Ralph Nader
Independent candidate for President of the United States
Election date November 4, 2008
Running mate	Matt Gonzalez
Opponent(s)	John McCain (R-Presumptive) Barack Obama (D-Presumptive) Chuck Baldwin (C) Bob Barr (L) and numerous others.
Incumbent	George W. Bush (R)
Reform Party/Independent nominee for President of the United States
Election date November 2, 2004
Running mate	Peter Camejo
Opponent(s)	George W. Bush (R) John Kerry (D) Michael Badnarik (LP) Michael Peroutka (CST) David Cobb (G) and numerous others
Incumbent	George W. Bush (R)
Green Party nominee for President of the United States
Election date November 7, 2000
Running mate	Winona LaDuke
Opponent(s)	George W. Bush (R) Al Gore (D) Pat Buchanan (REF) Harry Browne (LP) Howard Phillips (CST) John Hagelin (NL)
Incumbent	Bill Clinton (D)
Green Party nominee for President of the United States
Election date November 5, 1996
Running mate	Winona LaDuke Anne Goeke Madelyn Hoffman Muriel Tillinghast
Opponent(s)	Bill Clinton (D) Bob Dole (R) Ross Perot (REF) Harry Browne (LP) Howard Phillips (CST) John Hagelin (NL)
Incumbent	Bill Clinton (D)
Born	February 27, 1934 (1934-02-27) (age 74) Winsted, Connecticut United States
Political party	Independent
Other political affiliations	Green (affiliated non-member) Reform (affiliated non-member)
Alma mater	Princeton University, Harvard University
Occupation	Attorney and Political Activist
Religion	Maronite Catholic Church
Website	http://www.votenader.org/

Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, author, lecturer, political activist, and candidate for President of the United States in four elections. In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled for Tuesday November 4 2008 will be the 56th consecutive Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Matthew Edward Gonzalez (born June 4 1965 is an American Politician, Lawyer, and Activist prominent in San Francisco politics The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Charles "Chuck" Baldwin (born May 3 1952 is a Pastor of Crossroad Baptist Church in Pensacola, Florida, and 2008 presidential The Constitution Party is a Conservative United States political party. Robert Laurence "Bob" Barr Jr (born The Libertarian Party is a United States political party founded on December 11 1971 George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The Reform Party of the United States of America (abbreviated Reform Party USA or RPUSA, generally known simply as the Reform Party) is a Political In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Peter Miguel Camejo ( December 31, 1939, New York City – September 13, 2008, Folsom California) was an American George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Michael J Badnarik (born August 1, 1954) is an American software engineer, political figure and Radio talk show host The Constitution Party is a Conservative United States political party. David Keith Cobb (born December 24 1962 in San Leon Texas) is an American activist and was the 2004 presidential candidate of the Green Party of One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Winona LaDuke (born 1959 is a Native American Activist, Environmentalist, Economist, and Writer. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist Harry Browne ( 17 June 1933 – 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian Writer, Politician, John Hagelin, scientist educator and three-time third-party candidate for President of the United States is Professor of Physics and Director of the Institute of Science Technology The Natural Law Party was founded in 1992 in the United States by a group of educators business leaders and lawyers in Fairfield, Iowa who practiced Transcendental William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Winona LaDuke (born 1959 is a Native American Activist, Environmentalist, Economist, and Writer. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time Henry Ross Perot (born June 27 1930 is an American businessman from Texas, who is best known for seeking the office of President of the United States in Harry Browne ( 17 June 1933 – 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian Writer, Politician, Howard Phillips (born February 6 1941 has served as the Chairman of The Conservative Caucus, a Conservative public policy advocacy group since 1974 John Hagelin, scientist educator and three-time third-party candidate for President of the United States is Professor of Physics and Director of the Institute of Science Technology William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Winsted is a Census-designated place and an incorporated city in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party The Reform Party of the United States of America (abbreviated Reform Party USA or RPUSA, generally known simply as the Reform Party) is a Political Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An attorney at law (or attorney-at-law) in the United States is a practitioner in a court of law who is legally qualified to prosecute An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Lecturer is a term of Academic rank. In the United Kingdom lecturer is the name given to University Teachers in their first permanent Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Areas of particular concern to Nader are consumer rights, humanitarianism, environmentalism, and democratic government. Consumer protection is a form of Government Regulation which protects the interests of Consumers For example a government may require businesses to disclose detailed Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system He was the first Maronite and Arab American presidential candidate in US history. Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac An Arab American is a United States citizen or resident of Arab cultural and linguistic heritage and/or Identity whose ancestry traces back to any of various The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by ^[1]

Nader has run for President of the United States five times (in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008). In 1992 he ran as a write-in in both the New Hampshire Republican and Democratic primaries, and other primaries. A write-in candidate is a candidate in an Election whose name does not appear on the Ballot, but for whom voters may Vote nonetheless by writing in the In 1996 and 2000, he was the nominee of the Green Party; in 2004, he ran as an independent, but was also endorsed by the Reform Party. One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party The Reform Party of the United States of America (abbreviated Reform Party USA or RPUSA, generally known simply as the Reform Party) is a Political ^[2] His campaigns have been controversial, with his role in the 2000 election in particular being subject to much debate. Many Democrats accuse Nader of siphoning Democratic votes in key states that may have cost Al Gore the presidency. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former ^[3] Nader himself recently stated in a live interview that he believes Al Gore won the presidency in 2000 but that it was "stolen from [Gore]. . . by the Florida Secretary of State and Jeb Bush" and the US Supreme Court. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Katherine Harris (born April 5, 1957, Key West Florida) is an American Republican Politician and former Secretary of State of John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953) is an American Politician and was the 43rd Governor of Florida The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. ^[4] It is generally stated in the media that he blames the Democrats for George W. Bush's victory that year. ^[5][6] On February 24, 2008, he announced on NBC's Meet The Press that he is campaigning for the presidency in 2008. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Meet the Press is a weekly American television news/interview program produced by NBC. See also Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns Ralph Nader announced his U ^[7] Nader is currently the only 2008 presidential candidate calling for the impeachment of president George W. Bush and vice-president Dick Cheney and has made the topic one of his campaign's "Twelve Issues that Matter for 2008. Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a Government official George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. "^[8][9]

Background and early career

Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. Winsted is a Census-designated place and an incorporated city in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. His parents, Nathra and Rose Nader, were Maronite Catholic immigrants from Lebanon. Rose Nader ( February 7, 1906 - January 20, 2006, born Rose Bouziane) was the mother of U Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Rose and Nathra Nader's native language is Arabic,^[10] and Ralph has spoken it along with English since childhood. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[11][12]

Nathra Nader was employed in a textile mill, and at one point owned a bakery and restaurant where he engaged customers in political discourse. ^[13]

Nader graduated from Princeton University in 1955 and Harvard Law School in 1958. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional Graduate schools of Harvard University. ^[14] He served in the United States Army for six months in 1959, then began work as a lawyer in Hartford, Connecticut. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Between 1961 and 1963, he was a Professor of History and Government at the University of Hartford. The University of Hartford, often called UHA or UHart, was founded in 1877 and is a private independent and nonsectarian In 1964, Nader moved to Washington, D. C. , where he worked for Assistant Secretary of Labor Daniel Patrick Moynihan. For the US Representative from Illinois see P H Moynihan Daniel Patrick “Pat” Moynihan ( March 16, 1927 – March 26, He also advised a United States Senate subcommittee on car safety. In the early 1980s, Nader spearheaded a powerful lobby against FDA approval of mass-scale experimentation of artificial lens implants. Nader also served as a faculty member at The American University Washington College of Law. For other universities known as American University see American University (disambiguation. The American University Washington College of Law (WCL is a private ABA -certified American Law school.

Taking on the automobile industry

Nader's first consumer safety articles appeared in the Harvard Law Record, a student publication of Harvard Law School, but he first criticized the automobile industry in an article he wrote for The Nation in 1959 called "The Safe Car You Can't Buy. The Harvard Law Record is the independent newspaper of Harvard Law School. Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional Graduate schools of Harvard University. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. "^[15] In 1965, Nader wrote Unsafe at Any Speed, a study that purported to demonstrate that many American automobiles were unsafe, especially the Chevrolet Corvair manufactured by General Motors. Unsafe at Any Speed The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile by Ralph Nader, published in 1965, is a book detailing resistance by Car The Chevrolet Corvair was an Automobile produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors from 1959 to 1969 for the 1960&ndash1969 Model General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. The Corvair had been involved in numerous accidents involving spins and rollovers, and there were over 100 lawsuits pending against GM in connection to accidents involving the popular compact car. These lawsuits provided the initial material for Nader's investigations into the safety of the car^[16] GM tried to discredit Nader, hiring private detectives to tap his phones and investigate his past, and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations. ^[17][18] GM failed to uncover any wrongdoing, and never explained resorting to smear tactics instead of defending the car in the popular press, where the company had considerable corporate influence. GM's avoidance of technical journals makes more sense, as it was well known among auto engineers that the early (1960-64) Corvair's swing axle suspension handled miserably. A swing axle is a simple type of Independent suspension first used in early aircraft (1910 or before such as the Sopwith and Fokker usually with rubber bungee and no damping Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, Shock absorbers and linkages that connects a Vehicle to its Wheels Suspension ^[19][20] Upon learning of GM's actions, Nader successfully sued the company for invasion of privacy, forced it to publicly apologize, and used much of his $284,000 net settlement to expand his consumer rights efforts. Privacy law is the area of law concerning the protection and preservation of the Privacy rights of individuals Nader's lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the New York Court of Appeals, whose opinion in the case expanded tort law to cover "overzealous surveillance". New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in the US state of New York. Surveillance is the monitoring of Behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people objects or processes within systems for conformity ^[21]

Nader's advocacy of automobile safety and the publicity generated by the publication of Unsafe at Any Speed, along with concern over escalating nationwide traffic fatalities, led to the unanimous passage of the 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act. The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act allowed new standards to be set by the federal government The act established the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and marked a historic shift in responsibility for automobile safety (which shifted from the consumer to the manufacturer). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA, often pronounced "nit-suh" is an agency of the Executive Branch of the U The legislation mandated a series of safety features for automobiles, beginning with safety belts and stronger windshields. ^[22][23][24]

A 1972 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration safety commission report conducted by Texas A&M University concluded that the 1960-1963 Corvair possessed no greater potential for loss of control than its contemporaries in extreme situations. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA, often pronounced "nit-suh" is an agency of the Executive Branch of the U Texas A&M University, often called A&M or TAMU, is a Coeducational public Research University located in College Station ^[25] A different account, however, was given in John DeLorean's "General Motors autobiography", On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors, 1979 (published under the name of his would-be ghostwriter, J. John Zachary DeLorean ( January 6 1925  &ndash March 19 2005) was an American engineer and executive in the U A ghostwriter is a professional Writer who is paid to write books articles stories reports or other content which are officially credited to another person Patrick Wright), in which DeLorean asserts that Nader's criticisms were valid. The specific Corvair design flaws were corrected in the second half (1965-1969) of the Corvair's production, although by then the Corvair name was irredeemably compromised.

Activism

Hundreds of young activists, inspired by Nader's work, came to DC to help him with other projects. They came to be known as "Nader's Raiders" who, under Nader, investigated government corruption, publishing dozens of books with their results:

• Nader's Raiders (Federal Trade Commission)
• Vanishing Air (National Air Pollution Control Administration)
• The Chemical Feast (Food and Drug Administration)
• The Interstate Commerce Omission (Interstate Commerce Commission)
• Old Age (nursing homes)
• The Water Lords (water pollution)
• Who Runs Congress? (Congress)
• Whistle Blowing (punishment of whistle blowers)
• The Big Boys (corporate executives)
• Collision Course (Federal Aviation Administration)
• No Contest (corporate lawyers)
• Destroy the Forest (Destruction of ecosystems worldwide)
• Operation: Nuclear (Making of a nuclear missile)

Nader speaks out against the Iraq War at the September 15, 2007 anti-war protest. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign The September 15 2007 anti-war protest was a march from the White House to the United States Capitol.

In 1971, Nader founded the non-governmental organization (NGO) Public Citizen as an umbrella organization for these projects. Public Citizen is a Washington DC -based public interest group engaged in Consumer Advocacy, government accountability clean democracy and ethical For the fictional company set in the Resident Evil videogame series see Umbrella Corporation. Today, Public Citizen has over 140,000 members and scores of researchers investigating Congressional, health, environmental, economic and other issues. Their work is credited with facilitating the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act and Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), and prompting the creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA is the principal federal law in the United States that ensures safe Drinking water for the public The Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA) is the implementation of freedom of information legislation in the United States The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (U S CPSC is an independent agency of the U

In the 1970s and 1980s Nader was a key leader in the anti-nuclear power movement. The anti-nuclear movement is a loosely-linked international social movement opposed to the use of nuclear technologies "By 1976, consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who later became allied with the environmental movement 'stood as the titular head of opposition to nuclear energy'"^[26][27] He advocates the complete elimination of nuclear energy in favor of solar, tidal, wind and geothermal, citing environmental, worker safety, migrant labor, national security, disaster preparedness, foreign policy, government accountability and democratic governance issues to bolster his position. ^[28]

Non-profit organizations

In 1980, Nader resigned as director of Public Citizen to work on other projects, forcefully campaigning against what he believed to be the dangers of large multinational corporations. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers He went on to start a variety of non-profit organizations:

Presidential campaigns

Third-party votes controversy

In the 2000 presidential election in Florida, George W. Bush defeated Al Gore by 537 votes. The US Public Interest Research Group (also known as PIRG) is a political lobby Non-profit organization in the United States and Canada composed of self-governing The Center for Auto Safety (CAS was founded in 1970 by Consumers Union and Ralph Nader as a Washington D The Connecticut Citizen Action Group, or CCAG, is a public advocacy group prominent in Connecticut politics The Multinational Monitor is a bimonthly magazine founded by Ralph Nader in 1980 Founded in 1982 by Ralph Nader, Essential Information is a Non-profit organization involved in a variety of projects to encourage citizens to become active and engaged Princeton Project 55 is a Nonprofit organization established by members of the Class of 1955 at Princeton University to mobilize alumni and students and Appleseed (The Appleseed Foundation Inc is a non-partisan nonprofit network of public interest justice centers across the United States and in Mexico The Consumer Project on Technology (CPTech is a Non-governmental organization founded by Ralph Nader in 1995 Democracy Rising is a website founded in 2001 that contains Ralph Nader 's interactive blog as well as one by Kevin Zeese. The outcome of the 2000 United States presidential election was not known for more than a month after balloting because of the extended process of counting and then recounting of George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former Nader received 97,421 votes. In fact, all seven of the other third-party candidates on the ballot Florida each received more than 537 votes see United States presidential election in Florida, 2000. The outcome of the 2000 United States presidential election was not known for more than a month after balloting because of the extended process of counting and then recounting of

Proponents of the argument that Nader was the source of Gore's defeat claim that Nader pulled votes from Al Gore, and this tilted the election in Bush's favor. Opponents say that the controversy was due to poor election practices and cite the fact that there were 8 third party candidates on the ballot, both liberal and conservative, and to attribute the deciding factor to one of those candidates is illogical. As well opponents have pointed out Al Gore's need to earn his votes. Moreover, Nader has noted on many occasions that had Gore simply won his home state of Tennessee, he would have won the election.

The claim is that this was Nader's "greatest impact" on the election. Nader himself, both in his book Crashing the Party, and on his website, states: "In the year 2000, exit polls reported that 25% of my voters would have voted for Bush, 38% would have voted for Gore and the rest would not have voted at all. Crashing the Party is a Book by Ralph Nader detailing his experiences running in the 2000 US Presidential Election. "^[29]

When asked by MSNBC's Tim Russert about the possibility of preventing a Democratic victory in 2008, Nader responded, "Not a chance. Timothy John Russert II (May 7 1950 &ndash June 13 2008 was an American television Journalist and lawyer who appeared for more than 16 years as the longest-serving If the Democrats can’t landslide the Republicans this year, they ought to just wrap up, close down, and emerge in a different form. " ^[30]

Presidential campaign history

Main articles: Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns, Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2004, and Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2008

1972

"Draft Nader" effort had no ballot line to offer, nor did Nader authorize his name to appear on any ballot until 1992. Ralph Nader has been a candidate for the office of President of the United States five times Ralph Nader ran for the office of US Presidency in the 2004 election, as he also had in several previous elections See also Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns Ralph Nader announced his U

1990

Nader considered launching a third party around issues of citizen empowerment and consumer rights. He suggested a serious third party could address needs such as campaign-finance reform, worker and whistle-blower rights, government-sanctioned watchdog groups to oversee banks and insurance agencies, and class-action lawsuit reforms. This is an article about a term For the 2008 RTÉ drama see Whistleblower (TV series.

1992

Nader stood in as a write-in for "none of the above" in both the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic and Republican Primaries^[31] and received 3,054 of the 170,333 Democratic votes and 3,258 of the 177,970 Republican votes cast. A write-in candidate is a candidate in an Election whose name does not appear on the Ballot, but for whom voters may Vote nonetheless by writing in the The New Hampshire primary is the first in a series of nationwide Political party Primary elections held in the United States every four years as part of ^[32] He was also a candidate in the 1992 Massachusetts Democratic Primary, where he appeared at the top of the ballot.

1996

Nader was drafted as a candidate for President of the United States on the Green Party ticket during the 1996 presidential election. In Elections in the United States, political drafts are used to encourage or compel a certain person to enter a political race by demonstrating a significant groundswell of The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice He was not formally nominated by the Green Party USA, which was, at the time, the largest national Green group; instead he was nominated independently by various state Green parties (in some areas, he appeared on the ballot as an independent). In the United States, people speak generally of the "Green Party" but there is actually more than one national-level Green political organization in the United States

2000

In the 2006 documentary An Unreasonable Man, Nader describes how, during the second Clinton Administration, he found that he was unable to get the views of his public interest groups heard in Washington, even by then President Clinton's administration. An Unreasonable Man is a 2007 Documentary film that traces the life and career of political activist Ralph Nader, the founder of modern The United States Presidency of Bill Clinton, also known as the Clinton Administration, was the executive branch of the Federal Nader cites this as one of the primary reasons that he decided again to actively run in the 2000 election as candidate of the Green Party, which had been formed in the wake of his 1996 campaign. The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party

In October 2000, at the largest Super Rally of his campaign,^[33] held in New York City's Madison Square Garden, 15,000 people paid $20 each^[34] to hear Mr. Nader speak. Nader's campaign rejected both parties as institutions dominated by corporate interests, stating that Al Gore and George W. Bush were "Tweedledee and Tweedledum". Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Tweedledum and Tweedledee are Fictional characters in Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There and in a Nursery The campaign also had some prominent union help: The California Nurses Association and the United Electrical Workers endorsed his candidacy and campaigned for him. The California Nurses Association (CNA is a labor union and professional association of Registered Nurses in the United States Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The United Electrical Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE is an independent ^[35]

In 2000, Nader received 2,883,105 votes, for 2. 74 percent of the popular vote,^[36] missing the 5 percent needed to qualify the Green Party for federally distributed public funding in the next election, yet qualifying the Greens for ballot status in many new states.

Nader's votes in New Hampshire and Florida vastly exceeded the difference in votes between Gore and Bush. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the ^[37] Exit polls showed the state staying close, and within the margin of error without Nader^[38] as national exit polls showed Nader's supporters choose Gore over Bush by a large margin^[39] well outside the margin of error. Winning either state would have given Gore the presidency, and while critics claim this shows Nader tipped the election to Bush, Nader has called that claim "a mantra — an assumption without data. "^[40] Michael Moore at first argued that Florida was so close that votes for any of seven other candidates could also have switched the results,^[41] but in 2004 joined the view that Nader had helped make Bush president. Michael Francis Moore (born April 23 1954 is an Academy Award -winning American filmmaker author and liberal Political commentator. ^[42][43] Other Nader supporters argued that Gore was primarily responsible for his own loss. ^[44] But Eric Alterman, perhaps Nader's most persistent critic, has regarded such arguments as beside the point: "One person in the world could have prevented Bush's election with his own words on the Election Day 2000. Eric Alterman (b January 14, 1960) is a liberal American Journalist, Author, Media critic, blogger, and "^[45] Nation columnist Alexander Cockburn cited Gore's failure to win over progressive voters in Florida who chose Nader, and congratulated those voters: "Who would have thought the Sunshine State had that many progressives in it, with steel in their spine and the spunk to throw Eric Alterman's columns into the trash can?"^[46] Nader's actual influence on the 2000 election is the subject of considerable discussion, and there is no consensus on Nader's impact on the outcome. ^{[47][48][49][50][51]}

2004

Nader announced on December 24, 2003 that he would not seek the Green Party's nomination for president in 2004; however, he did not rule out running as an independent candidate. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party.

Meeting with John Kerry — Ralph Nader and Democratic Candidate John Kerry held a widely publicized meeting early in the 2004 Presidential campaign, which Nader described in An Unreasonable Man. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator Nader said that John Kerry wanted to work to win Nader's support and the support of Nader's voters. Nader then provided more than 20 pages of issues that he felt were important and he "put them on the table" for John Kerry. According to Nader the issues covered topics ranging from environmental, labor, healthcare, tax reform, corporate crime, campaign finance reform and various consumer protection issues.

Nader reported that he asked John Kerry to choose any 3 of the issues and highlight them in his campaign and if Kerry would do this, he would refrain from the race. Several months passed and Kerry failed to adopt any of Nader's issues as benchmarks of his campaign, so on February 22, 2004, Nader announced on NBC that he would indeed run for president as an independent, saying, "There's too much power and wealth in too few hands. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "

Paying Nader not to run — Nader also reported in the documentary An Unreasonable Man that many wealthy Democratic donors offered to give money to his public interest groups if he declined to run, however, none of these groups would go a step further to guarantee that his issues would get a fair hearing in Washington. Nader replied, "why should I spend all of your money working on issues that are just going to run into a brick wall in Washington?"

The campaign — Nader's 2004 campaign ran on a platform consistent with the Green Party's positions on major issues, such as opposition to the war in Iraq. Due to concerns about a possible spoiler effect in 2000, many Democrats urged Nader to abandon his 2004 candidacy. The " spoiler effect " is a term to describe the effect a Minor party candidate with little chance of winning can have on a close Election, in which their The Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, Terry McAuliffe, stated that Nader had a "distinguished career, fighting for working families", and that McAuliffe "would hate to see part of his legacy being that he got us eight years of George Bush. Terence Richard "Terry" McAuliffe (b February 9, 1957) is an American businessman and political consultant. " Nader received 463,653 votes, for 0. 38% of the popular vote. ^[52] Nader replied to this, in filmed interviews for An Unreasonable Man, by pointing out that, "Voting for a candidate of one's choice is a Constitutional right, and the Democrats who are asking me not to run are, without question, seeking to deny the Constitutional rights of voters who are, by law, otherwise free to choose to vote for me. " In this campaign, Democrats accused Nader of having his bid funded by Republicans who wanted a repeat of his effect on the 2000 election.

2008

Main article: Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2008

In February 2007, Nader criticized Democratic front-runner Hillary Clinton as "a panderer and a flatterer. See also Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns Ralph Nader announced his U " Asked on CNN Late Edition news program if he would run in 2008, Nader replied, "It's really too early to say. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner . . . "^[53] Asked during a radio appearance to describe the former First Lady, Nader said, "Flatters, panders, coasting, front-runner, looking for a coronation . . . She has no political fortitude. "^[54] Some Greens started a campaign to draft Nader as their party's 2008 presidential candidate. ^[55]

In June 2007, Nader said, "You know the two parties are still converging — they don't even debate the military budget anymore. I really think there needs to be more competition from outside the two parties. "^[56] Nader participated in the Green Party presidential debates in San Francisco on January 13, 2008, though not as an announced candidate. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common On January 30, 2008, he formed an exploratory committee for another possible run at the presidency, telling CNN he would run again if he could raise the necessary funds. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[57]

On February 24, 2008, Nader announced his 2008 presidential bid on Meet the Press. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Meet the Press is a weekly American television news/interview program produced by NBC. ^[7] On February 28, 2008, Nader named former San Francisco Board of Supervisors president Matt Gonzalez as his running mate for the 2008 Presidential Election. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The San Francisco Board of Supervisors is the legislature of the City and County of San Francisco, California. Matthew Edward Gonzalez (born June 4 1965 is an American Politician, Lawyer, and Activist prominent in San Francisco politics The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled for Tuesday November 4 2008 will be the 56th consecutive

Personal finances

According to the mandatory fiscal disclosure report that he filed with the Federal Election Commission in 2000, he then owned more than $3 million worth of stocks and mutual fund shares; his single largest holding was more than $1 million worth of stock in Cisco Systems, Inc. He also held more than $2 million in two money market funds. The Federal Election Commission (or FEC) is an independent regulatory agency that was founded in 1975 by the United States Congress to regulate the Nader owned no car or real estate in 2000, and said he lived on US$25,000 a year, giving most of his stock earnings to many of the over four dozen non-profit organizations he had founded. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[58]

In 2000, The New York Times reported that Nader's secretiveness had "spawned a host of dark theories among his critics,"^[59] among them a 1990 report in Forbes magazine that reported that Nader lived in a $1. 5 million townhouse. ^[60] Nader told the Times that the townhouse belonged to his sister, which Forbes confirmed. ^[61][62]

Recognition

In 1999 an NYU panel of eminent journalists ranked Nader's book Unsafe At Any Speed 38th among the top 100 pieces of journalism of the 20th century. Unsafe at Any Speed The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile by Ralph Nader, published in 1965, is a book detailing resistance by Car ^[63] In 1990 Life Magazine,^[64] and again in 1999 Time Magazine,^[65][66] named Nader one of the 100 most influential Americans of the 20th century. In its December 2006 article on the "100 most influential Americans" in history, in which its ten invited historians voted Nader 96th, The Atlantic Monthly stated: "He made the cars we drive safer; thirty years later, he made George W. Bush the president. The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. "^[67]

Works

Books

Nader at a book signing

Nader has authored, co-authored and edited many books, which include:

• Unsafe at Any Speed. Unsafe at Any Speed The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile by Ralph Nader, published in 1965, is a book detailing resistance by Car Grossman Publishers, 1965.
• Action for a Change (with Donald Ross, Brett English, and Joseph Highland). Action for a Change A Student's Manual for Public Interest Organizing Donald Ross is the name of Donald Ross (surgeon, British surgeon Donald Ross (golfer, Scottish golfer and golf course designer Penguin (Non-Classics); Rev. ed edition, 1973.
• Whistle-Blowing (with Peter J. Petkas and Kate Blackwell). Bantam Press, 1972.
• Corporate Power in America (with Mark Green)
• You and Your Pension (with Kate Blackwell)
• The Consumer and Corporate Accountability
• In Pursuit of Justice
• Corporate Power in America
• Ralph Nader Congress Project
• Ralph Nader Presents: A Citizen's Guide to Lobbying
• Verdicts on Lawyers
• Who's Poisoning America (with Ronald Brownstein and John Richard)
• The Big Boys (with William Taylor)
• Nader, Ralph. Mark Green may refer to Mark Andrew Green, former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives (1960– Mark J John D Richard QC (born July 30, 1934 in Ottawa, Ontario is the Chief Justice of Canada's Federal Court of Appeal. William Taylor may refer to Political figures William Taylor (congressman (1788-1846 U The Good Fight: Declare Your Independency and Close the Democracy Gap. Paperback ed. Harper Collins Pub. , 2004.
• Nader, Ralph. Crashing the Party: Taking on the Corporate Government in an Age of Surrender. Paperback ed. St. Martin's Pr. , 2002.
• Nader, Ralph. Cutting Corporate Welfare. Paperback ed. Open Media, 2000.
• Nader, Ralph, and Wesley J. Smith. Wesley J Smith is a lawyer and an award winning author a senior fellow in bioethics at the Discovery Institute, an attorney for the International Task Force on Euthanasia No Contest: Corporate Lawyers and the Perversion of Justice in America. Hardcover ed. Random House Pub. Group, 1996.
• Nader, Ralph, and Wesley J. Smith. Wesley J Smith is a lawyer and an award winning author a senior fellow in bioethics at the Discovery Institute, an attorney for the International Task Force on Euthanasia Collision Course: the Truth About Airline Safety. 1st ed. McGraw-Hill Co. , 1993.
• Nader, Ralph, and Clarence Ditlow. Lemon Book: Auto Rights. 3rd ed. Asphodel Pr. , 1990.
• Nader, Ralph, and Wesley J. Smith. Wesley J Smith is a lawyer and an award winning author a senior fellow in bioethics at the Discovery Institute, an attorney for the International Task Force on Euthanasia Winning the Insurance Game: the Complete Consumer's Guide to Saving Money. Hardcover ed. Knightsbridge Pub. , 1990.
• Nader, Ralph, and John Abbotts. Menace of Atomic Energy. Paperback ed. Norton, W. W. & Co. , Inc. , 1979.
• Ralph Nader, Joel Seligman, and Mark Green. Joel Seligman (born January 11, 1950) is the current President of the University of Rochester, in Rochester New York, and is one of the leading Mark Green may refer to Mark Andrew Green, former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives (1960– Mark J Taming the Giant Corporation. Paperback ed. Norton, W. W. & Co. , Inc. , 1977.
• Canada Firsts (with Nadia Milleron and Duff Conacher)
• The Frugal Shopper (with Wesley J. Smith. Wesley J Smith is a lawyer and an award winning author a senior fellow in bioethics at the Discovery Institute, an attorney for the International Task Force on Euthanasia )
• Getting the Best from Your Doctor (with Wesley J. Smith. Wesley J Smith is a lawyer and an award winning author a senior fellow in bioethics at the Discovery Institute, an attorney for the International Task Force on Euthanasia )
• Nader on Australia
• The Ralph Nader Reader. Seven Stories Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58322-057-7
• "It Happened in the Kitchen: Recipes for Food and Thought"
• "Why Women Pay More" (with Frances Cerra Whittelsley)
• "Children First! A Parent's Guide to Fighting Corporate Predators"
• "The Seventeen Traditions" Regan Books, 2007. ISBN 0061238279
• Citizen Power: A Mandate for Change by Mike Gravel, 2008. Citizen Power A Mandate for Change is a 2008 book on American politics by 2008 United States presidential candidate Mike Gravel, published by Maurice Robert "Mike" Gravel (grəˈvɛl (born May 13 1930 is a former Democratic United States Senator from Alaska, who served two terms from Foreword by Ralph Nader.

Articles

• The "I" Word - Boston Globe - May 31, 2005 - Nader calls for the impeachment of President George W. Bush (with Kevin Zeese)
• Letter to Senate Judiciary Committee on Alito Nomination — Jan. 10, 2006
• Bush to Israel: 'Take your time destroying Lebanon' — The Arab American News — Aug. 2006
• Bill Moyers For President Nader on Bill Moyers running for President in 2008, October 28, 2006

Selected speeches and interviews

• Bolohan, Scott. Bill Moyers (born June 5, 1934, as William Donald "Billy Don" Moyers) is an American Journalist and public commentator The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled for Tuesday November 4 2008 will be the 56th consecutive Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Nader critiques political apathy, personal values: Interview with Ralph Nader", The DePaulia, 2007-2-16.  
• Chowkwanyun, Merlin. "The Prescient Candidate Reflects: An Interview with Ralph Nader", Counterpunch, 2004-12-16. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion  
• Nader, Ralph. "Ralph Nader speaking at Harvard Law School", 1992-01-15. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign  

Television appearances

Ralph Nader appeared on Sesame Street in 1988. Sesame Street is an American educational Children's television series and a pioneer of the contemporary educational television standard combining He was featured as "a person in your neighborhood. " The song began "A consumer advocate is a person in your neighborhood. " This was somewhat tongue-in-cheek, as his profession as a consumer advocate was largely self-defined, and he was perhaps the only professional full-time consumer advocate at that time. This song compares him to a postman or a policeman, members of professions whom you may run into on a daily basis. This appearance on Sesame Street was particularly memorable because this was the only time that the grammar of the last line of the song "A person who you meet each day" was questioned and corrected in the show. Ralph Nader refused to sing the grammatically incorrect line, and so a compromise was reached, resulting in Ralph Nader singing the last line as a solo with the modified words: "A person whom you meet each day. "^[68]

Video and audio links

• VIDEO: Ralph Nader - We, the People, Will Decide: The Meaning of Freedom in the United States Today, presentation at Benson High School in Portland, Oregon, May 13, 2008.
• VIDEO: L.A. Press Conference where Nader discusses election integrity issues May 10, 2008
• Audio/Video Interview on Democracy Now! with Amy Goodman: Ralph Nader on Why He Might Run In 2008, the Iraq War & the New Documentary "An Unreasonable Man". He also looks back at his childhood and his new book "Seventeen Traditions." Film director Henriette Mantel joins us to talk about "An Unreasonable Man". February 5th, 2007
• Youtube excerpt (possibly from above) in which Nader discusses Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton
• Video: Ralph Nader - The Seventeen Traditions (February 13, 2007), presentation from Mr. Nader's 2007 book tour.
• Audio/Video Interview on Democracy Now! with Amy Goodman: Ralph Nader on Conservative Democrats, Corporate Power and the Middle East. Wednesday, November 8th, 2006
• Ubben Lecture at DePauw University, September 27, 2007
• Ralph Nader video appearances on C-SPAN in RealVideo — rec. C-SPAN (officially the Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network) is an American Cable television network dedicated to airing non-stop coverage RealVideo is a proprietary video format developed by RealNetworks. April 9, 2000 to present — Retrieved June 6, 2005
• A Call to Civic Engagement, online video of speech given on August 18 2005 in Montreal.
• Ralph Nader speaks at the Reform Party Convention, 2004 — Provided by C-SPAN in
• Archived Audio of Ralph Nader Statement at the End of 2004 Campaign, from Democracy Now! November 3, 2004
• Archived Video of Ralph Nader — Howard Dean Debate on C-SPAN, July 9, 2004
• Archived Video of Nader / Camejo 2004 campaign kickoff rally in San Francisco, July 16, 2004
• Archived Audio of Nader / Camejo 2004 campaign kickoff rally in San Francisco, July 16, 2004
• John Bachir Film: Ralph Nader Interview, 2004
• Ralph Nader speaks at the Commonwealth Club video

RealVideo format. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

• On Corporate & Government Responsibility Talk at UC Berkeley April 26, 2002
• Nader on Iraq CBC Broadcast 3 days into the invasion of Iraq. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Nader on Ethics of Public Participation at Center for Ethics, Emory College
• Ralph Nader on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart
• Ralph Nader and Howard Dean debate the role of third political parties in America

Notes

• An Unreasonable Man (2006). An Unreasonable Man is a documentary film about Ralph Nader that appeared at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. An Unreasonable Man is a 2007 Documentary film that traces the life and career of political activist Ralph Nader, the founder of modern
• Burden, Barry C. (2005). Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election 2005, American Politics Research 33:672-99.
• Ralph Nader: Up Close This film blends archival footage and scenes of Nader and his staff at work in Washington with interviews with Nader's family, friends and adversaries, as well as Nader himself. Written, directed and produced by Mark Litwak and Tiiu Lukk, 1990, color, 72 mins. Narration by Studs Terkel. Broadcast on PBS. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Winner, Sinking Creek Film Festival; Best of Festival, Baltimore Int'l Film Festival; Silver Plaque, Chicago Int'l Film Festival, Silver Apple, National Educational Film & Video Festival.
• Bear, Greg, "Eon" — the novel includes a depiction of a future group called the "Naderites" who follow Ralph Nader's humanistic teachings. Eon is a 1985 Science fiction novel by Greg Bear. It is the first story written in The Way fictional universe
• Martin, Justin. Nader: Crusader, Spoiler, Icon. Perseus Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7382-0563-X

See also

• Green Party
• Lebanese Americans
• Unsafe at Any Speed
• Ross Perot

References

External links

• Nader for President 2008
• The Nader Page (not campaign-related)
• Greens for Nader 2008 (a 2008 presidential draft site)
• Ralph Nader Goes to Washington... Again - The PR.com Interview
• Nader's positions on the issues
• Ballot access details
• 2004 Vote Profile: Ralph Nader
• Digital History Ralph Nader
• Interview with Ralph Nader for Princeton Report on Knowledge about the spin of information. April 26, 2007
• Ralph Nader on The Hour July 14, 2007
• 10 Things You Didn't Know About Ralph Nader March 23, 2007
• Personal Financial Disclosure for Ralph Nader 1999 (filed in 2000)
• Personal Financial Disclosure for Ralph Nader 2003 (filed in 2004)