan Đorđević
- Boško Pavlović
- Vladimir Velmar-Janković
Military and special forces
References
General references
- Bailey, Ronald H. Milorad Nedeljković (born 1883 was a Serbian economist and Axis-collaborating politician Dragomir Dragi Jovanović ( July 27, 1902 in Požarevac &ndash July 17, 1947 in Belgrade) was a Serbian politician Milan Aćimović (1898 &ndash 1945 was a Serbian politician and Axis collaborator Vladimir Velmar-Janković (born in Čaglić near Lipik, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary on August 10, 1895 - died in Kosta Mušicki (born April 7, 1897 in Slavonski Brod - died July 17, 1946 in Belgrade) was a general of the Serbian Kosta Pećanac (born 1879 in Dečani - died May 25 1944 in Nikolinac near Soko Banja) was a Chetnik voivoda during the Second Svetozar Vujković (born 1899 in Smederevska Palanka - died 1949 was a Serbian police officer and head of the Banjica Concentration Camp in fascist 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books.
- Browning, Christopher H. 2004. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust). Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.
- Dobrich, Momcilo. 2001. Belgrade's Best: The Serbian Volunteer Corps, 1941-1945, Axis Europa Books. ISBN 1-891227-38-6
- Kostić, Boško N. Za istoriju naših dana, Lille, France, 1949.
- Kostić, Lazo M. Armijski đeneral Milan Nedić, Novi Sad, 2000.
- Wolff, Robert Lee. 1956. Balkans in Our Time. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press.
- History of Serbian Volunteer Corps
- Serbia at WorldStatesmen.org
Footnotes
- ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 203
- ^ Tomasević, Jozo. (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press.
- ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 204
- ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81
- ^ Tomasević, Jozo. (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press.
- ^ War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration by Jozo Tomasevich, published 2001 Stanford University Press pg 182 Quote: "Nedic thus headed a government whose powers were strictly limited, one that had no international standing even with the Axis powers. Like its predecessor, it was no more than a subsidiary organ of the German occupation authorities, doing part of the work of administering the country and helping to keep it pacified so that the Germans could exploit it with a minimum of effort, and bearing some of the blame for the harshness of the rule. "
- ^ Pavlovic International Bank
- ^ http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/serbia/serbia-22.JPG
- ^ http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/serbia/serbia-28.JPG
- ^ Worldcoingallery.com
- ^ a b c Olivera Milosavljević - POTISNUTA ISTINA
- ^ Paragraf Co
- ^ Miroslav Savković, Kinematografija u Srbiji tokom Drugog svetskog rata 1941-1945. , Ibis, Belgrade 1994 (pg. 59)
- ^ Miroslav Savković, Kinematografija u Srbiji tokom Drugog svetskog rata 1941-1945. , Ibis, Belgrade 1994 (pg. 46)
- ^ History of FC Obilić
- ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 324
- ^ Dobrich, Momcilo. 2001. Belgrade's Best: The Serbian Volunteer Corps, 1941-1945, Axis Europa Books. P. 21
- ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 204
- ^ Browning, Christopher H. 2004. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust) Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heros' Remembrance Authority. P. 344
- ^ Browning, Christopher H. 2004. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust) Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heros' Remembrance Authority. P. 344
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Macmillan Publishing Company New York 1990
- ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 80
- ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81
- ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 213
- ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81
- ^ Wolff, Robert Lee, (1956). Balkans in Our Time Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press. P. 213
- ^ Dobrich, Momcilo. 2001. Belgrade's Best: The Serbian Volunteer Corps, 1941-1945, Axis Europa Books. P. 21
- ^ Bailey, Ronald H. 1980 (original edition from 1978). Partisans and guerrillas (World War II; v. 12). Chicago, Illinois, USA: Time-Life Books. P. 81
See also
- Banat (1941–1944)
- Republic of Užice
- Kingdom of Montenegro (1941-1944)
- Independent State of Croatia
- Military history of Hungary during World War II
- Military history of Bulgaria during World War II
- Military history of Albania during World War II
- World War II
- Anti-Freemason Exhibition
- Balkans Campaign
- People's Liberation War
- Quisling
External links
The Banat was a political entity established after occupation and partition of Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers. The Republic of Užice ( Serbo-Croatian: Ужичка република Užička Republika) was a short-lived military mini-state that existed in Autumn Montenegro existed as a puppet Protectorate of Fascist Italy, as a component of the Italian Empire ( 1941 - 1943. The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. Hungary during World War II was a generally opportunistic and generally unwilling member of the Axis. The military history of Bulgaria during World War II encompasses an initial period of neutrality until 1 March 1941, a period of alliance Communist and Nationalist resistance Beginning of the Communist movement Faced with an illiterate Agrarian, and mostly Muslim society monitored World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition (Antimasonska izložba was the name of an Antisemitic exhibition that was opened in Belgrade on October 22, 1941 The Balkans Campaign was the Axis Powers ' invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia during World War II. The Yugoslav Front of World War II, also known as the Yugoslav People's Liberation War ( Croatian, Serbian: Narodnooslobodilački rat, Cyrillic Quisling, after Norwegian politician Vidkun Quisling, who assisted Nazi Germany to conquer his own country is a term used to describe traitors and
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