- You may be looking for the Assyrian kings Sargon I (r. Sargon I was a king of the old- Assyrian Kingdom and reigned from ca 1920 – 1881 BC) or Sargon II (r. Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kinu "legitimate king" reigned 722 – 705 BC was an Assyrian king 722 – 705 BC).
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Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great (Akkadian Šarru-kinu, cuneiform ŠAR. La'ibum is mentioned in the Sumerian language "Sargon legend" as the father of Sargon of Akkad. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar Eridu (URUNUNKI; Sumerian:eridug Akkadian: ?) from the Sumerian for 'mighty place' is modern Tell Abu Shahrain, Iraq Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Ur ( Sumerian:urim; Akkadian: ?) is modern Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Lagash ( is modern Tell al-Hiba, Iraq. Located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk Nippur (URUENLIL; Sumerian: Nibru Akkadian: Nibbur) from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' (Enlil is modern ? in Afak Al Qadisyah Ngirsu (cuneiform? Sumerian:Ĝirsu Akkadian: ?) is modern Tell Telloh, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq, and it was a city of Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî Isin (modern Ishan al-Bahriyat was a city of lower Mesopotamia, which flourished during the 20th century BC. Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Chaldea (from Greek grc Χαλδαία Chaldaia; Akkadian akk māt Kaldu Hebrew כשדים Kaśdim, "the Chaldees" of the The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The Kassites were an Ancient Near Eastern tribe who gained control of Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire after ca The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Assur also spelled Ashur, from Assyrian Aššur, was one of the capitals of ancient Assyria. Nimrud is an ancient Assyrian city located south of Nineveh on the river Tigris. Dur-Sharrukin ("Fortress of Sargon" present day Khorsabad, was the Assyrian capital in the time of Sargon II of Assyria. Nineveh ( Akkadian: Ninua; Aramaic: ܢܝܢܘܐ Hebrew נינוה Nīnewē; Arabic نينوى Naīnuwa) See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for Ancient Mesopotamia was settled and conquered by numerous ancient Civilizations. The history of Sumer, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC ending with the downfall of the Third The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties The following is a list of the kings of Babylonia, a major city and empire in ancient lower Mesopotamia, compiled from the traditional Babylonian king lists and modern Mesopotamian mythology is the collective name given to Sumerian Akkadian Assyrian and Babylonian mythologies from the land between the Tigris The akk Enûma Eliš is the Babylonian Creation myth (named for its Incipit) Gilgamesh was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk (Early Dynastic II first dynasty of Uruk ruling circa 2600 BC according to the Sumerian king The pre- Christian religions of Babylonia and Assyria are the earliest attestation of Ancient Semitic religion, in particular Mesopotamian mythology Assyriology (from Greek grc Ἀσσυρίᾱ Assyriā; and grc -λογία -logia) is the archaeological historical and linguistic study Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC Elamite is an Extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites. Aramaic is a Semitic language with Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians (Khurrites a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly Hittite or Nesili is the Extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern RU. KI. IN ????, meaning "the true king" or "the king is legitimate"), was an Akkadian king famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC. Lugal 𒈗 Sumerian for " king " from LÚGAL 𒇽 𒃲 "great man" was one of several Sumerian titles that the ruler of Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar [1] The founder of the Dynasty of Akkad, Sargon reigned for 56 years, c. 2270 BC – 2215 BC (short chronology). The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of [2] He became a prominent member of the royal court of Kish, ultimately overthrowing its king before embarking on the conquest of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Sargon's vast empire is known to have extended from Elam to the Mediterranean sea, including Mesopotamia, parts of modern-day Iran and Syria, and possibly parts of Anatolia and the Arabian peninsula. Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) He ruled from a new capital, Akkad (Agade), which the Sumerian king list claims he built (or possibly renovated), on the left bank of the Euphrates. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת [3] Sargon is regarded as one of the first individuals in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled empire, and his dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half. An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that [4]
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Origins and rise to power
The story of Sargon's birth and childhood is given in the "Sargon legend", a Sumerian text purporting to be Sargon's biography. The extant versions are incomplete, but the surviving fragments name Sargon's father as La'ibum. La'ibum is mentioned in the Sumerian language "Sargon legend" as the father of Sargon of Akkad. After a lacuna, the text skips to Ur-Zababa, king of Kish, who awakens after a dream, the contents of which are not revealed on the surviving portion of the tablet. A lacuna is a gap in a Manuscript, Inscription, text painting or a musical work Ur-Zababa is listed on the Sumerian king list as the second king in the 4th Dynasty of Kish, the son of Puzur-Suen and the grandson of Kug-Bau For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his cupbearer. Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites Sargon to his chambers to discuss a dream of Sargon's, involving the favor of the goddess Inanna and the drowning of Ur-Zababa by the goddess. Inanna ( D INANNA B153ellstpng|100x20px|INANNA]]) is the Sumerian goddess of sexual love fertility and warfare Deeply frightened, Ur-Zababa orders Sargon murdered by the hands of Beliš-tikal, the chief smith, but Inanna prevents it, demanding that Sargon stop at the gates because of his being "polluted with shoes. " When Sargon returns to Ur-Zababa, the king becomes frightened again, and decides to send Sargon to king Lugal-Zage-Si of Uruk with a message on a clay tablet asking him to slay Sargon. Lugal-Zage-Si ( sux-Latn lugal-zag-ge4-si = sux-Latn [[LUGAL]] Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern [5] The legend breaks off at this point; presumably, the missing sections described how Sargon becomes king. [6]
The Sumerian king list relates: "In Agade [Akkad], Sargon, whose father was a gardener,[7] the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king of Agade, who built Agade; he ruled for 56 years. The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties "[8] The claim that Sargon was the original founder of Akkad has come into question in recent years, with the discovery of an inscription mentioning the place and dated to the first year of Enshakushanna, who almost certainly preceded him. Enshakushanna (or En-shag-kush-ana, Enukduanna, En-Shakansha-Ana) was a king of Uruk sometime in the later 3rd millennium BC who is [9] This claim of the king list had been the basis for earlier speculation by a number of scholars that Sargon was an inspiration for the Biblical figure of Nimrod. [10] The so-called Weidner Chronicle states that it was Sargon who built Babylon "in front of Akkad. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq "[11][12] The Chronicle of Early Kings likewise states that late in his reign, Sargon "dug up the soil of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Agade. "[13][12]
A Neo-Assyrian text from the seventh century BC purporting to be Sargon's autobiography asserts that the great king was the illegitimate son of a priestess. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC In the Neo-Assyrian account Sargon's birth and his early childhood are described thus:
| “ | My mother was a high priestess, my father I knew not. The brothers of my father loved the hills. My city is Azupiranu, which is situated on the banks of the Euphrates. My high priestess mother conceived me, in secret she bore me. She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid. She cast me into the river which rose over me. The river bore me up and carried me to Akki, the drawer of water. Akki, the drawer of water, took me as his son and reared me. Akki, the drawer of water, appointed me as his gardener. While I was a gardener, Ishtar granted me her love, and for four and […] years I exercised kingship. Ishtar ( D IŠTAR 𒀭𒌋𒁯 is the Assyrian and Babylonian counterpart to the Sumerian Inanna and to [14] | ” |
The image of Sargon as a castaway set adrift on a river resembles the better-known birth narrative of Moses. Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ Scholars such as Joseph Campbell and Otto Rank have compared the 7th century BC Sargon account with the obscure births of other heroic figures from history and mythology, including Karna, Oedipus, Paris, Telephus, Semiramis, Perseus, Romulus, Gilgamesh, Cyrus, Jesus, and others. Joseph John Campbell ( March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was an American Mythology Professor, Writer Otto Rank ( April 22, 1884 – October 31, 1939) was an Austrian Psychoanalyst, writer teacher and therapist Karna ( Sanskrit: कर्ण written Karṇa in IAST transliteration is one of the central characters of the Mahābhārata. Oedipus (pronounced /ˈɛdəpəs/ in American English or /ˈiːdəpəs/ in British English; Greek: Oidípous meaning "swollen-footed" See List of King Priam's children Paris ( Greek:; also known as Alexander or Alexandros, c This article is about Telephus the son of Heracles. The name also refers to the father of Cyparissus. Semiramis was a legendary Assyrian queen also known as Semiramide, Semiramida, or Shamiram in Aramaic Perseus, Perseos, or Perseas ( Greek: Περσεύς, Περσέως, Περσέας) the Legendary founder Romulus (c 771 BC– c 717 BC and Remus (c 771 BC–c 753 BC are the traditional founders of Rome, appearing in Roman mythology Gilgamesh was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk (Early Dynastic II first dynasty of Uruk ruling circa 2600 BC according to the Sumerian king Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) [15]
Formation of the Akkadian Empire
After coming to power in Kish, Sargon soon attacked Uruk, which was ruled by Lugal-Zage-Si of Umma. Lugal-Zage-Si ( sux-Latn lugal-zag-ge4-si = sux-Latn [[LUGAL]] Umma (modern Tell Jokha) was an ancient city in Sumer. History Best known for its long frontier conflict with Lagash. [16] He captured Uruk and dismantled its famous walls. The defenders seem to have fled the city, joining an army led by fifty ensis from the provinces. EN (Borger 2003 nr 164; U+ 12097 𒂗 also read ENSI) is the Sumerian Cuneiform for " Lord " or " This Sumerian force fought two pitched battles against the Akkadians, as a result of which the remaining forces of Lugal-Zage-Si were routed. [17] Lugal-Zage-Si himself was captured and brought to Nippur; Sargon inscribed on the pedestal of statue (preserved in a later tablet) that he brought Lugal-Zage-Si "in a dog collar to the gate of Enlil. "[18] Sargon pursued his enemies to Ur before moving eastwards to Lagash, to the Persian Gulf, and thence to Umma. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the He made a symbolic gesture of washing his weapons in the "lower sea" (Persian Gulf) to show that he had conquered Sumer in its entirety. [19]
Another victory Sargon celebrated was over Kashtubila, king of Kazalla. Kazalla is the name given in Akkadian sources to a possibly-legendary city in the ancient Near East. According to one ancient source, Sargon laid the city of Kazalla to waste so effectively "that the birds could not find a place to perch away from the ground. "[20]
To help limit the chance of revolt in Sumer he appointed a court of 5,400 men to "share his table" (i. Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar e. , to administer his empire). [21] These 5,400 men may have constituted Sargon's army. [22] The governors chosen by Sargon to administer the main city-states of Sumer were Akkadians, not Sumerians. [23] The Semitic Akkadian language became the lingua franca, the official language of inscriptions in all Mesopotamia, and of great influence far beyond. The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Sargon's empire maintained trade and diplomatic contacts with kingdoms around the Arabian Sea and elsewhere in the Near East. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: Sargon's inscriptions report that ships from Magan, Meluhha, and Dilmun, among other places, rode at anchor in his capital of Agade. Magan was an ancient region which was referred to in Sumerian cuneiform texts of around 2300 BC as a source of Copper and Diorite for Mesopotamia Meluhha refers to one of ancient Sumer 's prominent trading partners but precisely which one remains an open question Dilmun (sometimes transliterated Telmun) is a land mentioned by Mesopotamian Civilizations as a trade partner source of raw material copper and Entrepot [24]
The former religious institutions of Sumer, already well-known and emulated by the Semites, were respected. Sumerian remained, in large part, the language of religion and Sargon and his successors were patrons of the Sumerian cults. Enheduanna, the author of several Akkadian hymns who is identified as Sargon's daughter, was made priestess of Nanna, the moon-god of Ur. Enheduanna (c 2285-2250 BCE; En-hedu-Ana ENHÉDUANNA" lord or lady ornament of An (the sky or heaven" was an Akkadian princess A hymn is a type of Song, usually religious specifically written for the purpose of praise adoration or Prayer, and typically addressed to a deity/deities Sargon styled himself "anointed priest of Anu" and "great ensi of Enlil". In Sumerian mythology and later for Assyrians and Babylonians Anu (also An; (from Sumerian *An = sky heaven was a sky-god Enlil ( EN = Lord + LIL = Loft "Lord of the Open" or "Lord of the Wind" was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in ancient Sumerian [25]
Wars in the northwest and east
Shortly after securing Sumer, Sargon embarked on a series of campaigns to subjugate the entire Fertile Crescent. The Fertile Crescent is a Crescent -shaped region in the Middle East, originally incorporating the Levant and Ancient Mesopotamia, and often According to the Chronicle of Early Kings, a later Babylonian historiographical text:
| “ | [Sargon] had neither rival nor equal. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital His splendor, over the lands it diffused. He crossed the sea in the east. In the eleventh year he conquered the western land to its farthest point. He brought it under one authority. He set up his statues there and ferried the west's booty across on barges. He stationed his court officials at intervals of five double hours and ruled in unity the tribes of the lands. He marched to Kazallu and turned Kazallu into a ruin heap, so that there was not even a perch for a bird left. [12] | ” |
Sargon captured Mari, Yarmuti and Ebla as far as the Cedar Forest (Amanus) and the silver mountain (Taurus). Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Jarmut or Jarmuth ( Anc Heb Yarmuth Akkad Yarimuta) was the name of two sites in Canaan and Ancient Israel: Ebla ( Arabic: عبيل، إيبلا modern Tell Mardikh, Syria) was an ancient city about 55 km southwest of Aleppo. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Nur Mountains (Nur Dağları or the "Mountains of Holy Light" also the Amanus or Gâvur Mountains) is a Mountain range in the Hatay For the Taurus Mountains on the moon see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring New York, see Bull Hill. The Akkadian Empire secured trade routes and supplies of wood and precious metals could be safely and freely floated down the Euphrates to Akkad. A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת [26]
In the east, Sargon defeated an invasion by the four leaders of Elam, led by the king of Awan. Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. The Awan Dynasty was the first dynasty of Elam, founded by king Peli at the dawn of history Their cities were sacked; the governors, viceroys and kings of Susa, Barhashe, and neighboring districts became vassals of Akkad, and the Akkadian language made the official language of international discourse. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) Marhaši ( Mar-ḫa-šiKI, Marhashi, Marhasi, Parhasi, Barhasi; in earlier sources Waraḫše) was a 3rd [27] During Sargon's reign, Akkadian was standardized and adapted for use with the cuneiform script previously used in the Sumerian language. Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC A style of calligraphy developed in which text on clay tablets and cylinder seals was arranged amidst scenes of mythology and ritual. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 [28]
Later reign
The text known as Epic of the King of the Battle depicts Sargon advancing deep into the heart of Anatolia to protect Akkadian and other Mesopotamian merchants from the exactions of the King of Burushanda (Purshahanda). Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Aksaray is a city in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital district of Aksaray Province. [29] The same text mentions that Sargon crossed the Sea of the West (Mediterranean Sea) and ended up in Kuppara. [30]
Famine and war threatened Sargon's empire during the latter years of his reign. The Chronicle of Early Kings reports that revolts broke out throughout the area under the last years of his overlordship:
| “ | Afterward in his [Sargon's] old age all the lands revolted against him, and they besieged him in Akkad; and Sargon went forth to battle and defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and heir widespreading host he destroyed. Afterward he attacked the land of Subartu in his might, and they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled that revolt, and defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their widespreading host he destroyed, and he brought their possessions into Akkad. The land of Subar (Sumerian Su-bir4/Subar/Šubur or Subartu (Akkadian Šubartum/Subartum/ina Šú-ba-ri, Assyrian mât Šubarri) was situated The soil from the trenches of Babylon he removed, and the boundaries of Akkad he made like those of Babylon. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq But because of the evil which he had committed, the great lord Marduk was angry, and he destroyed his people by famine. Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMARUTU 𒀫 𒌓 "solar calf" perhaps from MERI From the rising of the sun unto the setting of the sun they opposed him and gave him no rest. [31] | ” |
Later literature proposes that the rebellions and other troubles of Sargon's latter reign were the result of sacrilegious acts committed by the king. Modern consensus is that the veracity of these claims are impossible to determine, as disasters were virtually always attributed to sacrilege inspiring divine wrath, in ancient Mesopotamian literature. [32]
Legacy
Sargon died, according to the short chronology, around 2215 BC. His empire immediately revolted upon hearing of the king's death. Most of the revolts were put down by his son and successor Rimush, who reigned for nine years and was followed by another of Sargon's sons, Manishtushu (who reigned for 15 years). Rimush is the name of two Mesopotamian kings: Rimush (Akkad, king of the Akkadian Empire Rimush (Assyria, king Manishtushu was a king of the Akkadian Empire from 2276 to 2261 BCE [33] Sargon was regarded as a model by Mesopotamian kings for some two millennia after his death. The Assyrian and Babylonian kings who based their empires in Mesopotamia saw themselves as the heirs of Sargon's empire. Kings such as Nabonidus (r. Nabonidus ( Akkadian Nabû-nāʾid) was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, reigning from 556-539 BCE 556–539 BC) showed great interest in the history of the Sargonid dynasty, and even conducted excavations of Sargon's palaces and those of his successors. [34] Indeed, such later rulers may have been inspired by the king's conquests to embark on their own campaigns throughout the Middle East. The Neo-Assyrian Sargon text challenges his successors thus:
| “ | The black-headed peoples [Sumerians] I ruled, I governed; mighty mountains with axes of bronze I destroyed. I ascended the upper mountains; I burst through the lower mountains. The country of the sea I besieged three times; Dilmun I captured. Dilmun (sometimes transliterated Telmun) is a land mentioned by Mesopotamian Civilizations as a trade partner source of raw material copper and Entrepot Unto the great Dur-ilu I went up, I . . . I altered . . . Whatsoever king shall be exalted after me, . . . Let him rule, let him govern the black-headed peoples; mighty mountains with axes of bronze let him destroy; let him ascend the upper mountains, let him break through the lower mountains; the country of the sea let him besiege three times; Dilmun let him capture; To great Dur-ilu let him go up. [35] | ” |
Another source attributed to Sargon the challenge "now, any king who wants to call himself my equal, wherever I went [conquered], let him go. "[36] Stories of Sargon's power and that of his empire may have influenced the body of folklore that was later incorporated into the Bible. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin A number of scholars have speculated that Sargon may have been the inspiration for the biblical figure of Nimrod, who figures prominently in the Book of Genesis as well as in midrashic and Talmudic literature. Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history [37] The Bible mentions Akkad as being one of the first city-states of Nimrod's kingdom, but does not explicitly state that he built it. [38]
Family
The name of Sargon's primary wife Tashlultum and those of a number of his children are known to us. Tashultum (fl late 24th-early 23rd centuries BCE was the wife of Sargon of Akkad and the mother of his children Enheduanna, Rimush, Manishtushu His daughter Enheduanna, who flourished during the late 24th and early 23rd centuries BC, was a priestess who composed ritual hymns. Enheduanna (c 2285-2250 BCE; En-hedu-Ana ENHÉDUANNA" lord or lady ornament of An (the sky or heaven" was an Akkadian princess [39] Many of her works, including her Exaltation of Inanna, were in use for centuries thereafter. Inanna ( D INANNA B153ellstpng|100x20px|INANNA]]) is the Sumerian goddess of sexual love fertility and warfare [40] Sargon was succeeded by his son, Rimush; after Rimush's death another son, Manishtushu, became king. Rimush was the second king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Sargon of Akkad. Manishtushu was a king of the Akkadian Empire from 2276 to 2261 BCE Two other sons, Shu-Enlil (Ibarum) and Ilaba'is-takal (Abaish-Takal), are known. Shu-Enlil (also known as Ibarum) was a son of Sargon the Great, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire. Ilaba'is-takal was a son of Sargon the Great, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire. [41]
See also
Notes
- ^ "Sargon" was likely a regnal name; his given name is unknown. The history of Sumer, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC ending with the downfall of the Third Lugal 𒈗 Sumerian for " king " from LÚGAL 𒇽 𒃲 "great man" was one of several Sumerian titles that the ruler of For a detailed discussion of Sargon's name, see Lewis 1984:277–292.
- ^ This according to the Sumerian king list, the actual dates of Sargon's reign are impossible to determine with certainty; see, e. The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties g. , Kramer, The Sumerians passim.
- ^ Kramer, The Sumerians 1963:60–61. Akkad was probably located between Sippar and Kish. Sippar ( Sumerian Zimbir "bird city" modern Tell Abu Habbah, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian and later Babylonian
- ^ Van der Mieroop 64–72.
- ^ "The Sargon Legend." The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Oxford University, 2006. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the cf. the Greek myth of Bellerophon. Bellerophon (βελλεροφῶν or Bellerophontes (βελλεροφόντης was a Hero of Greek mythology, "the greatest hero and A similar account appears in the Norse legend of Amleth, which Shakespeare adapted in Hamlet. Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland Hamlet is a striking figure in Scandinavian romance and the hero of Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet Prince of Denmark. William Shakespeare ( baptised Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601
- ^ Cooper 67–82.
- ^ Thorkild Jacobsen, in his edition of the Sumerian King List, marked this clause as a lacunae, indicating his uncertainty about its meaning. Thorkild Jacobsen (Danish pronunciation yahkobsen; 7 June 1904 – 2 May 1993) was a renowned historian specializing in (The Sumerian King List, Assyriological Studies, No. 11 (Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1939), p. 111)
- ^ Confusingly, Ur-Zababa and Lugal-zage-si are both listed as kings, but several generations apart.
- ^ Van de Mieroop, Cuneiform Texts 75.
- ^ Levin 350–356; Poplicha 303–317.
- ^ Grayson 19:51.
- ^ a b c Chronicle of Early Kings at Livius.org. Translation adapted from A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (1975) and Jean-Jacques Glassner, Mesopotamian Chronicles (Atlanta, 2004).
- ^ Grayson 20:18–19
- ^ King 1907: 87–96
- ^ Rank passim; MacKenzie 126. While Moses is supposed to have lived centuries after Sargon, the exact chronological relationship between the two narratives is uncertain. In any event, the account of Exodus turns the theme on its head — rather than a royal fostered by commoners before rediscovering his royal blood, Moses is the son of slaves who is fostered by the daughter of Pharaoh. Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods See, e. g. Lewis 211–272.
- ^ While Sargon is often credited with the first true empire, Lugal-Zage-Si preceded him; after coming to power in Umma he had conquered or otherwise come into possession of Ur, Uruk, Nippur, and Lagash. Ur ( Sumerian:urim; Akkadian: ?) is modern Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Nippur (URUENLIL; Sumerian: Nibru Akkadian: Nibbur) from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' (Enlil is modern ? in Afak Al Qadisyah Lagash ( is modern Tell al-Hiba, Iraq. Located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk Lugal-Zage-Si claimed rulership over lands as far away as the Mediterranean. See Beaulieu 43.
- ^ Kramer, The Sumerians 61. ; Van de Mieroop, History 64–66.
- ^ Oppenheim 267.
- ^ Oppenheim 267.
- ^ Oppenheim 266.
- ^ Kramer, The Sumerians 61.
- ^ Frayne 31.
- ^ Van der Mieroop, History 62–68.
- ^ Kramer, The Sumerians 62, 289–291.
- ^ See, e. g. , Van der Mieroop, History 67–68.
- ^ Kramer, The Sumerians passim.
- ^ It remained so for several centuries; the Amarna letters of the fourteenth century BC were largely written in Akkadian. The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic
- ^ Britannica.
- ^ The oldest extant text was found on an Akkadian-language tablet in the Amarna archives; translations have since been discovered in Hittite and Hurrian. The site of Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna or incorrectly as Tel el-Amarna; see below ( Arabic: العمارنة al-‘amārnah) is located Hittite or Nesili is the Extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians (Khurrites a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly Postgate 216.
- ^ Possibly the Akkadian word for Keftiu, an ancient locale usually associated with Crete or Cyprus. Caphtor (כפתור is a locality mentioned in the Book of Amos, 9 Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía See Wainright 197–212; Strange 395–396; Vandersleyen 209.
- ^ Botsforth 27–28. However Oppenheim translates the last sentence as "From the East to the West he [i. e. Marduk] alienated (them) from him and inflicted upon (him as punishment) that he could not rest (in his grave). " Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 266
- ^ Britannica
- ^ Kramer, The Sumerians 61–63; Roux 155.
- ^ Oates 162.
- ^ Barton 310, as modernized by J. S. Arkenberg.
- ^ Nougayrol 169.
- ^ Levin 350–356; Poplicha 303–317.
- ^ Genesis 10:10. In the Sumerian king list, Sargon is credited with the construction of the city, but see above for controversy surrounding this assertion.
- ^ Schomp 81.
- ^ Schomp 81; Kramer, History Begins at Sumer 351; Hallo passim.
- ^ Frayne 3637.
References
- Albright, W. F. , A Babylonian Geographical Treatise on Sargon of Akkad's Empire, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1925).
- Alotte De La Fuye, M. Documents présargoniques, Paris, 1908–20.
- Biggs, R. D. Inscriptions from Tell Abu Salabikh, Chicago, 1974.
- Beaulieu, Paul-Alain, et al. A Companion to the Ancient near East. Blackwell, 2005.
- Botsforth, George W. , ed. "The Reign of Sargon". A Source-Book of Ancient History. New York: Macmillan, 1912.
- Cooper, Jerrold S. and Wolfgang Heimpel. "The Sumerian Sargon Legend. " Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 103, No. 1, (Jan. -Mar. 1983).
- Deimel, A. Die Inschriften von Fara, Leipzig, 1922–24.
- Diakonov, Igor, 'On the area and population of the Sumerian city-State', VDI (1950), 2, pp. Igor Mikhailovich Diakonov (И́горь Миха́йлович Дья́конов was a Russian Historian, linguist, and Translator and a renowned 77–93.
- Frankfort, H. 'Town planning in ancient Mesopotamia', Town Planning Review, 21 (1950), p 104.
- Frayne, Douglas R. "Sargonic and Gutian Period. " The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Vol. 2. Univ. of Toronto Press, 1993.
- Gadd, C. J. "The Dynasty of Agade and the Gutian Invasion. " Cambridge Ancient History, rev. ed. , vol. 1, ch. 19. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1963.
- Grayson, Albert Kirk. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. J. J. Augustin, 1975; Eisenbrauns, 2000.
- Hallo, W. and J. J. A. Van Dijk. The Exaltation of Inanna. Yale Univ. Press, 1968.
- Jestin, R. Tablettes Sumériennes de Shuruppak, Paris, 1937.
- King, L. W., Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings, II, London, 1907, pp. Leonard William King (08 December 1869–20 August 1919 was an English Archaeologist and Assyriologist educated at Rugby School and King's College 3ff; 87–96.
- Kramer, S. Noah. History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine "Firsts" in Recorded History. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.
- Kramer, S. Noah. The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, Chicago, 1963.
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- Lewis, Brian. The Sargon Legend: A Study of the Akkadian Text and the Tale of the Hero Who Was Exposed at Birth. American Schools of Oriental Research Dissertation Series, No. 4. Cambridge, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1984.
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- MacKenzie, Donald A. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria. Gresham, 1900.
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- Oates, John. Babylon. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979.
- Oppenheim, A. Leo (translator). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3d ed. James B. Pritchard, ed. Princeton: University Press, 1969.
- Parrot, A. Mari, Capitale Fabuleuse, Paris, 1974.
- Parrot, A. Le temple d'Ishtar, Paris, 1956.
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- Postgate, Nichol. Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. Routledge, 1994.
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- Strange, John. "Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation. " Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 102, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun. , 1982), pp. 395–396
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External links
- Neo-Assyrian Sargon legend
- Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., "The Sargon legend: translation." The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998. [1]
- "Sargon did he exist?"
- Sargon and the Vanishing Sumerians
- Lexicorient article on Sargon
| Preceded by Ur-Zababa | King of Kish ? – 2270 BC (short) | Succeeded by Rimush |
| Preceded by Lugal-Zage-Si | King of Uruk, Lagash, and Umma ca. Ur-Zababa is listed on the Sumerian king list as the second king in the 4th Dynasty of Kish, the son of Puzur-Suen and the grandson of Kug-Bau See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for Rimush was the second king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Sargon of Akkad. Lugal-Zage-Si ( sux-Latn lugal-zag-ge4-si = sux-Latn [[LUGAL]] Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Lagash ( is modern Tell al-Hiba, Iraq. Located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk Umma (modern Tell Jokha) was an ancient city in Sumer. History Best known for its long frontier conflict with Lagash. 2270 – 2215 BC (short) | Succeeded by Rimush |
| Preceded by none | King of Akkad ca. See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for Rimush was the second king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Sargon of Akkad. 2270 – 2215 BC (short) | Succeeded by Rimush |
| Preceded by Luh-ishan of Awan | Overlord of Elam ca. See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for Rimush was the second king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Sargon of Akkad. The Awan Dynasty was the first dynasty of Elam, founded by king Peli at the dawn of history Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. 2270 – 2215 BC (short) | Succeeded by Rimush |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sargon of Akkad |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Sargon the Great |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Akkadian king |
| DATE OF BIRTH | c. See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for Rimush was the second king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Sargon of Akkad. 2360 BC |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Azupiranu |
| DATE OF DEATH | c. 2279 BC |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Akkad |
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