Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas) Part of the American Civil War Ruins of Stone Bridge at Bull Run Creek, Manassas, Virginia, March 1862. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Date August 28 – August 30, 1862[1] Location Prince William County, Virginia Result Confederate victory Belligerents United States (Union) CSA (Confederacy) Commanders John Pope Robert E. Lee James Longstreet Stonewall Jackson Strength 62,000[2] 50,000[2] Casualties and losses ~10,000 killed and wounded[3] ~1,300 killed, ~7,000 wounded[3]

The Second Battle of Bull Run, or the Battle of Second Manassas, as it was known by the South, was fought between August 28 and August 30, 1862,^[1] as part of the American Civil War. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Prince William County is a county located in the Washington Metropolitan Area. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 John Pope ( March 16, 1822 &ndash September 23, 1892) was a career United States Army officer and Union general in Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated James Longstreet (January 8 1821 &ndash January 2 1904 was one of the foremost Confederate Generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21 1824 &ndash May 10 1863 was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South It was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas), fought in 1861 on the same ground. The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries John Pope ( March 16, 1822 &ndash September 23, 1892) was a career United States Army officer and Union general in The Army of Virginia was organized as a major unit of the Union Army and operated briefly and unsuccessfully in 1862 in the American Civil War. Background Brig Gen Irvin McDowell was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to command the Army of Northeastern Virginia.

Following a wide-ranging flanking march, Confederate Maj. In Military tactics, a flanking maneuver, also called a flank attack, is an attack on the sides of an opposing force Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson captured the Union supply depot at Manassas Junction, threatening Pope's line of communications with Washington, D.C. Withdrawing a few miles to the northwest, Jackson took up defensive positions on Stony Ridge. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21 1824 &ndash May 10 1863 was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D On August 28, 1862, Jackson attacked a Union column at Brawner's Farm, near Groveton, resulting in a stalemate. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday On that same day, the wing of Lee's army commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet broke through light Union resistance in the Battle of Thoroughfare Gap and approached the battlefield. James Longstreet (January 8 1821 &ndash January 2 1904 was one of the foremost Confederate Generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate

Pope became convinced that he had trapped Jackson and concentrated the bulk of his army against him. On August 29, Pope launched a series of assaults against Jackson's position along an unfinished railroad grade. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) The attacks were repulsed with heavy casualties on both sides. At noon, Longstreet arrived on the field from Thoroughfare Gap and took position on Jackson's right flank. On August 30, Pope renewed his attacks, seemingly unaware that Longstreet was on the field. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and When massed Confederate artillery devastated a Union assault by Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter's V Corps, Longstreet's wing of 25,000 men in five divisions counterattacked in the largest, simultaneous mass assault of the war. Fitz John Porter ( August 31, 1822 &ndash May 21, 1901) (sometimes written FitzJohn Porter) was a career United States Army The V Corps ( Fifth Corps) was a unit of the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. ^[4] The Union left flank was crushed and the army driven back to Bull Run. Bull Run is a free-flowing tributary stream of the Potomac River that originates from a spring in the Bull Run Mountains in Loudoun County, Virginia Only an effective Union rearguard action prevented a replay of the First Manassas disaster. Pope's retreat to Centreville was nonetheless precipitous. Centreville is an Unincorporated community in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. ^[5]

Background and opposing forces

Main article: Northern Virginia Campaign

Further information: Confederate order of battle, Union order of battle

Key Union Commanders

Maj. Background and opposing forces After the collapse of McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in the Seven Days Battles of June 1862 President Abraham Lincoln appointed The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Second Battle of Bull Run of the American Civil War. The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Second Battle of Bull Run of the American Civil War. Gen. John Pope, USA

Maj. John Pope ( March 16, 1822 &ndash September 23, 1892) was a career United States Army officer and Union general in Gen. Irvin McDowell, USA

Maj. Irvin McDowell ( October 15, 1818 &ndash May 4, 1885) was a career American army officer, famous for his defeat during Gen. Fitz John Porter, USA

After the collapse of Maj. Fitz John Porter ( August 31, 1822 &ndash May 21, 1901) (sometimes written FitzJohn Porter) was a career United States Army Gen. George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in the Seven Days Battles of June 1862, President Abraham Lincoln appointed John Pope to command the newly formed Army of Virginia. George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 1826 October 29 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Start of the Peninsula Campaign Opposing forces See also [[Seven Days Confederate order of battle]] [[Seven Days Union order of battle]] Almost The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Pope had achieved some success in the Western Theater, and Lincoln sought a more aggressive general than McClellan. This article presents an overview of major military and naval operations in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. ^[6]

The Union Army of Virginia was divided into three corps of 51,000 men, under Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel (I Corps); Maj. Franz Sigel ( November 18, 1824 &ndash August 21, 1902) was a German military officer and immigrant to the United States who was a I Corps (First Corps was the designation of three different Corps -sized units in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks (II Corps); and Maj. Nathaniel Prentice (or Prentiss Banks ( January 30, 1816 September 1, 1894) was an American Politician and Soldier There were five corps in the Union Army designated as II Corps ( Second Army Corps) during the American Civil War. Gen. Irvin McDowell, who had led the losing Union army at First Bull Run (III Corps). Irvin McDowell ( October 15, 1818 &ndash May 4, 1885) was a career American army officer, famous for his defeat during There were four formations in the Union Army designated as III Corps (or Third Army Corps) during the American Civil War. Parts of three corps (III, V, and VI) of McClellan's Army of the Potomac and Maj. There were four formations in the Union Army designated as III Corps (or Third Army Corps) during the American Civil War. The V Corps ( Fifth Corps) was a unit of the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. The VI Corps ( Sixth Army Corps) was a Corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The Army of the Potomac was the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. Gen. Ambrose Burnside's IX Corps (commanded by Maj. Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23 1824 September 13 1881 was an American soldier railroad executive inventor industrialist and politician from Rhode Island, IX Corps ( Ninth Army Corps) was a Corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War that distinguished itself in combat in multiple theaters Gen. Jesse L. Reno), eventually joined Pope for combat operations, raising his strength to 77,000. Jesse Lee Reno ( April 20, 1823 &ndash September 14, 1862) was a career United States Army officer who served in the Mexican-American ^[7]

Key Confederate Commanders

Gen. Robert E. Lee, CSA

Maj. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated Gen. James Longstreet, CSA

Maj. James Longstreet (January 8 1821 &ndash January 2 1904 was one of the foremost Confederate Generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate Gen. Stonewall Jackson, CSA

On the Confederate side, General Robert E. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21 1824 &ndash May 10 1863 was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two "wings" or "commands" of about 55,000 men. The "right wing" was commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet, the left by Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson. The Cavalry Division under Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart was attached to Jackson's wing. James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart ( February 6, 1833 &ndash May 12, 1864) was an American soldier from Virginia and a ^[8]

Northern Virginia Campaign, August 7 – August 28, 1862. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday      Confederate      Union

Pope's mission was to fulfill a few objectives: protect Washington and the Shenandoah Valley, and draw Confederate forces away from McClellan by moving in the direction of Gordonsville. The Shenandoah Valley region of western Virginia and West Virginia is bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Appalachian ^[9] Based on his experience fighting McClellan in the Seven Days, Robert E. Lee perceived that McClellan was no further threat to him on the Virginia Peninsula, so he felt no compulsion to keep all of his forces in direct defense of Richmond. The Virginia Peninsula is a Peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake This allowed him to relocate Jackson to Gordonsville to block Pope and protect the Virginia Central Railroad. Virginia Central Railroad was chartered as the Louisa Railroad in 1836 by the Virginia Board of Public Works and had its name changed to Virginia Central ^[10]

Lee had larger plans in mind. Since the Union Army was split between McClellan and Pope and they were widely separated, Lee saw an opportunity to destroy Pope before returning his attention to McClellan. He committed Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to join Jackson with 12,000 men. Ambrose Powell Hill (November 9 1825 &ndash April 2 1865 was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. On August 3, General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck directed McClellan to begin his final withdrawal from the Peninsula and to return to Northern Virginia to support Pope. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16, 1815 &ndash January 9, 1872) was a United States Army officer scholar and lawyer McClellan protested and did not begin his redeployment until August 14. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures ^[11]

On August 9, Nathaniel Banks's corps attacked Jackson at Cedar Mountain, gaining an early advantage, but a Confederate counterattack led by A. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Background Maj Gen John Pope was placed in command of the newly constituted Union Army of Virginia on June 26. P. Hill drove Banks back across Cedar Creek. Jackson's advance was stopped, however, by the Union division of Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts. James Brewerton Ricketts ( June 21, 1817 &ndash September 22, 1887) was a career officer in the United States Army, serving as a general By now Jackson had learned that Pope's corps were all together, foiling his plan of defeating each in separate actions. He remained in position until August 12, then withdrew to Gordonsville. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid ^[12] On August 13, Lee sent Longstreet to reinforce Jackson. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar.

From August 22 to August 25, the two armies fought a series of minor actions along the Rappahannock River. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the The Rappahannock River is a river in eastern Virginia in the United States, approximately 184 mi (294 km in length Heavy rains had swollen the river and Lee was unable to force a crossing. By this time, reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac were arriving from the Peninsula. Lee's new plan in the face of all these additional forces outnumbering him was to send Jackson and Stuart with half of the army on a flanking march to cut Pope's line of communication, the Orange & Alexandria Railroad. The Orange and Alexandria Railroad (O&A was an intrastate railroad in Virginia. Pope would be forced to retreat and could be defeated while moving and vulnerable. Jackson departed on August 25 and reached Salem (present-day Marshall) that night. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Marshall is a charming historic & unincorporated village located in the hunt country of northwestern Fauquier County, Virginia. ^[13]

On the evening of August 26, after passing around Pope's right flank via Thoroughfare Gap, Jackson's wing of the army struck the Orange & Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station and before daybreak August 27 marched to capture and destroy the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Bristow is an Unincorporated town in Prince William County, Virginia. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan This surprise movement forced Pope into an abrupt retreat from his defensive line along the Rappahannock. During the night of August 27 – August 28, Jackson marched his divisions north to the First Bull Run (Manassas) battlefield, where he took position behind an unfinished railroad grade below Stony Ridge. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital ^[14] The defensive position was a good one. The heavy woods allowed the Confederates to conceal themselves, while maintaining good observation points of the Warrenton Turnpike, the likely avenue of Union movement, only a few hundred yards to the south. There were good approach roads for Longstreet to join Jackson, or for Jackson to retreat to the Bull Run Mountains if he could not be reinforced in time. Finally, the unfinished railroad grade offered cuts and fills that could be used as ready-made entrenchments. ^[15]

In the Battle of Thoroughfare Gap on August 28, Longstreet's wing broke through light Union resistance and marched through the gap to join Jackson. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital This seemingly inconsequential action virtually ensured Pope's defeat during the coming battles because it allowed the two wings of Lee's army to unite on the Manassas battlefield. ^[16]

Battle

August 28: Brawner's Farm

August 28, action at Brawner's Farm. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital

The Second Battle of Bull Run began on August 28 as a Federal column, under Jackson's observation near the farm of the John Brawner family, moved along the Warrenton Turnpike. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital US Route 29 is a north-south United States highway that runs for 1036 miles (1667 km from the western suburbs of Baltimore Maryland, to Pensacola Florida It consisted of units from Brig. Gen. Rufus King's division: the brigades of Brig. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. Rufus King ( January 26 or July 26, 1814 &ndash October 13 1876) was a newspaper editor educator U Gens. John P. Hatch, John Gibbon, Abner Doubleday, and Marsena R. Patrick, marching eastward to concentrate with the rest of Pope's army at Centreville. John Porter Hatch (January 9 1822 &ndash April 12 1901 was a career American soldier who served as general in the Union Army during the American Civil War John Gibbon ( April 20, 1827 &ndash February 6, 1896) was a career United States Army officer who fought in the American Civil Abner Doubleday (June 26 1819 &ndash January 26 1893 was a career United States Army officer and Union general in the American Civil War. Marsena Rudolph Patrick ( March 15, 1811 &ndash July 27, 1888) was a college president and an officer in the United States Army, serving King was not with his division because he had suffered a serious epileptic attack earlier that day. Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. ^[17]

Jackson, who had been relieved to hear earlier that Longstreet's men were on their way to join him, displayed himself prominently to the Union troops, but his presence was disregarded. Concerned that Pope might be withdrawing his army behind Bull Run to link up with McClellan's arriving forces, Jackson determined to attack. Returning to his position behind the tree line, he told his subordinates, "Bring out your men, gentlemen. " At about 6:30 p. m. , Confederate artillery began shelling the portion of the column to their front, John Gibbon's Black Hat Brigade (later to be named the Iron Brigade). The Iron Brigade, also known as the Iron Brigade of the West or the Black Hat Brigade, was an Infantry Brigade in the Union Gibbon, a former artilleryman, responded with fire from Battery B, 4th U. S. Artillery. The artillery exchange halted King's column. Hatch's brigade had proceeded past the area and Patrick's men, in the rear of the column, sought cover, leaving Gibbon and Doubleday to respond to Jackson's attack. Gibbon assumed that, since Jackson was supposedly at Centreville (according to Pope), that these were merely horse artillery cannons from Jeb Stuart's cavalry. Conferring with Doubleday, he volunteered to send the veteran 2nd Wisconsin Infantry up the hill to disperse the harassing cannons. The 2nd Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was an Infantry Regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ^[18]

The 2nd Wisconsin, under the command of Col. Edgar O'Connor, advanced through Brawner's Woods. Rufus Dawes is also the name of the protagonist in the Australian novel For the Term of his Natural Life. See also Colonel In the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, colonel When the 430 men reached a clearing southeast of the farmhouse, they were confronted by the one of the most fabled units in the Confederate Army, the Stonewall Brigade, commanded by Col. The Stonewall Brigade of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, was one of the most famous combat units in United States history William S. Baylor, now depleted after many battles to only 800 men. At 150 yards (140 m), the Wisconsin battle line fired a devastating volley at the Virginians. The Confederates returned fire when the lines were only 80 yards (73 m) apart. As units were added by both sides, the battle lines remained close together, a standup fight with little cover, trading mass volleys for over two hours. Jackson described the action as "fierce and sanguinary. " Gibbon added his 19th Indiana. The 19th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an Infantry Regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Jackson, personally directing the actions of his regiments instead of passing orders to the division commander, Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, sent in three Georgia regiments belonging to Brig. Richard Stoddert Ewell ( February 8, 1817 &ndash January 25, 1872) was a career U Gen. Alexander R. Lawton's brigade. Alexander Robert Lawton (November 4 1818 &ndash July 2 1896 was a Lawyer, Politician, Diplomat and brigadier general in the Confederate Gibbon countered this advance with the 7th Wisconsin. The 7th Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was an Infantry Regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Jackson ordered Brig. Gen. Isaac R. Trimble's brigade to support Lawton, which met the last of Gibbon's regiments, the 6th Wisconsin. Isaac Ridgeway Trimble ( May 15 1802 &ndash January 2 1888) was a U The 6th Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was an Infantry Regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ^[20]

After Trimble's brigade entered the action, Gibbon's men were at a significant disadvantage and he requested assistance from Doubleday, who sent in the 56th Pennsylvania and the 76th New York to plug a gap between the 6th and 7th Wisconsins. These men arrived at the scene after dark and both Trimble and Lawton launched uncoordinated assaults against them. Horse artillery under Captain John Pelham was ordered forward by Jackson and fired at the 19th Indiana from less than 100 yards (91 m). John Pelham ( September 7, 1838 &ndash March 17, 1863) was an Artillery officer who served with the Confederate Cavalry The engagement ended around 9 p. m. , when Gibbon and Doubleday broke off contact and retired to the Turnpike in an orderly fashion; the Confederates were too exhausted to pursue. The fight was essentially a stalemate, but at a heavy cost, with over 1,150 Union and 1,250 Confederate casualties. The 2nd Wisconsin lost 276 of 430 engaged. The Stonewall brigade lost 340 out of 800. Two Georgia regiments—Trimble's 21st and Lawton's 26th—each lost more than 70%. In all, one of every three men engaged in the fight was shot. Confederate Brig. Gen. William B. Taliaferro wrote, "In this fight there was no maneuvering and very little tactics. William Booth Taliaferro ( December 28, 1822 &ndash February 27, 1898) was a U It was a question of endurance and both endured. " Taliaferro was wounded, as was Ewell, whose right leg had to be amputated. ^[21]

Jackson had not been able to achieve a decisive victory with his superior force (about 6,200 men against Gibbon's 2,100),^[23] due to darkness, his piecemeal deployment of forces, and the wounding of two of his key generals. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21 1824 &ndash May 10 1863 was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the But he had achieved his strategic intent, attracting the attention of John Pope. Pope wrongly assumed that the fight at the Brawner Farm occurred as Jackson was retreating from Centreville. Pope believed he had "bagged" Jackson and sought to capture him before he could be reinforced by Longstreet. Pope's dispatch sent that evening to Maj. Gen. Philip Kearny stated, in part, "General McDowell has intercepted the retreat of the enemy and is now in his front . Philip Kearny Jr, ( June 2 1815 &ndash September 1 1862) was a United States Army officer notably in the Mexican-American . . Unless he can escape by by-paths leading to the north to-night, he must be captured. "^[24]

Pope issued orders to his subordinates to surround Jackson and attack him in the morning, but he made several erroneous assumptions. He assumed that McDowell and Sigel were blocking Jackson's retreat routes toward the Bull Run Mountains, but the bulk of both units were southeast of Jackson along the Manassas-Sudley Road. Pope's assumption that Jackson was attempting to retreat was completely wrong; Jackson was in a good defensive position, anxiously awaiting the arrival of Longstreet to begin attacking Pope. Despite receiving intelligence of Longstreet's movements, Pope inexplicably discounted his effect on the battle to come. ^[25]

August 29: Jackson defends Stony Ridge

August 29, 10 a. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) m. , Sigel's attack.

Jackson had initiated the battle at Brawner's farm with the intent of holding Pope until Longstreet arrived with the remainder of the Army of Northern Virginia. Longstreet's 25,000 men began their march from Thoroughfare Gap at 6 a. m. on August 29; Jackson sent Stuart to guide the initial elements of Longstreet's column into positions that Jackson had preselected. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) While he waited for their arrival, Jackson reorganized his defense in case Pope attacked him that morning, positioning 20,000 men in a 3,000-yard (2,700 m) line to the south of Stony Ridge. Noticing the build up of I Corps (Sigel's) troops along the Manassas-Sudley Road, he ordered A. P. Hill's brigades behind the railroad grade near Sudley Church on his left flank. Aware that his position was geographically weak (because the heavy woods in the area prevented effective deployment of artillery), Hill placed his brigades in two lines, with Brig. Gen. Maxcy Gregg's South Carolina brigade and Brig. Maxcy Gregg ( August 1, 1814 &ndash December 15, 1862) was a lawyer soldier in the United States Army during the Mexican-American Gen. Edward L. Thomas's Georgia brigade in the front. Edward Lloyd Thomas (March 23 1825 &ndash March 8 1898 was a Confederate Infantry general during the American Civil War from the state of Georgia In the center of the line, Jackson placed two brigades from Ewell's division (now under the command of Brig. Gen. Alexander Lawton following Ewell's leg amputation), and on the right, William B. Taliaferro's division, now commanded by Brig. Alexander Robert Lawton (November 4 1818 &ndash July 2 1896 was a Lawyer, Politician, Diplomat and brigadier general in the Confederate William Booth Taliaferro ( December 28, 1822 &ndash February 27, 1898) was a U Gen. William E. Starke. ^[26]

Pope's intention was to move against Jackson on both flanks. He ordered Fitz John Porter to move toward Gainesville and attack what he considered to be the Confederate right flank. He ordered Sigel to attack Jackson's left at daybreak. Sigel, unsure of Jackson's dispositions, chose to advance along a broad front, with Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenk's division, supported by Brig. Gen. John F. Reynolds's division (Heintzelman's III Corps) on the left, Brig. John Fulton Reynolds ( September 20, 1820 &ndash July 1, 1863) was a career United States Army officer and a General in Gen. Robert H. Milroy's independent brigade in the center, and Brig. Robert Huston Milroy ( June 11 1816 &ndash March 29 1890) was a lawyer judge and a Union Army general in the American Civil Gen. Carl Schurz's division on the right. Carl Schurz (March 2 1829 &ndash May 14 1906 was a German revolutionary American statesman and reformer and Union Army General in the Schurz's two brigades, moving north on the Manassas-Sudley Road, were the first to contact Jackson's men, at about 7 a. m. ^[27]

The actions in Sigel's attack against A. P. Hill's division was typical of all the battles near Stony Ridge that day. Although the unfinished railroad grade provided natural defensive positions in some places, in general the Confederates eschewed a static defense, absorbing the Union blows and following up with vigorous counterattacks. (These were the same tactics that Jackson would employ at the Battle of Antietam a few weeks later. ) Schurz's two brigades (under Brig. Gen. Alexander Schimmelfennig and Col. Alexander Schimmelfennig (July 20 1824 &ndash September 5 1865 was a German soldier and Political revolutionist and then an American Civil War general Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski) skirmished heavily with Gregg and Thomas, with both sides committing their forces piecemeal. Włodzimierz Bonawentura Krzyżanowski (] (Wladimir Krzyzanowski (July 8 1824 &ndash January 31 1887 was a Polish military leader and a Brigade commander in As Milroy heard the sound of battle to his right, he ordered two of his regiments to assist Schurz. They achieved some success, and the 82nd Ohio breached the Confederate lines in a ground depression known as the Dump, but were eventually repulsed. Schenk and Reynolds, subjected to a heavy artillery barrage, answered with counterbattery fire, but did not advance their infantry. ^[28]

Assuming that Kearny's division of the III Corps was poised to support him, Schurz ordered another assault against Hill around 10 a. m. Kearny did not move forward, however, and the second assault failed. Historians have faulted Kearny for his actions that day, blaming a personal grudge that Kearny held against Sigel. ^[29]

August 29, 12 noon, Longstreet arrives, Porter stalls. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)

By 1 p. m. , Sigel's sector was reinforced by the division of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker (III Corps) and the brigade of Brig. Joseph Hooker ( November 13, 1814 &ndash October 31, 1879) was a career United States Army officer fought in the Mexican-American Gen. Isaac Stevens (IX Corps). Isaac Ingalls Stevens ( March 25, 1818 &ndash September 1, 1862) was the first Governor of Washington Territory, a Pope also arrived on the battlefield, expecting to see the culmination of his victory. But by this time, Longstreet's initial units were in position to Jackson's right. Brig. Gen. John Bell Hood's division straddled the turnpike, loosely connected with Jackson's right flank. John Bell Hood ( June 1 or June 29, 1831 &ndash August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War To Hood's right were the divisions of Brig. Gens. James L. Kemper and David R. "Neighbor" Jones. James Lawson Kemper ( June 11, 1823 April 7, 1895) was a lawyer a Confederate general in the American Civil War, and David Rumph Jones (April 5 1825 &ndash January 15 1863 was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox's division arrived last and was placed into reserve. Cadmus Marcellus Wilcox (May 20 1824 &ndash December 2 1890 was a career United States Army officer who served in the Mexican–American War and also was ^[30]

Stuart's cavalry encountered Porter, Hatch, and McDowell moving up the Manassas-Gainesville Road and a brief firefight halted the Union column. Then a courier arrived with a message for Porter and McDowell, a controversial document from Pope that has become known as the "Joint Order. " Historian John J. Hennessy described the order as a "masterpiece of contradiction and obfuscation that would become the focal point of decades of wrangling. " It described the attacks on Jackson's left, which were already underway, but was unclear about what Porter and McDowell were supposed to do. Rather than moving "to" Gainesville and striking Jackson's supposedly unprotected right flank, it described a move "toward" Gainesville and "as soon as communication is established [with the other divisions] the whole command shall halt. It may be necessary to fall back behind Bull Run to Centreville tonight. " Nowhere in the order did Pope explicitly direct Porter and McDowell to attack and he concluded the order with "If any considerable advantages are to be gained from departing from this order it will not be strictly carried out," rendering the document virtually useless as a military order. ^[31]

Meanwhile, Stuart's cavalry under Col. Thomas Rosser deceived the Union generals by dragging tree branches behind a regiment of horses to simulate great clouds of dust from large columns of marching soldiers. Thomas Lafayette (Tex Rosser ( October 15, 1836 &ndash March 29, 1910) was a Confederate General during the American At this time, McDowell received a report from his cavalry commander, Brig. Gen. John Buford, who reported that 17 regiments of infantry, one battery, and 500 cavalry were moving through Gainesville at 8:15 a. John Buford Jr ( March 4, 1826 &ndash December 16, 1863) was a Union Cavalry officer during the American Civil War m. This was Longstreet's wing arriving from Thoroughfare Gap, and it warned the two Union generals that trouble lay to their front. The Union advance was again halted. For some reason, McDowell neglected to forward Buford's report to Pope until about 7 p. m. , so the army commander was operating under two severe misconceptions: that Longstreet was not near the battlefield and that Porter and McDowell were marching to attack Jackson's right flank. ^[32]

As Longstreet's men were placed into their final positions, General Lee ordered offensive against the Union left. (Longstreet later remembered that Lee "was inclined to engage as soon as practicable, but did not order. ") Longstreet, however, saw that the divisions of Reynolds and Schenk extended south of the Warrenton Turnpike, overlapping half of his line, and he argued against making the attack at that time. Lee eventually relented when Jeb Stuart reported that the force on the Gainesville-Manassas Road (Porter and McDowell) was formidable. ^[33]

August 29, 3 p. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) m. , Grover's attack.

Pope, assuming that the attack on Jackson's right would proceed as he thought he had ordered, authorized four separate attacks against Jackson's front with the intent of diverging the Confederates' attention until Porter delivered the fatal blow. Brig. Gen. Cuvier Grover's brigade attacked at 3 p. Cuvier Grover (July 24 1828 &ndash June 6 1885 was a career officer in the United States Army and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War m. , expecting to be supported by Kearny's division. Grover was fortunate to accidentally strike through a gap in a line that opened between Thomas and Gregg. His spirited bayonet charge was successful temporarily, but Kearny once again did not move forward as ordered and Pope did not intend to support a major attack. Brig. Gen. Dorsey Pender's brigade beat back the attack. William Dorsey Pender ( February 6, 1834 &ndash July 18, 1863) was one of the youngest and most promising Generals fighting ^[34]

Reynolds was ordered to conduct a spoiling attack south of the turnpike and encountered Longstreet's men, causing him to call off his demonstration. Pope dismissed Reynolds's concern as a case of mistaken identity, insisting that Reynolds had run into Porter's V Corps, preparing to attack Jackson's flank. Jesse Reno ordered a XI Corps brigade under Col. James Nagle to attack the center of Jackson's line again. This time Brig. Gen. Isaac R. Trimble's brigade was driven back from the railroad embankment, but Confederate counterattacks restored the line and pursued Nagle's troops back into the open fields until Union artillery halted their advance. ^[35]

August 29, 5–7 p. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) m. , Kearny's attack, Hood vs. Hatch.

At 4:30 p. m. , Pope finally sent an explicit order to Porter to attack, but his aide (his nephew) lost his way and did not deliver the message until 6:30 p. m. In any event, Porter was in no better position to attack then than he was earlier in the day. But in anticipation of the attack that would not come, Pope ordered Kearny to attack Jackson's far left flank, intending to put strong pressure on both ends of the line. At 5 p. m. , for the first time in the battle, Kearny's fierce offensive reputation was realized and he surged forward with ten regiments, striking A. P. Hill's depleted division. During the most severe fighting of the day, counterattacks by the brigades of Brig. Gens. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch and Jubal A. Early repulsed the Union advance. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch ( November 28, 1820 &ndash September 17, 1862) was a North Carolina representative in the U Jubal Anderson Early ( November 3 1816 &ndash March 2 1894) was a Lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil ^[36]

On the Confederate right, Longstreet observed a movement of McDowell's force away from his front; the I Corps was moving divisions to Henry House Hill to support Reynolds. Henry House Hill is a location near Bull Run in Virginia. Named for the house of the Henry family that sits atop it the hill begins near the road of Centreville This report caused Lee to revive his plan for an offensive in that sector. Longstreet once again argued against it, this time due to inadequate time before dusk. He suggested instead that a reconnaissance in force could feel the position of the enemy and set up the Confederates for a morning attack. Lee agreed and Hood's division was sent forward. At the same time, Pope, who maintained his delusion that the Confederates were retreating, sent the division of John P. Hatch west on the turnpike to pursue. Hood and Hatch collided briefly at the Groveton crossroads, but the short, violent confrontation ended at darkness and both sides withdrew. Longstreet and his subordinates again argued to Lee that they should not be attacking a force they considered to be placed in a strong defensive position, and for the third time, Lee canceled the planned assault. ^[37]

When Pope learned from McDowell about Buford's report, he finally acknowledged that Longstreet was on the field, but he optimistically assumed that Longstreet was there only to reinforce Jackson while the entire Confederate army withdrew; Hood's division had in fact just done that. Pope issued explicit orders for Porter's corps to rejoin the main body of the army and planned for another offensive on August 30. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Historian A. Wilson Greene argues that this was Pope's worst decision of the battle. Since he no longer had numerical superiority over the Confederates and did not possess any geographical advantage, the most prudent course would have been to withdraw his army over Bull Run and unite with McClellan's Army of the Potomac, which had 25,000 men nearby. ^[38]

One of the historical controversies of the battle involves George B. McClellan's cooperation with John Pope. In late August, two full corps of the Army of the Potomac (William B. Franklin's VI Corps and Edwin V. Sumner's II Corps) had arrived in Alexandria, but McClellan would not allow them to advance to Manassas because of what he considered inadequate artillery, cavalry, and transportation support. William Buel Franklin ( February 27, 1823 &ndash March 8, 1903) was a career United States Army officer and a Union Army The VI Corps ( Sixth Army Corps) was a Corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. Edwin Vose Sumner (January 30 1797 &ndash March 21 1863 was a United States Army officer who became a major general and the oldest field commander There were five corps in the Union Army designated as II Corps ( Second Army Corps) during the American Civil War. Alexandria is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. He was accused by his political opponents of deliberately undermining Pope's position, and he did not help his case in history when he wrote to his wife on August 10, "Pope will be badly thrashed within two days & . Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire . . they will be very glad to turn over the redemption of their affairs to me. I won't undertake it unless I have full & entire control. " He told Abraham Lincoln on August 29 that it might be wise "to leave Pope to get out of his scrape, and at once use all our means to make the capital perfectly safe. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) "^[39]

August 30: Longstreet counterattack, Union retreat

August 30, 3 p. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and m. , Porter's attack.

The final element of Longstreet's command, the division of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, marched 17 miles (27 km) and arrived on the battlefield at 3 a. Richard Heron Anderson (October 7 1821 &ndash June 26 1879 was a career U m. , August 30. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Exhausted and unfamiliar with the area, they halted on a ridge east of Groveton. At dawn, they realized they were in an isolated position too close to the enemy and fell back. Pope's belief that the Confederate army was in retreat was reinforced by this movement, which came after the withdrawal of Hood's troops the night before. At an 8 a. m. council of war at Pope's headquarters, his subordinates attempted to convince their commander to move cautiously. A council of war is a term in Military science that describes a meeting held to decide on a course of action usually in the midst of a battle Probes of the Confederate line on Stony Ridge around 10 a. m. indicated that Stonewall Jackson's men were still firmly in their defensive positions. John F. Reynolds indicated that the Confederates were in great strength south of the turnpike. Fitz John Porter arrived later with similar intelligence. However, Heintzelman and McDowell conducted a personal reconnaissance that somehow failed to find Jackson's defensive line, and Pope finally made up his mind to attack the retreating Southerners. ^[40]

Shortly after noon, Pope issued orders for Porter's corps, supported by Hatch and Reynolds, to advance west along the turnpike. At the same time, Ricketts, Kearny, and Hooker were to advance on the Union right. This dual movement would potentially crush the retreating Confederates. But the Confederates were not retreating, and were in fact hoping to be attacked. Lee was still waiting for an opportunity to counterattack with Longstreet's force. Although he was not certain that Pope would attack that day, Lee positioned 18 artillery pieces under Col. Stephen D. Lee on high ground northeast of the Brawner Farm, ideally situated to bombard the open fields in front of Jackson's position. Stephen Dill Lee ( September 22, 1833 &ndash May 28, 1908) was the youngest lieutenant general in the Confederate States Army ^[41]

Porter's corps was actually not in position to pursue west on the turnpike, but was in the woods north of the turnpike near Groveton. It took about two hours for the 10,000 men to organize themselves for the assault against Jackson's line to their front, which would be focused on Jackson's old division, now led by Brig. Gen. William E. Starke. The lead division in the Union assault was commanded by Brig. Gen. Daniel Butterfield, replacing Maj. Daniel Adams Butterfield (October 31 1831 &ndash July 17 1901 was a New York businessman a Union General in the American Civil War, and Gen. George W. Morell: Col. George Webb Morell ( January 8, 1815 &ndash February 11, 1883) was a civil engineer lawyer farmer and a Union general in the Henry Weeks's brigade was on the left, Col. Charles W. Roberts's brigade in the center. Hatch's division came in on the right of the corps line. Two brigades of regular army troops under Brig. Gen. George Sykes were in reserve. George Sykes ( October 9, 1822 &ndash February 8, 1880) was a career United States Army officer and a Union General ^[42]

The Union men faced a formidable task. Butterfield's division had to cross 600 yards (550 m) of open pasture land owned by widow Lucinda Dogan, the final 150 yards (140 m) of which were steeply uphill, to attack a strong position behind the unfinished railroad; Hatch's division had only 300 yards (270 m) to traverse, but was required to perform a complex right wheel maneuver under fire to hit the Confederate position squarely in its front. They experienced devastating fire from Stephen Lee's batteries and then withering volleys from the infantrymen in the line. Nevertheless, they were able to break the Confederate line, routing the 48th Virginia Infantry. The Stonewall Brigade rushed in to restore the line, taking heavy casualties, including its commander, Col. Baylor. In what was arguably the most famous incident of the battle, Confederates in Col. Bradley T. Johnson's and Col. Leroy A. Stafford's brigades fired so much that they ran out of ammunition and resorted to throwing large rocks at the 24th New York, causing occasional damage, and prompting some of the surprised New Yorkers to throw them back. Leroy Augustus Stafford (April 13 1822 &ndash May 8 1864 was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. To support Jackson's exhausted defense, Longstreet's artillery added to the barrage against Union reinforcements attempting to move in, cutting them to pieces. ^[43]

Having suffered significant casualties, Porter did not engage Sykes's reserve division and halted his assault, essentially leaving his lead brigades to extricate themselves without support. The withdrawal was also a costly operation. Some of the jubilant Confederates in Starke's brigade attempted a pursuit, but were beaten back by the Union reserves posted along the Groveton-Sudley Road. Overall, Jackson's command was too depleted to counterattack, allowing Porter to stabilize the situation north of the turnpike. Concerned about Porter's situation, however, Irvin McDowell ordered Reynolds's division to leave Chinn Ridge and come to Porter's support. This may have been the worst tactical decision of the day because it left only 2,200 Union troops south of the turnpike, where they would soon face ten times their number of Confederates. ^[44]

August 30, 4 p. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and m. , start of Longstreet's attack.

August 30, 4:30 p. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and m. , Union defense of Chinn Ridge.

Lee and Longstreet agreed that the time was right for the long awaited assault and that the objective would be Henry House Hill, which had been the key terrain in the First Battle of Bull Run, and which, if captured, would dominate the potential Union line of retreat. Longstreet's command of 25,000 men in five divisions stretched nearly a mile and a half from the Brawner Farm in the north to the Manassas Gap Railroad in the south. To reach the hill, they would have to traverse 1. 5 to 2 miles (3. 2 km) of ground containing ridges, streams, and some heavily wooded areas. Longstreet knew that he would not be able to project a well coordinated battle line across this terrain, so he had to rely on the drive and initiative of his division commanders. The lead division, on the left, closest to the turnpike, was John Bell Hood's Texans, supported by Brig. The Texas Brigade, also often referred to as Hood's Brigade, was an Infantry Brigade in the Confederate States Army that distinguished itself Gen. Nathan G. "Shanks" Evans's South Carolinians. Nathan George "Shanks" Evans ( February 3, 1824 &ndash November 23, 1868) was a Captain in the 2nd U On Hood's right were Kemper's and Jones's divisions. Anderson's division was held as a ready reserve. Just before the attack, Lee signaled to Jackson: "General Longstreet is advancing; look out for and protect his left flank. "^[45]

The Union defenders south of the turnpike consisted of only two brigades, commanded by Cols. Nathaniel C. McLean (Schenk's division, Sigel's I Corps) and Gouverneur K. Warren (Sykes's division, Porter's V Corps). Nathaniel Collins McLean ( February 2, 1815 &ndash January 4, 1905) was a lawyer farmer and Union general during the American Gouverneur Kemble Warren ( January 8, 1830 &ndash August 8, 1882) was a Civil engineer and prominent general in the McLean held Chinn Ridge, Warren was near Groveton, about 800 yards (730 m) further west. Hood's men began the assault at 4 p. m. , immediately overwhelming Warren's two regiments, the 5th New York (Duryée's Zouaves) and 10th New York (the National Zouaves). The 5th New York Volunteer Infantry was a volunteer Infantry Regiment that fought during the American Civil War, led by Colonel Abram Abram Duryée (April 29 1815 &ndash September 27 1890 was a Union Army general during the American Civil War, the commander of one of the most famous Zouave Zouave was the title given to certain Infantry regiments in the French Army, normally serving in French North Africa between 1831 and 1962 Within the first 10 minutes of contact, the 500 men of the 5th New York lost almost 300 shot, 120 of them mortally wounded. This was the largest loss of life of any infantry regiment in a single battle during the entire war. ^[46]

As Pope and McDowell realized the danger of their situation, they ordered units to occupy Henry House Hill, but until that could occur, McLean's brigade was the only obstacle to the Confederate onslaught. His 1,200 Ohioans in four regiments lined up, facing west on Chinn Ridge, with one artillery battery in support, and were able to repulse two assaults, first by Hood and then by Shanks Evans's brigade (Kemper's division). Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The third assault, by Col. Montgomery D. Corse's brigade (also Kemper's division), was successful. McLean's men mistakenly believed the men approaching the southern tip of the ridge were friendly and withheld their fire. When they realized their mistake, a fierce firefight ensued for over 10 minutes at virtually point-blank range, but added fire from a Louisiana artillery battery caused the Union line to collapse. The Ohio brigade suffered 33% casualties, but they gave Pope an additional 30 minutes to bring up reinforcements. ^[47]

The first two Union brigades to arrive were from Rickett's division, commanded by Brig. Gen. Zealous B. Tower and Col. Robert Stiles. Tower's brigade was overwhelmed by attacks from three sides. His artillery battery was captured and he was seriously wounded. Stiles's brigade, following Tower, fell victim to two newly arrived brigades from Kemper's division, commanded by Brig. Gen. Micah Jenkins and Col. Micah Jenkins ( December 1, 1835 &ndash May 6, 1864) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War, mortally Eppa Hunton. Eppa Hunton II ( September 24, 1822 &ndash October 11, 1908) was a U During this intense fighting, the commander of the 12th Massachusetts, Col. Fletcher Webster (son of the statesman Daniel Webster), was mortally wounded. Daniel Fletcher Webster, commonly known as Fletcher Webster ( July 25, 1818 &ndash August 30, 1862) was the son of renowned politician Daniel Webster (January 18 1782 &ndash October 24 1852 was a leading American Statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period. Two more Union brigades poured into the battle from Sigel's I Corps, commanded by Cols. John Koltes and Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski, but had no more success than their predecessors. Włodzimierz Bonawentura Krzyżanowski (] (Wladimir Krzyzanowski (July 8 1824 &ndash January 31 1887 was a Polish military leader and a Brigade commander in The lead elements of Jones's division, the brigades of Cols. George T. Anderson and Henry L. Benning, swept all Union resistance off Chinn Ridge by 6 p. George Thomas Anderson ( February 3, 1824 &ndash April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Henry Lewis Benning (April 2 1814 &ndash July 10 1875 was a lawyer Legislator, Judge on the Georgia Supreme Court and a Confederate m. However, the successful Confederate assault came at a high cost, both in men (Hood's and Kemper's divisions suffered heavy losses and were at least temporarily incapable of further offensive action) and in time. Henry House Hill was still several hundred yards away and there was only an hour of daylight remaining. ^[48]

August 30, 5 p. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and m. , final Confederate attacks, beginning of the Union retreat.

During the first two hours of the Confederate assault, Pope had been able to place four brigades in defense of Henry House Hill: two from Reynolds's division, one from Sykes's, and Brig. Gen. Robert H. Milroy's independent brigade. Robert Huston Milroy ( June 11 1816 &ndash March 29 1890) was a lawyer judge and a Union Army general in the American Civil Lee realized that additional combat power would be required to complete his assault, so he ordered Richard Anderson's division from its reserve position. While these troops were moving up, D. R. Jones launched an attack on the hill with the brigades of Benning and G. T. Anderson. With 3,000 men, this was the largest concentrated attack of the afternoon, but it was poorly coordinated and the four Union brigades held their ground. Additional pressure was applied with the arrival of two brigades from Anderson's division: Brig. Gens. William Mahone and Ambrose R. Wright. William Mahone (December 1 1826 &ndash October 8 1895 of Southampton County Virginia, was a Civil engineer, Teacher, Soldier, Railroad Ambrose Ransom Wright (April 26 1826 &ndash December 21 1872 was a lawyer Georgia politician and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. The regulars from Sykes's division had no natural defensive advantage on the end of the line and they were driven back toward the Henry House. Inexplicably, Anderson declined to exploit his opening, perhaps because of the growing darkness. The hill remained in Union hands. ^[50]

Stonewall Jackson, under relatively ambiguous orders from Lee to support Longstreet, launched an attack north of the turnpike at 6 p. m. , probably as soon as his exhausted forces could be mustered. Historian John J. Hennessy called Jackson's delays "one of the battle's great puzzles" and "one of the most significant Confederate failures" of the battle, greatly reducing the value of his advance. ^[51] The attack coincided with Pope's ordered withdrawal of units north of the turnpike to assist in the Henry House Hill defense and the Confederates were able to overrun a number of artillery and infantry units in their fierce assault. By 7 p. m. , however, Pope had established a strong defensive line that aligned with the units on Henry House Hill. At 8 p. m. , he ordered a general withdrawal on the turnpike to Centreville. Unlike the calamitous retreat at the First Battle of Bull Run, the Union movement was quiet and orderly. The Confederates, weary from battle and low on ammunition, did not pursue in the darkness. Although Lee had won a great victory, he had not achieved his objective of destroying Pope's army. ^[52]

Aftermath

Union casualties were about 10,000 killed and wounded out of 62,000 engaged in the Second Battle of Bull Run; the Confederates lost about 1,300 killed and 7,000 wounded out of 50,000. ^[53] As the Union Army concentrated on Centreville, Lee planned his next move. He sent Jackson on another flanking march in an attempt to interpose his army between Pope and Washington. Pope countered the move and the two forces clashed a final time at the Battle of Chantilly (also known as Ox Hill) on September 1. Background Defeated in the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 30, Union Maj Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Lee immediately began his next campaign on September 3, when the vanguard of the Army of Northern Virginia crossed the Potomac River, marching toward a fateful encounter with the Army of the Potomac in the Maryland Campaign and the Battle of Antietam. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid- Atlantic coast of the United States. The Maryland Campaign, or the Antietam Campaign, of September 1862 is widely considered one of the major turning points of the American Civil War. ^[54]

Pope was relieved of command on September 12, 1862, and his army was merged into the Army of the Potomac as it marched into Maryland under McClellan. Alpheus Starkey Williams (September 29 1810 &ndash December 21 1878 was a lawyer judge journalist U Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday He spent the remainder of the war in the Department of the Northwest in Minnesota, dealing with the Dakota War of 1862. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers The Dakota War of 1862 (also known as the Sioux Uprising, Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict, the U Pope sought scapegoats to spread the blame for his defeat. On November 25, 1862, Fitz John Porter was arrested and court-martialed for his actions on August 29. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Porter was found guilty on January 10, 1863, of disobedience and misconduct, and he was dismissed from the Army on January 21. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. He spent most of the remainder of his life fighting against the verdict. In 1878, a special commission under General John M. Schofield exonerated Porter by finding that his reluctance to attack Longstreet probably saved Pope's Army of Virginia from an even greater defeat. John McAllister Schofield (September 29 1831 &ndash March 4 1906 was an American soldier who held major commands during the American Civil War. Eight years later, President Chester A. Arthur reversed Porter's sentence. Chester Alan Arthur (October 5 1829 &ndash November 18 1886 was an American politician who served as the twenty-first President of the United States. ^[56]

James Longstreet was criticized for his performance during the battle and the postbellum advocates of the Lost Cause claimed that his slowness, reluctance to attack, and disobedience to Gen. The Lost Cause is the name commonly given to a literary and intellectual movement that sought to reconcile the traditional white society of the Southern United States to Lee on August 29 were a harbinger of his controversial performance to come on July 2, 1863, at the Battle of Gettysburg. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] Lee's biographer, Douglas Southall Freeman, wrote: "The seeds of much of the disaster at Gettysburg were sown in that instant—when Lee yielded to Longstreet and Longstreet discovered that he would. Douglas Southall Freeman, ( May 16, 1886 &ndash June 13, 1953) was an American journalist and historian "^[57]

See also

• Manassas National Battlefield Park
• Clara Barton

References

• Editors of Time-Life Books, Lee Takes Command: From Seven Days to Second Bull Run, Time-Life Books, 1984, ISBN 0-8094-4804-1. Manassas National Battlefield Park, located north of Manassas Virginia, preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles the First Battle of Bull Clarissa Harlowe Barton (December 25 1821 &ndash April 12 1912 was a pioneer American Teacher, Nurse, and Humanitarian.
• Eicher, David J. , The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
• Esposito, Vincent J. , West Point Atlas of American Wars, Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. Reprinted by Henry Holt & Co. , 1995, ISBN 0-8050-3391-2.
• Gallagher, Gary, Lee and His Generals in War and Memory, Louisiana State University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8071-2958-5.
• Greene, A. Wilson, The Second Battle of Manassas, National Park Service Civil War Series, Eastern National, 2006, ISBN 0-915992-85-X.
• Harsh, Joseph L. , Confederate Tide Rising: Robert E. Lee and the Making of Southern Strategy, 1861–1862, Kent State University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-87338-580-2.
• Hennessy, John J. , Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas, University of Oklahoma Press, 1993, ISBN 0-806 1-3187-X.
• Kennedy, Frances H. , ed. , The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd ed. , Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998, ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
• Langellier, John, Second Manassas 1862: Robert E. Lee's Greatest Victory, Osprey Publishing, 2002, ISBN 1-84176-230-X.
• Longstreet, James, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America, J. James Longstreet (January 8 1821 &ndash January 2 1904 was one of the foremost Confederate Generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate B. Lippincott and Co. , 1896, (reprinted by Da Capo Press) ISBN 0-3068-0464-6.
• Martin, David G. , The Second Bull Run Campaign: July-August 1862, Da Capo Press, 1997, ISBN 0-306-81332-7.
• Ropes, John Codman, The Army in the Civil War, Vol. IV: The Army under Pope, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1881.
• Salmon, John S. , The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide, Stackpole Books, 2001, ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.
• Warner, Ezra J. , Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.
• Wert, Jeffry D. , General James Longstreet: The Confederacy's Most Controversial Soldier: A Biography, Simon & Schuster, 1993, ISBN 0-671-70921-6.
• Whitehorne, Joseph W. A. , The Battle of Second Manassas: Self-Guided Tour, U. S. Army Center of Military History, 1990, OCLC 20723735. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
• Woodworth, Steven E. , and Winkle, Kenneth J. , Oxford Atlas of the Civil War, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-522131-1.
• National Park Service battle description

Notes

External links

• Animated History of The Second Manassas Campaign
• Second Battle of Bull Run — Self-Guided Tour
• Manassas National Battlefield Park website
• Second Bull Run Order of Battle

• Second Battle of Bull Run is at coordinates 38°48′45″N 77°31′17″W / 38.81246, -77.52131 (Second Battle of Bull Run)Coordinates: 38°48′45″N 77°31′17″W / 38.81246, -77.52131 (Second Battle of Bull Run)