| Science | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviated title | None |
| Discipline | Interdisciplinary |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| Publisher | AAAS (USA) |
| Publication history | 1880 to present (3 series of volumes) |
| Indexing | |
| ISSN | 0036-8075 |
| Links | |
Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious scientific journals. An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level In Academia, Pedagogy, Physical sciences, Earth sciences, Human sciences and Social sciences English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. An academic journal is a peer-reviewed Periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular Academic discipline is published The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages For a broader class of publications which include scientific journals see Academic journal. [1][2] The peer-reviewed journal, first published in 1880 is circulated weekly and has a print subscriber base of around 130,000. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is one million people. [3]
The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but Science also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. Science policy is usually considered the art of justifying managing or prioritizing support of scientific research and development. A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Although most scientific journals focus on a specific field, Science and its rival Nature cover the full range of scientific disciplines. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level Science places special emphasis on biology and the life sciences because of the expansion of biotechnology and genetics over the past few decades. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Science's impact factor for 2006 was 30. The impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the Citations to science and social science journals. 028 (as measured by Thomson ISI). The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960.
Although it is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, membership in the AAAS is not required to publish in Science. Papers are accepted from authors around the world. Competition to publish in Science is very intense, as an article published in such a highly-cited journal can lead to attention and career advancement for the authors. Fewer than 10% of articles submitted to the editors are accepted for publication and all research articles are subject to peer review before they appear in the magazine. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are
Science is based in Washington, D.C., USA, with a second office in Cambridge, England. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
Contents |
History
Science was founded by New York journalist John Michaels in 1880 with financial support from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout However, the magazine never gained enough subscribers to succeed and ended publication in March of 1882. Entomologist Samuel H. Scudder resurrected the journal one year later and had some success while covering the meetings of prominent American scientific societies, including the AAAS. Samuel Hubbard Scudder was an American Entomologist and Palaeontologist. [4] However, by 1894, Science was again in financial difficulty and was sold to psychologist James McKeen Cattell for $500. James McKeen Cattell ( May 25, 1860 - January 20, 1944) American psychologist, was the first professor of psychology in
In an agreement worked out by Cattell and AAAS secretary Leland O. Howard, Science became the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900. Leland Ossian Howard PhD MD ( June 11, 1857 - May 1, 1950) was an American Entomologist, born at Rockford Ill [5] During the early part of the 20th century important articles published in Science included papers on fruit fly genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan, gravitational lensing by Albert Einstein, and spiral nebulae by Edwin Hubble. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Thomas Hunt Morgan ( September 25, 1866 &ndash December 4, 1945) was an American geneticist and embryologist. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Edwin Powell Hubble ( November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. [6] After Cattell died in 1944, the ownership of the journal was transferred to the AAAS. [7]
After Cattell's death, the magazine lacked a consistent editorial presence until Graham DuShane became editor in 1956. Physicist and Nobel laureate, Philip Abelson, the co-discoverer of neptunium, served as editor from 1962 to 1984. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Philip Hauge Abelson ( April 27, 1913 – August 1, 2004) was an American Physicist, editor of scientific literature and Neptunium (nɛpˈtjuːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Np and Atomic number 93 Under Abelson the efficiency of the peer review process was improved and the publication practices were brought up to date. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are [8] During this time, papers on the Project Apollo missions and some of the earliest reports on AIDS were published. [9]
Biochemist Daniel Koshland served as editor from 1985 until 1995. Daniel Edward Koshland Jr (1920 - 23 July 2007) reorganized the study of biology at the University of California at Berkeley and was the editor of the From 1995 until 2000, neuroscientist Floyd Bloom held that position. Floyd E Bloom (born 1936 in Minneapolis Minnesota) is an American medical researcher specializing in chemical Neuroanatomy. [9]
Biologist Donald Kennedy became the editor of Science in 2000. Donald Kennedy (born 1931 is an American scientist public administrator and academic Biochemist Bruce Alberts took his place in March 2008. Dr Bruce Alberts (b 14 April 1938, Chicago) is an American Biochemist. [10]
In February 2001, draft results of the human genome were simultaneously published by Nature and Science with Science publishing the Celera Genomics paper and Nature publishing the publicly funded Human Genome Project. The human genome is the Genome of Homo sapiens, which is stored on 23 chromosome pairs Celera Genomics ( was formerly a business unit of the Applera Corporation, but was spun off in July 2008 to become an independent publicly traded company The Human Genome Project (HGP was an international Scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA
Controversies
An article published in Science in 2002 on the neurotoxicity of the drug MDMA ("ecstasy") caused some controversy when a mix-up of vials caused the paper to be retracted in 2003. MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, (see Neurotoxicity of MDMA controversy)
Science encountered another controversy in 2006 when papers by Hwang Woo-Suk on cloning human embryos from stem cell research were withdrawn by Seoul National University due to apparent scientific fraud. " Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (" ecstasy "' " was a paper by Dr Hwang Woo-Suk ( Korean: 황우석 born 29 January 1953 is a South Korean. Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects Stem cells are cells found in most if not all multi-cellular Organisms. Seoul National University ( SNU) is a national Research university in Seoul, South Korea. Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in Professional scientific research. A committee set up by Science to study the matter found that the journal's procedures had been followed, and the journal could do little in the face of deliberate fraud. The committee recommended that papers received should henceforth be classified as non-controversial or controversial; controversial papers should be looked at more thoroughly. Science also suggested that Nature may want to take up the same standards it was adopting. [11]
Kennedy defended the peer review system, pointing out that catching fraud would require "costly and offensive oversight on the vast majority of scientists in order to catch the occasional cheater". [12]
Availability
Online versions of full-text archive articles are not generally made available to the public. Full text is available online to AAAS members from the main journal website. Individual and institutional subscriptions are also available for a fee (though it is significantly less expensive to simply join the AAAS and receive the magazine for free). The Science website also gives free access to some articles (principally original research articles and editorials) as well as the complete table of contents of the current and past issues, a year after their publication. Access to all articles on the Science website is free if the request comes from an IP address of a subscribing institution. Articles older than 5 to 6 years are available via JSTOR and recent articles older than 12 months are available via ProQuest. JSTOR (short for Journal Storage) is a United States -based online system for archiving Academic journals founded in 1995 ProQuest LLC is an Ann Arbor Michigan -based electronic publisher and Microfilm publisher
The Science website also gives access to Knowledge Environments, such as the Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) and the Science of Aging Knowledge Environment (SAGE KE). The Science of Aging Knowledge Environment (SAGE KE is an Online scientific resource provided by the American Association for the Advancement of Science Knowledge Environments are an attempt to utilize internet-based technologies to enhance access to scientific information and improve the effectiveness of information transfer.
See also
- American Association for the Advancement of Science
- Nature, another notable scientific publication and long-term competitor
- Retracted article on neurotoxicity of ecstasy
- SAGE KE
- Breakthrough of the Year
References
- ^ AAAS - AAAS News Release
- ^ AAAS Annual Report-Science
- ^ AAAS, "What is AAAS?"
- ^ AAAS, "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS Origins: 1848-1899", 2004
- ^ AAAS, "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS AAAS and Science: 1900–1940", 2004
- ^ AAAS and Science: 1900-1940. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 " Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (" ecstasy "' " was a paper by Dr The Science of Aging Knowledge Environment (SAGE KE is an Online scientific resource provided by the American Association for the Advancement of Science The Breakthrough of the Year is an annual award made by the journal Science for the most significant development in scientific research American Association for the Advancement of Science. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
- ^ AAAS - History and Archives. American Association for the Advancement of Science. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
- ^ AAAS and the Maturing of American Science: 1941-1970. American Association for the Advancement of Science. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
- ^ a b Change and Continuity: 1971 to the Present. American Association for the Advancement of Science. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages Retrieved on 2006-08-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
- ^ Bruce Alberts Named New Editor-in-Chief of Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the
- ^ "Handle with care", The Economist, 2006-11-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Retrieved on 2007-08-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia.
- ^ Kennedy, Donald (13 January 2006). Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Good News-and Bad". Science 311 (5758): 145. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
External links
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