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S-3 Viking

An S-3B Viking launches from the catapult aboard USS Abraham Lincoln. Ship history Construction Lincoln' s contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982 her keel was laid 3 November 1984 at

TypeAnti-submarine aircraft
ManufacturerLockheed Corporation
Maiden flight21 January 1972
Introduction1974
StatusLimited use; 2009 retirement
Primary userUnited States Navy
Produced1974-1978
Number built187
Unit costUS$27 million (1974)

The Lockheed S-3 Viking is a jet aircraft originally used by the United States Navy to identify, track, and destroy enemy submarines. An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts The Lockheed Corporation (originally Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company was an American aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A jet aircraft is an Aircraft propelled by Jet engines Jet aircraft fly much faster than Propeller -powered aircraft and at higher altitudes -- as high as In the late 1990s, the S-3B's mission focus shifted to surface warfare and aerial refueling. After the retirement of the A-6 Intruder and A-7 Corsair II, the Viking was the only airborne refueling platform organic to the Carrier Air Wing(s) until the fielding of the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

It also provides electronic warfare and surface surveillance capabilities to the carrier battle group. A carrier-based, subsonic, all-weather, multi-mission aircraft with long range, it operates primarily with carrier battle groups as an in-flight tanker. A carrier battle group (CVBG consists of an Aircraft carrier (CV and its escorts Aerial refueling, also called air refueling, in-flight refueling ( IFR) air-to-air refueling ( AAR) or tanking, is It carries automated weapon systems, and is capable of extended missions with in-flight refueling. Aerial refueling, also called air refueling, in-flight refueling ( IFR) air-to-air refueling ( AAR) or tanking, is Because of the engines’ high-pitched sound, it is nicknamed the "Hoover" after the brand of vacuum cleaner. A vacuum cleaner (in colloquial British English also hoover) is a device that uses an air Pump to create a partial Vacuum to Suck

Contents

Development

The S-3 Viking was designed by Lockheed with the assistance from Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV) and Univac Federal Systems to fit the United States Navy VSX (Heavier-than-air, Anti-submarine, Experimental) requirement for a replacement for the piston-engined Grumman S-2 Tracker. The Lockheed Corporation (originally Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company was an American aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta Vought is the name of several related Aerospace firms These have included in the past Lewis and Vought Corporation, Chance Vought, Vought Sikorsky The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a leading 20th century U The Grumman S-2 Tracker (previously S2F) was the first purpose-built single airframe Anti-submarine warfare (ASW Aircraft to enter service Since Lockheed had no experience in building carrier-based aircraft, LTV was responsible for construction of the folding wings and tail, the engine nacelles, and the landing gear which was derived from A-7 Corsair II (nose) and F-8 Crusader (main). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Univac built the onboard computers which integrated input from sensors and sonobuoys. [1]

S-3 launches from USS Nimitz.
S-3 launches from USS Nimitz. Ship's history The USS Nimitz was first deployed to the Mediterranean in 1976 in company with the nuclear powered Cruisers USS ''South Carolina''

The first prototype flew on January 21, 1972 and the S-3 entered service in 1974. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. During the production run from 1974 to 1978, a total of 186 S-3As were built.

ES-3A Shadow

The ES-3A Shadow ES-3A was designed as a carrier-based, subsonic, all-weather, long-range, electronic reconnaissance (ELINT) aircraft. All 16 aircraft were modified S-3 Viking airframes, which were modified with numerous additional antennas and antenna housings. Airframe means the mechanical structure of an Aircraft and as generally used does not include the engines The Shadow replaced the EA-3B Skywarrior, and entered fleet service in 1993. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Design

The S-3 is a conventional monoplane with a high-mounted cantilever wing, swept 15°. A cantilever is a beam supported on only one end The beam carries the load to the support where it is resisted by moment and Shear stress. The two GE TF-34 high-bypass turbofan engines mounted in nacelles under the wings provide exceptional cruise efficiency compared to turbojets or earlier turbofans. The General Electric TF34 is a military Turbofan engine used on the A-10 Thunderbolt and S-3 Viking. A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine The word nacelle is derived from the Old French nacele, which means a small Boat or Dinghy, which was in turn derived from the

S-3A with extended MAD-sensor
S-3A with extended MAD-sensor

The aircraft can seat four crew members with the pilot and the copilot/tactical coordinator (COTAC) in the front of the cockpit and the tactical coordinator (TACCO) and sensor operator (SENSO) in the back. Entry is by an entry door / ladder which folds out of the side of the fuselage. All crew members sit on upward-firing Douglas Escapac zero-zero ejection seats. In Aircraft, an ejection seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft (usually military in an emergency At the end of the 1990s the sonar operators were removed from the crew. In the tanking crew configuration, the S-3B typically flies with only a crew of two (pilot and COTAC). The wing is fitted with leading edge and Fowler flaps. Flaps are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the wings of a Fixed-wing aircraft. Spoilers are fitted to both the upper and the lower surfaces of the wings. In Aeronautics a spoiler (sometimes called a lift dumper) is a device intended to reduce lift in an aircraft All control surfaces are actuated by dual hydraulically boosted irreversible systems.

The aircraft has two underwing hardpoints that can be used to carry fuel tanks, general purpose and cluster bombs, missiles, rockets, and storage pods. It also has four internal bomb bay stations that can be used to carry general purpose bombs, torpedoes, and special stores (B57 and B61). Fifty-nine sonobuoy chutes are fitted, as well as a dedicated Search and Rescue (SAR) chute. A sonobuoy (a Portmanteau of Sonar and Buoy) is a relatively small (typically 4⅞ inches or 124 mm in diameter and 36 inches or 910 mm long expendable The S-3 is fitted with the ALE-39 countermeasure system and can carry up to ninety rounds of chaff, flares, and expendable jammers (or a combination of all) in three dispensers. Chaff, originally called Window by the British, and Düppel by the World War II era German Luftwaffe, is a A flare, also sometimes called a fusee, is a type of Pyrotechnic that produces a brilliant light or intense heat without an Explosion. A retractable magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) boom is fitted in the tail. A magnetic anomaly detector (MAD is an instrument used to detect minute variations in the Earth's magnetic field.

Operational history

An S-3B Viking of the “Shamrocks” launches from Nimitz.
An S-3B Viking of the “Shamrocks” launches from Nimitz.

On February 20, 1974, the S-3A officially became operational with the VS-41 Shamrocks Fleet Replacement Squadron. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The first operational cruise took place in 1975 with VS-21 Fighting Redtails aboard USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67). Ship history 1970s Kennedy' s maiden voyage and several of her subsequent voyages were on deployments to the Mediterranean during much of the

Starting in 1991, some of these were upgraded to the S-3B with a number of new sensors, avionics, and weapons systems, including the capability to launch the AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile. The Harpoon is an all-weather over-the-horizon, Anti-ship missile system developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Integrated Anti-ship missiles are a Missile designed for use against Ships Most anti-ship missiles are of the Sea-skimming type and use a combination of The S-3B can also be fitted with "buddy stores" external fuel tanks that allow the Viking to refuel other aircraft. A buddy store is an external Fuel tank loaded on a Hardpoint on a Military aircraft. Sixteen S-3As were converted to ES-3 Shadows for carrier-based electronic intelligence (ELINT) duties. One aircraft, designated US-3A, was also converted for utility and limited cargo duty. [1] Plans were also made to develop the KS-3A carrier-based tanker aircraft to replace the retired KA-6 but this program was ultimately cancelled after the conversion of just one early development S-3A. Aerial refueling, also called air refueling, in-flight refueling ( IFR) air-to-air refueling ( AAR) or tanking, is WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Since the submarine threat has been perceived as reduced, the Vikings have had the majority of their antisubmarine warfare equipment removed and are now used primarily for sea surface search, sea and ground attack, over-the-horizon targeting, and aircraft refueling. Anti-submarine warfare (ASW or in older form A/S is a branch of Naval warfare that uses surface Warships Aircraft, space craft or other Submarines [1] As a result, crews are now usually limited to two, though three person crews are not unusual with certain missions. It has been used as a jet VIP transport, as was the case of bringing George W. Bush aboard the Abraham Lincoln.

An S-3 Viking visiting USNAS Bermuda.
An S-3 Viking visiting USNAS Bermuda. Naval Air Station Bermuda (Kindley Field was located on St David's Island Bermuda from 1970 to 1995 on the former site of Kindley Air Force Base.

A number of recent upgrade programs have been implemented. These include the Carrier Airborne Inertial Navigation System II (CAINS II) upgrade, which replaced older inertial navigation hardware with ring laser gyroscopes and additional GPS systems, and added electronic flight instruments (EFI). A ring laser gyroscope (RLG uses Interference of Laser light within a optical ring to detect changes in orientation and spin The Maverick Plus System (MPS) added the capability to employ the AGM-65E laser-guided or AGM-65F infrared-guided AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile, and the AGM-84H/K Stand-off Land Attack Missile Expanded Response (SLAM/ER). The AGM-65 Maverick is an air-to-ground tactical missile (AGM designed for close air support The Standoff Land Attack Missile or SLAM is a subsonic over-the-horizon all-weather Cruise missile which grew out of the United States Navy 's Harpoon The SLAM/ER is a GPS/inertial/infrared guided cruise missile that can be controlled by the aircrew in the terminal phase of flight if an AWW-13 data link pod is carried by the aircraft. [1]

The S-3B saw extensive service during the 1991 Gulf War, performing attack, tanker, and ELINT duties, and launching ADM-141 TALD decoys. The Brunswick ADM-141 TALD was an American Decoy Missile built by Brunswick Corporation for the USAF and the Israeli Air Force The aircraft also participated in the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s and in Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001. The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF is the official name used by the U

Though once considered being replaced by Common Support Aircraft, the original plan failed to materialize. The Common Support Aircraft ( CSA) is a proposed concept which has been considered by the United States Navy since at least the early 1990s to replace a number of As the surviving S-3 airframes were forced into sundown, a Lockheed Martin full scale fatigue test was performed and extended the service life of the aircraft by approximately 11,000 hours. The current Navy plans call for the retirement of all Vikings by 2009 so new aircraft can be introducted to recapitalize the aging fleet inventory. Their missions will be spread among the other battlegroup fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft.

ES-3A Shadow

ES-3A Shadow
ES-3A Shadow

The ES-3A operated primarily with carrier battle groups, providing organic ‘Indications and Warning’ support to the group and joint theater commanders. A carrier battle group (CVBG consists of an Aircraft carrier (CV and its escorts It carried an extensive suite of electronic sensors and communications gear, replacing the S-3’s submarine detection, armament, and maritime surveillance equipment with avionics racks accommodating the ES-3A’s sensors. A magnetic anomaly detector (MAD is an instrument used to detect minute variations in the Earth's magnetic field. Unfortunately, these modifications greatly restricted airspeed and range. Airspeed is the speed of an Aircraft relative to the air There are several different measures of airspeed indicated airspeed calibrated airspeed equivalent airspeed and true The maximal total range is the distance an Aircraft can fly between Takeoff and Landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft or cross-country As a result, the Shadow was considered by some to be an inadequate replacement for the venerable EA-3B.

The first ES-3A was delivered in 1991, entering service after two years of testing. The Navy established 2 squadrons of eight aircraft each. The VQ-5 Sea Shadows were originally based in Agana, Guam but later moved to NAS North Island, San Diego, California. Naval Air Station North Island or NAS North Island is located at the north end of the Coronado peninsula on San Diego Bay and is the home port of The VQ-6 Black Ravens were originally based at NAS Cecil Field, Jacksonville, Florida, but later moved to NAS Jacksonville, approximately 15 miles away. Naval Air Station Cecil Field or NAS Cecil Field was a United States Navy base located in Duval County, Florida. Naval Air Station Jacksonville or NAS Jacksonville is a military Airport located four miles (6 km) south of the Central business district Each squadron deployed a detachment aboard each U. S. aircraft carrier - a Detachment typically consisted of two aircraft, 10 Officers, and 55 Enlisted and contained four complete aircrews.

In addition to their indications and warning and reconnaissance roles, because of their extraordinarily stable handling characteristics and range, Shadows were a preferred recovery tankers, aircraft assigned to ensure that other returning aircraft had access to additional fuel. The aircraft were frequently used, averaging over 100 hours per month while deployed. Excessive utilization rated of the aircraft caused the need for earlier than expected equipment replacement during a time when money for Naval aviation was in short supply thus making them an easy target for budget driven decision makers. In 1999, both ES-3A squadrons and all 16 aircraft were decommissioned. The ES-3A inventory was placed in Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG) storage.

History in Combat

In March of 2003, during Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, an S-3B Viking flown by Lt. Commander Richard G. McGrath launched from the USS Constellation.

McGrath and the Sea Control Squadron 38 (The "Red Griffins") crew successfully executed a time sensitive strike and fired a laser-guided Maverick missile to neutralize a significant Iraqi naval and leadership target in the port city of Basra, Iraq.

This was the first and only time in its long and distinguished operational history that the S-3B Viking had been employed overland on an offensive combat air strike and the first time it launched a laser-guided Maverick missile in combat.

Lt. Commander Carlos Sardiello acted as tactical control officer
Lt. Michael Harvey handled communications, navigation and weapons.

As "Navy One"

On May 1, 2003, US President George W. Bush rode in the co-pilot seat of a Viking that landed on USS Abraham Lincoln, where he delivered his "Mission Accomplished" speech announcing the end of major combat in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Ship history Construction Lincoln' s contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982 her keel was laid 3 November 1984 at " Mission Accomplished " a Phrase associated with completing a mission, is in recent years particularly associated with a sign displayed on USS The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia This was the only Navy flight to date to use the callsign "Navy One". In Broadcasting and Radio communications a call sign (also known as a callsign or call letters, or abbreviated as a call, or otherwise WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The pilot was the Executive Officer of VS-35, Navy Commander John "Skip" Lussier.

Variants

S-3A of VS-37, USS Constellation, 1986
S-3A of VS-37, USS Constellation, 1986
US-3A of VRC-50 in 1987
US-3A of VRC-50 in 1987
ES-3A of VQ-5 in 1992
ES-3A of VQ-5 in 1992
S-3B with D-704 buddy store
S-3B with D-704 buddy store

‎

S-3A
First production version, 186 built.
S-3B
Upgraded avionics, AN/APS-137 inverse synthetic aperture radar, Joint Tactical Information Distribution System, AGM-84 Harpoon launch capability, first flight September 13, 1984, 119 converted from S-3As. Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar ( ISAR) is a technique to generate a two-dimensional high resolution image of a target The Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS is an L band TDMA network radio system used by the United States armed forces and their allies The Harpoon is an all-weather over-the-horizon, Anti-ship missile system developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Integrated Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar)
ES-3A Shadow
ELINT aircraft, AN/APS-137 inverse synthetic aperture radar, first flight May 15, 1991, 16 converted from S-3A. Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar ( ISAR) is a technique to generate a two-dimensional high resolution image of a target Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.
KS-3A
Proposed dedicated air tanker with fuel capacity of 4,382 US gal (16,600 L), one converted from YS-3A, later converted to US-3A.
KS-3B
Proposed air tanker based on S-3B and utilizing the buddy refueling system, not built.
US-3A
S-3A modified for carrier onboard delivery, capacity for six passengers or 4,680 lb (2,120 kg) of cargo, retired in 1998. A Carrier Onboard Delivery (COD is a military term used to describe type of aircraft which are able to ferry personnel mail and high-priority cargo (like replacement parts on and off
Alladin Viking
Classified modifications, used in the Bosnian War
Beartrap Viking
S-3Bs fitted with still-classified modifications. The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995
Callypso Viking
Proposed anti-smuggling variant, not built. Smuggling, also known as trafficking, is the clandestine transportation of goods or persons past a point where prohibited such as out of a building into a Prison
Gray Wolf Viking
One aircraft fitted with AN/APG-76 radar in a modified cargo pod under the wing. Also dubbed SeaSTARS in reference to E-8 Joint STARS. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
Orca Viking
Avionics testbed.
Outlaw Viking
One S-3B fitted with Over-the-horizon Airborne Sensor Information System (OASIS III), returned to regular S-3B in 1998. The Over-the-horizon Airborne Sensor Information System (OASIS is an organic over the horizon sensor Targeting and Surveillance system originally produced This particular Viking is now on display at the San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum, located on the decommissioned USS Midway (CV-41). The San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum is a Maritime museum located in downtown San Diego, California at Navy Pier Early operations and deployment with the 6th Fleet After shakedown in the Caribbean, Midway joined in the U
NASA Viking
One aircraft was transformed into a state-of-the-art NASA research aircraft. The Navy's Fleet Readiness Center - Southeast and a Boeing facility in Fla. enhanced the plane by adding commercial satellite communications, global positioning navigation and weather radar systems. They installed research equipment racks in what was once the plane's bomb bay. NASA's S-3B Viking is equipped to conduct science and aeronautics missions, such as environmental monitoring, satellite communications testing and aviation safety research. [2]

Operators

Flag of the United States United States

Specifications (S-3A)

Data from Standard Aircraft Characteristics[3]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

The two underwing hardpoints can also be fitted with unguided rocket pods or 300 US gal (1,136 L) fuel tanks. The Mark 82 (Mk 82 is an unguided low- drag General-purpose bomb ( Dumb bomb) part of the U The Mark 83 is part of the Mark 80 series of low- drag General-purpose bombs in United States service The Mark 84 is an American General-purpose bomb, the largest of the Mark 80 series of weapons The CBU-100 Cluster Bomb (also called the Mk-20 Rockeye II is a Cluster bomb which is employed primarily in an Anti-tank mode The Mark 50 torpedo is a US Navy advanced lightweight Torpedo for use against fast deep-diving submarines. Designed to attack high-performance submarines the Mark 46 Torpedo is the backbone of the U The B57 Nuclear bomb was a Tactical nuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. The AGM-65 Maverick is an air-to-ground tactical missile (AGM designed for close air support The Harpoon is an all-weather over-the-horizon, Anti-ship missile system developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Integrated The Standoff Land Attack Missile or SLAM is a subsonic over-the-horizon all-weather Cruise missile which grew out of the United States Navy 's Harpoon

Avionics

See also

Related development

Comparable aircraft

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Goebel, Greg (2005-05-01). Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar ( ISAR) is a technique to generate a two-dimensional high resolution image of a target A forward looking infrared (FLIR is an imaging device that senses infrared radiation A magnetic anomaly detector (MAD is an instrument used to detect minute variations in the Earth's magnetic field. An Inertial Navigation System (INS is a Navigation aid that uses a Computer and motion sensors to continuously track the position orientation and Velocity A doppler radar is a Radar using the Doppler effect of the returned echoes from targets to measure their Radial velocity. TACtical Air Navigation, or TACAN, is a Navigation system used by military aircraft WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Grumman S-2 Tracker (previously S2F) was the first purpose-built single airframe Anti-submarine warfare (ASW Aircraft to enter service WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This is a list of aircraft produced or proposed by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation from its founding as the Lockheed Aircraft Company in 1926 to its merging with Martin Marietta This list of military aircraft of the United States includes prototype pre-production and operational types Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. The Lockheed S-3 Viking. Air Vectors. Retrieved on 2006-05-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
  2. ^ NASA - Military Aircraft to Perform Aviation Safety Research
  3. ^ Standard Aircraft Characteristics. Navy Model S-3A Aircraft. Navair 00-110AS3-1.  

Bibliography

External links

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