In some religions, law can be thought of as the ordering principle of reality; knowledge as revealed by God defining and governing all human affairs. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist" Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Law, in the religious sense, also includes codes of ethics and morality which are upheld and required by God. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Examples include customary Halakha (Jewish law) and Hindu law, and to an extent, Sharia (Islamic law) and Canon law (Christian law). Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Hindu law in its current usage refers to the system of personal laws (i Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth ^[1]

Sharia and Canon law differ from other religious laws in that Canon law is the codes of law of the Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox churches (like in a civil law tradition), while Sharia law derives many of its laws from juristic precedent and reasoning by analogy (like in a common law tradition). Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about In Common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a Legal case establishing a principle or rule that a Court or other judicial Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring Information from a particular subject (the analogue or source to another particular subject (the target and Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive

See also: Divine law

Contents 1 Established religions and religious institutions 2 Islam 3 Judaism 4 Christianity 5 Hinduism 6 Bahá'í Faith 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Established religions and religious institutions

A state religion (or established church) is religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state. Divine law is any Law (or rule) that in the opinion of believers comes directly from the will of God (or a god. A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially An established church is a church officially sanctioned and supported by the government of a country e A creed is a statement of Belief — usually Religious belief — or Faith often recited as part of a religious service A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In some jurisdictions, this means that they operate legal systems of their own or play a part in the legal system of those governments. In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, Common law and Religious law. Canon law is one such sort of legal system; it was administered in ecclesiastical courts. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches An ecclesiastical court (also called "Court Christian" or "Court Spiritual" is any of certain Courts having Jurisdiction mainly in spiritual or A theocracy is a form of government in which a God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler. Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler A system of government is a term that refers to the set of political Institutions by which a Government of a State is organized in order to exert its powers God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. See also List of deities A deity is a Postulated Preternatural or Supernatural Being, who is always

The opposite are secular states, in which there is a separation of church and state. A secular state is a State or Country that is officially neutral in matters of Religion, neither supporting nor opposing any particular religious beliefs Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate

Islam

Main article: Sharia

Further information: Fiqh

Muslims in Islamic societies have traditionally viewed Islamic law as essential. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Islamic law is called Sharia (Arabic: شريعة, "the street/way") and Islamic jurisprudence is called Fiqh. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Islamic law is now the most widely used religious law, and one of the three most common legal systems of the world alongside common law and civil law. The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, Common law and Religious law. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. ^[2]

In contrast to other religious laws, Islamic Sharia law (and Fiqh jurisprudence) is based on legal precedent and reasoning by analogy (Qiyas), and is thus considered a precursor to common law. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the In Common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a Legal case establishing a principle or rule that a Court or other judicial Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring Information from a particular subject (the analogue or source to another particular subject (the target and In Sunni Islamic jurisprudence,the qiyas ( Arabic قياس is the process of analogical reasoning in which the teachings of the Quran are compared Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive ^[3] During the Islamic Golden Age, classical Islamic law had a fairly significant influence on the development of common law,^[4] and also influenced the development of several civil law institutions. Institutions are structures and mechanisms of Social order and Cooperation governing the Behavior of a Set of Individuals ^[5]

In Sunni Islam, the work of the imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE) has been very influential. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Ahmed ibn Hanbal ( Arabic: ‏‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎أحمد بن حنبل‏‎‎‎‏‎‎‎ ‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ Ahmad bin Hanbal) (780 - Ibn Hanbal developed his "Five Basic Juristic Principles," a sort of hierarchy of authoritative sources of Islamic law:

• According to ibn Hanbal, the Qur'an (القرآن, "recitation") should be the foremost source of all fiqh (فقه; Islamic jurisprudence). @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature The Qur'an is the Islamic holy book. It is regarded by Muslims as the divine guidance and direction and the final revelation to humanity from God (الله), as revealed to the prophet Muhammad by Gabriel over a period of 23 years. In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Gabriel ( Latin: Gabrielus; Greek:, Gabriēl; Arabic: جبريل Jibrīl or جبرائيل
• The Sunnah (سنة, "trodden path" or "the way of the Prophet") is the second-most authoritative source. Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” It is the practices of the Muhammad as narrated in reports of his life, extracted by analysis of the hadith (الحديث), which contain narrations of the Muhammad's sayings, deeds, and the actions of his companions. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic
• Verdicts issued by Sahaba (الصحابة, "companions") are to be resorted to when no textual evidence was found in the Qur'an or the Sunnah. In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Sahaba were the companions of Muhammad. The Sahaba are less important than the Qur'an and the Sunnah, but ibn Hanbal believed that in cases of doubt the Sahaba—who witnessed the revelation of the Qur'an and its implementation by Muhammad—would have a better understanding than latter generations.
• In instances where neither Qur'an nor the Sunnah or the Sahaba were applicable, Ahmad would resort to the mursal hadith ("hurried"), which are hadith with a weak or missing link between the Tabi'in (التابعين, "followers/successors," those who were born after the death of Muhammad but who were contemporary of the Sahaba) and Muhammad. Mursal (lit hurried is an Islamic term used in the science of Hadith. The Tābi‘īn ( "Followers" are the generation of Muslims who were born after the death of Muhammad but who were contemporary of the Sahaba
• According to ibn Hanbal only after having exhausted all of these sources should scholars employ qiyas (قياس), or analogical deduction. In Sunni Islamic jurisprudence,the qiyas ( Arabic قياس is the process of analogical reasoning in which the teachings of the Quran are compared Even when this is undertaken, it must be done with utmost care.

The Hanbali madh'hab (school) alone maintained its own theological view, unlike the Hanafi (which adopted the Maturidi doctrine) or the Shafi`i and Maliki (which adopted the Ash'ari doctrine). Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs In Islam, a Maturidi ( Arabic: الماتريدي) is one who follows Abu Mansur Al Maturidi 's theology which is a close variant of the The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam The Ash'ari theology ( Arabic الأشاعرة al-asha`irah) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan The copious volume of narrations from Imam Ahmad dealing with specific issues of doctrine made it extremely difficult for his followers to adhere to any other, yet still remain faithful followers.

In recent times, among the liberal movements within Islam, some have questioned the political use of Sharia law, while others have interpreted Sharia and Fiqh as a common law system. Progressive Muslims have produced a considerable body of liberal thoughts within Islam (in Arabic: الإسلام الاجتهادي Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive ^[6]

Judaism

Main article: Halakha

The Torah (also the Five Books of Moses or the Pentateuch) is the basis of God's covenant law, not oral tradition. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to According to rabbinic tradition there are 613 mitzvot in the Torah; mitzvot (singular mitzvah) means "commandment" or good deed. See also Mitzvah See also Biblical law in Christianity The 613 Mitzvot ("commandments" (also " 613 Mitzvos This article is about commandments in Judaism For the Jewish rite of passage see Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah Mitzvah ( Hebrew: מצוה The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given The mitzvot in the Torah (also called the Mosaic law after Moses) pertain to nearly every aspect of human life; some of these laws are directed only to men or to women, some only to the ancient priestly groups (the Kohanim and Leviyim, members of the tribe of Levi, some only to farmers within the Land of Israel. Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ A kohen (or cohen, Hebrew כּהן "priest" pl כּהנִים kohanim or cohanim) has a separate status in Judaism. In the Jewish tradition a Levite ( is a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi. This article discusses the Biblical patriarch See Levi Strauss for the inventor of jeans Levites for the Biblical tribe or Matthew the Evangelist For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Many laws were only applicable when the Temple in Jerusalem existed; after the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in the year 70 during the Great Jewish Revolt, Jewish oral law was developed through intensive and expansive interpretation of the written Torah. Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 The Second Temple (בית המקדש romanized 'Beit HaMikdash' meaning 'Holy House' was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; literally "walking"), the rabbinic Jewish way of life is based on a combined reading of the Torah, and the oral tradition, including the Mishnah, the halakhic Midrash, the Talmud, and its commentaries. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism ( Hebrew: " Yehadut Rabanit " - יהדות רבנית is the mainstream religious system of post- diaspora The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Halakhah has developed gradually through a variety of legal and quasi-legal mechanisms, including judicial decisions, legislative enactments, and customary law. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State Legislation (or " Statutory law " is law which has been promulgated (or " Enacted quot by a Legislature or other Governing In Law, custom can be described as the established patterns of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting The literature of questions to rabbis, and their considered answers, are referred to as responsa. Responsa ( Latin: plural of responsum, "answers" comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by Legal scholars in response to questions Over time, as practices develop, codes of Jewish law were written based on Talmudic literature and responsa. The most important code, the Shulchan Aruch, guides the religious practice of most Orthodox and some Conservative Jews. The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Conservative Judaism (also known as Masorti Judaism in Israel and Europe) is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out

See also: Sanhedrin

Christianity

Main article: Biblical law in Christianity

Within the framework of Christianity, there are at least three possible definitions for law. The Sanhedrin (סנהדרין συνέδριον ''synedrion'', "sitting together" hence " assembly " or "council" was an assembly Biblical law in Christianity generally refers to a discussion as to what and how the biblical law applies in a Christian context. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings One is the Torah/Mosaic Law (from what Christians consider to be the Old Testament. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Another is the instructions of Jesus of Nazareth in the Gospel (sometimes referred to as the Law of Christ). Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament The Law of Christ is mentioned in the Bible in the Epistle to the Galatians: "Bear one another's burdens and so fulfill the law of Christ A third is canon law in the Catholic, Anglican, and Orthodox churches; canon law is the organized system of bylaws for the regulation of the affairs of those churches. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about

In Christianity, law is often contrasted with grace (see also Law and Gospel): the contrast here speaks to attempts to gain salvation by obedience to a code of laws as opposed to seeking salvation through faith in the atonement made by Jesus on the cross. In Christianity, divine Grace refers to the sovereign favour of God for humankind — especially in regard to Salvation — irrespective of actions The relationship between God's Law and the Gospel is a major topic in Lutheran and Reformed theology In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Compare legalism and antinomianism. Legalism, in Christian Theology, is a pejorative term referring to an over-emphasis on law or codes of conduct or legal ideas usually implying an allegation For the term in politics describing socialist movements see Autonomism Antinomianism (from the Greek ἀντί, "against"

See also: Render unto Caesar... and Letter and spirit of the law

Hinduism

Template:Hindu law

Hindu law is largely based on the Manu Smriti (smriti of Manu). " Render unto Caesar… " is the beginning of a phrase attributed to Jesus in the Synoptic gospels which reads in full “Render unto Caesar the things The letter of the law versus the spirit of the law is an Idiomatic Antithesis. Hindu law in its current usage refers to the system of personal laws (i The Manu Smriti ( Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति is a work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society Smriti (Sanskrit स्मृति " that which is remembered " refers to a specific body of Hindu religious Scripture It was recognized by the British after their rule of India but its influenced largely waned after the establishment of the Republic of India, which is secular. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The preamble of the Constitution of India declares that India is a secular state.

See also: Dharmaśāstra

Bahá'í Faith

Main article: Bahá'í laws

The laws of the Bahá'í Faith primarily come from the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (The Most Holy Book). Dharmaśāstra is a genre of Sanskrit texts and refers to the śāstra, or Indic branch of learning pertaining to Hindu Dharma, religious Bahá'í laws are laws and ordinances used in the Bahá'í Faith, according to the instructions of the Bahá'u'lláh as written in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind The Kitáb-i-Aqdas is a central book of the Bahá'í Faith written by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the religion In Bahá'í scripture the laws are not seen as a constricting code, or a ritual, but are described by Bahá'u'lláh as the "choice wine," and a means to happiness. The laws are seen as the foundation of a just society and facilitate the spiritual development of the planet for the next thousand years. They are not considered as binding to anyone until they become a Bahá'í, and becoming a Bahá'í is not conditional on a person's level of adherence. An individual is expected to gradually apply laws on a personal basis.

Here are a few examples of laws and basic religious observances of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas which are considered obligatory for Bahá'^ís:

• Recite an obligatory prayer each day. Obligatory Bahá'í prayers are Prayers which are to be said once a day by Bahá'ís There are three such prayers among which one can be chosen each day.
• Observe a Nineteen Day Fast from sunrise to sunset from March 2 through March 20. The Nineteen-Day Fast ( March 2 - March 20) is a nineteen-day period of the year during which members of the Bahá'í Faith adhere to a sunrise-to-sunset During this time Bahá'ís in good health between the ages of 15 and 70 abstain from eating and drinking.
• Gossip and backbiting are prohibited and viewed as particularly damaging to the individual and their relationships.

See also

• Legal systems of the world

References

External links

• List of the 613 Mitzvot(Mitzvah)

This article is about commandments in Judaism For the Jewish rite of passage see Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah Mitzvah ( Hebrew: מצוה

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