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Mashriq Dynasties |
Maghrib Dynasties |
The Islamic Empire (الامبراطورية الاسلامية ) or Rashidun Empire or Rashidun Caliphate ( الخلافة الراشدية) is the term conventionally used to describe the Empire controlled by the first four successors of Muhammad (the "Rightly Guided" caliphs). A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The Dinar is the name of the official currency in several countries Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire Amir al-Mu'minin ( Arabic أمير المؤمنين Latinized as Miramolinus hence Italian Miramolino usually translated Commander of the Faithful The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history This article is about the Mashriq region For other uses see Mashriq (disambiguation The Mashriq or Mashreq (also in use Mashrek The Tulunids were the first independent dynasty in Islamic Egypt (868&ndash905 AD The Hamdanid dynasty (حمدانيون was a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq ( Al-Jazirah) and Syria (890- 1004) The Ikhshidid dynasty of Egypt (sometimes Transliterated other ways ruled from 935 to 969. The ' Uqailid or ' Uqaylid Dynasty was a Muslim Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria The Zengid (or Zangid) dynasty was a Muslim Dynasty of Turkish origin which ruled parts of Northern Iraq and Syria during The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks (al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya المماليك البحرية) was a Mamluk Dynasty of mostly Kipchak The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517 The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset The Saadi Dynasty (Arabic سعديون) (in English also Saadite or Saadian original name Bani Zaydan began with the reign of Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh The Muhallabids were a dynasty of governors in Ifriqiya under the Abbasid Caliphate ( 771 - 793) Although subject to the Abbasids they The Rustamid (or Rustumid, Rostemid) dynasty of Ibāḍī Kharijite imāms ruled the central Maghreb as a Muslim theocracy The Idrisids ( Arabic, الأدارسة) were the first Sayyid Shia dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 The Aghlabid dynasty of emirs members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, ruled Ifriqiya (northern Africa nominally on behalf of the Abbasid The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i Hafsid was a dynasty ruling Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) from 1229 to 1574. The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name The Wattassids (وطاسيون waṭāsīyūn or Banû Watâs (بنو الوطاس banū al-waṭās were an Amazigh dynasty of Kingdom of Fez. Founded after Muhammad's death in 632, the empire lasted until 'Ali's death in 661. Events By Place Europe Khan Kubrat starts to rule in Great Bulgaria. Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their At its height, the power of the Rashidun Caliphs extended throughout North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Iranian highlands.
Contents |
Origin
After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar were debating who -among them- should succeed prophet Muhammad in running the affairs of the Muslims. 'Umar (who is from Quraish) and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah pledged their loyalty to Abu Bakr, with the Ansar and Quraish soon following suit. Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش Abu Bakr thus became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah (Successor of the Messenger of God), and embarked on campaigns to propagate the Muslim Religion and Deliver the Message of Allah. First, though, he would have to subdue the Arabian tribes which had gone back on their oaths of allegiance to Islam and the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title nor did his three successors do so. They lived in a humble house, milked sheep and goats and roamed in public without any guards and rested sitting beneath a tree when tired. The Ummayyad and Abbasids also did not claim such a title but treated themselves as one.
See also Succession to Muhammad
Early history
Succession of Abu Bakr
Troubles emerged soon after Abu Bakr's succession, threatening the unity and stability of the new community and state. For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Apostasy had actually begun in the lifetime of Muhammad, and the first major action of the apostasy was fought and satisfactorily concluded while the Muhammad still lived. But the real and most serious danger of apostasy arose after the Muhammad's death, when a wild wave of disbelief-after-belief moved across the length and breadth of Arabia and had to be tackled by Abu Bakr. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe The first major event of the apostasy occurred in the Yemen and is known as the Incident of Aswad Al Ansi[1], he was killed on May 30, 632 (the 6th of Rabi-ul-Awwal, 11 Hijri) by a Persian Muslim governor of Yemen Firoz[2]. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Events By Place Europe Khan Kubrat starts to rule in Great Bulgaria. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya the news of his assassination reach shortly after the death of Muhammad. The chief cause of the apostasy was lack of true faith. Most of the tribes, converted in the ninth and tenth years of the Hijra, had taken to Islam for political reasons. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The apostasy had become so general that it affected every tribe in Arabia with the exception of the people in Mecca and Medina and the tribe of Thaqeef at Taif. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use Ta’if ( ar الطائف) is a city in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia at an elevation of 1700 metres on the slopes of the Al-Sarawat In some cases the entire tribe apostatised. In other cases part of the tribe apostatised while part continued to follow the true faith; and among those who remained Muslims, many had to pay with their lives for their faith. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Some withheld the zakat, the alms tax, though they did not otherwise challenge Islam. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Many tribal leaders made claims to prophethood, some like Musaylima made it during the life time of Muhammad. Musaylimah (مسيلمة or Maslamah ibn Ḥabīb (مسلمة بن حبيب was one of a series of men who claimed to be a Prophet around the same time as Muhammad The tribes claimed that they had submitted to Muhammad and that with Muhammad's death, their allegiance was ended. Abu Bakr insisted that they had not just submitted to a leader but joined the Muslim religious community, of which he was the new head. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Apostasy is a capital offense under traditional interpretations of Islamic law, and Abu Bakr declared war on the rebels. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units This was the start of the Ridda wars (Arabic for the Wars of Apostasy). The Ridda wars (Arabic حروب الردة also known as the Wars of Apostasy) were a set of military campaigns against the rebellion of several Arabic tribes against the Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The apostasy of central Arabia was led by self-proclaimed prophet Musaylima, while the other centers were to the south and east in Bahrain, Oman, Mahra and Yemen. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Musaylimah (مسيلمة or Maslamah ibn Ḥabīb (مسلمة بن حبيب was one of a series of men who claimed to be a Prophet around the same time as Muhammad The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast The Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra (سلطنة المهرة في قشن و سقطرة Mahrah fī Qishn wa Suquṭrah}} or sometimes the Mahra Sultanate of Ghayda and Socotra Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Abu Bakr planned his strategy accordingly. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe He formed the Muslim army into several corps. The strongest corps, and this was the main punch of the Muslims, was the corps of Khalid ibn Walid. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn This was used to fight the most powerful of the rebel forces. Other corps were given areas of secondary importance in which to bring the less dangerous apostate tribes. Abu Bakr's plan was first to clear the area of West and Central Arabia (the area nearest Madinah), then tackle Malik ibn Nuwayrah, and finally concentrate against the most dangerous enemy Musaylima. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Malik ibn Nuwaira (مالك بن نويرة was a chief of the Bani Yarbu', a large section of the powerful tribe of Bani Tamim which inhabited the north-eastern Musaylimah (مسيلمة or Maslamah ibn Ḥabīb (مسلمة بن حبيب was one of a series of men who claimed to be a Prophet around the same time as Muhammad After series of successful campaigns Khalid ibn Walid finally defeated Musaylima in the Battle of Yamama[3]. Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn Musaylimah (مسيلمة or Maslamah ibn Ḥabīb (مسلمة بن حبيب was one of a series of men who claimed to be a Prophet around the same time as Muhammad The Battle of Yamama was fought in December AD 632 in the plain of Aqraba in the region of Yamama between the forces of Muslim Caliph Abu Bakr The Campaign of the Apostasy was fought and completed during the eleventh year of the Hijri. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری The year 12 Hijri dawned, on March 18, 633, with Arabia united under the central authority of the Caliph at Madinah. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United Year 18 was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events By Place Europe Oswald of Bernicia becomes Bretwalda. Osric becomes king of Deira. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as According to the Sunni Muslims, by putting down these larger insurrections and defeating the rival prophets among the Bedouin tribes, Abu Bakr was able to solidify the rest of Arabia under Islam, and basically rescue Islam. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Shi'a Muslims on the other hand have the views that, although there were some people that took the opportunity to proclaim themselves as prophets, the majority of people who battled against Abu Bakr were people who expected Ali to be the next Caliph, since they claimed to have heard Muhammad express this wish at the Hadith of the two weighty things. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The Hadith al-Thaqalayn refers to a saying (hadith about al-Thaqalayn, which translates to "the two weighty things According to Shi'a views Abu Bakr sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to kill, loot and slaughter the particians of Ali. Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn [4]. and Thus claim that Abu Bakr violated Muhammad's direct orders and orchestrated a coup d'état. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Once the rebellions had been put down, Abu Bakr began a war of conquest. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Whether or not he intended a full-out imperial conquest is hard to say; he did, however, set in motion a historical trajectory that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. This article provides a list of the largest Empires in world history. Abu Bakr began with Iraq, the richest province of Persian empire. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia He sent his most brilliant general Khalid ibn Walid to invade the Persian empire in 633. Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia He thereafter also sent 4 armies to invade Roman Syria, but decisive operation was only undertaken when Khalid, after completing the conquest of Iraq was transferred to Syrian front in 634. Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic
Succession of Umar
Abu Bakr desired Umar to be his successor and he persuaded the most powerful of the followers of Muhammad to go along. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Umar was gifted both militarily and politically.
| Dates of reign of Rashidun Caliphs | ||||||||||||
| Caliph | Reign start | Reign end | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abu Bakr | 632 | 634 | ||||||||||
| Umar | 634 | 644 | ||||||||||
| Uthman | 644 | 656 | ||||||||||
| Ali | 656 | 661 | ||||||||||
Umar continued the war of conquests begun by Abu Bakr. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Events By Place Europe Khan Kubrat starts to rule in Great Bulgaria. Events By Place Oswald of Northumbria defeats Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in the Battle of Heavenfield and Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Events By Place Oswald of Northumbria defeats Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in the Battle of Heavenfield and Events By Place Asia The Tang dynasty of China begins the invasion of Goguryo. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Events By Place Asia The Tang dynasty of China begins the invasion of Goguryo. Events By Place Europe Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Asia The Battle of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Events By Place Europe Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Asia The Battle of Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe He pressed into the Sassanid Persian Empire itself, but he also headed north into Syria and Byzantine territory and west into Egypt. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. By 640, Islamic military campaigns had brought all of Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine under the control of Rashidun Caliphate. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Egypt was conquered by 642 and the Persian Empire by 643. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Events By Place Europe August 5 — In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and Events By Place Europe Rothari King of the Lombards, issues the Lombard law code These were some of the richest regions in the world guarded by powerful militaries—and they fell into Islamic hands in a heartbeat. Umar, however, was one of the great political geniuses of history. While the empire was expanding at a mind-numbing rate beneath his leaderhsip, he also began to build the political structure that would hold together the vast empire that was being built. Umar did not require that non-Muslim populations convert to Islam nor did he try to centralize government, as the Persians had done. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Instead, he allowed subject populations to retain their religion, language, customs, and government relatively untouched. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The only intrusion would be a governor (amir) and a financial officer called an amil.
His most far-reaching innovations were in the area of building a financial structure to the empire. He understood that the most important aspect of the empire was a stable financial structure for the government. To this end, he built an efficient system of taxation and brought the military directly under the financial control of the state. He also founded the diwan, a unique Islamic institution. The diwan consisted of individuals that were important to the Islamic faith and the Islamic world, such as the companions of Muhammad. In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. Their contribution to the faith was so great that they were given pensions to live off of — this freed them up to pursue religious and ethical studies and so provide religious or ethical leadership to the rest of the Islamic world. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings
It was Umar that fixed many Islamic traditions and practices and he began the process of producing the Quran. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran His most lasting tradition, however, was establishing the Muslim calendar. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری The Muslim calendar, like the Arabian calendar, remained a lunar calendar—however, he fixed the beginning of the calendar at the year in which Muhammad emigrated to Medina. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as This, as far as Umar was concerned, was the turning point in Islamic history. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century
Umar was mortally wounded in an assassination attempt by the Persian slave Abu Lulu Fieroz, during morning prayers in 644. Before he died, Umar appointed a committee of six men to decide on the next caliph—they were charged to choose one of their own number.
Election of Uthman
All of the men, like 'Umar, were from the tribe of Quraish the Ansar, had been gradually shut out of power. Uthman ibn Affan, the third Caliph, was chosen by a council meeting in Medina, in northwestern Arabia, in. Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش
This committee would prove to be pivotal, for on its choice would eventually grow Islam's first schism. The committee narrowed down the choices to two: 'Uthman and 'Ali. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH 'Ali was the son-in-law of Muhammad and had been a companion to the prophet from the inception of his mission. He may also have been named by Muhammad as a successor. Uthman was from Umayyad clan of Quraish, and was also a son in law of Mohammad, and was one of the wealthy men of his time. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش
Uthman, however, was a supremely practical and intelligent military and political leader while 'Ali was fervently devout religious disciple. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH 'Ali was largely convinced that Islam had gone astray and that it was not following either the religious, ethical, or social principles laid down in Muhammad's revelation. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. This profound difference between the two candidates led them to choose Uthman, for the growing Islamic empire seemed to need a practical approach. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest"
Uthman reigned for twelve years as caliph, duirng the first half of his reign he enjoyed a position of the most popular caliph among all the Rashiduns, while in later half of his reign he met increasing opposition. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first This opposition was led by the followers of Ali and was constellated around him, who would, albeit briefly, succeed Uthman as caliph. Despite internal troubles, Uthman continued the wars of conquest so brilliantly carried out by 'Umar. The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great The Rashidun army conquered North Africa from Byzantines and even raided Spain conquering the coastal areas of Iberian peninsula the islands of Rhodes, Sicily and cyprus were captured. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Rashidun army fully conquered the Sassanid Persian Empire, and its eastern frontiers extended up to Lower Indus river. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Uthman's greatest and most lasting achievement was the formal rescension of the Qur'an .
Until 'Uthman, the Qur'an was largely an oral text that was recited by followers who had memorized it. The wars of conquest, however, had thinned their ranks, and the introduction of foreign peoples into Islam threatened the integrity of the text as an Arabic text. So 'Uthman ordered that all versions, written and oral, be collected together and a definitive version written down. It is this definitive version which became the central text of Islam and the bedrock on which all Islamic history would be built. And it was this version, this brilliant achievement, that 'Uthman was reciting from when he was killed. Unrest grew steadily and precipitously. His government seriously mishandled finances all throughout the empire. In 656, rebels entered Madinah, a riot broke out in Medinah. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Rebels laid the siege of Uthman's house.
Siege of Uthman
Uthman denied any military action as to avoid civil war between Muslims, and preferred negotiations. This is a sub-article of Uthman Ibn Affan. The Third Sunni Caliph Uthman was killed at the end of a Siege A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion His polite attitude towards rebels emboldened them and they broke into Uthman's house and killed him while he was reading the Qur'an. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran
Crisis and fragmentation
After the assassination of the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, the Companions of Muhammad in Medina selected Ali to be the new Caliph, he was highly supported by rebels too. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Soon thereafter, Ali dismissed several provincial governors, some of whom were relatives of Uthman, and replaced them with trusted aides such as Malik al-Ashtar and Salman the Persian. Malik Al-Ashtar (Arabic مالك الأشتر) was one of the most loyal companions of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of Muhammad. TemplateInfobox Salaf --> Salman the Persian or Salman al Farisi ( سلمان فارسی Salman e Farsi Ali then transferred his capital from Medina to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city in what is now Iraq. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The capital of the province of Syria, Damascus, was held by Mu'awiyah, the governor of Syria and a kinsman of Uthman, Ali's slain predecessor. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية [6] Uthman's death was ironic for many reasons, including the fact that he was the first Islamic caliph to be killed by fellow Muslims. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Followed the assassination of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan, first Muslim civil war started, that continued during the brief caliphate of Ali ibn Abu Talib, and was ended, on the whole, by Mu'awiya's assumption of the caliphate, that laid the foundation of Umayyad Empire. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad This civil war is often called the Fitna, and regretted as the end of the early unity of the Islamic ummah (nation). For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the
In 656, when Uthman ibn Affan, was murdered by a group of rebels as he sat reading the Qur'an in his home in Medina, in north-western Arabia. Events By Place Europe Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Asia The Battle of Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Medina fell into chaos and uproar. Citizens flocked to Ali ibn Abu Talib, the Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, and a respected community leader who had been passed over for the leadership three times since the death of Muhammad. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Now they urged him to take the caliphate. Initially reluctant due to the circumstances of the caliph's death, he eventually chose to accept.
Ali then had to fight against numerous challengers to his rule. The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil The cry of revenge of the blood of Caliph Uthman grew, and a large army of the Muslims led by Zubayr, Talha and the widow of Muhammad, Ayesha set for revenge from the rebels. Az Zubayr ( Arabic,الزبير)is a sunni town in Basra province in Iraq. Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah ( طلحة بن عبيدالله) (d656 was a companion of Muhammad, best known for his role in the Battle of Uhud and the As the rebels gathered from Egypt, Kufa and Busra, their first objective was Busra. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Bosra ( بصرى, also Bostra, Busrana, Bozrah, Bozra, Busra Eski Şam, Busra ash-Sham, Nova Trajana Bosra ( بصرى, also Bostra, Busrana, Bozrah, Bozra, Busra Eski Şam, Busra ash-Sham, Nova Trajana The army reached Busra and captured it, 4000 suspected seditionists were assassinated. Ali who had already transferred his capital from Madinah to Kufa, turned towards Busra and a battle was fought between the Caliph Ali's army and the army of Muslims who demended revenge of Uthman. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Bosra ( بصرى, also Bostra, Busrana, Bozrah, Bozra, Busra Eski Şam, Busra ash-Sham, Nova Trajana ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Though nor Ali nor the leader of opposing army Talha and Zubayr wanted to fight, a fight broke out suddenly at night between two armies, it is said according to Sunni Muslim traditions that the rebels who were involved in the assassination of Uthman initiated combat as they afraid that as a result of negotiation between Ali and opposing army, the killers of Uthman would be hunted down and killed. Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah ( طلحة بن عبيدالله) (d656 was a companion of Muhammad, best known for his role in the Battle of Uhud and the Az Zubayr ( Arabic,الزبير)is a sunni town in Basra province in Iraq. Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance The battle thus fought was first battle between Muslims and is known as the Battle of the Camel. "Battle of Basra" redirects here For other battles of Basra see Battle of Basra (1914, Battle of Basra (2003 and Battle of Basra (2008 After the Caliphate had won and the dispute was settled, Ali sent his son Hassan ibn Ali to escort Ayesha back to Madinah. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as The eminent companions of Mohammad, Talha and Zubayr were killed in the battle after they withdraw from the battlefield refusing to fight against Muslims. Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah ( طلحة بن عبيدالله) (d656 was a companion of Muhammad, best known for his role in the Battle of Uhud and the Az Zubayr ( Arabic,الزبير)is a sunni town in Basra province in Iraq.
After this dark episode of Islamic history, another cry for revenge for blood of Uthman rose. This time it was by Mu'awiya, kinsmen of Uthman and governor of province of Syria. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad However it is regarded as more an attempt of assuming caliphate by Mu'awiya then to take revenge for Uthman's murder from the rebels. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad Ali fought Uthman's kinsman Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria, at the Battle of Siffin to a stalemate and then lost a controversial arbitration; and he fought his own mutinous soldiers (the first Kharijites). ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Battle of Siffin (May-July 657 CE occurred during the First Fitna, or First Muslim civil war with the main engagement taking place from July 26 to July 28 Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the Large sections of the new empire created in the twenty-four years (632-656) was lost due to the civil war, like Sicily, North Africa, coastal areas of Spain and some forts in Anatolia. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black But Byzantines never tended to re-capture their lost land, according to the Muslims history, Mu'awiya sent a letter to Byzantine emperor threatening him not to enter Islamic lands or he will make peace with his kinsmen (referring to Ali) and they will both together destroy the Byzantine Empire. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad
In 661 CE, Ali was assassinated in the Mosque of Kufa by Ibn Muljam, a relative of one of the rebel soldiers he had defeated and killed. His last words were "Fuztu wa rabb al-Ka'bah" - meaning By The Lord of the Ka'bah, I have succeeded.
His son Hasan ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad, briefly assumed the caliphate upon being appointed by Ali, but realized that he could not prevail. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar He came to an agreement with Mu'awiya, of which various accounts are given, while Mu'awiya assumed control of the empire and founded the Umayyad empire, with it the Rashidun Caliphate dismentled.
Military expansion
The Rashidun empire expended gradually, with the time span of 24 years of conquest a vast territory was occupied comprising North Africa, the Middle east, Transoxiana, the Caucasus, most of Anatolia, the whole of the Sassanid Persian empire, the Greater Khorasan, the islands of Cyprus, Rhodes and Sicily, Iberian peninsula was invaded, and Baluchistan was conquered, its eastern frontiers reaching the lower Indus river in subcontinent and western frontiers up to the Atlantic Ocean. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia.
The Islamic Invasion of Sassanid Persia resulted in the conquest of whole of the Sassanid Persian empire, because the Persians denied to submit and continued striving to re-capture their lost territory. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Unlike the Sassanids Persian, the Byzantines after losing Syria retreated up to western Anatolia and accordingly also lost Egypt, North Africa, Sicily, Cyprus, Rhodes and part of the Iberian peninsula to the invading Rashidun army, thanks to civil wars among the Muslims that halted the war of conquest for many years and gave time for the Byzantine Empire to recover. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim
Conquest of Persian empire
First Islamic invasion of Sassanid Persian empire was launched by Caliph Abu Bakr in 633 was a swift conquest in the time span of only 4 months lead by legendary general Khalid ibn Walid. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Events By Place Europe Oswald of Bernicia becomes Bretwalda. Osric becomes king of Deira. Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn Abu Bakr sent his most brilliant general Khalid to conquer Mesopotamia after the Ridda wars. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Ridda wars (Arabic حروب الردة also known as the Wars of Apostasy) were a set of military campaigns against the rebellion of several Arabic tribes against the After entering Iraq with his army of 18,000, Khalid won decisive victories in four consecutive battles: Battle of Chains, fought in April 633; Battle of River, fought in the 3rd week of April 633; Battle of Walaja, fought in May 633 (where he successfully used a double envelopment manoeuvre), and Battle of Ullais, fought in the mid of May, 633 . For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Battle of Sallasil or the Battle of Chains was the first battle fought between the Rashidun Caliphate army and the Sassanid Persian Empire The Battle of River took place in Mesopotamia ( Iraq) between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Persian Empire. The Battle of Walaja was a battle fought in Mesopotamia ( Iraq) in May 633 between the Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid ibn al-Walid and the The pincer movement or double envelopment is a basic element of Military strategy which has been used to some extent in many Wars and is considered The Battle of Ullais was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanid Persian Empire in the middle of May 633 In the last week of May 633 , the capital city of Iraq fell to the Muslims after resistance in the Battle of Hira. Al-Hirah city widely known for its size and wealth was a Sassanian dukedom as it was the capital of the Persian province of Iraq. After resting his armies, Khalid moved in June 633 towards Al Anbar, which resisted and was defeated in the Battle of Al-Anbar, and eventually surrendered after a siege of a few weeks in July 633 . Al Anbar (الأنبار al-’Anbār or Anbar) is the largest province in Iraq geographically The Muslim Arab army was under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the battle took place at Anbar which is located approximately 80 miles from the Khalid then moved towards the south, and conquered the city of Ein ul Tamr after the Battle of ein-ul-tamr in the last week of July, 633, By now, almost the whole of Iraq was under Islamic control. When the Muslim army conquered the town of Ein-Ul-Tamr they found a number of Arab Christian priests in a monastery Khalid got a call of help from northern Arabia at daumat-ul-jandal, where another Muslim Arab general, Ayaz bin Ghanam, was trapped among the rebel tribes. Khalid went to Daumat-ul-jandal and defeated the rebels in the Battle of Daumat-ul-jandal in the last week of August, 633 CE. The Battle of Daumat-ul-jandal took place between Muslims and Rebel Arabs tribes in August 633 AD Returning from Arabia, he got news of the assembling of a large Persian army. Within a few weeks, he decided to defeat them all separately to avoid the risk of defeat to a large unified Persian army. Four divisions of Persian and Christian Arab auxiliaries were present at Hanafiz, Zumiel, Sanni and Muzieh. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Khalid divided his army in three units, and decided to attack these auxiliaries one by one from three different sides at night, starting from the Battle of Muzieh, then the Battle of Sanni, and finally the Battle of Zumail. When Khalid ibn Walid left from Ain-ul-Tamr to Daumat ul jandal for the help of Ayadh the Persian court believed that Khalid had returned to Arabia with a large part of his army When Khalid ibn Walid gone from Ain-ul-Tamr to Daumat ul jandal for the help of Ayadh The battle of Zumail was fought in 633 CE in what is now Iraq. In November 633 CE, Khalid defeated those armies in his series of three sided attacks at night. These devastating defeats ended Persian control over Iraq. In December 633 CE, Khalid reached the border city of Firaz, where he defeated the combined forces of the Sassanid Persians, Byzantine Romans and Christian Arabs in the Battle of Firaz. The birth of the Sassanid army (ارتش ساسانيان Artesh-e Sāsānīyān, Pahlavi Spâh سپاه "army" dates back to the rise of The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces serving alongside the Byzantine navy. The Roman army was a set of military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military The Battle of Firaz was the last battle of the Muslim Arab commander Khalid ibn al-Walid in Mesopotamia ( Iraq) against the combined This was the last battle in his conquest of Iraq. [7] After this conquest, Khalid left Mesopotamia to lead another campaign at Syria against the Roman Empire, after which Mithna ibn Haris took command in Mesopotamia. The Muslim conquest of Syria occurred in the first half of the 7th century and refers to the region known as the Bilad al-Sham, the Levant, or Greater Syria The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Persians once again concentrated armies to regain the lost Mesopotamia, Mithna ibn Haris withdraw from the central Iraq to the region near Arabian desert to delay war until reinforcement comes from Madinah. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Arabian Desert is a vast Desert wilderness stretching from Yemen to the Persian Gulf and Oman to Jordan and Iraq. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Caliph Umar sent reinforcement under the command of Abu Ubaidah Saqfi with some initial success this army was finally defeated by Sassanid army at the Battle of the Bridge in which Abu Ubaid was killed. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great The birth of the Sassanid army (ارتش ساسانيان Artesh-e Sāsānīyān, Pahlavi Spâh سپاه "army" dates back to the rise of The Battle of the Bridge was fought in 634 between Arab Muslims led by Abu Ubaid and the Sassanid Empire forces led by Bahman The other whole scale invasion was delayed until after a decisive Muslim victory against the Romans in Levant at the Battle of Yarmuk in 636, caliph Umar, was able to transfer forces to the east and resume the offensive against the Sassanids. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the The Battle of Yarmouk ( معركة اليرموك, also spelled Yarmuk, Yarmuq or Hieromyax) comprised a series of engagements between the The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great The Caliph Umar dispatched 36,000 men along with 7500 troops from Syrian front, under the command of Sa`d ibn Abī Waqqās against the Persian army. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Sa`ad ibn Abī Waqqās ( was an early convert to Islam and one of the important companions of Muhammad. The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah followed, with the Persians prevailing at first, but on the third day of fighting, the Muslims gained the upper hand. The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah ( transliteration, Ma'rakat al-Qādisiyyah;; alternate spellings Qadisiyya Qadisiyyah Kadisiya was the decisive engagement The Persian general Rostam Farrokhzād was caught and beheaded. For the character in the 10th century Persian epic Shahnameh or Epic of Kings, see Rostam. According to some sources, the Persian losses were 20,000, and the Arabs lost 8,500 men.
Following the Battle, the Arab Muslim armies pushed forward toward the Persian capital of Ctesiphon (also called Madā'in in Arabic), which was quickly evacuated by Yazdgird after a brief siege. For the Spanish saint see Ctesiphon of Vergium. Ctesiphon (قطسيفون تیسفون was one of the great cities of the Persian Empire After seizing the city, they continued their drive eastwards, following Yazdgird and his remaining troops. Within a short space of time, the Arab armies defeated a major Sāsānian counter-attack in the Battle of Jalūlā', as well as other engagements at Qasr-e Shirin, and Masabadhan. Qasr-i Shirin, (Kurdish Qesri Shírín قهسرشیرین Persian قصر شیرین means the Palace of Shirin By the mid-7th Century, the Arabs controlled all of Mesopotamia, including the area that is now the Iranian province of Khuzestan. Khūzestān (خوزستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is said that the caliph Umar did not wish to send his troops through the Zagros mountains and onto the Iranian plateau. The Zagros Mountains (جبال زاجروس (رشته كوههاى زاگرس ( Sorani Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس make up Iran 's and Iraq 's One tradition has it that he wished for a "wall of fire" to keep the Arabs and Persians apart. Later commentators explain this as a common-sense precaution against over-extension of his forces. The Arabs had only recently conquered large territories that still had to be garrisoned and administered. The continued existence of the Persian government was an incitement to revolt in the conquered territories and unlike Byzantine army, the Sassanid army was continuously striving to regain there lost territories. The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces serving alongside the Byzantine navy. The birth of the Sassanid army (ارتش ساسانيان Artesh-e Sāsānīyān, Pahlavi Spâh سپاه "army" dates back to the rise of Finally Umar decided to push his forces for further conquests, which eventually resulted in the whole scale conquest of Sassanid Persian empire. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Yazdegerd, the Sassanid king, made yet another effort to regroup and defeat the invaders. By 641 he had raised a new force, which took a stand at Battle of Nihawānd, some forty miles south of Hamadan in modern Iran. The Battle of Nihawānd was fought in 642 between Arab and Sassanid armies Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Rashidun Caliphate army under the command of Umar's appointed general Nu'man ibn Muqarrin al-Muzani, attacked and again defeated the Persian forces. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim Muslims recognized it as the Victory of victories (Fath alfotuh) as it marked the End of the Sassanids, shattering the last strongest Sassanid army. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The birth of the Sassanid army (ارتش ساسانيان Artesh-e Sāsānīyān, Pahlavi Spâh سپاه "army" dates back to the rise of Yazdegerd was unable to raise another army and became a hunted fugitive. In 642, Caliph Umar sent the army to conquer the whole of the Persian empire. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The whole of present day Iran was conquered, followed by the conquest of Greater Khorasan (which included modern Iranian Khorasan province and modern Afghanistan), Transoxania, and Balochistan, Makran, Azerbaijan, Dagestan (Russia), Armenia and Georgia, these regions were mostly re-conquered during Caliph Uthman’s reign[8] with further expansion in the region which were not conquered during Umar’s reign, and the Rashidun Caliphate’s frontiers in the east extended up to lower river Indus and up to Oxus River in the north. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid Region located in the Iranian Plateau in Southwest Makran ( Urdu / Persian: مکران) is a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan, along Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia.
Wars against the Eastern Roman empire
Conquest of Roman Syria
Caliph Abu Bakr, after Khalid ibn Walid conquered Iraq gave him a new task to enter the Byzantine province of Syria and command Muslim armies there. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim The Byzantine province of Syria (Levant)in those days consisted of modern day Syria, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Lebanon and Southern Turkey. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Passing through the Syrian Desert, Khalid with his half army of 9000 warriors entered Syria in June 634 and commanded the 23000 Muslim army present there under the command of 4 generals, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, Yazid bin Abu-Sufyan, Sharjeel bin Hosanna and Amr ibn al-A'as. The Syrian Desert (بادية الشام badiyah ash sham also known as the Syro-Arabian desert is a combination of Steppe and true Desert that is located in parts Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading Defeating many Ghassanid Arab armies in minor battles and conquering many towns Muslim army laid the siege of the important town of Bosra where the Byzantine army was defeated in the Battle of Bosra in mid of July 634. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim Bosra ( بصرى, also Bostra, Busrana, Bozrah, Bozra, Busra Eski Şam, Busra ash-Sham, Nova Trajana The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces serving alongside the Byzantine navy. For battles of Basra see Battle of Basra. Battle of Bosra was fought to capture Bosra, which was the first important town to be captured Muslim Forces soon heard of gathering of 90,000 Roman army at Ajnadayn, after which all the divisions of Muslim army joined Khalid at Ajnadayn on 24 July 634, and defeated Roman there on 30 July 634 in Battle of Ajnadayn, it was the first major pitched battle between Muslim army and Byzantine army. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim The Battle of Ajnadayn, fought on July 30, 634, was the first major Pitched battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate A pitched battle is a Combat fought on a Battlefield expected to be site of engagement by both sides The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces serving alongside the Byzantine navy. Damascus the Byzantine stronghold was conquered shortly after it on 19 September 634 A. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Events By Place Oswald of Northumbria defeats Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in the Battle of Heavenfield and D after Conquest of Damascus, the Byzantine army was given a deadline of 3 days to go as far as they can, with their families and treasure, or simply agree to stay in Damascus and pay tribute. Damascus was conquered by the Rashidun army after a siege lasting about one month from 21 August to 19 September 634 AD The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces serving alongside the Byzantine navy. After the three days deadline was over, the Muslim cavalry under Khalid's command attacked the Roman army by catching up to them using an unknown shortcut at battle of Maraj-al-Debaj. Battle of Marj-ud-Deebaj was fought between the Byzantine army, survivors from the Conquest of Damascus and the Rashidun Caliphate army in September [9] On 22 August 634, Caliph Abu Bakr died making Umar his successor. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great As Umar became caliph, he relieved Khalid from commanding the Islamic armies and appointed Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah as the new commander of Muslim army, the conquest of Syria slow down under him and Abu-Ubaida relied heavily on the advice of Khalid, and he kept beside him as much as possible. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim [10] The Muslim army moved to Fahal, with Khalid commanding the cavalry, reaching there first and defeating the Byzantine army at the Battle of Fahal on the 23rd of January 635. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim The Battle of Fahl or Battle of Pella was a Byzantine-Arab battle fought between the Rashidun army under Khalid ibn al-Walid ( The Sword After the battle, Abu Ubaida moved towards Emesa with Khalid, who was commanding the cavalry. For military actions near the city see Battle of Homs. Homs ( حمص,, anciently called Emesa (ἡ Ἔμεσα or "La Chamelle" Meanwhile, Emperor Heraclius sent General Theodras to Damascus to recapture it, as there was only a weak defensive army in the city. Heraclius, or Herakleios (Flavius Heraclius Augustus;) (c 575 - February 11, 641) was a Byzantine Emperor, who ruled the East Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. [11] Theodras met the Muslim army at Maraj-al-Rome, and moved with half of his army towards Damascus at night, while Abu Ubaida and Khalid were engaged with the remaining Byzantine army. Khalid's spy informed him about the move, and Khalid asked Abu Ubaida to give him the permission to defend Damascus. While Abu Ubaida fought and defeated the Roman army in the battle of Maraj-al-Rome, Khalid moved to Damascus with his cavalry and attacked and defeated Theodrus in the 2nd battle of Damascus. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. A week later, Abu Ubaida himself moved towards Balaq, while he sent Khalid straight towards Emesa. For military actions near the city see Battle of Homs. Homs ( حمص,, anciently called Emesa (ἡ Ἔμεσα or "La Chamelle" [12] Both cities surrendered and agreed to pay tribute. Emesa and Qinasareen signed a one year peace treaty. For military actions near the city see Battle of Homs. Homs ( حمص,, anciently called Emesa (ἡ Ἔμεσα or "La Chamelle" In November 635, Khalid and Abu Ubaida moved towards Hamma city, which surrendered and agreed to pay tribute. Later, Abu Ubaida sent Khalid to Shairzer, Afamia and Matar-al-Hamz which all surrendered. Meanwhile Qinasareen and Emesa broke the peace treaty. In response, Abu Ubaida decided to conquer Emesa first and sent Khalid who defeated the Byzantine army in the 1st Battle of Emesa. The Byzantines retreated to the castle of Emesa and were subsequently besieged. Soon, Abu Ubaida reached Emesa with rest of his army, and he gave the command of the siege to Khalid, who once more defeated the Byzantine army in the 2nd Battle of Emessa. After two months of the siege, the city was finally conquered on March 636 after the 3rd Battle of Emesa. Abu Ubaida sent Khalid to conquer northern Syria. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Khalid defeated a small Roman army in a skirmish and took many prisoners. These prisoners informed him about Emperor Heraclius's final effort to take back Syria. They told him that an army possibly two hundred thousand (200,000) strong would soon emerge to recapture their territory. Khalid stopped there on June 636. This huge army set out for their destination. As soon as Abu Ubaida got the news, he gathered all his officers to plan their next move. Khalid suggested that they should call all of their forces present in Syria (Syria, Jordan, Palestine) to make a powerful joint force and then move towards the plain of Yarmouk for the battle. Abu Ubaida ordered all the Muslim commanders to withdraw from all the conquered areas, return the tributes that they previously gathered, and move towards Yarmuk. [13] Hercules army also moved towards Yarmuk. The Muslim armies reached there in July 636. A week or two later, around mid July, the Byzantine army arrived. [14] Khalid's Mobile guard defeated Christian Arab auxiliaries of the Roman army in a skirmish . The Mobile guard ( متحرك طليعة), was a Light cavalry of Rashidun army during the Muslim conquest of Syria, that remained under the Skirmishers are Infantry or Cavalry Soldiers stationed ahead or alongside of a larger body of friendly troops Nothing happened until the third week of August in which the Battle of Yarmouk was fought. The Battle of Yarmouk ( معركة اليرموك, also spelled Yarmuk, Yarmuq or Hieromyax) comprised a series of engagements between the The battle lasted 6 days during which Abu-Ubaida transferred the command of the entire army to Khalid. The Byzantine army was defeated on October 636 CE. Abu Ubaida held a meeting with his high command officers, including Khalid to decide of future conquests. They decided to conquer Jerusalem. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The siege of Jerusalem lasted four months after which the city agreed to surrender, but only to caliph Umar Ibn Al Khattab in person. Amr-bin al-eas suggested that Khalid should be sent as caliph, because of his very strong resemblance with Caliph Umar. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Khalid was recognized and eventually, Caliph Umar Ibn Al Khattab came and the Jerusalem surrendered on April 637 CE. Jerusalem was conquered by Rashidun Caliphate army in 637 CE during the Islamic invasion of Byzantine empire shortly after decisively defeating Abu Ubaida sent the commanders Amr bin al-As, Yazid bin Abu Sufyan, and Sharjeel bin Hassana back to their areas to reconquer them. Most of the areas submitted without a fight. Abu Ubaida himself along with Khalid moved to northern Syria once again to conquer them with a 17,000 strong army. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Khalid along with his cavalry was sent to Hazir and Abu Ubaidah moved to Qasreen city. Khalid defeated a strong Byzantine army in the Battle of Hazir and reached Qinasareen before Abu Ubaidah. Battle of Hazir took place between the Byzantine army and Rashidun army 's elite cavalry the Mobile guard, in June 637 3 miles east of Qinnasrin The city surrendered to Khalid. Soon, Abu Ubaidah arrived in June 637. Abu Ubaidah then moved against Aleppo. For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. As usual Khalid was commanding the cavalry. After the Battle of Aleppo the city finally agreed to surrender in October 637. The Siege of Aleppo, the Byzantine stronghold and one of few remaining Byzantine castles in the northern Levant after the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, was laid
Occupation of Anatolia
Abu Ubaida and Khalid ibn Walid, after conquering all of the northern Syria, moved north towards Anatolia conquering the fort of Azaz to clear the flank and rear from Byzantine troops. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black On their way to Antioch, a Roman army blocked them near a river on which there was an iron bridge. Because of this, the following battle is known as the Battle of Iron bridge. The Battle of Iron Bridge was fought between the Rashidun army and the Byzantine army, near an Iron bridge spanning the River Orontes The Muslim army defeated the Byzantine army and Antioch surrendered on 30 October 637 CE. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Later within the year, Abu Ubaida sent Khalid and another general Ayaz bin Ghanam at the head of two separate armies against western part of Jazira most of which was conquered with out strong resistance, including parts of Anatolia, Edessa and area up to Ararat plain. The Ararat plain, one of the largest of the Armenian Plateau, stretches west of the Sevan basin at the foothills of the Gegham mountains Other columns were sent to Anatolia up to as west as Taurus Mountains, the important city of Anatolia, Marash, Malatya were conquered By Khalid in autumn 638. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black For the Taurus Mountains on the moon see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring New York, see Bull Hill. Kahramanmaraş is the capital city of Kahramanmaraş Province in southeastern Turkey. Malatya ( Hittite: Melid; Greek: Μαλάτεια Malateia; Armenian: Մալաթիա Malatia; Kurdish: During Uthman’s reign, Byzantines recaptured many forts in the region and on Uthman's orders, series of campaigns were launched to regain control of the region. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for In 647 Muawiyah the governor of Syria sent an expedition against the Anatolia, they entered in Cappadocia, and sacked Caesarea Mazaca. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad Cappadocia (or Capadocia, Turkish Kapadokya, from Greek: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía which in turn is from the Persian: Kayseri ( Ottoman Turkish:قیصریه Greek: Καισάρεια / Kaisareia: Latin: Caesarea Mazaca Zazaish In 648 the Rashidun army raided into Phrygia. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. A major offensive into Cilicia and Isauria in 650–651 forced the Byzantine emperor Constans II to enter into negotiations with Caliph Uthman's governor of Syria, Muawiyah. Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Isauria (Ισαυρία in ancient geography is a rugged isolated district in the interior of South Asia Minor, of very different extent at different periods but generally Constans II ( Greek: Κώνστας Β' Kōnstas II) also called "Constantine the Bearded" ( Kōnstantinos Pogonatos) ( November 7 Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية
The truce that followed allowed a short respite, and made it possible for Constans II to hold on to the western portions of Armenia. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani In 654–655 on the orders of Caliph Uthman, an expedition was preparing to attack the Byzantine capital Constantinopole but did not carry out the plan due to the civil war that broke out in 656. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Events By Place Europe Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Asia The Battle of The Taurus Mountains in Turkey marked the western most frontiers of Rashidun Caliphate in Anatolia during Caliph Uthman's reign. For the Taurus Mountains on the moon see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring New York, see Bull Hill.
Conquest of Egypt
At the commencement of the Muslim conquest of Egypt, Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople. At the commencement of the Muslim conquest of Egypt Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS However, it had been occupied just a decade before by the Persian Empire under Khosrau II (616 to 629 AD). The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Khosrau II or Khosrow II ( Chosroes II or Xosrov II in classical sources sometimes called Events By Place Europe Eadbald succeeds Ethelbert as king of Kent. Events By Place Persian and Byzantine Empires September - Jerusalem is reconquered by the Byzantine Empire from The power of Byzantine empire was shattered during the Muslim conquest of Syria, and therefore the conquest of Egypt was much more easier. The Muslim conquest of Syria occurred in the first half of the 7th century and refers to the region known as the Bilad al-Sham, the Levant, or Greater Syria In 639 A. D, some 4,000 Rashidun troops led by Amr ibn al-As, was sent by the Caliph Umar to conquer the land of the ancient pharaohs. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods The Rashidun Caliphate army crossed into Egypt from Palestine in December 639 and advanced rapidly into the Nile Delta. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim Events By Place Europe Clovis II succeeds Dagobert I as king of the Franks in Neustria and Burgundy The Nile Delta ( Arabic: دلتا النيل) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt ( Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads The imperial garrisons retreated into the walled towns, where they successfully held out for a year or more. But the Muslims sent for reinforcements and the invading army, joined by another 12,000 men in 640, defeated a Byzantine army at the Battle of Heliopolis. Events By Place Europe Tulga succeeds his father Suinthila as king of the Visigoths. The Battle of Heliopolis or "Ayn Shams" was a decisive battle between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantine forces for the control of Egypt Amr next proceeded in the direction of Alexandria, which was surrendered to him by a treaty signed on November 8, 641. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Events By Place Europe Chindaswinth deposes Tulga, and becomes king of the Visigoths. The Thebaid seems to have surrendered with scarcely any opposition. The Thebaid or Thebais (Θηβαΐς or Θηβαΐδα is the region of Ancient Egypt containing the thirteen southernmost nomes of Upper Egypt The ease with which this valuable province was wrenched from the Byzantine Empire appears to have been due to the treachery of the governor of Egypt, Cyrus [2], Melchite (i. Cyrus of Alexandria was a Melchite patriarch of the Egyptian see of Alexandria in the seventh century one of the authors of Monothelism and last The term Melkite (also written Melchite) is used to refer to various Christian churches and their members originating in the Middle East. e. , Byzantine/Chalcedonian Orthodox, not Coptic) Patriarch of Alexandria, and the incompetence of the generals of the Byzantine forces, and due to lost of most of Byzantine troops in Syria against the Rashidun army. The Patriarch of Alexandria is the Archbishop of Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt. The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces serving alongside the Byzantine navy. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim Cyrus had persecuted the local Coptic Christians. History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the He is one of the authors of monothelism, a seventh century heresy, and some supposed him to have been secretly a convert to Islam. Monothelitism (a Greek Loanword meaning "one will" is a particular teaching about how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus, known as a For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
During the reign of Caliph Uthman, an attempt was made in the year 645 to regain Alexandria for the Byzantine empire, but it was retaken by Amr in 646. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines recapture Alexandria from the Arabs Asia Events An edict of the Taika Reforms is promulgated in Japan Alexandria is recaptured by the Arabs after a Byzantine In 654 an invasion fleet sent by Constans II was repulsed. Events By Place Europe Rhodes is invaded by an Arab force remains of the Colossus of Rhodes are sold off Constans II ( Greek: Κώνστας Β' Kōnstas II) also called "Constantine the Bearded" ( Kōnstantinos Pogonatos) ( November 7 From that time no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country.
The Muslims were assisted by some Copts, who found the Muslims more tolerant than the Byzantines, and of these some turned to Islam. In return for a tribute of money and food for the troops of occupation, the Christian inhabitants of Egypt were excused military service and left free in the observance of their religion and the administration of their affairs. Others sided with the Byzantines, hoping that they would provide a defense against the Arab invaders. [15] During the reign of Caliph Ali the Egypt was captured by the rebel troops under the command of former Rashidun army general, Amr ibn al-As, who killed Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr the governor of Egypt appointed by Ali. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ( محمد بن أبي بكر) (631–658 was the son of the first Sunni Caliph, Abu Bakr and Asma bint Umais. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH
Conquest of North Africa
After the withdrawal of the Byzantines from Egypt, North Africa had declared its independence under its king Gregory. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The dominions of Gregory extended from the borders of Egypt to Morocco. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Abdullah Ibn Sa'ad use to send raiding parties to the west. ‘Abdullāh ibn Sa‘ad ibn Abī as-Sarḥ ( was the foster brother of Uthman. As a result of these raids the Muslims got considerable booty The success of these raids made Abdullah Ibn Sa'ad feel that a regular campaign should be undertaken for the conquest of North Africa. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ‘Abdullāh ibn Sa‘ad ibn Abī as-Sarḥ ( was the foster brother of Uthman. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Uthman gave him permission after considering it in Majlis al shura, a force of 10,000 soldiers was sent as reinforcement. The Rashidun army assembled in Barqa in Cyrenaica, from there they marched west to capture Tripoli, after Tripoli they the army marched to Sufetula the capital of King Gregory, he was defeated and killed in the battle due to superb tactics used by Abdullah ibn Zubayr. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim Barqah ( Arabic: برقه transliterated as Barqah, Barqa or Barka with the first two variants being more accurate than the last Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Sufetula redirects here For the Genus of crambid Moths see Sufetula (moth. Abd Allah al-Zubayr or Ibn Zubayr or Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr' (624 - 692 (عبد الله بن الزبير was a Sahabi whose father was Zubayr ibn al-Awwam After the Battle of Sufetula the people of North Africa sued for peace. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan They agreed to pay an annual tribute. Instead of annexing North Africa, the Muslims preferred to make North Africa a vassal state. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The term vassal state commonly refers to any state that was subordinate to another in the pre-modern international system When the stipulated amount of the tribute was paid, the Muslim forces withdrew to Barqa. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim Barqah ( Arabic: برقه transliterated as Barqah, Barqa or Barka with the first two variants being more accurate than the last
Campaign against Nubia (Sudan)
A campaign was undertaken against Nubia during the Caliphate of Umar in 642, but the campaign was inconclusive and the army were pulled out of Nubia with out any success. This article is about the region in Africa for other uses see Nubia (disambiguation.
Ten years latter in 652, Uthman’s governor of Egypt, Abdullah ibn Saad, sent another army to Nubia. You may be looking for the US town of Dongola Illinois. Dongola (also spelled Dunqulah or Dunqula This army penetrated deeper into Nubia and laid siege to the Nubian capital of Dongola. You may be looking for the US town of Dongola Illinois. Dongola (also spelled Dunqulah or Dunqula The Muslims demolished the cathedral in the center of the city, the battle was once again inconclusive, because of the Nubian archers who let loose a shower of arrows aimed at the eyes of the Muslim warriors. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral As the Muslims were not able to overpower the Nubians, they accepted the offer of peace from the Nubian king. The Nubians (Arabic نوبي Nuubi are an ethnic group originally from northern Sudan, now inhabiting East Africa and some parts of Northeast Africa in southern Egypt According to the treaty that was signed, each side agreed not to make any aggressive moves against the other. Each side agreed to afford free passage to the other party through its territories. Nubia agreed to provide 360 slaves to Egypt every year, while Egypt agreed to supply grain to Nubia according to demand. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another
Conquest of the islands of Mediterranean Sea
- Further information: History of Islam in southern Italy
During Umar's reign, the governor of Syria, Muawiyah I, sent a request to build a naval force to invade the islands in the Mediterranean Sea but Umar rejected the proposal because of risk of death of soldiers at sea. The Islamic conquest and rule of Sicily, Malta, and parts of Southern Italy was a process whose origin can be traced back through the general Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad During his reign Uthman gave Muawiyah permission to build a navy after concerning the matter closely. The Muslim force landed on Cyprus in 649. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía There was only a small Byzantine garrison on the island, which was overpowered without any difficulty. Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant The islanders submitted to the Muslims, and agreed to pay a tribute of 7,000 dinars per year. The conquest of Cyprus was the first naval conquest of the Muslims. After Cyprus Muslim naval fleet headed towards the island of Crete and then Rhodes and conquered them with out much resistance. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island In 652-654, the Muslims lunched a naval campaign against Sicily and they succeeded in capturing a large part of the island. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Soon after this Uthman was murdered, no further expansion was made, and the Muslims accordingly retreated from Sicily. In 655 Byzantione emperor Constans II led a fleet in person to attack the Muslims at Phoinike (off Lycia) but it was defeated: 500 Byzantine ships were destroyed in the battle, and the emperor himself risked being killed. Constans II ( Greek: Κώνστας Β' Kōnstas II) also called "Constantine the Bearded" ( Kōnstantinos Pogonatos) ( November 7 "Sidyma" redirects here For the Moth Genus named thus see Sidyma (moth.
First Muslim invasion of Iberian peninsula(Spain)
According to the general books of Islamic history the conquest of Spain is attributed to Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nusair in 711 - 712 C.E, in the time of the Umayyad Caliph Walid ibn Abd al-Malik. Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Tariq Ibn Ziyad or Taric bin Zeyad (طارق بن زياد d 720 known in Spanish history and legend as Taric el Tuerto (Taric the one-eyed was Musa bin Nusair also Musa ben Nusair or Musa Ibn Nusayr (موسى بن نصير 640—716 was a Syrian Muslim who served as a governor and general under Events By Place Europe April 30 — Ummayad troops led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin Events By Place Europe Ansprand succeeds Aripert as king of the Lombards. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ( الوليد بن عبد الملك or Al-Walid I (668 - 715 was a wise and powerful Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 705 According to Muslim historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari[16], Spain was first invaded some sixty years earlier during the caliphate of Uthman in 653 A. This is a subarticle of Islamic scholars, List of Muslim scholars and List of historians. Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. D. Other promenient Muslim historians like Ibn Kathir[17] also have quoted the same narration. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Ismail ibn Kathir (ابن كثير (1301&ndash1373 was an Islamic scholar and renowned commentator on the Qur'an. According to the account of al-Tabari, when North Africa had been duly conquered by Abdullah Ibn Sa'ad, two of his generals, Abdullah ibn Nafiah ibn Husain, and Abdullah ibn Nafi' ibn Abdul Qais, were commissioned to invade coastal areas of Spain by sea. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan ‘Abdullāh ibn Sa‘ad ibn Abī as-Sarḥ ( was the foster brother of Uthman. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. On this occasion Uthman is reported to have addressed a letter to the invading force. In the course of the letter, Uthman said:
| “ | Constantinople will be conquered from the side of Al-Andalus. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Thus if you conquer it you will have the honor of taking the first step towards the conquest of Constantinople. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS You will have your reward in this behalf both in this world and the next. | ” |
No details of the campaigns in Spain during the caliphate of Uthman are given by al-Tabari or by any other historian. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it The account of al-Tabari is merely to the effect that an Arab force aided by a Berber force landed in Spain, and succeeded in conquering coastal areas of Al-Andalus. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or We do not know where the Muslim force landed, what resistance they met, and what parts of Spain did they actually conquer. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Anyhow it is clear that the Muslims did conquer some parts of Spain during the caliphate of Uthman. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Presumably the Muslims established some colonies on the coastland of Spain. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. There are reasons to presume that these Muslims entered into trade relations with the rest of Spain and other parts of Europe. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The areas were lost shortly after because of the general disorder in the empire.
Treatment of Conquered Peoples
The non-Muslim inhabitants of the conquered lands were given the status of Dhimmi according to Islamic law. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Those who accepted Islam were treated in a similar manner as other Muslims, and were given equivalent rights in legal matters. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
Dhimmi peoples were allowed to "practice their religion, subject to certain conditions, and to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy" and were guaranteed their personal safety and security of property in return for paying tribute and acknowledging Muslim rule. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish [18] Dhimmis were also subject to payjizya and kharaj, which was considered material proof of their subjection. Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (جزْية ʤɪzjæh Ottoman Turkish: cizye both derived from Pahlavi and ultimately from Aramaic In Islamic law, kharaj is a Tax on agricultural land Kharaj has no basis in the Qur'an or Hadith, being rather the product [19]Historically, the Dhimmi people were not heavily taxed. Caliph Umar was the first Caliph to provide Allowance to non-Muslims after they reached old age. The very first Non-Muslim to receive pension from the Rashidun Administeration was a Jew from the following documented record: `
Once Caliph Omar was in the streets of Madina when he saw
a man begging. He went to him and asked him;"why are you
begging? Are you not receiving maintenance(allowance)
from Bait as-mal". The man replied;"I am a Jew and i am
doing this so that i can pay the Jizya". Hearing this the caliph
Omar took him by his hand to the Bait al-mal and decreed
In the name of Allah you pay jizya all your life and then you get
betrayed when you reach old age. "He ordered to provide that man
Pension and from that day it was so ordered for All Jews and
Christians and others.
This is how non-Muslims were being given relief from Jizya though jizya was not abolished.
Political Administration
The basic administrative system Of Darul-Islamiah was Laid down in the days of the Prophet. Caliph Abu Bakr stated in his sermon when he was elected "if I order any thing that would go against the Order of Allah and his Messenger ;then do not Obey me" This is considered to be the foundation stone of the Caliphate. Caliph Umar has been reported to say "O Muslims straighten me with your hands when i go wrong" and at that instance a Muslim man stood up and said"O Amir al-mumineen (Umar farooq) If you do not straightened by our hands we will use our sword to straighten you" hearing this Caliph Umar said "alhumdulillah (Praise be to Allah) I have such Followers. "
In the administrative field Caliph Umar was the most brilliant among the Rashidun Caliphs, it was his dazzling administrative qualities because of which the most of the administrative structure of the empire was thus established. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Under Caliph Abu Bakr, the empire was not clearly divided into provinces, though it had many administrative districts, like Mecca
Under Umar the country was divided into number of provinces which were as follows:
- Arabia was divided into two provinces, Mecca and Madina;
- Iraq was divided into two provinces, Basra and Kufa;
- In the upper reaches of the Tigris and the Euphrates, Jazira was a province;
- Syria was a province;
- Umar divided Palestine in two provinces Aylya and Ramlah;
- Egypt was divided into two provinces, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt;
- Persia was divided into three provinces, Khorasan; Azarbaijan and Fars. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Madina may refer to Madina Armenia Medina For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Ramla (רַמְלָה Ramlāh; الرملة also Ramle and sometimes Rama) is a city in central Israel with a mixed Arab and This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia This article is about the region in Iran for other uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran.
In his testament, Caliph Umar had instructed his successor not to make any change in the administrative set up for one year after his death. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great For obe year Uthman maintained the pattern of political administration as it stood under Umar, latter he made some amendments. Under Umar Egypt was divided into two provinces, Upper and Lower Egypt. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Uthman made Egypt one province. Uthman created a new province for North Africa. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Under Umar Syria was divided into two provinces. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Uthman made Syria one province. During Uthman’s reign the empire was divided into twelve provinces. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. These were:
Caliph Ali, during his reign, with the exception of Syria (which was under Muawiyah I's control) and Egypt (That he lost during later year of his caliphate to the rebel troops of Amr ibn Al-A'as]]), ruled all rest of ten provinces, the administrative districts were same as was under Caliph Uthman. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans
The provinces were further divided into districts, there were more than 100 districts in the empire. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. each district or main city was under the charge of a Governor or Wali. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya ' أولياء) is an Arabic word meaning trusted one or friend generally denoting Other officers at the provincial level were:
- Katib, the Chief Secretary. The Chief Secretary is the title of a senior civil servant in members of the Commonwealth of Nations, and historically in the British Empire.
- Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A secretary is either an administrative assistant in business office administration, or a certain type of mid- or high-level governmental position such as a
- Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector. In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services
- Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief. Chief of Police is the title typically given to the head of a Police department, particularly in North America.
- Sahib-ul-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer. For the US government securities see Treasury security. Also see Treasury management.
- Qadi, the Chief Judge. Chief Judge is a title that can refer to the highest-ranking Judge of a Court that has more than one judge
In some districts there were separate military officers, though the Governor (Wali) was in most cases the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces
The officers were appointed by the Caliph. Every appointment was made in writing. At the time of appointment an instrument of instructions was issued with a view to regulating the conduct of Governors. On assuming office, the Governor was required to assemble the people in the main mosque, and read the instrument of instructions before them. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger [20].
Umar's general instructions to his officers were:
| “ | "Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them. " | ” |
During the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr, the state was economically weak, while during Umar’s reign because of increase in revenues and other sources of income, the state was on its way to economic prosperity. Hence Umar felt it necessary that the officers be treated in strict way as to prevent the possible greed of money that may lead them to corruption. During his reign, at the time of appointment, every officer was required to make the oath:
- That he would not ride a Turkish horse (which was a symbol of pride). The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae.
- That he would not wear fine clothes.
- That he would not eat sifted flour.
- That he would not keep a porter at his door.
- That he would always keep his door open to the public.
Caliph Umar himself followed the above postulates strictly. During the reign of Uthman the state become more economically prosperous then ever before; the allowance of the citizens was increased by 25% and the economical condition of the ordinary person was more stable, which lead Caliph Uthman to revoke the 2nd and 3rd postulates of the oath. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans At the time of appointment a complete inventory of all the possessions of the person concerned was prepared and kept in record. If there was an unusual increase in the possessions of the office holder, he was immediately called to account, and the unlawful property was confiscated by the State. The principal officers were required to come to Mecca on the occasion of the Hajj, during which people were free to present any complaint against them. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world In order to minimize the chances of corruption, Umar made it a point to pay high salaries to the staff. Provincial governor received as much as five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in chief of the army of there sector).
Department of accountability
A special office was established for the investigation of complaints that reached the Caliph, Caliph Umar was first to establish this department. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great It was for the investigation of the complaints against the officers of the State. The Department was under the charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah a man of undisputed integrity. Muhammad ibn Maslamah, sometimes surnamed Ansari (589-666 ( محمد بن مسلمة الأنصاري) was a Companion of Muhammad. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed to the spot, investigate the charge and take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the charge. On occasions the officers against him complaints were received were summoned to Madinah, and put to explanation by the Caliph himself. Muhammad ibn Maslamah remained at the charge of this department until the death og Caliph Uthman. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans
Judicial Administration
As most of the administrative structure of the Rashidun Empire was setup by Umar, the judicial administration was also established by him and the other Caliphs followed the same system with out any type of basic amendment in it. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great In order to provide effective and speedy justice for the people, an effective system of judicial administration was setup, hereunder justice was administered according to the principles of Islam. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Qadis (Judges) were appointed at all administrative levels for the administration of justice. Qadi (also known as Qazi or Kazi or Kadi) (قاضي is a judge ruling in accordance with the Sharia, Islamic religious law Umar was the first ruler in history to separate judiciary from the executive. The Qadis were chosen for their integrity and learning in Islamic law. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. High salaries were fixed for the Qadis so that there was no temptation to bribery. Wealthy men and men of high social status were appointed as Qadis so that they might not have the temptation to take bribes, or be influenced by the social position of any body. The Qadis were not allowed to engage in trade. Judges were appointed in sufficient number, and there was no district which did not have a Qadi.
Economy
During the Rashidun Caliphate there was an economical boom in the lives of the ordinary people due to the revolutionary economic policies developed by Caliph Umar and his successor Caliph Uthman. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" At first it was Umar who introduced these reforms on strong bases, his successor Uthman who himself was an intelligent businessman, had further reforms init. During Uthman's reign the people of the empire enjoyed the most prosper life.
Bait-ul-Maal
Bait-ul-Maal, (literally, The house of money) was the department that dealt with the revenues and all other economical matters of the state. In the time of Muhammad there was no permanent Bait-ul-Mal or public treasury. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Whatever revenues or other amounts were received were distributed immediately. There were no salaries to be paid, and there was no state expenditure. Hence the need for the treasury at public level was not felt. In the time of Abu Bakr as well there was not treasury. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Abu Bakr earmarked a house where all money was kept on receipt. As all money was distributed immediately the treasury generally remained locked up. At the time of the death of Abu Bakr there was only one dirham in the public treasury. Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire
Establishment of Bait-ul-Maal
In the time of Umar things changed. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great With the extension in conquests money came in larger quantities, Umar also allowed salaries to men fighting in the army. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces Abu Huraira who was the Governor of Bahrain sent a revenue of five hundred thousand dirhams. Abu Hurairah ( أبو هريرة) (also known as `Abd al-Rahman ibn Sakhr Al-Azdi ( عبدالرحمن بن صخر الأذدي) Abu Hurayrah The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire Umar summoned a meeting of his Consultative Assembly and sought the opinion of the Companions about the disposal of the money. Uthman ibn Affan advised that the amount should be kept for future needs. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans Walid bin Hisham suggested that like the Byzantines separate departments of Treasury and Accounts should be set up. For the US government securities see Treasury security. Also see Treasury management. In Accountancy, an account is a label used for recording and reporting a Quantity of almost anything After consulting the Companions Umar decided to establish the Central Treasury at Madinah. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great For the US government securities see Treasury security. Also see Treasury management. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Abdullah bin Arqam was appointed as the Treasury Officer. He was assisted by Abdur Rahman bin Awf and Muiqib. Abdur Rahman bin Awf, (عبد الرحمن بن عوف (died 652 was one of the Sahaba. A separate Accounts Department was also set up and it was required to maintain record of all that was spent. In Accountancy, an account is a label used for recording and reporting a Quantity of almost anything Later provincial treasuries were set up in the provinces. After meeting the local expenditure the provincial treasuries were required to remit the surplus amount to the central treasury at Madinah. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as According to Yaqubi the salaries and stipends charged to the central treasury amounted to over 30 million dirhams. Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire
A separate building was constructed for the royal treasury by the name bait ul maal, which in large cities was guarded by as many as 400 guards. In most of the historical accounts it states that among the Rashidun Caliphs Uthman ibn Affan was first to struck the coins, some accounts however states that Umar was first to do so. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great When Persia was conquered three types of coins were current in the conquered territories, namely Baghli of 8 dang; Tabari of 4 dang; and Maghribi of 3 dang. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Dang (also known as The Dangs) is an administrative District in the state of Gujarat in India. Dang (also known as The Dangs) is an administrative District in the state of Gujarat in India. Dang (also known as The Dangs) is an administrative District in the state of Gujarat in India. Umar ( according to some accounts Uthman ) made an innovation and struck an Islamic dirham of 6 dang. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Dang (also known as The Dangs) is an administrative District in the state of Gujarat in India.
Economic resources of the State
The economic resources of the State were:
- Zakat
- Ushr
- Jazya
- Fay
- Khums
- Kharaj
- Zakat
Zakāt (Arabic: زكاة) is the Islamic concept of luxury tax. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. It was taken from the Muslims in the amount of 2. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion 5% of their dormant wealth (over a certain amount unused for a year) for use in only specified categories. Only persons whose annual wealth exceeded a minimum level (nisab) were collected from. In Sharia (Islamic Jurisprudence) nisab (نصاب is the amount which savings or capital or product must exceed in order for the Muslim owner to be obliged The Nisab does not include primary residence, primary transportation, moderate amount of wowen jewelry, etc. Zakāt is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and it is obligation on all Muslims who qualify as wealthy enough. The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion
- Jizya
jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية; Ottoman Turkish: cizye). Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (جزْية ʤɪzjæh Ottoman Turkish: cizye both derived from Pahlavi and ultimately from Aramaic Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the It was a per capita tax imposed on able bodied non-Muslim men of military age since non-Muslims did not have to pay Zakat. Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The tax was not supposed to be levied on slaves, women, children, monks, the old, the sick,[21] hermits and the poor,[22]. It is important to note that not only were some non-Muslims exempt (such as sick, old), they were also given stipneds by the state when they were in need.
- Fay
Fay was the income from State land, whether an agricultral land or a meadow, or a land with any natural mineral reserves. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific
- Khums
Ghanimah or Khums was the booty captured on the occasion of war with the enemy. Khums ( خمس xʊms is the Arabic word for One Fifth (1/5 According to Shia Islamic legal terminology it means "one-fifth of certain items which a person Khums ( خمس xʊms is the Arabic word for One Fifth (1/5 According to Shia Islamic legal terminology it means "one-fifth of certain items which a person Four-fifth of the booty was distributed among the soldiers taking part in the war while one-fifth was credited to the State fund.
- Kharaj
kharaj was a tax on agricultural land. In Islamic law, kharaj is a Tax on agricultural land Kharaj has no basis in the Qur'an or Hadith, being rather the product Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Initially, after the first Muslim conquests in the 7th century, kharaj usually denoted a lump-sum duty levied upon the conquered provinces and collected by the officials of the former Byzantine and Sassanid empire or, more broadly, any kind of tax levied by Muslim conquerors on their non-Muslim subjects, dhimmis. The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish At that time, kharaj was synonymous with jizyah, which later emerged as a poll tax paid by dhimmis. Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (جزْية ʤɪzjæh Ottoman Turkish: cizye both derived from Pahlavi and ultimately from Aramaic A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a Tax of a uniform fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income Muslims landowners, on the other hand, paid only ushr, a religious tithe, which carried a much lower rate of taxation. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A tithe (from Old English teogoþa "tenth" is a one-tenth part of something paid as a (usually voluntary contribution or as a Tax or levy [23]
- Ushr
Ushr was a reciprocal ten per cent levy on agricultural land as well as merchandise imported from states that taxed the Muslims on their products. Caliph Umar was the first Muslim ruler to levy Ushr. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Ushr as the name implies was an import duty levied at ten per cent on the value of goods imported. When the Muslim traders went to foreign lands for the purposes of trade they had to pay a ten per cent tax to the foreign states. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Ushr was levied on reciprocal basis on the goods of the traders of other countries who chose to trade in the Muslim dominions. Umar issued instructions that Ushr should be levied in such a way so as to avoid hardship, that it will not effect the trade activities in the Islamic empire. The tax was levied on merchandise meant for sale. Goods imported for consumption or personal use but not for sale were not taxed. The merchandise valued at two hundred dirhams or less was not taxed. When the citizens of the State imported goods for the purposes of trade, they had to pay the customs duty or import tax at lower rates. In the case of the Dhimmis the rate was five per cent and in the case of the Muslims 2. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion 5 per cent. In the case of the Muslims the rate was the same as that of Zakat. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The levy was thus regarded as a part of Zakat and was not considered a separate tax.
Allowance
The allowance was paid to the Muslim citizens ( Arabs and non-Arabs) of the state annaully.
Beginning of Allowance
After the Battle of Yarmouk and Battle of al-Qadisiyyah the Muslims won heavy spoils. The Battle of Yarmouk ( معركة اليرموك, also spelled Yarmuk, Yarmuq or Hieromyax) comprised a series of engagements between the The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah ( transliteration, Ma'rakat al-Qādisiyyah;; alternate spellings Qadisiyya Qadisiyyah Kadisiya was the decisive engagement The coffers at Madina became full to the brim and the problem before Umar was as to what should be done with this money. Madina may refer to Madina Armenia Medina Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Some one suggested that money should be kept in the treasury for the purposes of public expenditure only. This view was not acceptable to the general body of the Muslims. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Consensus was reached on the point that whatever was received during a year should be distributed.
The next question that arose for consideration was as to what system should be adopted for distribution. One suggestion was that it should be distributed on ad hoc basis and whatever was received should be equally distributed. Against this view it was felt that as the spoils were considerable that would make the people very rich. It was therefore decided that instead of ad hoc division the amount of the allowance to the stipend should be determined before hand and this allowance should be paid to the person concerned regardless of the amount of the spoils. This was agreed to.
About the fixation of the allowance there were two opinions. There were some who held that the amount of the allowance for all Muslims should be the same. Umar did not agree with this view. He held that the allowance should be graded according to one's merit with reference to Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
Then the question arose as to what basis should be used for placing some above others. Suggested that a start should be made with the Caliph and he should get the highest allowance. Umar rejected the proposal and decided to start with the clan of the Holy Prophet.
Umar set up a Committee to compile a list of persons in nearness to the Muhammad. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The Committee produced the list clan wise. Bani Hashim appeared as the first clan. Then the clan of Abu Bakr was put and in the third place the clan of Umar was put. Umar accepted the first two placements but delegated his clan lower down in the scale with reference to nearness in relationship to the Holy Prophet.
The members of the clan of Umar objected to the order of Umar but he rebuked them saying;
| “ | "You desire that you should stand on my neck and deprive me of my good deeds. A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great I cannot permit that. " | ” |
In the final scale of allowance that was approved by Umar the main provisions were:
- The widows of Mohammad received 12,000 dirhams each;
- `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib, the uncle of the Mohammad received an annual allowance of 7,000 dirhams;
- The grandsons of the Muhammad, Hasan ibn Ali and Hussain ibn Ali got 5,000 dirhams each;
- The veterans of Battle of Badr got an allowance of 6,000 dirhams each;
- Those who had become Muslims by the time of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah got 4,000 dirhams each;
- Those who became Muslims at the time of the Conquest of Mecca got 3,000 dirhams each;
- The veterans of the Apostasy wars got 3,000 dirhams each. Muhammad's wives were the eleven or thirteen women married to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib ( ar العباس بن عبد المطلب) (c Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire The Battle of Badr (غزوة بدر fought March 17, 624 AD (17 Ramadan 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Treaty of Hudaybiyya ( Arabic: صلح الحديبية) is the treaty that took place between the state of Medina and the Quraishi Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire Mecca was conquered by the Muslims in January 630 AD (10th day of Ramadan[[ AH]] Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire The Ridda wars (Arabic حروب الردة also known as the Wars of Apostasy) were a set of military campaigns against the rebellion of several Arabic tribes against the Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire
- The veterans of Battle of Yarmouk and Battle of al-Qadisiyyah got 2,000 dirhams each. The Battle of Yarmouk ( معركة اليرموك, also spelled Yarmuk, Yarmuq or Hieromyax) comprised a series of engagements between the The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah ( transliteration, Ma'rakat al-Qādisiyyah;; alternate spellings Qadisiyya Qadisiyyah Kadisiya was the decisive engagement Dirham or dirhem (درهم is a unit of currency in several Arab nations and formerly the related unit of mass (the Ottoman dram) in the Ottoman Empire
In announcing this scale Umar said:
| “ | "I have decided the scale according to merit by entry into Islam and not by position. " | ” |
In this award Umar's son Abdullah ibn Umar got an allowance of 3,000 dirhams. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abdullah ibn Umar (عبدالله بن عمر بن الخطاب (ca On the other hand Usama ibn Zaid got 4,000. Usama bin Zayd (also spelled Osama(أسامة بن زيد was the son of Zayd bin Harithah, Prophet Muhammad 's freed slave adopted son and one of the first Abdullah objected to this distinction and Umar said:
| “ | "I have given Usama more than you because he was dearer to the Muhammad than you and his father was dearer to the Prophet than your father. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics " | ” |
The ordinary Muslim citizens got the allowance between 2,500 - 2000. The regular annual allowance was given only to urban population, because of there being back bone of the state's economic resources . The budoein living in desert, cutting off from the states affairs having no contributions in the developments were given stipends very often. On assuming office, Caliph Uthman ibn Affan increased these stipends by 25 per cent. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans
Evaluation
That was an economic measure which contributed to the prosperity of the people at lot. The citizens of the Islamic empire became increasingly prosperous as trade activities increased. In turn, they contributed to the department of bait al maal and more and more revenues were collected.
Welfare works
The mosques were not mere places for offering prayers; these were community centers as well where the faithful gathered to discuss problems of social and cultural importance. During the caliphate of Umar as many as four thousand mosques were constructed extending from Persia in the east to Egypt in the west. The Masjid-e-Nabawi and al-Masjid al-Haram were enlarged first during the reign of Umar and then during the reign of Uthman ibn Affan who not only extended to many thousand square meters but also beautified them on a large scale. The Mosque of the Prophet (or Prophet's Mosque) ( Arabic: المسجد النبوي) /mæsʤıd ænːæbæwı in Medina, is the second holiest Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans During the caliphate of Umar many new cities were founded. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great These included Kufa, Basra, and Fustat. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt These cities were laid in according with the principles of town planning. All streets in these cities led to the Friday mosque which was sited in the center of the city. Friday Mosque is the English translation of the Arabic term al-jumʿa (Arabic الجمعه) al-masjid. Markets were established at convenient points, which were under the control of market officers who was supposed to check the affairs of market and quality of goods. Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information The cities were divided into quarters, and each quarter was reserved for particular tribes. During the reign of Caliph Umar, there were restrictions on the building of palatial buildings by the rich and elites, this was symbolic of the egalitarian society of Islam, where under all were equal, although the restrictions was latter revoked by Caliph Uthman, because of the financial prosperity of ordinary men, and the construction of double story building was permitted, as a result many palatial buildings were constructed though out the empire, Uthman himself built a huge palace for himself in Madinah which was famous by the name Al-Zawar, he constructed it from his personal resources. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Many buildings were built for administrative purposes. In the quarters called Dar-ul-Amarat Government offices and houses for the residence of officers were provided. Buildings known as Diwans were constructed for the keeping of official records. Buildings known as Bait-ul-Mal were constructed to house royal treasuries. For the lodging of persons suffering sentences as punishment, Jails were constructed for the first time in Muslim history. Jail, or gaol (especially in Canada, Australia and NZ[http //www Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century In important cities Guest Houses were constructed to serve as rest houses for traders and merchants coming from far away places. Roads and bridges were constructed for public use. On the road from Madina to Mecca, shelters, wells, and meal houses were constructed at every stage for the ease of the people who came for hajj. Madina may refer to Madina Armenia Medina Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Military cantonments were constructed at strategic points. Special stables were provided for cavalry. These stables could accommodate as many as 4,000 horses. Special pasture grounds were provided and maintained for Bait-ul-Mal animals. Canals were dug to irrigate fields as well as provide drinking water for the people. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways Abu Musa canal (after the name of governor of Basra Abu-Musa al-Asha'ari ) it was a nine mile long, canal which brought water from the Tigris to Basra. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Abu-Musa Abd-Allah Ibn Qays al-Ash'ari, better known as Abu Musa al-Ashari (أبو موسى الأشعري (d The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Another canal known as Maqal canal was also dug from the Tigris. The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern A canal known as the Amir al-Mu'minin canal ( after the title Amir al-Mu'minin that was assumed by Caliph Umar) was dug to join the Nile to the Red Sea. Amir al-Mu'minin ( Arabic أمير المؤمنين Latinized as Miramolinus hence Italian Miramolino usually translated Commander of the Faithful The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. During the famine of 639 A.D. food grains were brought from Egypt to Arabia through this canal from the sea which saved the lives of millions of inhabitants of Arabia. Events By Place Europe Clovis II succeeds Dagobert I as king of the Franks in Neustria and Burgundy This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas canal (After the name of governor of Kufa Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas) dug from the Euphrates brought water to Anbar. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Sa`ad ibn Abī Waqqās ( was an early convert to Islam and one of the important companions of Muhammad. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Anbar refer to Al Anbar Governorate Anbar (town 'Amr ibn al-'As the Governor of Egypt, during the reign of Caliph Umar, even proposed the digging of a canal to join the Mediterranean to Red Sea. ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The proposal, however, did not materialize due to unknown reasons, and it was 1200 years later that such a canal was dug in the shape of the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation Shuaibia was the port for Makkah. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored It was inconvenient. Caliph Uthman selected Jeddah as the site of the new seaport, and a new port was built there. Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Uthman also reformed the department of Police in cities. The Department of Police ( DoP) also known as Delhi Police, is the main law and order agency for the National Capital Territory of Delhi
Army
The Rashidun caliphate Army was the primary military body of the Islamic armed forces of 7th century, serving alongside the Rashidun caliphate Navy. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces In mathematics Seven is the fourth Prime number. It is not only a Mersenne prime (since 23 &minus 1 = 7 but also a A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred is One hundred consecutive Years Centuries are numbered ordinally (e The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first The Rashidun caliphate Army maintained a very high level of discipline, strategic prowess, organization along with motivation and self initiative of the officer corps. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first For much of its history this army was one of the most powerful and effective military forces in all of region. At the height of the Rashidun caliphate the maximum size of the army was around 100,000 troops. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first [24] Rashidun caliphate army fell into the two basic categories of infantry and light cavalry. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists Light cavalry refers to lightly-armed and armored troops mounted on Horses, as opposed to Heavy cavalry, where the riders (and sometimes the horses are heavily armored Reconstructing the military equipment of early Muslim armies is problematic. Compared with Roman armies—or, indeed, later mediaeval Muslim armies—the range of visual representation is very small, often imprecise and difficult to date. Physically very little material evidence has survived and again, much of it is difficult to date. [25] The soldiers used to wear Iron and bronze segmented helmet that comes from Iraq and was of central Asian type. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus A helmet is a form of Protective gear worn on the head to protect it from injuries a variation of the hat For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south [26] The standard form of protective body armor was chain mail There are also references to the practice of wearing two coats of mail (dir’ayn), the under one being shorter or even made of fabric or leather. Mail (also maille, often given as chain mail or chain maille) is a type of Armour or jewellery that consists of small metal rings linked hauberks and large wooden or wickerwork shields were used as a protection in combat[27]. A hauberk is a shirt of mail Armour. The term is usually used to describe a shirt reaching at least to mid-thigh and including sleeves Wicker is hard woven Fiber formed into a useful object Wicker is usually used for Baskets or Furniture. A shield is a protective device meant to intercept attacks The term often refers to a device that is held in the hand as opposed to Armour or a Bullet proof vest The soldiers were usually equipped with Sword that was hanged in baldric. A baldric (also baldrick, bawdrick, bauldrick as well as some other mostly rare or obsolete variations is a belt worn over one Shoulder They also possessed spears and the daggers. This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. A dagger (from Vulgar Latin: 'daca' - a Dacian Knife) is a typically double-edged blade used for Stabbing or thrusting [28] Caliph Umar was the first Muslim ruler to organize the army as a State Department. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion This reform was introduced in 637 A.D. Events By Place Europe Battle of Mag Rath Dál Riata influence in Ulster is greatly reduced or ended A beginning was made with the Quraish and the Ansars and the system was gradually extended to the whole of Arabia and to Muslims of conquered lands. Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The basic strategy of early Muslim armies set out to liberate foreign lands was to exploit every possible drawback of the enemy army in order to achieve victory with minimum losses. The army’s key was mobility. The cavalry had both horses and camels. The camels were used as both transport and food for long marches through the desert (Khalid bin Walid’s extraordinary march from the Persian border to Damascus utilized camels as both food and transport). The cavalry was the army’s main striking force and also served as a strategic mobile reserve. The common tactic used was to use the infantry and archers to engage and maintain contact with the enemy forces while the cavalry was held back till the enemy was fully engaged. Once fully engaged the enemy reserves were absorbed by the infantry and archers then the Muslim cavalry was used as pincers (like modern tank and mechanized divisions) to attack the enemy from the sides or to attack enemy base camps. The Rashidun army was quality wise and strength wise substandard versus the Sassanid Persian army and Byzantine army. The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim The birth of the Sassanid army (ارتش ساسانيان Artesh-e Sāsānīyān, Pahlavi Spâh سپاه "army" dates back to the rise of The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces serving alongside the Byzantine navy. Khalid ibn Walid, the first general of Rashidun Caliphate to liberate foreign lands and to trigger the whole scale deposition of the two most powerful empires. Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn During his campaign against the Sassanid Persian Empire(Iraq 633 - 634) and Byzantine Empire (Syria 634 - 638) Khalid developed brilliant tactics, that he used effectively against both the Sassanid army and Byzantine army. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The birth of the Sassanid army (ارتش ساسانيان Artesh-e Sāsānīyān, Pahlavi Spâh سپاه "army" dates back to the rise of The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces serving alongside the Byzantine navy. The Caliph Abu Bakr's way was to give his generals their mission, the geographical area in which that mission would be carried out, and the resources that, could be made available for that purpose. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe He would then leave it to his generals to accomplish their mission in whatever manner they chose, on the other hand Caliph Umar in later part of his Caliphate use to direct his generals as to where they would stay and when to move to the next target and who will be commanding the left and right wing of the army in the particular battle, this made the phase of conquest comparatively slower but provided well organized campaigns. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Caliph Uthman used the same method as of Abu Bakr, he would give missions to his generals and then leave it to them how they accomplish it. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Caliph Ali also followed the same method. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH
Religion
The state religion was Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The non-Muslim people were allowed to practice any religion they want to follow. The Sharia Law was practiced in the state. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law.
Islam was the guiding force of the Caliphate. Any act of state was first to be approved by the Quran and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammed. If there were no such guide lines available then wisdom or Hikmat was used, after which if the act would go against the established principals, norms,system etc. it was not carried on with. Christians and Jews were termed as 'people of the Book'.
Legacy
See also
- Rashidun Caliphs
- Rashidun army
- Abu Bakr
- Umar
- Uthman
- Ali
- Ridda wars
- First Fitna
- The Four Companions
- The Ten Promised Paradise
References
- ^ Balazuri: p. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first The Rashidun Caliphate Army or Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Rashidun Caliphate 's Armed forces during the Muslim Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The Ridda wars (Arabic حروب الردة also known as the Wars of Apostasy) were a set of military campaigns against the rebellion of several Arabic tribes against the The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil The Four Companions, also called the Four Pillars of the Sahaba is a Shi'a term that refers to the four Sahaba Shi'a believe stayed most loyal to Ali A famous recorded oral tradition among Muslims (Arabic Hadith) is about a comment made by Muhammad. 113.
- ^ Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 467.
- ^ Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 518
- ^ Aqa Mahdi Puya tafsir of verse 4:94 on al-Islam. Ayatullah Agha Haji Mirza Mahdi Puya Yazdi (1899 (1317 AH – 1973 (1393 A Tafsir ( Arabic: تفسير, tafsīr, "interpretation" is the Arabic word for Exegesis org [1]
- ^ Egypt was conquered in 658 by Amr ibn al-As. Madelung (1997), pp. 267-269
- ^ 'Ali
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter19page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter20page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter21page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter22page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter23page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter24page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter25page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter26page1.htm
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_Ibn_Affan#Military_expansion
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter27page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter28page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter29page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter30page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter31page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter31page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter32page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter34page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter33page1.htm
- ^ John, Bishop of Nikiu: Chronicle. London (1916). English Translation
- ^ See:Tarikh al-Tabari
- ^ see :Tarikh ibn Kathir
- ^ Lewis (1984), pp. The History of the Prophets and Kings (Persian تاریخ طبری, Arabic تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, popularly known Tarikh al-Tabari al-Bidayah wa'an-Nihayah ( The Beginning and the End) or Tarikh ibn Kathir ( The history of Ibn Kathir) is a 10, 20
- ^ Cl. Cahen in Encyclopedia of Islam - Jizya
- ^ The Cambridge History of Islam, ed. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge 1970
- ^ Shahid Alam, Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms, Journal of Science and Society, 2003
- ^ Ali (1990), pg. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 507
- ^ Lewis (2002), p. 72
- ^ Military History Online
- ^ The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Contributors: Hugh Kennedy - author. Hugh N Kennedy MA PhD (Cantab is Professor of Arabic in the Faculty of Languages and Cultures at School of Oriental and African Studies, London formerly professor of history Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number:168
- ^ title
- ^ title
- ^ Augus Mcbride
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