| Scotland (English / Scots) Alba (Gaelic) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Motto: In My Defens God Me Defend (Scots) (Often shown abbreviated as IN DEFENS) | ||||||
| Anthem: Flower Of Scotland (de facto) | ||||||
 Location of Scotland (orange) in the United Kingdom (camel) | ||||||
| Capital | Edinburgh | |||||
| Largest city | Glasgow | |||||
| Official languages | English (de facto) | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Gaelic, Scots1 | |||||
| Demonym | Scot, Scots and Scottish² | |||||
| Government | Constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | Monarch | Queen Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | First Minister (of Scotland) | Alex Salmond MP MSP | ||||
| - | Prime Minister (of the UK) | Gordon Brown MP | ||||
| Establishment | Early Middle Ages; exact date of establishment unclear or disputed; traditional 843, by King Kenneth MacAlpin[1] | |||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 78,772 km² 30,414 sq mi | ||||
| - | Water (%) | 1. Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The Flag of Scotland is a white Saltire, a crux decussate (X-shaped cross representing the Cross of the Christian Martyr The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland was the official Coat of arms of the monarchs of Scotland, and were used as the official coat of arms of the Kingdom of A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group In my defens God me defend is the Motto of both the Royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Scotland and Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's There is no official national anthem of Scotland. However there is a complex and on-going social and political dispute amongst many contenders for the title of the nation's The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Scotland covers an area of 78782 km² or 30341 mi², giving it a Population density of. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The First Minister of Scotland (Prìomh Mhinistear na h-Alba First Meinister o Scotland is the head of the devolved Scottish Alexander Elliot Anderson "Alex" Salmond, (ˈsamənd is the First Minister of Scotland, heading a minority Scottish Government. Composition Graphical representation of the House of Commons This is a comparison of the party strengths in the British House of Commons Composition of the Parliament Graphical representation This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 3rd session of the Scottish Parliament as of The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is Composition Graphical representation of the House of Commons This is a comparison of the party strengths in the British House of Commons The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 The Origins of the Kingdom of Alba pertains to the origins of the Kingdom of Alba, or the Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland, either as a mythological event or See also National mysticism A national myth is an inspiring narrative or Anecdote about a nation's past Cináed mac Ailpín ( Modern Gaelic: Coinneach mac Ailpein) commonly Anglicised as Kenneth MacAlpin and known in most modern regnal lists as Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions Areas between 10000 km² and 100000 km² are listed here The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 9 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2006 estimate | 5,116,900 | ||||
| - | 2001 census | 5,062,011 | ||||
| - | Density | 65/km² 168. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 2/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2006 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | US$172 billion | ||||
| - | Per capita | US$33,680 | ||||
| HDI (2003) | 0. The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 939 (high) | |||||
| Currency | Pound sterling (GBP) | |||||
| Time zone | GMT (UTC0) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | BST (UTC+1) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .uk³ | |||||
| Calling code | +44 | |||||
| Patron saint | St. Andrew[2] | |||||
| 1 | Both Scots and Scottish Gaelic are officially recognised as autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages;[3] the Bòrd na Gàidhlig is tasked, under the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005, with securing Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, commanding "equal respect" with English. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members An indigenous language or autochthonous language is a Language that is native to a region and spoken by Indigenous peoples but has been reduced The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ( ECRML) is a European Treaty (CETS 148 adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe Bòrd na Gàidhlig (b̊ɔːɾd̪̊ nə g̊aːlɪg̊ʲ is a Quango appointed by the Scottish Government with responsibility for Scottish Gaelic. The Gaelic Language (Scotland Act passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2005 is the first piece of legislation to give formal recognition to the Scottish An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory [4] | |||||
| 2 | Historically, the use of "Scotch" as an adjective comparable to "Scottish" was commonplace, particularly outwith Scotland. However, the modern use of the term describes only products of Scotland, usually food or drink related. | |||||
| 3 | Also .eu, as part of the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in ISO 3166-1 is GB, but .gb is unused. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below --> ISO 3166-1, as part of the ISO 3166 standard See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands | |||||
Scotland (Gaelic: Alba) is a country[5][6] that occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Alba is the Scottish Gaelic name (ˈalˠ̪əpə for Scotland. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands It is part of the United Kingdom,[5] and shares a land border to the south with England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Anglo-Scottish border (or English-Scottish border) runs for 96 Miles nbsp(154 km) between England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland It is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. The North Channel (known in Irish and Scottish Gaelic as Sruth na Maoile, and alternatively in English as the Straits of Moyle The Irish Sea ( Irish: Muir Éireann or Muir Meann; Scottish Gaelic: Muir Eireann Welsh: Môr Iwerddon, In addition to the mainland, Scotland consists of over 790 islands[7] including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides. This is a list of the Islands of Scotland, the mainland of which is part of the island of Great Britain. The Northern Isles ( Old Norse: Norðreyjar) are a chain of Islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland. See also Hebrides (disambiguation The Hebrides (ˈhɛbrɨˌdiːz "HEB-ri-deez" Gaelic: Innse Gall) comprise a widespread and diverse
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. [8] It was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which saw Scotland become one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments Scotland's largest city is Glasgow, which was once one of the world's leading industrial metropolises, and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation which dominates the Scottish Lowlands. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Greater Glasgow is the Conurbation that includes and surrounds the city of Glasgow in the west of Scotland. The Scottish Lowlands ( a' Ghalldachd, meaning roughly 'the non-Gaelic region' in Gaelic, and called Lawlands or Lallans in Scots Scottish waters consist of a large sector[9] of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. The Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 is a Statutory instrument of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, defining "the boundaries between waters Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
The Kingdom of Scotland was an independent state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union, despite widespread protest across Scotland,[10][11] resulted in a union with the Kingdom of England to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 [12][13] Scotland's legal system continues to be separate from those of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland; Scotland still constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in public and in private law. The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, Common law and Religious law. English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of Common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the Northern Ireland law concerns the Legal system of Northern Ireland. In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of States and Intergovernmental organizations. Conflict of laws (or private international law) is that branch of International law and intranational interstate law that regulates all Lawsuits involving [14] The continued independence of Scots law, the Scottish education system, and the Church of Scotland have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and Scottish national identity since the Union. Scots law is a unique legal system with an ancient basis in Roman law. Scotland has a long history of universal provision of Public education, and the Scottish education system is distinctly different from other parts of the United The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. The culture of Scotland refers to the peculiar cultural norms of Scotland and the Scottish people, particularly in relation to the more general British Scottish national identity is a term referring to the sense of national identity and common culture of Scottish people and is shared by a considerable majority [15] Though Scotland is no longer a separate sovereign state, the constitutional future of Scotland continues to give rise to debate. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The Scotland Act 1998 established a Scottish Parliament with devolved powers, the first elections to which were held on 6 May 1999 with Parliament sitting for the first time on 12 May that year. The Scotland Act 1998 (1998 c 46 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. There are 129 Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), elected by the additional member system. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral Mixed member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is an ' additional member ' The Scottish Government is led by a First Minister who appoints ministers with devolved portfolios. The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. The First Minister of Scotland (Prìomh Mhinistear na h-Alba First Meinister o Scotland is the head of the devolved Scottish
Contents |
Etymology
Scotland is from the Latin Scoti, the term applied to Gaels. The name of Scotland is derived from the Latin Scoti, the term applied to Gaels. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Scoti or Scotti ( Old Irish Scot, modern Scottish Gaelic Sgaothaich) was the generic name given by the Romans to the The Late Latin word Scotia (land of the Gaels) was initially used to refer to Ireland. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Scotia was originally the Latin name for Ireland, known to the Romans as Hibernia. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the river Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, both derived from the Gaelic Alba. Alba is the Scottish Gaelic name (ˈalˠ̪əpə for Scotland. [16] The use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. The history of Scotland in the Late Middle Ages might be said to be dominated by the twin themes of crisis and transition [12]
History
Early history
Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land-mass of modern Scotland, have destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. The history of Scotland begins around 10000 years ago when Humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last Archaeology and Geology continue to reveal the secrets of prehistoric Scotland, uncovering a complex and dramatic past before the Romans brought Scotland "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age It is believed that the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting An ice sheet is a mass of Glacier Ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50000 km² (20000 mile²) "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period [17][18] Groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the Mainland of Orkney dates from this period. ||-||-||-| Skara Brae (ˈskɑrə ˈbreɪ is a large stone-built Neolithic settlement located on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of mainland Orkney The Mainland is the main Island of Orkney, Scotland. Both of Orkney's Burghs Kirkwall and Stromness, lie on the island Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Neolithic habitation, burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well-preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone [19]
Roman influence
The written protohistory of Scotland began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in southern and central Great Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a province called Britannia. Protohistory refers to a period between Prehistory and History, during which a Culture or Civilization has not yet developed Writing The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 Roman invasions and occupations of southern Scotland were a series of brief interludes. In 83–4 AD the general Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeated the Caledonians at the battle of Mons Graupius, and Roman forts were briefly set along the Gask Ridge close to the Highland line (none are known to have been constructed beyond that line). Gnaeus Julius Agricola ( June 13, 40 &ndash August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of The Caledonians ( Latin: Caledonii) or Caledonian Confederacy, is a name given by historians to a group of the Indigenous According to Tacitus, the Battle of Mons Graupius took place in 83 or 84 AD. The Latin word castra, with its singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military The Gask Ridge is the modern name given to an early series of fortifications, built by the Romans in Scotland, close to the Highland Line. The Highland Boundary Fault is a Geologic fault that traverses Scotland from Arran and Helensburgh on the west coast to Stonehaven Three years after the battle the Roman armies had withdrawn to the Southern Uplands. The Roman army was a set of military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military The Southern Uplands is the southernmost of Scotland 's three major geographic areas (the others being the Central Belt and the Highlands) [20] They erected Hadrian's Wall to control tribes on both sides of the wall,[21] and the Limes Britannicus became the northern border of the empire, although the army held the Antonine Wall in the Central Lowlands for two short periods—the last of these during the time of Emperor Septimius Severus from 208 until 210. Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman A limes (or the Limes Romanus) was a Border defense or delimiting system of Ancient Rome. The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf Fortification, built by the Romans across what is now the Central belt of Scotland The Central Lowlands or Midland Valley is a geologically defined area of relatively low-lying land in southern Scotland. Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) ( April 11 145 - February 4 211) was a Roman general and Roman Emperor [22] The extent of Roman military occupation of any significant part of Scotland was limited to a total of about 40 years, although their influence on the southern section of the country occupied by Brythonic tribes such as the Votadini and Damnonii would still have been considerable. The Votadini (the Wotādīnī, or Votādīnī) were a people of the Iron Age in Great Britain, and their territory was briefly part of the The Damnonii (also referred to as Damnii) were a people of the early second century who lived in what is now southern Scotland. [21]
Medieval period
The Kingdom of the Picts (based in Fortriu by the 6th century) was the state which eventually became known as "Alba" or "Scotland". The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century The history of Scotland in the High Middle Ages covers Scotland in the era between the death of Domnall II in 900 AD and the death of king Alexander III The history of Scotland in the Late Middle Ages might be said to be dominated by the twin themes of crisis and transition The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century Fortriu or the Kingdom of Fortriu is the name given by historians for an ancient Pictish kingdom and often used synonymously with The development of "Pictland", according to the historical model developed by Peter Heather, was a natural response to Roman imperialism. [23] Another view places emphasis on the Battle of Dunnichen, and the reign of Bridei m. Beli (671–693), with another period of consolidation in the reign of Óengus mac Fergusa (732–761). The Battle of Dunnichen or Battle of Nechtansmere ( Scottish Gaelic: Dúin Nechaín, Welsh: Linn garan) was fought between the King Bridei III (or Bridei m Beli; OIr: Bruide mac Bili) (616/628?-693 was king of Fortriu and overking of the Picts between 671 Óengus son of Fergus ( Hypothetical Pictish form: Onuist map Urguist; Old Irish: Óengus mac Fergusso, Anglicisation Angus mac Fergus [24] The Kingdom of the Picts as it was in the early 8th century, when Bede was writing, was largely the same as the kingdom of the Scots in the reign of Alexander (1107–1124). Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c Alexander I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) (c However, by the tenth century, the Pictish kingdom was dominated by what we can recognise as Gaelic culture, and had developed an Irish conquest myth around the ancestor of the contemporary royal dynasty, Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin). Cináed mac Ailpín ( Modern Gaelic: Coinneach mac Ailpein) commonly Anglicised as Kenneth MacAlpin and known in most modern regnal lists as [25][1][26]
From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south. The River Oykel ( Gaelic: Abhainn Oicill, auɪɲ ɤçg̊ʲɪɫ̪ in Sutherland, in northern Scotland, rises on the southern side of Ben By the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their territories the Anglic-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th century, the kingdom had assumed approximately its modern borders. Anglic (from Latin Anglicus meaning English, cf Germanic) is a term for what are also known as Englishes, in for example World Galloway ( Gaelic: Gall-Ghaidhealaibh, əŋ ɡauɫ̪ɣəɫ̪əv or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) is an area in southwestern Geography Caithness extends about 40 Miles (64 Kilometres) north-south and about 30 miles (50 km east-west The Anglo-Scottish border (or English-Scottish border) runs for 96 Miles nbsp(154 km) between However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages. The stimulus for this was the reign of King David I and the Davidian Revolution. David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b The Davidian Revolution is a term given by many scholars to the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during the reign of David I of Scotland (1124-1153 Feudalism, government reorganisation and the first legally defined towns (called burghs) began in this period. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. These institutions and the immigration of French and Anglo-French knights and churchmen facilitated a process of cultural osmosis, whereby the culture and language of the low-lying and coastal parts of the kingdom's original territory in the east became, like the newly-acquired south-east, English-speaking, while the rest of the country retained the Gaelic language, apart from the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, which remained under Norse rule until 1468. [27][28][29]
The death of Alexander III in March 1286, followed by the death of his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, broke the succession line of Scotland's kings. Alexander III ( Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Alaxandair; Modern Gaelic Alasdair mac Alasdair) (4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286 King of Scots Margaret ( Gaelic: Mairead or Maighread) (early 1283&ndashSeptember/October 1290 usually known as the Maid of Norway (Jomfruen av Norge literally This led to the intervention of Edward I of England, who manipulated this period of confusion to have himself recognised as feudal overlord of Scotland. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Edward organised a process to identify the person with the best claim to the vacant crown, which became known as the Great Cause, and this resulted in the enthronement of John Balliol as king. With the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286 without a male heir the throne of Scotland had become the possession of the three-year old Margaret Maid The Scots were resentful of Edward's meddling in their affairs and this relationship quickly broke down. War ensued and King John was deposed by his overlord, who took personal control of Scotland. Andrew Moray and William Wallace initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in what became known as the Wars of Scottish Independence. Andrew Moray ( La: Andreas de Moravia) (died c September 1297 also known as Andrew de Moray, Andrew of Moray, or Andrew Murray Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas; c 1272 – 23 August 1305 was a Scottish Knight, Landowner, and Patriot The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th The nature of the struggle changed dramatically when Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick, became king (as Robert I). Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( War with England continued for several decades, and a civil war between the Bruce dynasty and their long-term Comyn-Balliol rivals, the flashpoint of which could be traced to the slaying in a Dumfries church of John 'the Red' Comyn of Badenoch by Bruce and his supporters, lasted until the middle of the 14th century. Although the Bruce dynasty was successful, David II's lack of an heir allowed his nephew Robert II to come to the throne and establish the Stewart Dynasty. Daibhidh a Briuis ( Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis) anglicised as David II ( 5 March 1324 &ndash 22 February Marriages and issue His first wife was Elizabeth Mure, by her he had at least ten children King Robert III of Scotland The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of [30][28] The Stewarts ruled Scotland for the remainder of the Middle Ages. The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish Renaissance to the Reformation. The Scottish Renaissance was a mainly Literary movement of the early to mid 20th century that can be seen as the Scottish version of Modernism. The Scottish Reformation was Scotland 's formal break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1560 and the events surrounding this This was despite continual warfare with England, the increasing division between Highlands and Lowlands, and a large number of royal minorities. The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous The Scottish Lowlands ( a' Ghalldachd, meaning roughly 'the non-Gaelic region' in Gaelic, and called Lawlands or Lallans in Scots [30][31]
Modern history
In 1603, James VI King of Scots inherited the throne of the Kingdom of England, and became King James I of England, and left Edinburgh for London. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [32] With the exception of a short period under the Protectorate, Scotland remained a separate state, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the Covenanters over the form of church government. In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century Presbyterian polity is a method of Church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of Presbyters or elders After the Glorious Revolution, the abolition of episcopacy and the overthrow of the Roman Catholic James VII by William and Mary, Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from England. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union Episcopal polity is a form of church governance which is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a Bishop (Greek James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James See also William III of England, Mary II of England The phrase William and Mary usually refers to the joint sovereignty over the Kingdom of England Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. [33] In 1707, the Scots Parliament and the Parliament of England enacted the twin Acts of Union, which led to Scotland's formal incorporation into the Kingdom of Great Britain. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 [13]
The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly amongst non-Presbyterians. Jacobitism was (and to a limited extent remains the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity However, two major Jacobite risings launched in 1715 and 1745 failed to remove the House of Hanover from the British throne. The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal Dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the Battle of Culloden, Great Britain's last pitched battle. The Battle of Culloden (Blàr Chùil Lodair (16 April 1746 was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian A pitched battle is a Combat fought on a Battlefield expected to be site of engagement by both sides This defeat paved the way for large-scale removals of the indigenous populations of the Highlands and Islands, known as the Highland Clearances. The Highland Clearances ( Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan Gàidheal the expulsion of the Gael were Forced displacements of the population of the Scottish [13]
The Scottish Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution made Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and industrial powerhouse. The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the After World War II, Scotland experienced an industrial decline which was particularly severe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [34] Only in recent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance. Economic factors which have contributed to this recovery include a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturing, (see Silicon Glen),[35] and the North Sea oil and gas industry. Silicon Glen is a Nickname for the High tech sector of Scotland. North Sea oil refers to oil and Natural gas ( Hydrocarbons produced from Oil reservoirs beneath the North Sea. [36]
Following a referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland Act 1998 [37] was passed by the United Kingdom Parliament to establish a devolved Scottish Parliament. The Scottish referendum of 1997 was a pre-legislative Referendum held in Scotland, over whether there was support for the creation of a parliament for Scotland The Scotland Act 1998 (1998 c 46 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral
Government and politics
- Further information: Scottish Parliament general election, 2007
As part of the United Kingdom, the head of state in Scotland is the monarch of the United Kingdom, currently Queen Elizabeth (since 1952). Current situation The largest party is the Scottish National Party, which campaigns for Scottish independence. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. The 2007 Scottish Parliament election was held on Thursday 3 May 2007 to elect members to the Scottish Parliament Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II
Scotland has limited self-government within the United Kingdom as well as representation in the UK Parliament. The Scottish Parliament Building (Pàrlamaid na h-Alba is the home of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, within the UNESCO World Heritage Site Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization. Executive and legislative powers have been devolved to, respectively, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh. The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. Holyrood is an area in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. Located immediately to the east of the city centre at the end of the Royal Mile, Holyrood was Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. The United Kingdom Parliament retains power over a set list of areas explicitly specified in the Scotland Act 1998 as reserved matters, including, for example, levels of UK taxes, social security, defence, international relations and broadcasting. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories The Scotland Act 1998 (1998 c 46 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. For other meanings see Reserved powers disambiguation page In the United Kingdom reserved matters, also referred to as reserved Taxation in the United Kingdom may involve payments to a minimum of two different levels of government The central government ( Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs) The Department for Work and Pensions (or DWP) ( Welsh: Adran Gwaith a Phensiynau) is the largest government department in the Government The Armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces The United Kingdom (UK is a key player in international politics with interests throughout the world The United Kingdom has an extremely diverse media with an almost unrivalled number of outlets second only to the United States. [38]
The Scottish Parliament has legislative authority for all other areas relating to Scotland, as well as limited power to vary income tax, a power it has yet to exercise. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation When legislating for the Scottish Parliament, a number of matters were reserved by the UK Parliament ('Westminster' The Scottish Parliament can refer devolved matters back to Westminster by passing a Legislative Consent Motion if United Kingdom-wide legislation is considered to be more appropriate for a certain issue. A Legislative Consent Motion (also known as a Sewel motion) is a parliamentary motion passed by the Scottish Parliament, in which it agrees that the The programmes of legislation enacted by the Scottish Parliament have seen a divergence in the provision of public services compared to the rest of the United Kingdom. Public services is a term usually used to mean services provided by Government to its Citizens, either directly (through the Public sector) or For instance, the costs of a university education, and care services for the elderly are free at point of use in Scotland, while fees are paid in the rest of the UK. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Scotland was the first country in the UK to ban smoking in enclosed public places. [39]
The Scottish Parliament is a unicameral legislature comprising 129 Members, 73 of whom represent individual constituencies and are elected on a first past the post system; 56 are elected in eight different electoral regions by the additional member system, serving for a four year period. The Scottish Parliament Building (Pàrlamaid na h-Alba is the home of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, within the UNESCO World Heritage Site Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP) ( Ball Pàrlamaid na h-Alba ( BPA) in Gaelic) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected The Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) has 73 constituencies, each electing one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP by the Plurality ( First The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member Mixed member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is an ' additional member ' The Queen appoints one Member of the Scottish Parliament, (MSP), on the nomination of the Parliament, to be First Minister. Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP) ( Ball Pàrlamaid na h-Alba ( BPA) in Gaelic) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected The First Minister of Scotland (Prìomh Mhinistear na h-Alba First Meinister o Scotland is the head of the devolved Scottish Other Ministers are also appointed by the Queen on the nomination of the Parliament and together with the First Minister they make up the Scottish Government, the executive arm of government. The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. [40]
In the 2007 election, the Scottish National Party (SNP), which campaigns for Scottish independence, won the largest number of seats of any single party. The 2007 Scottish Parliament election was held on Thursday 3 May 2007 to elect members to the Scottish Parliament The Scottish National Party (SNP (Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba Scottis Naitional Pairtie is a Centre-left political party which campaigns for Scottish The leader of the SNP, Alex Salmond, was elected as First Minister, heading a minority government, on 16 May 2007. Alexander Elliot Anderson "Alex" Salmond, (ˈsamənd is the First Minister of Scotland, heading a minority Scottish Government. A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In addition to the SNP, the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, the Liberal Democrats, and the Green Party are also represented in the Parliament. Scottish Labour (often but inaccurately described at the "Scottish Labour Party" is that part of the (British Labour Party which operates in Scotland The Scottish Conservative & Unionist Party (informally the Scottish Conservative Party and often referred to as the Scottish Tories) is the part of The Scottish Liberal Democrats are one of the three state parties within the federal structure of the British Liberal Democrats; the others being the English The Scottish Green Party (Pàrtaidh Uaine na h-Alba is the Green party of Scotland. Margo MacDonald is the only independent MSP sitting in Parliament. Margo MacDonald MSP (born 19 April, 1943) is a Scottish politician a Member of the Scottish Parliament and a former Member of the In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. [41]
Scotland is represented in the British House of Commons by 59 MPs elected from territory-based Scottish constituencies. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords This is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs elected to the House of Commons by Scottish constituencies for the Fifty-Fourth Parliament of the United Kingdom As a result of the Fifth Periodical Review of the Boundary Commission for Scotland, Scotland is covered by 59 constituencies of the House of Commons The Scotland Office represents the UK government in Scotland on reserved matters and represents Scottish interests within the UK government. The Scotland Office ( Oifis na h-Alba in Scottish Gaelic) is a department of the United Kingdom government within the Ministry of Justice and [42] The Scotland office is led by the Secretary of State for Scotland, who sits in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, the current incumbent being Des Browne. The Secretary of State for Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire Stàite na h-Alba) is the principal minister of Her Majesty's Government in the In the Politics of the United Kingdom, the Cabinet is a formal body composed of the most senior government ministers chosen by the Prime Minister The Rt Hon Desmond Henry Browne MP (born 22 March 1952 commonly known as Des Browne, is a Scottish Labour Party Politician. [38]
Administrative subdivisions
Historical subdivisions of Scotland include the mormaerdom, stewartry, earldom, burgh, parish, county and regions and districts. For local government purposes Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as "council areas" which are all governed by unitary authorities designated as Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom The title of Mormaer designates a regional or provincial ruler in the Medieval Kingdom of the Scots. List of Constituencies in the Parliament of Scotland at the time of the Union is a list of the Constituencies of the Parliament of Scotland (the Estates of Scotland Earl was the Anglo-Saxon form and jarl the Scandinavian form of a title meaning " Chieftain " and referring especially to chieftains A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches The counties of Scotland were the principal divisions of Scotland until 1975 The regions and districts of Scotland were established under the Local Government (Scotland Act 1973 as a two-tier system of Local government in Scotland. The names of these areas are still sometimes used as geographical descriptors.
Modern Scotland is subdivided in various ways depending on the purpose. For local government, there have been 32 council areas since 1996,[43] whose councils are unitary authorities responsible for the provision of all local government services. Local government in Scotland is organised through 32 unitary authorities consisting of Councillors elected every four years by registered voters in each of the For local government purposes Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as "council areas" which are all governed by unitary authorities designated as See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions Community councils are informal organisations that represent specific sub-divisions of a council area. Community councils (CCs are the most local statutory representative bodies in Great Britain.
For the Scottish Parliament, there are 73 constituencies and eight regions. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral The Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) has 73 constituencies, each electing one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP by the Plurality ( First For the Parliament of the United Kingdom there are 59 constituencies. Scottish Westminster constituencies were Scottish Constituencies of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain, normally The Scottish fire brigades and police forces are still based on the system of regions introduced in 1975. For healthcare and postal districts, and a number of other governmental and non-governmental organisations such as the churches, there are other long-standing methods of subdividing Scotland for the purposes of administration.
City status in the United Kingdom is determined by letters patent. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right [44] There are six cities in Scotland: Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow and more recently Inverness, and Stirling. Aberdeen ( pronounced; Aiberdeen Obar Dheathain is Scotland 's third most populous city and one of Scotland's 32 local government council Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Inverness (Inbhir Nis iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ is a city in northern Scotland. Stirling ( Gaelic: Sruighlea, Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient Burgh in Scotland, and is at [45]
Scotland within the UK
A policy of devolution had been advocated by all three GB-wide parties with varying enthusiasm during recent history and Labour leader John Smith described the revival of a Scottish parliament as the "settled will of the Scottish people". Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a State to government at subnational level See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands John Smith QC (13 September 1938&ndash12 May 1994 was a Scottish Politician who served as leader of the Labour Party from July 1992 until his [46] The constitutional status of Scotland is nonetheless subject to ongoing debate. In 2007, the Scottish Government established a National Conversation on constitutional issues, proposing a number of options such as increasing the powers of the Scottish Parliament, federalism or a referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. The National Conversation is the name given to the Scottish Government's Public consultation exercise regarding possible future increases in its powers up to full A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" In rejecting the latter option, the three main opposition parties in the Scottish Parliament have proposed a separate Constitutional Commission to investigate the distribution of powers between devolved Scottish and UK-wide bodies. [47]
Law
Scots law has a basis derived from Roman law,[48] combining features of both uncodified civil law, dating back to the Corpus Juris Civilis, and common law with medieval sources. Roman law is the legal system of Ancient Rome. As used in the West the term commonly refers to legal developments prior to the Roman/Byzantine state's adopting Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. The Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law" is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in Jurisprudence, issued from 529 Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Scottish legal institutions in the High Middle Ages are for the purposes of this article the informal and formal systems which governed and helped to manage Scottish society between the The terms of the Treaty of Union with England in 1707 guaranteed the continued existence of a separate legal system in Scotland from that of England and Wales. The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, Common law and Religious law. English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of Common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the [49] Prior to 1611, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, most notably Udal law in Orkney and Shetland, based on old Norse law. Udal law is a near-defunct Norse derived Legal system, which is found in Shetland and Orkney, Scotland and in Manx law Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Shetland (formerly spelled Zetland, from etland; Old Norse non Hjaltland; Sealtainn is an Archipelago off the northeast coast of Various other systems derived from common Celtic or Brehon laws survived in the Highlands until the 1800s. A number of law codes have in the past been in use in Celtic countries Early Irish law refers to the statutes that governed everyday life and politics in Ireland during the Gaelic period. The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous [50]
Scots law provides for three types of courts responsible for the administration of justice: civil, criminal and heraldic. The civil, criminal and heraldic Courts of Scotland are responsible for the administration of Justice. Private law (Civil law is that part of a Legal system that involves relationships between individuals The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different Jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential The Law of Arms or laws of Heraldry, governs the "bearing of arms" that is the possession use or display of arms also called coats of arms, coat armour The supreme civil court is the Court of Session, although civil appeals can be taken to the House of Lords. The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland. It is both a Court of first instance and a court of Appeal and sits exclusively In Law, an appeal is a process for requesting a formal change to an official decision The House of Lords, in addition to having a legislative function has a judicial function as a Court of last resort within the United Kingdom. The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court. The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court of Scotland. Both courts are housed at Parliament House, in Edinburgh, which was the home of the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland. Parliament House in Edinburgh, Scotland, was home to the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland, and now houses the Supreme Courts of Scotland. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. The sheriff court is the main criminal and civil court. Sheriff courts provide the local Court service in Scotland, with each court serving a sheriff court district within a Sheriffdom. There are 49 sheriff courts throughout the country. [51] District courts were introduced in 1975 for minor offences. District courts are a category of Courts which exists in several nations The Court of the Lord Lyon regulates heraldry. The Court of the Lord Lyon, also known as the Lyon Court, is a standing Court of law which regulates Heraldry in Scotland.
Scots law is also unique in that it allows three verdicts in criminal cases including the controversial 'not proven' verdict. Not proven is a Verdict available to a court in Scotland. Under Scots law, a criminal trial may end in one of three verdicts [52][53]
Geography and natural history
The main land of Scotland comprises the northern third of the land mass of the island of Great Britain, which lies off the northwest coast of Continental Europe. Geology and geomorphology See also Geology of Scotland The land area of Scotland is 78 772 km² (30414 square miles roughly 30% of the area of See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European The total area is 78,772 km² (30,414 sq mi). Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. [54] Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for 96 kilometres (60 mi) between the basin of the River Tweed on the east coast and the Solway Firth in the west. There are other rivers with this name see Tweed River The River Tweed ( Uisge Thuaidh in Gaelic (156 kilometres or long flows primarily through the The Solway Firth is a Firth that forms part of the border between England and Scotland, between Cumbria (including the Solway Plain) and The Atlantic Ocean borders the west coast and the North Sea is to the east. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. The island of Ireland lies only 30 kilometres (20 mi) from the southwestern peninsula of Kintyre;[55] Norway is 305 kilometres (190 mi) to the east and the Faroes, 270 kilometres (168 mi) to the north. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Kintyre ( Scottish Gaelic: Cinn Tìre kʲiɲˈtʲiːɾʲə is a peninsula in western Scotland, in the south-west of Argyll and Bute. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse
The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that established by the 1237 Treaty of York between Scotland and England[56] and the 1266 Treaty of Perth between Scotland and Norway. The Treaty of York was signed by Henry III of England and Alexander II of Scotland in 1237. The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally The Treaty of Perth, 1266 ended military conflict between Norway under Magnus the Law-mender and Scotland under Alexander III over the Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional [13] Important exceptions include the Isle of Man, which having been lost to England in the 14th century is now a crown dependency outside of the United Kingdom; the island groups Orkney and Shetland, which were acquired from Norway in 1472;[54] and Berwick-upon-Tweed, lost to England in 1482. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical The Crown Dependencies are possessions of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom, as opposed to overseas territories or colonies of the United Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Shetland (formerly spelled Zetland, from etland; Old Norse non Hjaltland; Sealtainn is an Archipelago off the northeast coast of Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ˈbɛrɪk- ( Scots: Berwick or historically South Berwick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost
The geographical centre of Scotland lies a few miles from the village of Newtonmore in Badenoch. There is some debate as to the location of the geographical centre of Scotland. Newtonmore ( Baile Ur an t-Slèibh in Gaelic) is a village in the Highlands of Scotland with a population of about 1000 For Badenoch Ontario, see that article Badenoch ( Gaelic: Bàideanach) is a traditional district which today forms part of [57] Rising to 1,344 metres (4,406 ft) above sea level, Scotland's highest point is the summit of Ben Nevis, in Lochaber, while Scotland's longest river, the River Tay, flows for a distance of 190 km (120 miles). Ben Nevis ( Gaelic: Beinn Nibheis, peˈɲivəʃ is the highest mountain in the British Isles. District of Lochaber The Tay ( Gaelic: Tatha) is a river starting in the Highlands and flowing down into the centre of Scotland through Perth and [58][59]
Geology and geomorphology
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The whole of Scotland was covered by ice sheets during the Pleistocene ice ages and the landscape is much affected by glaciation. The geology of Scotland is unusually varied for a country of its size with a large number of differing geological features The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. From a geological perspective the country has three main sub-divisions. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit The Highlands and Islands lie to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, which runs from Arran to Stonehaven. The Highlands and Islands of Scotland are broadly the Scottish Highlands plus Orkney, Shetland and the Hebrides. The Highland Boundary Fault is a Geologic fault that traverses Scotland from Arran and Helensburgh on the west coast to Stonehaven The Isle of Arran ( Scots Gaelic: Eilean Arainn) is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, with an area of 430 km² (167 square Stonehaven ( Steenhive in the Doric dialect of Scots) and Cala na Creige in Gaelic is a town with around fourteen thousand inhabitants This part of Scotland largely comprises ancient rocks from the Cambrian and Precambrian which were uplifted during the later Caledonian Orogeny. The Cambrian is a geologic period and system that began about Ma (million years ago at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current The Caledonian orogeny is a mountain building event recorded in the Mountains and Hills of northern Scotland, Ireland, England, It is interspersed with igneous intrusions of a more recent age, the remnants of which have formed mountain massifs such as the Cairngorms and Skye Cuillins. Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock The Cairngorms are a mountain range in the eastern Highlands of Scotland closely associated with the mountain of the same name - Cairn Gorm. Skye or the Isle of Skye ( Scottish Gaelic An t-Eilean Sgitheanach əɲ tʰʲelan s̪kʲiə This article is about the Cuillin of Skye See Rùm for the Cuillin of Rùm A significant exception to the above are the fossil-bearing beds of Old Red Sandstones found principally along the Moray Firth coast. The Old Red Sandstone is a Rock formation of considerable importance to early Paleontology. The Moray Firth ( Scottish Gaelic: An Cuan Moireach or Linne Mhoireibh) is a roughly triangular Inlet (or Firth) of the North The Highlands are generally mountainous and the highest elevations in the British Isles are found here. The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan Scotland has over 790 islands, divided into four main groups: Shetland, Orkney, and the Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides. Shetland (formerly spelled Zetland, from etland; Old Norse non Hjaltland; Sealtainn is an Archipelago off the northeast coast of Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north The Inner Hebrides ( Scottish Gaelic: Na h-Eileanan a-staigh - the inner isles is an Archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, to the south The Outer Hebrides, ( officially known for local government purposes by the Gaelic name Na h-Eileanan Siar) comprise an island There are numerous bodies of freshwater including Loch Lomond and Loch Ness. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved Loch Lomond (ˈloʊmənd ( Scottish Gaelic Loch Laomainn) is a freshwater Scottish Loch, lying on the Highland Boundary Fault. Loch Ness ( Scottish Gaelic: Loch Nis) is a large deep freshwater Loch in the Scottish Highlands ( extending for approximately 37 km (23 miles Some parts of the coastline consist of machair, a low lying dune pasture land. This article is about a geographic landform For the TV series see Machair (TV series The Gaelic word machair or machar refers to a fertile
The Central Lowlands is a rift valley mainly comprising Paleozoic formations. The Central Lowlands or Midland Valley is a geologically defined area of relatively low-lying land in southern Scotland. A rift valley is a linear-shaped lowland between highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic Rift or fault. The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" Many of these sediments have economic significance for it is here that the coal and iron bearing rocks that fuelled Scotland's industrial revolution are to be found. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the This area has also experienced intense volcanism, Arthur’s Seat in Edinburgh being the remnant of a once much larger volcano. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Arthur's Seat is the main peak of the group of hills which form most of Holyrood Park, a remarkably wild piece of highland landscape in the centre of the city of Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. This area is relatively low-lying, although even here hills such as the Ochils and Campsie Fells are rarely far from view. The Ochil Hills (from the Celtic (specifically Old Welsh) uchel meaning 'high' is a range of hills in Scotland north of the Forth The Campsie Fells are a range of Hills in central Scotland, stretching east to west from south Stirling to Dumgoyne in East Dunbartonshire
The Southern Uplands are a range of hills almost 200 kilometres (125 mi) long, interspersed with broad valleys. The Southern Uplands is the southernmost of Scotland 's three major geographic areas (the others being the Central Belt and the Highlands) They lie south of a second fault line (the Southern Uplands fault) that runs from the Rhinns of Galloway to Dunbar. The Rhins of Galloway (also known as The Rhins; and can be spelt The Rhinns; Scottish Gaelic: Na Rannaibh) is a hammer-head Peninsula Dunbar is a town in East Lothian on the southeast coast of Scotland, approximately 30 miles east of Edinburgh and 28 miles from the English Border [60] The geological foundations largely comprise Silurian deposits laid down some 4–500 million years ago. The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443 The high point of the Southern Uplands is Merrick with an elevation of 843 m (2,766 ft). Merrick ( Gaelic: Mearaig) is the highest Mountain in the Southern Uplands of southern Scotland and is part of the Range [12][61][62][63]
Climate
The climate of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable. The Climate of Scotland is Temperate ( Koppen climate classification Cfb) and tends to be very changeable but rarely extreme Ben Nevis ( Gaelic: Beinn Nibheis, peˈɲivəʃ is the highest mountain in the British Isles. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes It is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, and as such has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, for example Copenhagen, Moscow, or the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia. The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. However, temperatures are generally lower than in the rest of the UK, with the coldest ever UK temperature of -27. 2 °C (-16. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 96 °F) recorded at Braemar in the Grampian Mountains, on 11 February 1895. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 Braemar is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, around 58 miles west of Aberdeen in the Highlands. This article is about a mountain range in Scotland for other uses see Grampians. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [64] Winter maximums average 6 °C (42. 8 °F) in the lowlands, with summer maximums averaging 18 °C (64. 4 °F). The highest temperature recorded was 32. 9 °C (91. 22 °F) at Greycrook, Scottish Borders on 9 August 2003. Greycrook, approximately 05km south-east of St Boswells, is a place in the Scottish Borders. The Scottish Borders, often referred to simply as the Borders, is one of 32 local government council areas of Scotland. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. [65]
In general, the west of Scotland is usually warmer than the east, due to the influence of Atlantic ocean currents and the colder surface temperatures of the North Sea. An ocean current is continuous directed movement of Ocean water. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Tiree, in the Inner Hebrides, is one of the sunniest places in the country: it had 300 days of sunshine in 1975. Tiree ( Scottish Gaelic: Tiriodh is an Island in the Scottish Inner Hebrides southwest of Coll. The Inner Hebrides ( Scottish Gaelic: Na h-Eileanan a-staigh - the inner isles is an Archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, to the south Rainfall varies widely across Scotland. The western highlands of Scotland are the wettest place, with annual rainfall exceeding 3,000 mm (120 in). Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. [65] In comparison, much of lowland Scotland receives less than 800 mm (31 in) annually. [65] Heavy snowfall is not common in the lowlands, but becomes more common with altitude. Braemar experiences an average of 59 snow days per year,[66] while coastal areas have an average of fewer than 10 days. Braemar is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, around 58 miles west of Aberdeen in the Highlands. [65]
Flora and fauna
Scotland's wildlife is typical of the north west of Europe, although several of the larger mammals such as the Lynx, Brown Bear, Wolf, Elk and Walrus were hunted to extinction in historic times. The fauna of Scotland is generally typical of the north-west European part of the Palearctic Ecozone, although several of the country's larger Mammals The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species The Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat native to European and Siberian forests where it is one of the predators The Eurasian Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos arctos) is a Subspecies of the Brown bear ( Ursus arctos) and found across northern Eurasia. The Eurasian Wolf ( Canis lupus lupus) also known as the Common Wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. The walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus) is a large flippered Marine mammal with a discontinuous circumpolar distribution in the Arctic Ocean and There are important populations of seals and internationally significant nesting grounds for a variety of seabirds such as Gannets. Pinnipeds ("fin-feet" lit "winged feet" or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semi-aquatic marine Mammals comprising Seabirds are Birds that have adapted to life within the marine environment The Northern Gannet ( Morus bassanus, formerly Sula bassana) is a Seabird and is the largest member of the Gannet family Sulidae [67] The Golden Eagle is something of a national icon. The Golden Eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere
On the high mountain tops species including Ptarmigan, Mountain Hare and Stoat can be seen in their white colour phase during winter months. This article deals with the European species named "Ptarmigan" known in North America as the Rock Ptarmigan The Mountain Hare ( Lepus timidus) is a Hare, which is largely adapted to polar and mountainous habitats [68] Remnants of native Scots Pine forest exist[69] and within these areas the Scottish Crossbill, Britain's only endemic bird, can be found alongside Capercaillie, Wildcat, Red Squirrel and Pine Marten. The Scots Pine ( Pinus sylvestris L family Pinaceae) is a species of Pine native to Europe and Asia, ranging from The Scottish Crossbill ( Loxia scotica) is a small Passerine Bird in the Finch family Fringillidae. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The Capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus) also known as the Wood Grouse or more specifically Western Capercaillie is the largest member of the Grouse The Wildcat ( Felis silvestris) sometimes Wild Cat or Wild-cat, is a small felid native to Europe, the western part of Asia The red squirrel or Eurasian red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris) is a Species of Tree squirrel ( Genus Sciurus [70][71]
The flora of the country is varied incorporating both deciduous and coniferous woodland and moorland and tundra species. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas characterised by low growing vegetation on Acidic soils In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons However, large scale commercial tree planting and the management of upland moorland habitat for the grazing of sheep and commercial field sport activities impacts upon the distribution of indigenous plants and animals. In Ecology, an indigenous Species is an Organism which is native to a given region or Ecosystem. [72] The Fortingall Yew may be 5,000 years old and is probably the oldest living thing in Europe. The Fortingall Yew is an ancient yew ( Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland. [73]
Economy and infrastructure
Scotland has a western style open mixed economy which is closely linked with that of the rest of Europe and the wider world. The economy of Scotland is closely linked with the rest of the United Kingdom and the wider European Economic Area, it is essentially a Mixed economy For a detailed diagram of a Petroleum drilling rig, See Drilling rig (petroleum A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes (usually called The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. An open economy is an Economy in which people, including Businesses can trade in goods and services with other people and businesses A mixed economy is an Economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system Traditionally, the Scottish economy has been dominated by heavy industry underpinned by the shipbuilding in Glasgow, coal mining and steel industries. Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to Light industry. See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. Steel Industries Inc specializes in custom open die forgings and seamless rolled rings
Petroleum related industries associated with the extraction of North Sea oil have also been important employers from the 1970s, especially in the north east of Scotland. The River Clyde ( Gaelic: Abhainn Chluaidh, avɪɲˈxɫ̪uəj is a major River in Scotland. North Sea oil refers to oil and Natural gas ( Hydrocarbons produced from Oil reservoirs beneath the North Sea. De-industrialisation during the 1970s and 1980s saw a shift from a manufacturing focus towards a more services orientated economy. Edinburgh is the financial services centre of Scotland and the sixth largest financial centre in Europe in terms of funds under management, behind London, Paris, Frankfurt, Zurich and Amsterdam,[74] with many large finance firms based there, including: the Royal Bank of Scotland (the second largest bank in Europe); HBOS (owners of the Bank of Scotland); and Standard Life. The Royal Bank of Scotland plc ( Scottish Gaelic: Banca Rìoghail na h-Alba) is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group HBOS plc ( is a Banking and Insurance group in the United Kingdom, the Holding company for Bank of Scotland plc, which The Bank of Scotland plc is a commercial and Clearing bank based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Standard Life (Canada Standard Life plc ( is a financial services institution based in Edinburgh, Scotland.
In 2005, total Scottish exports (excluding intra-UK trade) were provisionally estimated to be £17. In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion 5 billion, of which 70% (£12. 2 billion) were attributable to manufacturing. [75] Scotland's primary exports include whisky, electronics and financial services. Whisky (uisge-beatha or whiskey (uisce beatha or fuisce) refers to a broad category of Alcoholic beverages that are distilled from fermented The United States, The Netherlands, Germany, France and Spain constitute the country's major export markets. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [75] In 2006, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Scotland was just over £86 billion, giving a per capita GDP of £16,900. [76][77]
Tourism is widely recognised as a key contributor to the Scottish economy. A briefing published in 2002 by the Scottish Parliament Information Centre, (SPICe), for the Scottish Parliament's Enterprise and Life Long Learning Committee, stated that tourism accounted for up to 5% of GDP and 7. 5% of employment. [78]
As of November 2007 the unemployment rate in Scotland stood at 4. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. 9%—lower than the UK average and that of the majority of EU countries. [79]
Currency
Although the Bank of England is the central bank for the UK, three Scottish clearing banks still issue their own Sterling banknotes: the Bank of Scotland; the Royal Bank of Scotland; and the Clydesdale Bank. Sterling banknotes are the Banknotes of the United Kingdom and British Islands, denominated in pounds sterling (symbol £ The Bank of England (formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England) is a state-owned institution and the Central bank of the United Kingdom A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states In Banking and Finance, clearing denotes all activities from the time a commitment is made for a transaction until it is settled (see settlement The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a The Bank of Scotland plc is a commercial and Clearing bank based in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Royal Bank of Scotland plc ( Scottish Gaelic: Banca Rìoghail na h-Alba) is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group The Clydesdale Bank PLC is a Commercial bank in Scotland, a subsidiary of the National Australia Bank (NAB Group. The current value of the Scottish banknotes in circulation is £1. 5 billion. [80]
Transport
Scotland has five main international airports (Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Glasgow Prestwick and Inverness) which together serve 150 international destinations with a wide variety of scheduled and chartered flights. An international airport is an Airport typically equipped with Customs and Immigration facilities to handle international flights to and from other Edinburgh Airport is located in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was the busiest Airport in Scotland in 2007 handling 9047558 passengers Aberdeen Airport is the third largest Airport in Scotland, and one of the UK 's top 10 by number of flight movements. Glasgow Prestwick Airport (Port-adhair Ghlaschu Phreastabhaig is an International airport serving Glasgow, situated north of the town of Prestwick Inverness Airport is an International airport situated at Dalcross 7 Nautical miles (13 km northeast of the city of Inverness in the Scottish A charter airline, also sometimes referred to as an Air taxi, operates Aircraft on a charter basis that is flights that take place outside normal schedules by a [81] BAA operates three airports, (Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen), and Highland and Islands Airports operates 11 regional airports, (including Inverness), which serve the more remote locations of Scotland. BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport Highlands and Islands Airports Limited (HIAL is the company that owns and operates 10 Airports in the Scottish Highlands, the Northern Isles and the [82] Infratil operates Glasgow Prestwick. Infratil (is a New Zealand -based Infrastructure investment company
The Scottish motorways and major trunk roads are managed by Transport Scotland. Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation A trunk road, trunk highway, or strategic road is a major Road &mdashusually connecting two or more cities, Ports Airports Transport Scotland was created on 1 January 2006 as the national transport agency of Scotland. The rest of the road network is managed by the Scottish local authorities in each of their areas. Local government in Scotland is organised through 32 unitary authorities consisting of Councillors elected every four years by registered voters in each of the
Regular ferry services operate between the Scottish mainland and island communities. See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and This is a list of the Islands of Scotland, the mainland of which is part of the island of Great Britain. These services are mostly run by Caledonian MacBrayne, but some are operated by local councils. Caledonian MacBrayne (usually shortened to Cal Mac; Caledonian Mac a' Bhriuthainn in Scottish Gaelic) is the major operator of passenger and vehicle ferries Other ferry routes, served by multiple companies, connect to Northern Ireland, Belgium, Norway, the Faroe Islands and also Iceland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland (
Scotland's rail network is managed by Transport Scotland. For the nearby road bridge see Forth Road Bridge. The Forth Bridge is a cantilever Railway Bridge over the Transport Scotland was created on 1 January 2006 as the national transport agency of Scotland. [83] The East Coast and West Coast Main Railway lines and the Cross Country Line connect the major cities and towns of Scotland with each other and with the rail network in England. The East Coast Main Line ( ECML) is the electrified high-speed railway link between London and Edinburgh connecting Yorkshire, North East The West Coast Main Line (WCML is a busy mixed-traffic railway route in the United Kingdom. The North-East/South-West route (sometimes simply The Cross-Country Route) is the major British rail route running from South West England via Bristol, Birmingham Domestic rail services within Scotland are operated by First Scotrail. First ScotRail is the Brand under which FirstGroup runs its Railway franchise to operate all domestic Passenger services within
The East Coast Main Line includes that section of the network which crosses the Firth of Forth via the Forth Bridge. The Firth of Forth ( Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the Estuary or Firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows For the nearby road bridge see Forth Road Bridge. The Forth Bridge is a cantilever Railway Bridge over the Completed in 1890, this cantilever bridge has been described as "the one internationally recognised Scottish landmark". A cantilever bridge is a Bridge built using Cantilevers structures that project horizontally into space supported on only one end [84]
Network Rail Infrastructure Limited owns and operates the fixed infrastructure assets of the railway system in Scotland, while the Scottish Government maintains overall responsibility for rail strategy and funding in Scotland. Network Rail is a British "not for dividend" Company limited by guarantee whose principal asset is Network Rail Infrastructure Limited a company limited The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. [85]
Demography
- See also: Language in Scotland and Religion in Scotland
The population of Scotland in the 2001 census was 5,062,011. This has risen to 5,116,900 according to June 2006 estimates. [86] This would make Scotland the 112th largest country by population if it were a sovereign state. List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Although Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland it is not the largest city. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. With a population of just over 600,000 this honour falls to Glasgow. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Indeed, the Greater Glasgow conurbation, with a population of over 1. Greater Glasgow is the Conurbation that includes and surrounds the city of Glasgow in the west of Scotland. 1 million, is home to over a fifth of Scotland's population. [87][88]
The Central Belt is where most of the main towns and cities are located. The Central Lowlands or Midland Valley is a geologically defined area of relatively low-lying land in southern Scotland. Glasgow is to the west whilst the other three main cities of Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Dundee lie on the east coast. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Aberdeen ( pronounced; Aiberdeen Obar Dheathain is Scotland 's third most populous city and one of Scotland's 32 local government council Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council The Highlands are sparsely populated, although the city of Inverness has experienced rapid growth in recent years. Inverness (Inbhir Nis iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ is a city in northern Scotland. In general only the more accessible and larger islands retain human populations and fewer than 90 are currently inhabited. The Southern Uplands are essentially rural in nature and dominated by agriculture and forestry. [89][90] Because of housing problems in Glasgow and Edinburgh, five new towns were created between 1947 and 1966. A new town, planned community or planned city is a City, Town, or Community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically They are East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Livingston, Cumbernauld, and Irvine. East Kilbride is a large suburban town in the South Lanarkshire council area of Scotland. Glenrothes is a former new town situated in the heart of Fife, in east central Scotland. Livingston is the fourth post-war New town to be built in Scotland, designated in 1962 Cumbernauld ( Gaelic: Comar nan Allt) is a New town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. Irvine ( Gaelic: Irbhinn) is a coastal New town in North Ayrshire, Scotland. [91]
Due to immigration since World War II, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee have small Asian communities. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [92] Since the recent Enlargement of the European Union there has been an increased number of people from Central and Eastern Europe moving to Scotland, and it is estimated that between 40,000 and 50,000 Poles are now living in the country. Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU through the accession of new member states. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. [93] As of 2001, there are 16,310 ethnic Chinese residents in Scotland. [94] The ethnic groups within Scotland are as follows: White - 97. 99%,South Asian - 1. 09%, Black - 0. 16%, Mixed - 0. 25%, Chinese - 0. 32% and Other - 0. 19%.
Scotland has three officially recognised languages: English, Scots and Scottish Gaelic. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Almost all Scots speak Scottish Standard English, and in 1996 the General Register Office for Scotland estimated that 30% of the population are fluent in Scots. Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. The General Register Office for Scotland (Oifis Choitcheann a’ Chlàraidh na h-Alba is a Non-ministerial directorate of the Scottish Government that administers Fluency (also called volubility and loquaciousness) is the property of a Person or of a System that delivers Information quickly and Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern [95] Gaelic is mostly spoken in the Western Isles, where a majority of people still speak it; however, nationally its use is confined to just 1% of the population. The Outer Hebrides, ( officially known for local government purposes by the Gaelic name Na h-Eileanan Siar) comprise an island [96]
Education
The Scottish education system has always remained distinct from education in the rest of United Kingdom, with a characteristic emphasis on a broad education. Scotland has a long history of universal provision of Public education, and the Scottish education system is distinctly different from other parts of the United Marischal College is a building in the Scottish city of Aberdeen belonging to the University of Aberdeen. The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. The term liberal education has its origins in the medieval concept of the Liberal arts but now is primarily associated with the Liberalism of the [97] Scotland was the first country since Sparta in classical Greece to implement a system of general public education. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the Government, whether national regional or local provided by an institution [98] Schooling was made compulsory for the first time in Scotland with the Education Act of 1496, then, in 1561, the Church of Scotland set out a national programme for spiritual reform, including a school in every parish. The Education Act 1496 was an act of the Parliament of Scotland (1496 c The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches Education continued to be a matter for the church rather than the state until the Education Act of 1872. [99]
All 3 and 4 year old children in Scotland are entitled to a free nursery place with "a curriculum framework for children 3–5"[100] providing the curricular guidelines. A nursery school is a school for children between the ages of three and five staffed by qualified teachers and other professionals who encourage and supervise educational play rather than Formal primary education begins at approximately 5 years old and lasts for 7 years (P1–P7); The "5–14 guidelines" provides the curricular framework. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. [101] Today, children in Scotland sit Standard Grade exams at approximately 15 or 16. Standard Grades ( Scottish Gaelic: An Ìre Choitchinne) are Scotland 's educational qualifications for students aged around 14 to 16 years The school leaving age is 16, after which students may choose to remain at school and study for Access, Intermediate or Higher Grade and Advanced Higher exams. In Scotland the Higher ( Scottish Gaelic: An Àrd Ìre) is one of the national school-leaving certificate exams and university entrance qualifications of The Advanced Higher ( Scottish Gaelic: An Àrd Ìre Adhartach) is an optional qualification which forms part of the Scottish Secondary education A small number of students at certain private, independent schools may follow the English system and study towards GCSEs instead of Standard Grades, and towards A and AS-Levels instead of Higher Grade and Advanced Higher exams. An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying upon private sources for all of its funding predominantly in the form of school fees Education in England is the responsibility of the Department for Children Schools and Families and the Department for Innovation Universities and Skills of the The General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE) is the name of an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject generally taken in a number of subjects by The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in England, Northern Ireland and Wales, The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in England, Northern Ireland and Wales, [102];
There are 14 Scottish universities, some of which are amongst the oldest in the world. The following is a list of universities in Scotland, detailing the year of foundation the location and other information This is a list of the oldest extant universities in the world. [103][104] The country produces 1% of the world's published research with less than 0. Academic publishing describes the subfield of Publishing which distributes academic Research and Scholarship. 1% of the world's population, and higher education institutions account for nine per cent of Scotland's service sector exports. [105][106]
Religion
Since the Scottish Reformation of 1560, the Church of Scotland, also known as The Kirk, has been Scotland's national church. Scotland is traditionally a Christian nation with around 65% claiming to be Christian at the 2001 census. One of the oldest and most important religious centres in Western Europe, Iona Abbey was a focal point for the spread of Christianity throughout Scotland The Scottish Reformation was Scotland 's formal break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1560 and the events surrounding this The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. Kirk can mean " church " in general or the Church of Scotland in particular The term national church is usually a reference to a church organization in Christianity that claims pastoral jurisdiction over a Nation. The Church is Protestant and Reformed with a Presbyterian system of church government, and enjoys independence from the state. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity [12] About 12% of the population are currently members of the Church of Scotland. The Church operates a territorial parish structure, with every community in Scotland having a local congregation. A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches Scotland also has a significant Roman Catholic population, particularly in the west. The Catholic Church in Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Caitligeach) describes the organisation of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church in After the Reformation, Roman Catholicism continued on in the Highlands and some western islands like Uist and Barra, and was strengthened, during the 19th century by immigration from Ireland. The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous Uist (ˈjuːɪst/ /ˈuːɪst or The Uists (Uibhist ˈiviʃtʲ are the central group of islands in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. The Isle of Barra or Barraigh/Eilean Bharraigh (in Scottish Gaelic) is a predominantly Gaelic-speaking island and apart from the adjacent island of Vatersay Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Other Christian denominations in Scotland include the Free Church of Scotland, various other Presbyterian offshoots, and the Scottish Episcopal Church. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Scottish Episcopal Church (Eaglais Easbaigeach na h-Alba is a Christian denomination in Scotland and a member of the Anglican Communion, although it Islam is the largest non-Christian religion (estimated at around 40,000, which is less than 0. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos 9% of the population),[107] and there are also significant Jewish, Hindu and Sikh communities, especially in Glasgow. The earliest date at which Jews arrived in Scotland is not known Hinduism in Scotland is of relatively recent provenance with the bulk of Scottish Hindus having settled there in the second half of the 20th century Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. [107] The Samyé Ling monastery near Eskdalemuir, which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2007, includes the largest Buddhist temple in western Europe. Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre is a Tibetan Buddhist complex associated with the Kagyu school located at Eskdalemuir, near Langholm Eskdalemuir (moor of the valley of the River Esk) is a rural district and small village in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices [108] In the 2001 census, 28% of the population professed 'no religion' whatsoever.
Military
Although Scotland has a long military tradition that predates the Treaty of Union with England, its armed forces now form part of the British Armed Forces, with the notable exception of the Atholl Highlanders, Europe's only legal private army. Historically Scotland has a long military tradition that predates the Act of Union with England. The Royal Regiment of Scotland (SCOTS is the senior and only Scottish Line infantry regiment of the British Army Infantry. The Treaty of Union is the name given to the agreement that led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the Political union of England (including For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces The Armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces The Atholl Highlanders are a military Regiment. Based in Blair Atholl, Scotland, they are not part of the British Army. In 2006, the infantry regiments of the Scottish Division were amalgamated to form the Royal Regiment of Scotland. A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. The Scottish Division is a British Army Infantry command training and administrative apparatus designated for all Scottish line infantry units The Royal Regiment of Scotland (SCOTS is the senior and only Scottish Line infantry regiment of the British Army Infantry. Other distinctively Scottish regiments in the British Army include the Scots Guards and Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The Scots Guards (SG form part of the Guards Division of the British Army, whose origins lie in the personal bodyguard of King Charles I of England and The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys (SCOTS DG is a cavalry regiment of the British Army, and the senior Scottish regiment.
Due to their topography and perceived remoteness, parts of Scotland have housed many sensitive defence establishments, with mixed public feelings. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets [109][110][111] Between 1960 and 1991, the Holy Loch was a base for the U. The Holy Loch ( Scottish Gaelic "An Loch Sianta/Seunta" is a Sea loch in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. S. fleet of Polaris ballistic missile submarines. The Polaris missile was a submarine-launched two-stage solid-fuel nuclear-armed ballistic missile ( SLBM) built during the Cold War by Lockheed for A ballistic missile submarine is a Submarine equipped to launch Ballistic missiles ( SLBMs) [112] Today, Her Majesty's Naval Base Clyde, 25 miles (40 km) west of Glasgow, is the base for the four Trident-armed Vanguard class ballistic missile submarines that comprise the UK's nuclear deterrent. This is a list of fleet bases of the Royal Navy. Current Fleet Bases HMNB Devonport HMNB Clyde Along with HMNB Devonport and HMNB Portsmouth, Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB Clyde is one of the Royal Navy 's three operational bases This article contains technical information about the Trident ballistic missile Design The Vanguard s were designed from the outset as an unlimited-range nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine unlike the previous ''Resolution'' class A ballistic missile submarine is a Submarine equipped to launch Ballistic missiles ( SLBMs) The United Kingdom was the third state to test an independently developed Nuclear weapon in October 1952
Three frontline Royal Air Force bases are also located in Scotland. These are RAF Lossiemouth, RAF Kinloss and RAF Leuchars, the last of which is the most northerly air defence fighter base in the United Kingdom. RAF Lossiemouth is a Royal Air Force station to the west of the town of Lossiemouth in Moray, Scotland. RAF Kinloss is a Royal Air Force station It is near Kinloss, on the Moray Firth in the north of Scotland. RAF Leuchars is the most northerly air defence station in the United Kingdom. A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed
The only open-air live depleted uranium weapons test range in the British Isles is located near Dundrennan. Depleted uranium (DU is Uranium primarily composed of the Isotope Uranium-238 (U-238 Dundrennan Range is a weapons testing range on the Solway Firth, near Kirkcudbright in Dumfries and Galloway, in south west Scotland. [113] As a result, over 7000 radioactive munitions lie on the seabed of the Solway Firth. The Solway Firth is a Firth that forms part of the border between England and Scotland, between Cumbria (including the Solway Plain) and [114]
Culture
- See also: Music in Scotland, Scottish literature, Media in Scotland, and Cuisine of Scotland
Scottish music is a significant aspect of the nation's culture, with both traditional and modern influences. Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music which has remained vibrant throughout the 20th century when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to Pop music An example of a traditional Scottish instrument is the Great Highland Bagpipe, a wind instrument consisting of three drones and a melody pipe (called the chanter), which are fed continuously by a reservoir of air in a bag. The Great Highland Bagpipe ( Gaelic: A' Phìob Mhòr) is probably the best-known variety of Bagpipe. A wind instrument is a Musical instrument that contains some type of Resonator (usually a tube in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing The clàrsach, fiddle and accordion are also traditional Scottish instruments, the latter two heavily featured in Scottish country dance bands. Clàrsach ( Scots Gaelic) Cláirseach ( Middle Irish) are the Gaelic words for 'a Harp ' Classical music Since the Baroque era the violin ( Baroque violin) has been one of the most important of all instruments in classical music, for several The accordion is a portable box-shaped Musical instrument of the hand-held Bellows -driven free-reed aerophone family sometimes referred to as a Squeezebox Scottish country dancing ("SCD" for short or "reeling" is a form of Social dance involving groups of mixed couples of dancers tracing progressive patterns Today, there are many successful Scottish bands and individual artists in varying styles. [115]
Scottish literature includes text written in English, Scottish Gaelic, Scots, French, and Latin. Scottish literature is Literature written in Scotland or by Scottish writers. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The poet and songwriter Robert Burns wrote in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and in a "light" Scots dialect which is more accessible to a wider audience. Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796 (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Similarly, the writings of Sir Walter Scott and Arthur Conan Doyle were internationally successful during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930 was an Anglo-Scottish Author most noted for his stories about the [116] J. M. Barrie introduced the movement known as the "Kailyard school" at the end of the 19th century, which brought elements of fantasy and folklore back into fashion. Sir James Matthew Barrie 1st Baronet OM ( 9 May, 1860 &ndash 19 June, 1937) more commonly known as J The Kailyard school of Scottish fiction came into being at the end of the Nineteenth century as a reaction against what was seen as increasingly coarse writing representing Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological [117] This tradition has been viewed as a major stumbling block for Scottish literature, as it focused on an idealised, pastoral picture of Scottish culture. [117] Some modern novelists, such as Irvine Welsh (of Trainspotting fame), write in a distinctly Scottish English that reflects the harsher realities of contemporary life. Irvine Welsh (born 27 September 1958 Leith, Edinburgh) is a contemporary Scottish novelist, best known for his novel Trainspotting Trainspotting is the first novel by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh. Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. [118] More recently, author J.K. Rowling has become one of the most popular authors in the world (and one of the wealthiest) through her Harry Potter series, which were originally written from a coffee-shop in Edinburgh. Joanne "Jo" Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965 who writes under the Harry Potter is a series of seven Fantasy novels written by British author J
The national broadcaster is BBC Scotland (BBC Alba in Gaelic), a constituent part of the British Broadcasting Corporation, the publicly-funded broadcaster of the United Kingdom. gd '''BBC Alba''' (or BBC Gàidhlig) is the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland's national broadcaster BBC Scotland and the name is generally used to describe It runs two national television stations and the national radio stations, BBC Radio Scotland and BBC Radio nan Gaidheal, amongst others. Viewers in Scotland receive four or five public terrestrial television stations. The main Scottish commercial television stations are STV and Border Television. STV is the brand used by both ITV licensees in Northern and Central Scotland formerly known as Grampian TV (now legally STV North Ltd Border Television (now legally known as ITV Border is the ITV franchisee for the border region between England and Scotland (including the south of Scotland much of Cumbria National newspapers such as the Daily Record, The Herald, and The Scotsman are all produced in Scotland. List of newspapers in Scotland is a list of Newspapers in Scotland. The Daily Record is a Scottish Tabloid newspaper, based in Glasgow. The Herald is a national Broadsheet newspaper published Monday to Saturday in Glasgow, Scotland. The Scotsman is a Scottish national Newspaper, published in Edinburgh. [119] Important regional dailies include The Courier in Dundee in the east, and The Press and Journal serving Aberdeen and the north. The Courier & Advertiser, more commonly known as simply The Courier, is a Broadsheet Newspaper published by DC Thomson in The Press and Journal, often called the P&J, is a daily regional Newspaper serving the northern areas of Scotland including the cities [119]
Sport
Sport is an important element in Scottish culture, with the country hosting many of its own national sporting competitions, and enjoying independent representation at many international sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup, the Cricket World Cup and the Commonwealth Games (although not the Olympic Games). Sport plays a central role in Scottish culture. The Temperate, Oceanic climate has played a key part in the evolution of Sport in Scotland, with The Old Course at St Andrews is the oldest Golf course in the world. Sport plays a central role in Scottish culture. The Temperate, Oceanic climate has played a key part in the evolution of Sport in Scotland, with The FIFA World Cup, occasionally called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international Association football The Cricket World Cup is the premier international championship of men's One Day International (ODI Cricket. The Commonwealth Games is a multinational Multi-sport event. Held every four years it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Scotland has its own national governing bodies, such as the Scottish Football Association (the second oldest national football association in the world)[120] and the Scottish Rugby Union. A sport governing body is a sports organization that has a regulatory or sanctioning function The Scottish Football Association (also known as the SFA and The Scottish FA or the "worst league in the world" is the governing body of Variations of football have been played in Scotland for centuries with the earliest reference dating back to 1424. [121] Association football is now the national sport and the Scottish Cup is the world's oldest national trophy. (Association Football is the most popular Sport in Scotland and is one of the country's National sports There is a long tradition of "football" A national sport is a Sport or Game that is considered to be a intrinsic part of the culture of a Nation. The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup, usually known as the Scottish Cup, is the national football cup competition of Scotland [122] Scottish clubs have been successful in European competitions with Celtic winning the European Cup in 1967, Rangers and Aberdeen winning the Cup Winners' Cup in 1972 and 1983 respectively, and Aberdeen also winning the European Supercup in 1983. The Celtic Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the east end of Glasgow, which currently plays in the Scottish Premier League. Rangers Football Club are an Association football team based in Glasgow Scotland, who currently play in the Scottish Premier League. Aberdeen Football Club (also known as The Dons, The Reds and The Dandies) is a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen Aberdeen Football Club (also known as The Dons, The Reds and The Dandies) is a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen The European Super Cup ( UEFA Super Cup) is at stake in an annual football game between the reigning champions of the UEFA Cup and the Champions The Fife town of St. Andrews is known internationally as the Home of Golf[123]and to many golfers the Old Course, an ancient links course dating to before 1574, is considered to be a site of pilgrimage. Fife ( Gaelic: Fìobha) is a Council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland St Andrews (Cill Rìmhinn is a Town and former Royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. The Old Course at St Andrews is the oldest Golf course in the world. A links Golf course sometimes referred to as a seaside links, is the oldest style of Golf course, first developed in Scotland. [124] There are many other famous golf courses in Scotland, including Carnoustie, Gleneagles, Muirfield and Royal Troon. Carnoustie Golf Links in the town of Carnoustie, Angus, in the east of Scotland is one of the venues in the Open Championship rotation Gleneagles ( Scottish Gaelic: Gleann na h-Eaglais/Gleann Eagas is a Glen in the Ochil Hills of Perth and Kinross in Scotland. Muirfield is a Golf course in Gullane, East Lothian, Scotland, which is one of the courses used in rotation for The Open Championship Royal Troon Golf Club is a links Golf course located in Troon, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Other distinctive features of the national sporting culture include the Highland games, curling and shinty. Highland games are events held throughout the year in Scotland and other countries as a way of celebrating Scottish and Celtic culture and heritage especially Curling is a team Sport with similarities to Bowls and Shuffle board, played by two teams of four players each on a rectangular sheet of carefully prepared Shinty (derived from the Scottish Gaelic sinteag although it is referred to as camanachd or iomain in modern Gaelic is a Team sport Scotland played host to the Commonwealth Games in 1970 and 1986, and will do so again in 2014. The 1970 British Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland from 16 July to 25 July 1970 The 1986 Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland for the second time The 20th Commonwealth Games in 2014 will be held in Glasgow, the largest city in Scotland.
National symbols
The Flag of Scotland, known as the Saltire or St. The National symbols of Scotland include a diversity of official and unofficial images and other symbols The Flag of Scotland is a white Saltire, a crux decussate (X-shaped cross representing the Cross of the Christian Martyr Andrew's Cross, dates (at least in legend) from the 9th century, and is thus the oldest national flag still in use. A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification The Saltire now also forms part of the design of the Union Flag. The Union Flag, also known as the Union Jack, is the national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the thistle, the nation's floral emblem, the 6 April, 1320 statement of political independence the Declaration of Arbroath, the textile pattern tartan that often signifies a particular Scottish clan, and the Lion Rampant flag. This article is about the plant for other uses see Thistle (disambiguation. This article is about symbols of nations Many countries it can be used for is Chantal The Declaration of Arbroath was a declaration of Scottish independence, and set out to confirm Scotland 's status as an independent, sovereign Tartan is a pattern consisting of criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours Scottish clans (from Scottish Gaelic clann, "children" give a sense of identity and shared descent to people in Scotland and to their relations The Royal Standard of Scotland, also known as the Royal Standard of the King of Scots or more commonly the Lion Rampant was the flag used historically by the [125][126][127]
Flower of Scotland is popularly held to be the National Anthem of Scotland, and is played at events such as football or rugby matches involving the Scotland national team. Flower of Scotland (Flùr na h-Alba is by tradition the National anthem of Scotland, a role for which it competes against the older Scotland There is no official national anthem of Scotland. However there is a complex and on-going social and political dispute amongst many contenders for the title of the nation's Scotland the Brave is used for the Scottish team at the Commonwealth Games. " Scotland the Brave " ( Scottish Gaelic: Alba an Aigh) is a patriotic song and one of the main contenders to be considered as a National anthem of Scotland The Commonwealth Games is a multinational Multi-sport event. Held every four years it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, since devolution, more serious discussion of the issue has led to the use of Flower of Scotland being disputed. Other candidates include Highland Cathedral, Scots Wha Hae and A Man's A Man for A' That. Highland Cathedral is a popular Bagpipe melody The melody composed for the bagpipes was written by German musicians Ulrich Roever and Michael Scots Wha Hae ( Scottish Gaelic: Brosnachadh Bhruis) is a Patriotic song of Scotland which served for a long time as an unofficial The Scots song "Is There For Honest Poverty", by Robert Burns, is more commonly known as "A Man's A Man For A' That", and famous [128]
St Andrew's Day, 30 November, is the national day, although Burns' Night tends to be more widely observed. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats The National Day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the Nationhood of a Nation or non-sovereign Country. A Burns supper is a celebration of the life and Poetry of the poet Robert Burns, author of many Scots poems including " Auld Lang Syne," Tartan Day is a recent innovation from Canada. Tartan Day (part of Scotland Week) celebrates the existing and historical links between Scotland and Scottish descendants in North America Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In 2006, the Scottish Parliament passed the St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007, designating the day to be an official bank holiday. The St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland Act 2007 is an Act of the Scottish Parliament that officially designates St A bank holiday is a Public holiday in the United Kingdom and also in the Republic of Ireland. [129]
See also
References
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- ^ Scottish Executive Resources. Scotland in Short. Scottish Executive (17 February 2007). Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on September 14, 2006. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Information for Journalists. Edinburgh, Inspiring Capital. Edinburghbrand. com. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. "Edinburgh is Europe's sixth largest fund management centre".
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- ^ a b c d Mackie, J. D. (1969) A History of Scotland. London. Penguin.
- ^ Collier, J. G. (2001) Conflict of Laws (Third edition)(pdf) Cambridge University Press. "For the purposes of the English conflict of laws, every country in the world which is not part of England and Wales is a foreign country and its foreign laws. Conflict of laws (or private international law) is that branch of International law and intranational interstate law that regulates all Lawsuits involving History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception This means that not only totally foreign independent countries such as France or Russia. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending . . are foreign countries but also British Colonies such as the Falkland Islands. This is a list of the various territories that have been under the political control of the United Kingdom and/or its predecessor states Moreover, the other parts of the United Kingdom – Scotland and Northern Ireland – are foreign countries for present purposes, as are the other British Islands, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. The term British Islands is used in the law of the United Kingdom to refer collectively to the following four states the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. "
- ^ Devine, T. M (1999), The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, P. 288–289, ISBN 0-14-023004-1 "created a new and powerful local state run by the Scottish bourgeoisie and reflecting their political and religious values. It was this local state, rather than a distant and usually indifferent Westminster authority, that in effect routinely governed Scotland"
- ^ Ayto, John; Ian Crofton. Brewer's Britain & Ireland : The History, Culture, Folklore and Etymology of 7500 Places in These Islands. WN. ISBN 030435385X.
- ^ The earliest known evidence is a flint arrowhead from Islay. Flint (or flintstone) is a hard sedimentary Cryptocrystalline form of the Mineral Quartz, categorized as a variety of Chert Islay (ˈaɪlə Ìle, ˈiːʎə a Scottish Island, known as "The Queen of the Hebrides" ( Banrìgh nan Eilean) is the southernmost See Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. Page 42.
- ^ Sites at Cramond dated to 8500 BC and near Kinloch, Rùm from 7700 BC provide the earliest known evidence of human occupation in Scotland. Cramond is a seaside Village now part of suburban Edinburgh, Scotland, located in the north-west corner of the city at the mouth of the River Almond Kinloch Castle ( Scottish Gaelic: Caisteal Cheann Locha) located in the Isle of Rum, Scotland, was built as a private residence for Sir Rùm (rˠuːm a Scottish Gaelic name often Anglicised to Rum) is one of the Small Isles of the Inner Hebrides, in the district of See "The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Rubbish dump reveals time-capsule of Scotland's earliest settlements" megalithic. co. uk. Retrieved 10 February 2008 and Edwards, Kevin J. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B. M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC–AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. Page 70.
- ^ Pryor, Francis (2003). Britain BC. London: HarperPerennial, pp. 98–104 & 246–250. ISBN 978-0007126934.
- ^ Hanson, William S. The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes, in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B. M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archeology and History, 8000 BC - AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press
- ^ a b Snyder, Christopher A. (2003), The Britons, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-22260-X
- ^ Robertson, Anne S. (1960) The Antonine Wall. Glasgow Archaeological Society.
- ^ Peter Heather, "State Formation in Europe in the First Millennium A. D. ", in Barbara Crawford (ed. ), Scotland in Dark Ages Europe, (Aberdeen, 1994), pp. 47–63
- ^ For instance, Alex Woolf, "The Verturian Hegemony: a mirror in the North", in M. P. Brown & C. A. Farr, (eds. ), Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe, (Leicester, 2001), pp. 106–11.
- ^ Brown, Dauvit (1997). "Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish identity". Innes Review (48): pp. 112–124. Glasgow: Scottish Catholic Historical Association. reprinted in Dauvit Broun and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds. ), (1999)Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 95–111. ISBN 978-0567086822
- ^ Foster, Sally (1996). Picts, Gaels and Scots (Historic Scotland). London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0713474855.
- ^ Withers, Charles, W.J. (1984). Professor Charles W J Withers (born December 6, 1954) is professor of Historical geography at the University of Edinburgh, Gaelic in Scotland, 1698–1981. Edinburgh: John Donald, pp. 16–41;. ISBN 9780859760973.
- ^ a b Barrow, Geoffrey, W.S. [1965] (2005). Geoffrey Wallis Steuart Barrow DLitt FBA FRSE is a British historian and academic born at Headingley in Leeds. Robert Bruce & the Community of the Realm of Scotland, 4th Edition, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748620222.
- ^ Thomas Owen Clancy. Gaelic Scotland: a brief history. Bòrd na Gàidhlig. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
- ^ a b Grant, Alexander [1984] (1991-06-06). Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Independence and Nationhood: Scotland, 1306–1469, New Ed edition, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 3–57. ISBN 978-0748602735.
- ^ Wormald, Jenny [1981] (1991-06-06). Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Court, Kirk and Community: Scotland, New Edition, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748602766.
- ^ Ross, David (2002). Chronology of Scottish History. Geddes & Grosset, 56. ISBN 1-85534-380-0. “1603: James VI becomes James I of England in the Union of the Crowns, and leaves Edinburgh for London”
- ^ TM Devine (1999) op cit "…Stated that the Scots Parliament had the right to decide on Queen Anne's successor, and that England and Scotland could not have the same sovereign in the future unless the London Parliament granted Scots 'Free Communication of trade'…"
- ^ Harvie, Christopher (1981) No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Scotland 1914–80. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The Union of the Crowns was the Accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the throne of England in March 1603 thus uniting Scotland and England Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. London. Edward Arnold.
- ^ See Stewart, Heather, "Celtic Tiger Burns Brighter at Holyrood, The Guardian Unlimited, 6 May 2007 for an account of Scotland's economic challenges, especially after the dotcom downturn, as it competes with the emerging Eastern European economies. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent.
- ^ "National Planning Framework for Scotland" Scottish Government publication, (web-page last updated 6 April 2006), which states "Since the 1970s, the development of North Sea oil and gas fields has made an important contribution to the Scottish economy, and underpinned prosperity in the North-East. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. " Retrieved on 07 November 2007. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Scotland Act 1998" Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved on 22 April 2008. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b "Government of Scotland Facts" Scotland. org - The Official Online Gateway. Retrieved 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ BBC Scotland News Online "Scotland begins pub smoking ban", BBC Scotland News, 2006-03-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
- ^ "About Scottish Ministers" Scottish Government. Retrieved 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Kerevan, George. "Somewhere over the Rainbow Coalition...", The Scotsman, 2005-05-12. The Scotsman is a Scottish national Newspaper, published in Edinburgh. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Retrieved on 2007-05-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ Scotland Office Charter. Scotland Office website (2004-08-09). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Retrieved on 2007-12-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
- ^ "Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994" Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved on 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "City status" Department for Constitutional Affairs. Retrieved on 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "UK Cities" Department for Constitutional Affairs. Retrieved on 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Cavanagh, Michael (2001) The Campaigns for a Scottish Parliament. University of Strathclyde. Retrieved 12 April 2008. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Party people confront new realities. BBC News. Retrieved on January 18, 2008. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Tradition and Environment in a time of change", J. A. Lillie (1970). "The law of Scotland has many roots in and affinities with the law of the Romans, the 'Civil Law' ":History of the Faculty of Law.. The University of Edinburgh School of Law. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ The Articles: legal and miscellaneous, UK Parliament House of Lords (2007). "Article 19: The Scottish legal system and its courts was to remain unchanged":Act of Union 1707. House of Lords. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ "Law and institutions, Gaelic" & "Law and lawyers" in M. Lynch (ed. ), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, (Oxford, 2001), pp. 381–382 & 382–386. Udal Law remains relevant to land law in Orkney and Shetland: A General History of Scots Law (20th century). Law Society of Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
- ^ "Court Information" www. scotcourts. gov. uk. Retrieved on 26 September 207. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a For the car see Peugeot 207. Events By Place Asia Sun Quan battles Huang Zu at
- ^ Jury Service in Victoria, Chapter 6. This three verdict system is unique to Scotland and has existed there for around 300 years. Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved on 2006-09-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
- ^ England may adopt "Not Proven" Verdict. The Journal online. Law Society of Scotland. Retrieved on 2006-09-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
- ^ a b Whitaker's Almanack (1991) London. J. Whitaker and Sons.
- ^ Munro, D (1999). Scotland Atlas and Gazetteer. Harper Collins, pp1-2.
- ^ "Uniting the Kingdoms?" National Archives. Retrieved 2006-11-21
- ^ See "The 'Where Are We' page" highlandhostel. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. co. uk. Retrieved 22 September 2007. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. Pages 734 and 930.
- ^ "Tay" Encarta. Retrieved 21 March 2008. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Regional Geology, Southern Uplands - Map" Scottishgeology. com. Retrieved 21 March 2008. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Murray, W. H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland. London. Eyre Methuen ISBN 978-0413303806
- ^ Murray, W. H. (1968) The Companion Guide to the West Highlands of Scotland. London. Collins. ISBN 0002111357
- ^ Johnstone, Scott et al (1990) The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Trust. Page 9.
- ^ BBC Weather: UK Records BBC. co. uk. Retrieved on 21 September 2007. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The same temperature was also recorded In Braemar on 10 January 1982 and at Altnaharra, Highland, on 30 December 1995. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Altnaharra is a small hamlet in Sutherland in the Highland region of northern Scotland. The Highland Council area ( Sgìre Comhairle na Gàidhealtachd in Gaelic, s̪g̊ʲiːɾʲə kɔ Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995
- ^ a b c d Climate: Scotland. Met Office. Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Scottish Weather Part One BBC. co. uk Retrieved on 21 September 2007
- ^ Fraser Darling, F. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. & Boyd, J. M. (1969) Natural History in the Highlands and Islands. London. Bloomsbury.
- ^ "State of the Park Report. Chapter 2: Natural Resources"(pdf) (2006) Cairngorms National Park Authority. Retrieved 14 October 2007. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Preston, C. D. , Pearman, D. A. , & Dines, T. D. (2002) New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Gooders, J. (1994) Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Ireland. London. Kingfisher.
- ^ Matthews, L. H. (1968) British Mammals. London. Bloomsbury.
- ^ Integrated Upland Management for Wildlife, Field Sports, Agriculture & Public Enjoyment (pdf) (September 1999) Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 14 October 2007
- ^ "The Fortingall Yew" Forestry Commission. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved 24 June 2007. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Milner M. and Treanor J. . "Devolution may broaden financial sector's view", The Guardian, 1999-06-02. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Retrieved on 2006-08-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
- ^ a b Global Connections Survey. Scottish Executive. Retrieved on 2006-12-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French
- ^ The Scottish Executive (2006). Scottish Economic Statistics. The Scottish Executive. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Office of National Statistics (2006-12-15). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Regional, sub-regional and local gross value added 2005. Office of National Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ The Economics of Tourism. SPICe (2002). Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ November Labour Market statistics for Scotland. Scotland Office. Retrieved on 2007-11-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca
- ^ Banknote History. Scottish Clearing Banks. Retrieved on 2007-10-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
- ^ The Scotsman 27 March 2007. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Special Report—Business Class"
- ^ "Highlands and Islands Airports - Airport Information" Highlands and Islands Airports Limited. Retrieved on 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Rail" Transport Scotland. Retrieved on 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255082-2
- ^ "Disaggregating Network Rail's expenditure and revenue allowance and future price control framework: a consultation (June 2005)" Office of Rail Regulation. Retrieved on 02 November 2007. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Scotland's mid year population estimates. General Register Office for Scotland (2007-04-26). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ "Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Scotland. All settlements (urban areas) in Scotland of more than 20,000 inhabitants." citypopulation. de. Retrieved 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Did You Know?—Scotland's Cities" rampantscotland. com Retrieved 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Clapperton, C. M. (ed) (1983) Scotland: A New Study. London. David & Charles.
- ^ Miller, J. (2004) Inverness. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 9781841582962
- ^ "New Towns" BBC Scotland. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Scotland speaks Urdu" (2004)Urdustan. net. Retrieved 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ The Pole Position (6 August 2005). Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Glasgow. Sunday Herald newspaper.
- ^ Statistics Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report Scottish Government. Retrieved 27 September 2007. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Scotland's Census 2001, Part 1: Census User Needs and Legislation. General Register Office for Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a
- ^ Dr. Kenneth MacKinnon. A Century on the Census—Gaelic in Twentieth Century Focus. University of Glasgow. The University of Glasgow (Oilthigh Ghlaschu was founded in 1451 in Glasgow, Scotland and along with its contemporary institutions the University of St Andrews Retrieved on 2007-09-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a
- ^ A Guide to Education and Training in Scotland - "the broad education long regarded as characteristic of Scotland". Scottish Government. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
- ^ Intro to Scottish Education. The Scottish Education Act of 1696 heralded the first National system of education in the World since ancient Sparta. www. siliconglen. com. Retrieved on 2007-03-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
- ^ "Schools and schooling" in M. Lynch (ed. ), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, (Oxford, 2001), pp. 561–563.
- ^ A Curriculum Framework for Children 3–5 (pdf). Scottish Executive. Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
- ^ 5–14 Curriculum: Guidelines. Learning and Teaching Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
- ^ "The Scottish Exam System" Scottish Council of Independent Schools. Retrieved on 26 September 2007. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Welcome to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
- ^ Understanding Scottish Qualifications. Scottish Agricultural College. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
- ^ A Framework for Higher Education in Scotland: Higher Education Review Phase 2. Scottish Government. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
- ^ What is higher education?. Universities Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
- ^ a b Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census. General Register Office for Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a
- ^ "In the Scottish Lowlands, Europe's first Buddhist monastery turns 40" The Buddhist Channel. Retrieved 24 June 2007. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ The large number of military bases in Scotland has led some to use the euphemism "Fortress Scotland". See Spaven, Malcolm (1983) Fortress Scotland. London. Pluto Press in association with Scottish CND.
- ^ "Pensioner, 94, in nuclear protest" BBC. co. uk. Retrieved 29 July 2007. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Reprieve for RAF Lossiemouth base" BBC. co. uk. Retrieved 29 July 2007. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Dunoon and the US Navy" Argyll online. Retrieved 29 July 2007. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "DU shell test-firing resumes" BBC Scotland News, 2001-02-21. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Retrieved 2006-09-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
- ^ Depleted Uranium (Shelling) Parliament of the United Kingdom: Science and Technology Committee—Debates 7 February 2001. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Hansard. Retrieved on 26 September 2007
- ^ Best Scottish Band of All Time. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The List. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ Barbara Buchenau. 'Wizards of the West'? How Americans respond to Sir Walter Scott, the 'Wizard of the North'. Goettingen University. Retrieved on 2006-12-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office
- ^ a b Scottish Literature. University of Glasgow Faculty of Arts. Retrieved on 2006-12-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office
- ^ Contemporary Writers. British Council. Retrieved on 2006-12-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
- ^ a b Newspapers and National Identity in Scotland. IFLA University of Stirling. Retrieved on 2006-12-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
- ^ Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora. By James Mills, Paul Dimeo: Page 18 - Oldest Football Association is England's FA, then Scotland and third oldest is the Indian FA.
- ^ Gerhardt, W. . The colourful history of a fascinating game. More than 2000 Years of Football. FIFA. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football) Retrieved on 2006-08-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
- ^ Official Site of the Tennents Scottish Cup. The Tennents Scottish Cup. Retrieved on 2006-12-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
- ^ Keay (1994) op cit page 839. "In 1834 the Royal and Ancient Golf Club declared St. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews is one of the oldest and most prestigious Golf clubs in the world with the oldest being the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Andrews 'the Alma Mater of golf' ".
- ^ Cochrane, Alistair (ed) Science and Golf IV: proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf. Page 849. Routledge.
- ^ "National identity" in M. Lynch (ed. ), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, (Oxford, 2001), pp. 437–444.
- ^ Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. Page 936.
- ^ "Symbols of Scotland—Index" Rampant Scotland. Retrieved on 20 September 2007. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Anthem demand falls on deaf ears", BBC Scotland News, 2004-11-24. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Retrieved on 2006-09-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
- ^ "Explanatory Notes to St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007" Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 22 September 2007
Further reading
Brown, Dauvit, (1999) "Anglo-French acculturation and the Irish element in Scottish Identity", in Smith, Brendan (ed. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ), Insular Responses to Medieval European Change, Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–53
Brown, Michael (2004) The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371, Edinburgh University Press. , pp. 157–254
Devine, T. M [1999] (2000). The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 (New Ed. edition). London:Penguin. ISBN 0-14-023004-1
Dumville, David N. (2001). "St Cathróe of Metz and the Hagiography of Exoticism", Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars. Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 172–176. ISBN 978-1851824861.
Herbert, Maire (2000). "Rí Érenn, Rí Alban, kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries", in Simon Taylor (ed. ): Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297. Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 63–72. ISBN 1851825169.
MacLeod, Wilson (2004) Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland: c. 1200–1650. Oxford University Press. Sharp, L. W. The Expansion of the English Language in Scotland, (Cambridge University Ph. D. thesis, 1927), pp. 102–325;
External links
- Scotland.org - the official online gateway to Scotland, managed by the Scottish Government
- Scottish Government - official site of the Scottish Government
- Scottish Parliament - official site of the Scottish Parliament
- National Archives of Scotland - official site of the National Archives of Scotland
- Maps and digital collections at the National Library of Scotland
- Gazetteer for Scotland - Extensive guide to the places and people of Scotland, by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and University of Edinburgh
- Scottish economic statistics 2005 (pdf) - from the Scottish Executive
- Scottish Census Results On Line - official government site for Scotland's census results
- Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics - Scottish Government's programme of small area statistics in Scotland
- Visit Scotland - official site of Scotland's national tourist board
- ScotlandsPeople - official government resource for Scottish genealogy
- Scotland travel guide from Wikitravel
The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral Based in the capital Edinburgh, the National Archives of Scotland (NAS are the National archives of Scotland. The National Library of Scotland is the Legal deposit Library of Scotland. History The originator of the idea for a national society of geography in Scotland was John George Bartholomew, of the Bartholomew map-making company in Edinburgh The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.
Dictionary
Scotland
-proper noun
- A country in northwest Europe to the north of England and forming part of the United Kingdom.
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